treatments-xml/data/03/BB/87/03BB87B0FFE67A20753FF9C2AFF9FCA6.xml

<document id="7C859BB4646594DBEA876A8950DB7FE1" ID-CLB-Dataset="292058" ID-DOI="10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.11.003" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0497e66e-da65-45e4-829b-be252b0a9965" ID-ISSN="2213-2244" ID-PMC="PMC4840268" ID-PubMed="27141438" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10668346" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1708029334558" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Girard, Yvette A., Johnson, Christine K., Fritz, Heather M., Shapiro, Karen, Packham, Andrea E., Melli, Ann C., Carlson-Bremer, Daphne, Gulland, Frances M., Rejmanek, Daniel &amp; Conrad, Patricia A." docDate="2016" docId="03BB87B0FFE67A20753FF9C2AFF9FCA6" docLanguage="en" docName="IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.5.1.5-16.pdf" docOrigin="International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 5 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.11.003" docStyle="DocumentStyle:77CC2CF2FBA7BCD129DD16D0D4F96931.1:IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.2012-.journal_article" docStyleId="77CC2CF2FBA7BCD129DD16D0D4F96931" docStyleName="IntJParasitolParasitesWildlife.2012-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Sarcocystis neurona" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="FF82FFC8FFE37A28761AFFBAAD24FF8A" masterDocTitle="Detection and characterization of diverse coccidian protozoa shed by California sea lions" masterLastPageNumber="16" masterPageNumber="5" pageNumber="10" updateTime="1711652678839" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
<mods:mods id="9A132BAB867FFBBB145AADDDC39D3F8B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="7D0E9CFF99CF7C777AEF4D53F046A1B9">
<mods:title id="83A2E2AE9C4CEB54D3D9C788D133CBD6">Detection and characterization of diverse coccidian protozoa shed by California sea lions</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="B907B5B9CA8D0CA063893FC88FACB99B" type="personal">
<mods:role id="DDE223E9D7082C385377ABDB88902B1F">
<mods:roleTerm id="CDB9CCCCE07EF7CE757B9A52CE296E32">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="267A4E187CB333F15FFCA4CC73C5CA11">Girard, Yvette A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="EE6B8707F5D2143AD9DCEBB80D234906">Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="740008688A0DF724C0524B8F50E6D794" type="personal">
<mods:role id="CA6F3D6216600666EC145597BA84351F">
<mods:roleTerm id="14FC9732167EC4DF1E81789C5D71FE55">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="4A5C4C654D59E36BAAB13039D8822DAE">Johnson, Christine K.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="389F0A4CBACBCE29619A839A7DBCCAD0">Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="59844DB2BC47440E43AC96D3500725B7" type="personal">
<mods:role id="7630F60E57A6F2D59D9A94316D88E6DB">
<mods:roleTerm id="30990CBAB86881968128BD28DA9A71C2">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="482FA7F2D90DAC9FFE4004BA669593B7">Fritz, Heather M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="D687478F2B5415621B9D2F8890EE3C8D">Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA &amp; Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="D02307D9D380318151D317D7EA5C0BAB" type="personal">
<mods:role id="CC828CD8B3FF5450367E5E416AFFCFC7">
<mods:roleTerm id="782996F71807265D18E281ED9BCFB416">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="1A4AC7F4450BFED78C4F15673EBAB9C6">Shapiro, Karen</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="472E3D609C157AD83FF7878856384912">Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="2F9E4C353D715EF30F31C2060A4A194C" type="personal">
<mods:role id="FCDCD73A5231478BE837B196EE226B96">
<mods:roleTerm id="4FEC70453876ECCF02E2A5B796E99847">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="4A45B292D081C769E3FF5894495E3B16">Packham, Andrea E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="7D280AB21200B331D52E5999C14FDE9A">Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="BC336EDAE21EC574CC728799BB18E3B3" type="personal">
<mods:role id="16E66092DC37ECAE39DB41B1F4B185E9">
<mods:roleTerm id="2C3DEF01604617AFD4F9F842D0FE49E2">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="A298575CC37792A14EFDD1A5A556D767">Melli, Ann C.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="CD804F3BF0580058C1B52885FE843CA6">Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="7211FAD51DA4D6E6CECCC3E8D7BBDCAC" type="personal">
<mods:role id="2A180F6383AC8E64A5F1CB6CD330D73D">
<mods:roleTerm id="1D2CA82E21C2C15793E4A43C01568C89">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="A647E308B63A563E4F7515ADA902FB5F">Carlson-Bremer, Daphne</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="03B36F3A04E76A10F4FD4EA6CFDD1CE6">Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="5E4FD81869181BD083DFA72AF7EF0CF9" type="personal">
<mods:role id="4C737AD379878974BD1743B9A431C2A4">
