359 lines
44 KiB
XML
359 lines
44 KiB
XML
<document id="E1A0228FC08A12E2C1360B2CAB852DC4" ID-CLB-Dataset="299639" ID-DOI="10.1653/024.099.0221" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2850307c-6fc7-49f9-8760-d3b0b8121974" ID-ISSN="1938-5102" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12171692" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1718827842707" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Liu, Lei-Lei, Dai, Ren-Huai, Yang, Hong & Jin, Dao-Chao" docDate="2016" docId="03BB87B5791AC96CC900FD40FBCF6942" docLanguage="en" docName="FlaEntomol.99.2.292-296.pdf" docOrigin="Florida Entomologist 99 (2)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1653/024.099.0221" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C0CD22107794FB65089F701CBA118AA5.3:FlaEntomol.2015-.journal_article" docStyleId="C0CD22107794FB65089F701CBA118AA5" docStyleName="FlaEntomol.2015-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Sogatella furcifera" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" masterDocId="FF82FFCD7919C968C960FFFAFFB96D6D" masterDocTitle="Sublethal effects of triazophos on the life table parameters of Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)" masterLastPageNumber="292" masterPageNumber="292" pageNumber="292" updateTime="1720560778815" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="A3B22650F52E9E7A77987F25E09E608C">Sublethal effects of triazophos on the life table parameters of Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="29D23C378372789CB89936ACF6AD7E95" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="2D0591FFFB2A8960EB4F3F96C2FAE43D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="046AFE59EE167E56F54DACEED10D0BAF">Liu, Lei-Lei</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D98E828504AF9646F9225A589CE064A0">Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025,:. R. China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F6F508D3DACE9EBEC97572ED8709CDC7">Dai, Ren-Huai</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9A83A0F0E3213A1DA7333C4C42FA8F8F">Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025,:. R. China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B86F57889D395434E14CD6A7C7D44A31">Yang, Hong</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1B7DB331EC3E4627DAC23712F41DC561">Jin, Dao-Chao</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2D57AD58EDB10326EDB87E89B562A419">Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025,:. R. China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="612B863294F61F0B307BA154BF73C578">Florida Entomologist</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="863EFBFF4875065737AA7AA9D2B79882">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="003F60ED0402C31BC6BC657A00EB76D6">2016-06-30</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="E6C94E9017DBBF6CBB946BEF1B8EF0CC">99</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="878E833173681F495B3AE4F11CA42C73">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="9554048FE832F414204DD56FA8936AB8" type="CLB-Dataset">299639</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8F9086A06761A766B26247E2E2879310" type="DOI">10.1653/024.099.0221</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="47A8E71AE0D551E61BCE3227A0B490DD" type="GBIF-Dataset">2850307c-6fc7-49f9-8760-d3b0b8121974</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="98A74597D32A08196C53859671E78544" type="ISSN">1938-5102</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="01B4ABAFA3B90930FFB69E259EDBB0FA" type="Zenodo-Dep">12171692</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03BB87B5791AC96CC900FD40FBCF6942" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12701829" ID-GBIF-Taxon="235023538" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12701829" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BB87B5791AC96CC900FD40FBCF6942" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87B5791AC96CC900FD40FBCF6942" lastPageId="4" pageId="3">
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<subSubSection id="C3086528791AC96BC900FD40FD1C6FBD" box="[96,677,698,720]" pageId="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A3791AC96BC900FD40FD1C6FBD" blockId="3.[96,677,698,720]" box="[96,677,698,720]" pageId="3">
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<heading id="D0E581CF791AC96BC900FD40FD1C6FBD" box="[96,677,698,720]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="3" reason="9">
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RELATIVE TOXICITY OF TRIAZOPHOS TO
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D20791AC96BCB6BFD40FD1C6FBD" ID-CoL="6Z5SH" baseAuthorityName="Horvath" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[523,677,698,720]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" genus="Sogatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcifera">
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<emphasis id="B966EAB1791AC96BCB6BFD40FD1C6FBD" box="[523,677,698,720]" italics="true" pageId="3">S. FURCIFERA</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3086528791AC96BC9E4FD1FFE766EC4" pageId="3" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A3791AC96BC9E4FD1FFE766EC4" blockId="3.[96,778,741,937]" pageId="3">
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The sensitivity of the 3rd instar nymphs and adults was determined for each rice stem impregnation method, and detailed results are shown in
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<tableCitation id="C6900318791AC96BC9A0FCE5FEBF6E5E" box="[192,262,799,819]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[96,143,1763,1781]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 1. Toxicity of traizophos to Sogatella furcifera." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6D662B791AC96BC900F919FDA76B98" pageId="3" tableUuid="DF6D662B791AC96BC900F919FDA76B98">Table 1</tableCitation>