<mods:roleTerm id="7407C53535C946C674E51253BB6C5871">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="1688915BCE0D56F9C518F351CDD26879">Gulland, Frances M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="211A30A897643A1E108F426F9714CC68">The Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, CA, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="D1D9FE6827C7EFB673E25EA6D3EC25E1" type="personal">
<mods:role id="230520FEE68EE7FA126241C3A758F006">
<mods:roleTerm id="F3CD7688972BBDB5A9D4B2CD58F67F01">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="55BE884585413AAFFA8820A92B4E3ECA">Rejmanek, Daniel</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="7D2DC63C026E990BDCCEBC9865E8B69D">California Animal Health and Food Safety, Davis, CA, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="92163AEED7722C234FDBFE79748C52D4" type="personal">
<mods:role id="06455D0423709BB2699956DC2A00BB08">
<mods:roleTerm id="24D1A351E585A467D1FA7568CA1C86C3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="462D059815F6E1265FD034177C1F771D">Conrad, Patricia A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="7367A2DCC5967898803DEA3F2B80F809">Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA &amp; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="4A4C5C483343AACA4D32A481AABA9038">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="A38951DD289223039AA980FD20CB12CB" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="D311D47937FBA20DCD72397A675BDA3C">
<mods:title id="5A4A8EF2A82E0D9001D8B75504D11042">International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="8AD95E48F15E3154E3726762DABD0A8E">
<mods:date id="E8068F28B2A5876C9AD0E61D766810A0">2016</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="0C12FD57EED72CAC60FA86CF2E727322" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="75FDDFAB3159BEF89BD12A8FDDBEB97B">2016-04-30</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="EB8BE1B2F4E24337E1DED62C192ACE87" type="volume">
<mods:number id="0A998A2A47375903E715788132C381B8">5</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="3BF9D3E62E3DF2681F985CB93A7F65F4" type="issue">
<mods:number id="79754CD6C3FE7E3ED886D67571A41401">1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="3FB405305878F3FAA259CFF253641A5B" unit="page">
<mods:start id="940F170B295277FB2B6A048D6A6370B4">5</mods:start>
<mods:end id="3DA394D968D15FB1148DDC54A81D1984">16</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="302C3B985EA5352ADCFA0F6BD874B864">
<mods:url id="AE615BAD6668F9DABDCF728E18CD4826">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.11.003</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="D8FC09AE70F150A430FB8FECEF81C7D1">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="3691CEA176C56793EA58FA13BD9FAA06" type="CLB-Dataset">292058</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3FE3BD71FB4F71AD3D3D98CECA2F0E6B" type="DOI">10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.11.003</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="2367099359B341D743DB8A09137A511E" type="GBIF-Dataset">0497e66e-da65-45e4-829b-be252b0a9965</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="C204F92E15551FC3A11993346805485A" type="ISSN">2213-2244</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="5E6B5333D16F404960DC89A9064D9CC1" type="PMC">PMC4840268</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="97743838E45362B04DDA8B1627600503" type="PubMed">27141438</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="0D67AB0FB42CF4CA0F7358F765F1D1C7" type="Zenodo-Dep">10668346</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03BB87B0FFE67A20753FF9C2AFF9FCA6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10892123" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10892123" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BB87B0FFE67A20753FF9C2AFF9FCA6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87B0FFE67A20753FF9C2AFF9FCA6" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
<subSubSection id="C308652DFFE67A2D753FF9C2A841F906" box="[805,1381,1656,1676]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BAD36A6FFE67A2D753FF9C2A841F906" blockId="5.[805,1381,1656,1676]" box="[805,1381,1656,1676]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
<heading id="D0E581CAFFE67A2D753FF9C2A841F906" box="[805,1381,1656,1676]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE67A2D753FF9C2A841F906" box="[805,1381,1656,1676]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
3.4. Evidence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE67A2D75D0F9C2A915F906" box="[970,1073,1656,1676]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">S. neurona</taxonomicName>
in fecal samples from sea lions
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C308652DFFE67A20753FF90AAFF9FCA6" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BAD36A6FFE67A2D753FF90AA9CFF94E" blockId="5.[805,1475,1712,1984]" box="[805,1259,1712,1732]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE67A2D753FF90AA9CFF94E" box="[805,1259,1712,1732]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">3.4.1. Cell culture and serological examination</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD36A6FFE67A2E755FF974AC74F9B2" blockId="5.[805,1475,1712,1984]" lastBlockId="6.[113,784,1265,1983]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