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. Based on this method and 5 replications, the LC50, LC25, and LC10 values of triazophos to 3rd instars 72 h afer treatment were 13.63, 5.86, and
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<quantity id="4CEA9B46791AC96BC859FCA0FE3E6E03" box="[313,391,858,878]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.74" pageId="3" unit="mg" value="2.74">2.74 mg</quantity>
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[AI] per L, respectively (
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<emphasis id="B966EAB1791AC96BCB13FCA0FDC66E03" box="[627,639,858,878]" italics="true" pageId="3">P</emphasis>
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<0.05) (
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<tableCitation id="C6900318791AC96BCBB2FCA0FFD26EE6" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[96,143,1763,1781]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 1. Toxicity of traizophos to Sogatella furcifera." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6D662B791AC96BC900F919FDA76B98" pageId="3" tableUuid="DF6D662B791AC96BC900F919FDA76B98">Table 1</tableCitation>
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). The sublethal concentrations LC25 and LC10 were used as the reference in further experiments (
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<tableCitation id="C6900318791AC96BC81AFC6FFE796EC4" box="[378,448,917,937]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[96,143,1763,1781]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 1. Toxicity of traizophos to Sogatella furcifera." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6D662B791AC96BC900F919FDA76B98" pageId="3" tableUuid="DF6D662B791AC96BC900F919FDA76B98">Table 1</tableCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3086528791AC96BC900FC20FB026961" pageId="3" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A3791AC96BC900FC20FDB56E9D" blockId="3.[96,524,986,1008]" box="[96,524,986,1008]" pageId="3">
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<heading id="D0E581CF791AC96BC900FC20FDB56E9D" box="[96,524,986,1008]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="3" reason="9">
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NYMPHAL DURATION OF
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D20791AC96BC812FC20FDB56E9D" baseAuthorityName="Horvath" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[370,524,986,1008]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" genus="Sogatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcifera">
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<emphasis id="B966EAB1791AC96BC812FC20FDB56E9D" box="[370,524,986,1008]" italics="true" pageId="3">S. FURCIFERA</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A3791AC96BC9E4FBFFFF4668FB" blockId="3.[96,776,1029,1430]" pageId="3">
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The F1 progeny in populations derived from adults that had been treated as 3rd instar nymphs with sublethal concentrations of triazophos had longer development periods compared with the control population (
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<tableCitation id="C6900318791AC96BC9B8FBA7FE9F691C" box="[216,294,1117,1137]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="4.[144,191,195,213]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 2. Nymphal duration of Sogatella furcifera populations exposed to water (control) or sublethal concentrations (LC10, LC25) of triazophos." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6D662B791DC96CC9F0FF39FADA6DB8" pageId="3" tableUuid="DF6D662B791DC96CC9F0FF39FADA6DB8">Table 2</tableCitation>
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). The entire nymphal periods in F1 populations afer treatment of the P generation with LC10 and LC25 were delayed by 0.92 and 3.16 d, respectively, compared with the control population. Compared with the control, every nymphal instar at LC10 was prolonged, except for the 3rd instar. The development period of every instar at LC10 was shorter than of those at LC25. The nymphal durations at LC25 were significantly longer than at LC10 and the control (
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<emphasis id="B966EAB1791AC96BCB9CFAF7FCB1684C" box="[764,776,1293,1313]" italics="true" pageId="3">P</emphasis>
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<0.05). These results indicated that sublethal concentrations had a more negative effect on
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D20791AC96BC830FABDFE006836" baseAuthorityName="Horvath" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[336,441,1351,1371]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" genus="Sogatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcifera">
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<emphasis id="B966EAB1791AC96BC830FABDFE006836" box="[336,441,1351,1371]" italics="true" pageId="3">S. furcifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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nymphal duration at LC25 than at LC10 when the parental generation was fed on rice seedlings treated with triazophos.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A3791AC96BC900FA29FEA76B61" blockId="3.[96,776,1491,1548]" pageId="3">
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<heading id="D0E581CF791AC96BC900FA29FEA76B61" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="3" reason="9">
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INFLUENCE OF TRIAZOPHOS ON THE LIFE TABLE PARAMETERS OF
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D20791AC96BC9E4FA0CFEA76B61" baseAuthorityName="Horvath" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[132,286,1526,1548]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" genus="Sogatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcifera">
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<emphasis id="B966EAB1791AC96BC9E4FA0CFEA76B61" box="[132,286,1526,1548]" italics="true" pageId="3">S. FURCIFERA</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A3791AC96BC9E4F9DBFAB86D99" blockId="3.[96,778,1569,1706]" lastBlockId="3.[808,1490,195,1036]" pageId="3">
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The results in
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<tableCitation id="C6900318791AC96BC870F9DBFEEF6B58" box="[272,342,1569,1589]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="4.[144,191,1538,1556]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 3. Life table of Sogatella furcifera afer treatment of the parental generation with water (control) or sublethal concentrations (LC10, LC25) of triazophos." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6D662B791DC96CC9F0F9F8FA5D6B79" pageId="3" tableUuid="DF6D662B791DC96CC9F0F9F8FA5D6B79">Table 3</tableCitation>
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show that the
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D20791AC96BC88EF9DBFDE16B58" baseAuthorityName="Horvath" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[494,600,1569,1589]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" genus="Sogatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcifera">
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<emphasis id="B966EAB1791AC96BC88EF9DBFDE16B58" box="[494,600,1569,1589]" italics="true" pageId="3">S. furcifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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populations from F1 to F2 increased 33.69 and 27.63 times when the parental genera tion had been treated with triazophos at LC10 and LC25, respectively, whereas the population increased 43.44 times in the control. The survival rates of neonates to 3rd instar and from 4th to 5th instar were sinificantly lower when the parental generation had been treated with triazophos compared with the control (
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<emphasis id="B966EAB1791AC96BCDC4FF1AFB096D99" box="[1188,1200,224,244]" italics="true" pageId="3">P</emphasis>
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<0.05).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A3791AC96BCA2CFF07FC656FC1" blockId="3.[808,1490,195,1036]" pageId="3">
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The emergence rate and copulation rate were both reduced afer the parental generation had been treated with sublethal concentrations of triazophos. The emergence rate of white-backed planthoppers whose parents had been treated with LC10 showed no significant variation compared with the control and LC25 treatments, whereas the control and LC25 treatments showed significant differences between them (
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<emphasis id="B966EAB1791AC96BCA0BFE57FCCE6CAC" box="[875,887,429,449]" italics="true" pageId="3">P</emphasis>
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<0.05). The copulation rates of white-backed planthoppers whose parents had been treated with triazophos at LC10 and LC25 were 73.6 and 68.8%, respectively, and were significantly lower than in the control (
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<emphasis id="B966EAB1791AC96BCAFFFDFFFC126F74" box="[927,939,517,537]" italics="true" pageId="3">P</emphasis>
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<0.05). The female ratio showed no obvious variation (
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<emphasis id="B966EAB1791AC96BCCA4FDFFFA696F74" box="[1476,1488,517,537]" italics="true" pageId="3">P</emphasis>
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<0.05) and was approximately 50% in both treatments and the control (
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<tableCitation id="C6900318791AC96BCA4DFDBAFCC06F39" box="[813,889,576,596]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="4.[144,191,1538,1556]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 3. Life table of Sogatella furcifera afer treatment of the parental generation with water (control) or sublethal concentrations (LC10, LC25) of triazophos." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6D662B791DC96CC9F0F9F8FA5D6B79" pageId="3" tableUuid="DF6D662B791DC96CC9F0F9F8FA5D6B79">Table 3</tableCitation>
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). The percentage of hatching neonates in the F2 generation was 86.9, 79.6, and 77.2% for the control, LC10, and LC25, respectively. The variation in emergence rate between the control and both treatments was similar.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A3791AC96BCA2CFD4FFB026961" blockId="3.[808,1490,195,1036]" pageId="3">
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The fecundity (eggs per female) of white-backed planthoppers whose parents had been treated with distilled water, LC10, and LC25 was 154.1, 179.0, and 203.2, respectively. Sublethal concentrations of triazophos significantly increased the reproductive parameters, especially at the higher sublethal concentration (LC25) (
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<emphasis id="B966EAB1791AC96BCC4DFCD1FA806E52" box="[1325,1337,811,831]" italics="true" pageId="3">P</emphasis>
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<0.05). These results show that sublethal concentrations of triazophos can stimulate the reproductive output of mated adults. However, the relative fitness of white-backed planthoppers whose parents had been treated with LC10 and LC25 decreased to 0.78 and 0.64, respectively. The relative fitness reached four-fifhs and three-fifhs of that of the control and suggested that treatment with triazophos could result in decreased fitness of
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D20791AC96BCA12FC02FC636961" baseAuthorityName="Horvath" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[882,986,1016,1036]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" genus="Sogatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcifera">