In an effort to propagate and isolate coccidian protozoa identified by light microscopy in sea lion feces, sporulated oocysts from CSL10089 (Coccidia A), CSL10092 (Coccidia A &amp; B), CSL10100 (Coccidia A &amp; B), and CSL10266 (Coccidia A) were prepared and inoculated into flasks containing MA104 cells. All cultures were fed and examined for the presence of live coccidian zoites three times per week. After 14 days, 21 days and 35 days of observation, cell cultures inoculated with sporulated oocysts from CSL10089, CSL10100, and CSL10092, respectively, showed propagating organisms with morphologic similarity to 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE57A2E740CFB4BAF8BFA8F" box="[534,687,1265,1285]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E740CFB4BAFA4FA8F" box="[534,640,1265,1285]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">Sarcocystis</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C690031DFFE57A2E74A1FB48AE26FA8F" box="[699,770,1266,1285]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="7.[88,132,180,194]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 4 Characterization of zoites grown in MA104 cell cultures inoculated with sporulated, excysted oocysts of Coccidia A and B from California sea lion (CSL-) fecal samples 10089, 10092,10100 and 10266. Antigenic reactivity of zoites to Sarcocystis neurona antisera from a horse and a sea lion (CSL 9878) by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). PCR amplification of zoite DNA confirmed that zoites were similar to S. neurona (Sn)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6D662EFFE47A2F7642FF0EAFC6FE8C" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" tableUuid="DF6D662EFFE47A2F7642FF0EAFC6FE8C">Table 4</tableCitation>
). Parasites were observed both extracellularly and within MA104 cells. Extracellular zoites were 8 
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E7404FA90AF0AFAB7" bold="true" box="[542,558,1322,1341]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">‾</emphasis>
11 
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E744BFA90AF79FAB7" bold="true" box="[593,605,1322,1341]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">M</emphasis>
m in length and 1 
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E7664FAFCADAAFAD3" bold="true" box="[126,142,1350,1369]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">‾</emphasis>
2 
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E76BAFAFCAD88FAD3" bold="true" box="[160,172,1350,1369]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">M</emphasis>
m in width when measured with SPOT™ Advanced software at 200× magnification. Schizonts were seen periodically as the culture matured and the number of free zoites increased; suggesting that these were merozoites produced by schizogony. Free zoites had active, circumaxial motility characteristic of 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE57A2E74BDFA0EAE2AFA42" box="[679,782,1460,1480]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E74BDFA0EAE2AFA42" box="[679,782,1460,1480]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">S. neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
merozoites observed 
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E7757FA6AACB2FA6E" box="[333,406,1488,1508]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">in vitro</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B57FFE57A2E77BFFA6BAF43FA6E" author="Miller, M. A. &amp; Crosbie, P. R. &amp; Sverlow, K. &amp; Hanni, K. &amp; Barr, B. C. &amp; Kock, N. &amp; Murray, M. J. &amp; Lowenstine, L. J. &amp; Conrad, P. A." box="[421,615,1489,1509]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" refId="ref15855" refString="Miller, M. A., Crosbie, P. R., Sverlow, K., Hanni, K., Barr, B. C., Kock, N., Murray, M. J., Lowenstine, L. J., Conrad, P. A., 2001 a. Isolation and characterization of Sarcocystis from brain tissue of a free-living southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) with fatal meningoencephalitis. Parasitol. Res. 87, 252 ‾ 257." type="journal volume" year="2001">Miller et al., 2001a</bibRefCitation>
). Similar organisms did not grow in cultures inoculated with sporulated oocysts from a fourth sea lion, CSL10266 or in un-inoculated cultures of MA104 cells (