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<emphasis id="B966EAB1791AC96BCA12FC02FC636961" box="[882,986,1016,1036]" italics="true" pageId="3">S. furcifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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relative to the control.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3086528791AC96CCA48FBBAFBCF6942" lastPageId="4" pageId="3" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A3791AC96BCA48FBBAFC066930" blockId="3.[808,959,1088,1117]" box="[808,959,1088,1117]" pageId="3">
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<heading id="D0E581CF791AC96BCA48FBBAFC066930" bold="true" box="[808,959,1088,1117]" fontSize="13" level="1" pageId="3" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B966EAB1791AC96BCA48FBBAFC066930" bold="true" box="[808,959,1088,1117]" pageId="3">Discussion</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAD36A3791AC96BCA2CFB7FFB4C68B6" blockId="3.[808,1489,1157,1705]" pageId="3">
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Rice planthopper control programs rely primarily on the spraying of chemical insecticides. The effects of insecticides on insects are twofold: mortality resulting from the direct toxic effect of the compound; and the effect of sublethal doses of insecticides on insect life history parameters and behavior (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B52791AC96BCD49FB00FA996863" author="Kumar K & Chapman RB" box="[1065,1312,1274,1294]" pageId="3" pagination="344 - 352" refId="ref5147" refString="Kumar K, Chapman RB. 1984. Sublethal effects of insecticides on the diamond- back moth Plutella xylostella (L.). Pesticide Science 15: 344 - 352." type="journal article" year="1984">Kumar & Chapman 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Sublethal effects can be defined as physiological or behavioral in nature and act on individuals that survive exposure to a toxic compound at sublethal concentrations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B52791AC96BCAFFFAA8FBDD680B" author="Desneux N & Decourtye A & Delpuech JM" box="[927,1124,1362,1382]" pageId="3" pagination="81 - 106" refId="ref4927" refString="Desneux N, Decourtye A, Delpuech JM. 2007. The sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology 52: 81 - 106." type="journal article" year="2007">Desneux et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Sublethal effects result when insects absorb insufficient amounts of the pesticide to cause death. Sublethal doses of insecticides have been shown to cause latent toxicity, enzyme induction, stimulatory and inhibitory effects on reproduction, and altered behavior and physiology (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B52791AC96BCD39FA3DFB5568B6" author="Moriarty F." box="[1113,1260,1479,1499]" pageId="3" pagination="321 - 357" refId="ref5277" refString="Moriarty F. 1969. The sublethal effects of synthetic insecticides on insects. Biol- ogy Reviews 44: 321 - 357." type="journal article" year="1969">Moriarty 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36A3791AC96CCA2CFA1FFF706EF1" blockId="3.[808,1489,1157,1705]" lastBlockId="4.[144,825,523,1452]" lastPageId="4" pageId="3">
|
||
Contrasting results to ours were found in tests of toxicity of insecticides to 3rd instar nymphs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D20791AC96BCD3FF9F8FB026B7B" baseAuthorityName="Stal" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[1119,1211,1538,1558]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" genus="Nilaparvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAB1791AC96BCD3FF9F8FB026B7B" box="[1119,1211,1538,1558]" italics="true" pageId="3">N. lugens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
using the rice stem-dipping method and various concentrations of insecticide (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B52791AC96BCC75F9E5FA716B5E" author="Samer A & Wang F & Wu JC & Shert J & Wang LP & Yang GQ & Guo YR" box="[1301,1480,1567,1587]" pageId="3" pagination="347 - 358" refId="ref5387" refString="Samer A, Wang F, Wu JC, Shert J, Wang LP, Yang GQ, Guo YR. 2009. Compari- sons of stimulatory effects of a series of concentrations of four insecticides on reproduction in the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Homoptera: Delphacidae). International Journal of Pest Management 55: 347 - 358." type="journal article" year="2009">Samer et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). LC2.5 and LC10 concentrations of imidacloprid clearly stimulated the reproduction in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D20791AC96BCAA8F9A0FB9D6B03" baseAuthorityName="Stal" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[968,1060,1626,1646]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" genus="Nilaparvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAB1791AC96BCAA8F9A0FB9D6B03" box="[968,1060,1626,1646]" italics="true" pageId="3">N. lugens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, fecundity at LC50 and LC90 was significantly less than in the control (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B52791AC96BCDF8F98DFAE86BE6" author="Samer A & Wang F & Wu JC & Shert J & Wang LP & Yang GQ & Guo YR" box="[1176,1361,1655,1675]" pageId="3" pagination="347 - 358" refId="ref5387" refString="Samer A, Wang F, Wu JC, Shert J, Wang LP, Yang GQ, Guo YR. 2009. Compari- sons of stimulatory effects of a series of concentrations of four insecticides on reproduction in the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Homoptera: Delphacidae). International Journal of Pest Management 55: 347 - 358." type="journal article" year="2009">Samer et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Stimulation of insect fecundity induced by sublethal concentrations of insecticides is a common phenomenon, particularly in homopteran insects and in mites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B52791DC96CC9B2FDD2FEDD6F51" author="Ge LQ & Wang LP & Zhao KF & Wu JC & Huang LJ" box="[210,356,552,572]" pageId="4" pagination="279 - 288" refId="ref4957" refString="Ge LQ, Wang LP, Zhao KF, Wu JC, Huang LJ. 2010. Mating pair combinations of insecticide-treated male and female Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) planthoppers influence protein content in the male accessory glands (MAGs) and vitellin content in both fat bodies and ovaries of adult females. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 98: 279 - 288." type="journal article" year="2010">Ge et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The present study showed that sublethal concentrations of triazophos can increase fecundity in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D20791DC96CCBE0FDBCFD516F37" baseAuthorityName="Horvath" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[640,744,582,602]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" genus="Sogatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAB1791DC96CCBE0FDBCFD516F37" box="[640,744,582,602]" italics="true" pageId="4">S. furcifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The fecundity (eggs per female) of the planthoppers treated with LC25 was 131.9% that of the control, suggesting that sublethal concentrations of traziophos could significantly stimulate reproduction in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D20791DC96CCBC3FD64FCB06FDF" baseAuthorityName="Horvath" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[675,777,670,690]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" genus="Sogatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAB1791DC96CCBC3FD64FCB06FDF" box="[675,777,670,690]" italics="true" pageId="4">S.furcifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The mechanisms by which the fecundity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D20791DC96CCB60FD41FDDE6FA2" baseAuthorityName="Horvath" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[512,615,699,719]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" genus="Sogatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAB1791DC96CCB60FD41FDDE6FA2" box="[512,615,699,719]" italics="true" pageId="4">S. furcifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is increased by triazophos application should be considered if its use in controlling rice stem borers and paddy borers is to be continued.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B52791DC96CCB20FD0CFD646E67" author="Qin XW & Zhang J & Liu Q & Chen Y & Zhang RJ" box="[576,733,758,778]" pageId="4" pagination="10 - 15" refId="ref5300" refString="Qin XW, Zhang J, Liu Q, Chen Y, Zhang RJ. 2013. Sublethal effects of paichong- ding on Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 106: 10 - 15." type="journal article" year="2013">Qin et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
deduced that the relative fitness values of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D20791DC96CC8B7FCE9FD8B6E4A" baseAuthorityName="Stal" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[471,562,787,807]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" genus="Nilaparvata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAB1791DC96CC8B7FCE9FD8B6E4A" box="[471,562,787,807]" italics="true" pageId="4">N. lugens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were 0.55, 0.41, 0.21, and 0.09 following treatment with LC20, LC30, LC40, and LC50, respectively, of the insecticide paichongding (1-[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-7- methyl-8-nitro-5-propoxy-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydroimidazo[1,2-α] pyridine).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6D662B791AC96BC900F919FDA76B98" ID-Table-UUID="DF6D662B791AC96BC900F919FDA76B98" box="[96,542,1763,1781]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6D662B791AC96BC900F919FDA76B98" pageId="3" startId="3.[96,143,1763,1781]" targetBox="[96,1449,1817,1978]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36A3791AC96BC900F919FDA76B98" blockId="3.[96,542,1763,1781]" box="[96,542,1763,1781]" pageId="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAB1791AC96BC900F919FF1D6B98" bold="true" box="[96,164,1763,1781]" pageId="3">Table 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Toxicity of traizophos to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D20791AC96BC81BF919FDA06B98" baseAuthorityName="Horvath" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[379,537,1763,1781]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" genus="Sogatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAB1791AC96BC81BF919FDA06B98" box="[379,537,1763,1781]" italics="true" pageId="3">Sogatella furcifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36A3791AC96BC823F8E1FBFF6AD7" pageId="3">
|
||
<table id="F912C403791A3697C900F8E3FA106AD7" box="[96,1449,1817,1978]" gridcols="8" gridrows="6" pageId="3">
|
||
<tr id="352234E1791A3697C900F8E3FA106A40" box="[96,1449,1817,1837]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1">
|
||
<th id="76F35D9D791A3697C823F8E3FE6C6A40" box="[323,469,1817,1837]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3">LC90 (mg [AI] L −1)</th>
|
||
<th id="76F35D9D791A3697CB7BF8E3FD146A40" box="[539,685,1817,1837]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3">LC50 (mg [AI] L −1)</th>
|
||
<th id="76F35D9D791A3697CB93F8E3FC3C6A40" box="[755,901,1817,1837]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3">LC25 (mg [AI] L −1)</th>
|
||
<th id="76F35D9D791A3697CAABF8E3FBE46A40" box="[971,1117,1817,1837]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3">LC10 (mg [AI] L −1)</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352234E1791A3697C900F8CBFA106A28" box="[96,1449,1841,1861]" gridrow="1" pageId="3">
|
||