<tableCitation id="C690031DFFE57A2E76E1F99FAC67F9B2" box="[251,323,1573,1592]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="7.[88,132,180,194]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 4 Characterization of zoites grown in MA104 cell cultures inoculated with sporulated, excysted oocysts of Coccidia A and B from California sea lion (CSL-) fecal samples 10089, 10092,10100 and 10266. Antigenic reactivity of zoites to Sarcocystis neurona antisera from a horse and a sea lion (CSL 9878) by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). PCR amplification of zoite DNA confirmed that zoites were similar to S. neurona (Sn)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6D662EFFE47A2F7642FF0EAFC6FE8C" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" tableUuid="DF6D662EFFE47A2F7642FF0EAFC6FE8C">Table 4</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6D662EFFE67A2D7642F89DAF77F834" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668352" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10668352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668352/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" startId="5.[88,113,1831,1845]" targetBox="[97,748,1163,1800]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BAD36A6FFE67A2D7642F89DAF77F834" blockId="5.[88,759,1831,1982]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE67A2D7642F89DADADF8BF" bold="true" box="[88,137,1831,1845]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
Three California sea lion haul-out sites (red circles) on the central California coast where fecal samples were collected from free-ranging animals. Field sample identifiers for test-positive samples are given (Ãno-, PL- and WR-) at each location. Coccidian parasite genotypes and species amplified in sample DNA are indicated in parentheses: A, Coccidia A; B, Coccidia B; Sn, 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE67A2D77F6F83BAFA3F81A" box="[492,647,1921,1937]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE67A2D77F6F83BAFA3F81A" box="[492,647,1921,1937]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Sarcocystis neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like; unchar, uncharacterized species. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6D662EFFE57A2E766BFF0EA873FF52" ID-Table-UUID="DF6D662EFFE57A2E766BFF0EA873FF52" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6D662EFFE57A2E766BFF0EA873FF52" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" startId="6.[113,157,180,194]" targetBox="[129,1484,240,701]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="6" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8BAD36A6FFE57A2E766BFF0EAD89FF4B" blockId="6.[113,1367,179,217]" box="[113,173,179,194]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E766BFF0EAD89FF4B" bold="true" box="[113,173,179,194]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">Table 3</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD36A6FFE57A2E766BFF70A873FF52" blockId="6.[113,1367,179,217]" box="[113,1367,202,217]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">Prevalence and genetic diversity of coccidian species identified by microscopy in fecal samples of free-ranging California sea lions at coastal haul-out sites.</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BAD36A6FFE57A2E769BFF4AA9CDFD3F" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
<table id="F912C406FFE585D7769BFF4AA8E8FD37" box="[129,1484,240,701]" gridcols="5" gridrows="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
<tr id="352234E4FFE585D7769BFF4AA8E8FF75" box="[129,1484,240,255]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
<th id="76F35D98FFE585D7769BFF4AAC47FF75" box="[129,355,240,255]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">Location (Sample identifier)</th>
<th id="76F35D98FFE585D77780FF4AAF75FF75" box="[410,593,240,255]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">No. samples examined</th>
<th id="76F35D98FFE585D77492FF4AAE77FF75" box="[648,851,240,255]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">Time period</th>
<th id="76F35D98FFE585D77596FF4AA949FF75" box="[908,1133,240,255]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">No. oocyst-positive samples</th>
<th id="76F35D98FFE585D772BFFF4AA8E8FF75" box="[1189,1484,240,255]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">Sample ID (Coccidian species)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE585D7769BFEBDA8E8FE9F" box="[129,1484,263,277]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-4="1">
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D77780FEBDAF75FE9F" box="[410,593,263,277]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">for oocysts</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D77596FEBDA949FE9F" box="[908,1133,263,277]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">(Prevalence)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE585D7769BFE93A8E8FEB2" box="[129,1484,297,312]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
<th id="76F35D98FFE585D7769BFE93AC47FEB2" box="[129,355,297,312]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">White Rock (WR-)</th>
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D77780FE93AF75FEB2" box="[410,593,297,312]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">94</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D77492FE93AE77FEB2" box="[648,851,297,312]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
July 2011 
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E74CFFE93AFC6FEB2" bold="true" box="[725,738,297,312]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">‾</emphasis>
August 2012