<th id="76F35D9D791A3697C900F8CBFEB16A28" box="[96,264,1841,1861]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3">Development stage</th>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697C823F8CBFE6C6A28" box="[323,469,1841,1861]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3">(95% CL)</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697CB7BF8CBFD146A28" box="[539,685,1841,1861]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3">(95% CL)</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697CB93F8CBFC3C6A28" box="[755,901,1841,1861]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3">(95% CL)</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697CAABF8CBFBE46A28" box="[971,1117,1841,1861]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3">(95% CL)</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697CDF8F8CBFB416A28" box="[1176,1272,1841,1861]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="3">Slope ± SE</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697CC4DF8CBFAEA6A28" box="[1325,1363,1841,1861]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="3">Χ2</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697CCF7F8CBFA106A28" box="[1431,1449,1841,1861]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="3">df</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352234E1791A3697C900F8A6FA106A03" box="[96,1449,1884,1902]" gridrow="2" pageId="3">
|
||
<th id="76F35D9D791A3697C900F8A6FEB16A03" box="[96,264,1884,1902]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3">Nymph</th>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697C823F8A6FE6C6A03" box="[323,469,1884,1902]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3">67.73</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697CB7BF8A6FD146A03" box="[539,685,1884,1902]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3">13.63</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697CB93F8A6FC3C6A03" box="[755,901,1884,1902]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3">5.86</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697CAABF8A6FBE46A03" box="[971,1117,1884,1902]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3">2.74</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697CDF8F8A6FB416A03" box="[1176,1272,1884,1902]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="3">1.84 ± 0.17</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697CC4DF8A6FAEA6A03" box="[1325,1363,1884,1902]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="3">0.55</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697CCF7F8A6FA106A03" box="[1431,1449,1884,1902]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="3">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352234E1791A3697C900F88EFA106AEB" box="[96,1449,1908,1926]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1">
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697C823F88EFE6C6AEB" box="[323,469,1908,1926]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3">(51.49–98.69)</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697CB7BF88EFD146AEB" box="[539,685,1908,1926]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3">(11.51–16.01)</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697CB93F88EFC3C6AEB" box="[755,901,1908,1926]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3">(4.45–7.23)</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697CAABF88EFBE46AEB" box="[971,1117,1908,1926]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3">(1.80–3.71)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352234E1791A3697C900F86AFA106ACF" box="[96,1449,1936,1954]" gridrow="4" pageId="3">
|
||
<th id="76F35D9D791A3697C900F86AFEB16ACF" box="[96,264,1936,1954]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3">Adult</th>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697C823F86AFE6C6ACF" box="[323,469,1936,1954]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3">73.32</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697CB7BF86AFD146ACF" box="[539,685,1936,1954]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3">16.51</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697CB93F86AFC3C6ACF" box="[755,901,1936,1954]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3">7.54</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697CAABF86AFBE46ACF" box="[971,1117,1936,1954]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="3">3.72</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697CDF8F86AFB416ACF" box="[1176,1272,1936,1954]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="3">1.98 ± 0.18</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697CC4DF86AFAEA6ACF" box="[1325,1363,1936,1954]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="3">3.55</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697CCF7F86AFA106ACF" box="[1431,1449,1936,1954]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="3">3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352234E1791A3697C900F852FA106AD7" box="[96,1449,1960,1978]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1">
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697C823F852FE6C6AD7" box="[323,469,1960,1978]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3">(56.18–105.61)</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697CB7BF852FD146AD7" box="[539,685,1960,1978]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3">(14.11–19.30)</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697CB93F852FC3C6AD7" box="[755,901,1960,1978]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3">(5.91–9.10)</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791A3697CAABF852FBE46AD7" box="[971,1117,1960,1978]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="3">(2.57–4.87)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36A3791AC96BC918F82EFE6A6A89" blockId="3.[120,467,2003,2020]" box="[120,467,2003,2020]" pageId="3">
|
||
<tableNote id="76F4372D791AC96BC918F82EFE6A6A89" box="[120,467,2003,2020]" pageId="3" targetBox="[96,1449,1817,1978]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
CL, Confidence interval. Χ
|
||
<superScript id="7C679BEB791AC96BC857F829FE856AB6" attach="left" box="[311,316,2003,2011]" fontSize="4" pageId="3">2</superScript>
|
||
, Chi-squared value.
|
||
</tableNote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6D662B791DC96CC9F0FF39FADA6DB8" ID-Table-UUID="DF6D662B791DC96CC9F0FF39FADA6DB8" box="[144,1379,194,213]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6D662B791DC96CC9F0FF39FADA6DB8" pageId="4" startId="4.[144,191,195,213]" targetBox="[144,1499,248,410]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36A3791DC96CC9F0FF39FADA6DB8" blockId="4.[144,1379,194,213]" box="[144,1379,194,213]" pageId="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAB1791DC96CC9F0FF39FF6D6DB8" bold="true" box="[144,212,195,213]" pageId="4">Table 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Nymphal duration of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D20791DC96CC8F1FF38FD966DB9" baseAuthorityName="Horvath" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[401,559,194,212]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" genus="Sogatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAB1791DC96CC8F1FF38FD966DB9" box="[401,559,194,212]" italics="true" pageId="4">Sogatella furcifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations exposed to water (control) or sublethal concentrations (LC10, LC25) of triazophos.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36A3791DC96CCBA7FF00FA626CF7" pageId="4">
|
||
<table id="F912C403791D3697C9F0FF02FA626CF7" box="[144,1499,248,410]" gridcols="7" gridrows="5" pageId="4">
|
||
<tr id="352234E1791D3697C9F0FF00FA626C61" box="[144,1499,250,268]" gridrow="0" pageId="4">
|
||
<th id="76F35D9D791D3697C9F0FF00FA626C61" box="[144,1499,250,268]" colspan="7" colspanRight="6" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4">Nymphal stage duration (d) ± SE a</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352234E1791D3697C9F0FEDDFA626C54" box="[144,1499,295,313]" gridrow="1" pageId="4">
|
||
<th id="76F35D9D791D3697C9F0FEDDFF576C54" box="[144,238,295,313]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4">Population</th>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791D3697C8F5FEDDFDB96C54" box="[405,512,295,313]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4">1st instar</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791D3697CB3DFEDDFD6B6C54" box="[605,722,295,313]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4">2nd instar</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791D3697CA7EFEDDFC336C54" box="[798,906,295,313]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="4">3rd instar</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791D3697CA84FEDDFBF76C54" box="[996,1102,295,313]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="4">4th instar</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791D3697CDC9FEDDFAAA6C54" box="[1193,1299,295,313]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="4">5th instar</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791D3697CC05FEDDFA626C54" box="[1381,1499,295,313]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="4">Total</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352234E1791D3697C9F0FEAAFA626C0F" box="[144,1499,336,354]" gridrow="2" pageId="4">
|
||
<th id="76F35D9D791D3697C9F0FEAAFF576C0F" box="[144,238,336,354]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4">Control</th>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791D3697C8F5FEAAFDB96C0F" box="[405,512,336,354]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4">3.28 ± 0.21a</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791D3697CB3DFEAAFD6B6C0F" box="[605,722,336,354]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4">2.28 ± 0.11a</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791D3697CA7EFEAAFC336C0F" box="[798,906,336,354]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="4">2.46 ± 0.17a</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791D3697CA84FEAAFBF76C0F" box="[996,1102,336,354]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="4">2.43 ± 0.15a</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791D3697CDC9FEAAFAAA6C0F" box="[1193,1299,336,354]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="4">3.37 ± 0.20a</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791D3697CC05FEAAFA626C0F" box="[1381,1499,336,354]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="4">13.81 ± 0.15a</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352234E1791D3697C9F0FE96FA626C13" box="[144,1499,364,382]" gridrow="3" pageId="4">
|
||
<th id="76F35D9D791D3697C9F0FE96FF576C13" box="[144,238,364,382]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4">LC10</th>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791D3697C8F5FE96FDB96C13" box="[405,512,364,382]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4">3.44 ± 0.20a</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791D3697CB3DFE96FD6B6C13" box="[605,722,364,382]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4">2.62 ± 0.06ab</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791D3697CA7EFE96FC336C13" box="[798,906,364,382]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="4">2.44 ± 0.05a</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791D3697CA84FE96FBF76C13" box="[996,1102,364,382]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="4">2.58 ± 0.22a</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791D3697CDC9FE96FAAA6C13" box="[1193,1299,364,382]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="4">3.66 ± 0.28a</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791D3697CC05FE96FA626C13" box="[1381,1499,364,382]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="4">14.73 ± 0.68a</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="352234E1791D3697C9F0FE72FA626CF7" box="[144,1499,392,410]" gridrow="4" pageId="4">
|
||
<th id="76F35D9D791D3697C9F0FE72FF576CF7" box="[144,238,392,410]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4">LC25</th>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791D3697C8F5FE72FDB96CF7" box="[405,512,392,410]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4">4.22 ± 0.14b</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791D3697CB3DFE72FD6B6CF7" box="[605,722,392,410]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4">2.87 ± 0.17b</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791D3697CA7EFE72FC336CF7" box="[798,906,392,410]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="4">3.06 ± 0.17b</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791D3697CA84FE72FBF76CF7" box="[996,1102,392,410]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="4">2.78 ± 0.15a</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791D3697CDC9FE72FAAA6CF7" box="[1193,1299,392,410]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="4">4.04 ± 0.26a</td>
|
||
<td id="76F35D9D791D3697CC05FE72FA626CF7" box="[1381,1499,392,410]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="4">16.97 ± 0.67b</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36A3791DC96CC9C8FE49FB016CAE" blockId="4.[168,1208,435,452]" box="[168,1208,435,452]" pageId="4">
|
||
<tableNote id="76F4372D791DC96CC9C8FE49FB016CAE" box="[168,1208,435,452]" pageId="4" targetBox="[144,1499,248,410]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<superScript id="7C679BEB791DC96CC9C8FE49FF156CD6" attach="right" box="[168,172,435,443]" fontSize="4" pageId="4">a</superScript>
|
||
Mean values (± SE) in the same column followed by different letters denote significant differences at the
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAB1791DC96CCAA2FE4EFC756CA9" box="[962,972,436,452]" italics="true" pageId="4">P</emphasis>
|
||
≤ 0.05 level using the LSD test.