</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D77596FE93A949FEB2" box="[908,1133,297,312]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">3 (3.2%)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D772BFFE93A8E8FEB2" box="[1189,1484,297,312]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">WR101 (Coccidia A)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE585D7769BFE87A8E8FEC5" box="[129,1484,317,335]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D772BFFE87A8E8FEC5" box="[1189,1484,317,335]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">WR111 (uncharacterized) a</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE585D7769BFEE2A8E8FEEC" box="[129,1484,344,358]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D772BFFEE2A8E8FEEC" box="[1189,1484,344,358]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">WR121 (Coccidia A)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE585D7769BFED1A8E8FEF7" box="[129,1484,363,381]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
<th id="76F35D98FFE585D7769BFED1AC47FEF7" box="[129,355,363,381]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">Ano ̃Nuevo (̃Ano-)</th>
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D77780FED1AF75FEF7" box="[410,593,363,381]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">48</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D77492FED1AE77FEF7" box="[648,851,363,381]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
May 2011 
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E74C3FED4AFC2FEF7" bold="true" box="[729,742,366,381]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">‾</emphasis>
October 2011
</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D77596FED1A949FEF7" box="[908,1133,363,381]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">4 (8.3%)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D772BFFED1A8E8FEF7" box="[1189,1484,363,381]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">̃Ano11 (novel)b</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE585D7769BFE39A8E8FE1E" box="[129,1484,387,404]" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D772BFFE39A8E8FE1E" box="[1189,1484,387,404]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">Ãno44 (Coccidia B)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE585D7769BFE20A8E8FE21" box="[129,1484,410,427]" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D772BFFE20A8E8FE21" box="[1189,1484,410,427]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">Ãno50 (Coccidia B)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE585D7769BFE0BA8E8FE4B" box="[129,1484,433,449]" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D772BFFE0BA8E8FE4B" box="[1189,1484,433,449]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">Ãno53 (Coccidia A)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE585D7769BFE7CA8E8FE52" box="[129,1484,454,472]" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
<th id="76F35D98FFE585D7769BFE7CAC47FE52" box="[129,355,454,472]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">Point Lobos (PL-)</th>
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D77780FE7CAF75FE52" box="[410,593,454,472]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">70</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D77492FE7CAE77FE52" box="[648,851,454,472]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
August 2011 
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E74F5FE73AFD8FE52" bold="true" box="[751,764,457,472]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">‾</emphasis>
Sept 2012
</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D77596FE7CA949FE52" box="[908,1133,454,472]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">6 (8.6%)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D772BFFE7CA8E8FE52" box="[1189,1484,454,472]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
PL11 (Coccidia B + 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE57A2E7358FE72A8B1FE52" box="[1346,1429,456,472]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E7358FE72A8B1FE52" box="[1346,1429,456,472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">S. neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like c)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE585D7769BFE67A8E8FE65" box="[129,1484,477,495]" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D772BFFE67A8E8FE65" box="[1189,1484,477,495]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
PL 27 (Coccidia A + 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE57A2E7353FE65A8BFFE65" box="[1353,1435,479,495]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E7353FE65A8BFFE65" box="[1353,1435,479,495]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">S. neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like c)
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE585D7769BFE42A8E8FD8C" box="[129,1484,504,518]" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D772BFFE42A8E8FD8C" box="[1189,1484,504,518]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">PL50 (Coccidia A)