|
||
</tableNote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36A3791DC96CC9D4FC5CFB9D6F1A" blockId="4.[144,825,523,1452]" lastBlockId="4.[856,1537,523,1071]" pageId="4">
|
||
Pesticide-induced homeostatic modulation has been suggested as a term to broadly include both hormesis and stimulatory effects of pesticides on non-target pests. The specific role played by pesticide-induced homeostatic modulation in inducing pest outbreaks in agroecosystems is difficult to evaluate because other complex environmental factors are probably also involved (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B52791DC96CCBC9FBC2FC966921" author="Cohen E." box="[681,815,1080,1100]" pageId="4" pagination="21 - 27" refId="ref4905" refString="Cohen E. 2006. Pesticide-mediated homeostatic modulation in arthropods. Pes- ticide Biochemistry and Physiology 85: 21 - 27." type="journal article" year="2006">Cohen 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Hormesis is a biphasic dose-response phenomenon characterized by low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B52791DC96CCBEBFB89FC9669EA" author="Calabrese EJ" box="[651,815,1139,1159]" pageId="4" pagination="1451 - 1474" refId="ref4878" refString="Calabrese EJ. 2008. Hormesis: why it is important to toxicology and toxicolo- gists. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 27: 1451 - 1474." type="journal article" year="2008">Calabrese 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is a dose- and time-dependent phenomenon in which effects are displayed as a result of exposure to a certain sublethal dose range of an applied pesticide. Our study shows that treatment with various concentrations of insecticide has differing effects, including changes in nymphal duration and life table parameters. Although, on the whole, the population of the next generation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D20791DC96CCBF4FAD9FCBD685A" baseAuthorityName="Horvath" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[660,772,1315,1335]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" genus="Sogatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAB1791DC96CCBF4FAD9FCBD685A" box="[660,772,1315,1335]" italics="true" pageId="4">S. furcifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may decline, various sublethal concentrations of triazophos significantly stimulated reproduction. Resurgence in arthropod pest numbers following applications of chemical pesticides could be the result of disruptions of the biological equilibrium by elimination or drastic reduction of arthropod species that regulate the pest population or compete for food or space within a given ecological niche, and thus represent either direct or indirect effects on the pest population (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B52791DC96CCA3EFD99FBA26F1A" author="Hardin MR & Benrey B & Coll M & Lamp WO & Roderick GK & Barbosa P." box="[862,1051,611,631]" pageId="4" pagination="3 - 18" refId="ref5061" refString="Hardin MR, Benrey B, Coll M, Lamp WO, Roderick GK, Barbosa P. 1995. Arthro- pod pest resurgence: an overview of potential mechanisms. Crop Protection 14: 3 - 18." type="journal article" year="1995">Hardin et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36A3791DC96CCA1CFD7AFBCF6942" blockId="4.[856,1537,523,1071]" pageId="4">
|
||
In conclusion, the organophosphorus insecticide triazophos could stimulate reproduction in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D20791DC96CCD39FD64FB7B6FDF" baseAuthorityName="Horvath" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[1113,1218,670,690]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" genus="Sogatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAB1791DC96CCD39FD64FB7B6FDF" box="[1113,1218,670,690]" italics="true" pageId="4">S. furcifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as demonstrated by treatments with specific sublethal concentrations in the laboratory. This effect may be due to stimulatory effects on the physiological and biochemical mechanisms involved in reproduction and growth. Alternatively, insecticide applications to insect host plants are known to result in improvement of the plants’ nutritional quality, thus leading to better reproduction in the insects feeding on them (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B52791DC96CCC5FFCB4FA4E6E0F" author="Suri KS & Singh G." box="[1343,1527,846,866]" pageId="4" pagination="118 - 124" refId="ref5452" refString="Suri KS, Singh G. 2011. Insecticide-induced resurgence of the whitebacked pl- anthopper Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) on rice varieties with different levels of resistance. Crop Protection 30: 118 - 124." type="journal article" year="2011">Suri & Singh 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Field application of insecticides may result in sublethal levels at some time afer application. Understanding how individual insects and their populations respond to insecticides should help in the selection of appropriate and improved treatment plans. In particular, future research should focus on exploring the molecular mechanisms that stimulate reproduction in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D20791DC96CCA95FC04FBE7697F" baseAuthorityName="Horvath" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[1013,1118,1022,1042]" class="Insecta" family="Delphacidae" genus="Sogatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAB1791DC96CCA95FC04FBE7697F" box="[1013,1118,1022,1042]" italics="true" pageId="4">S. furcifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
planthoppers when treated with sublethal concentrations of triazophos.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |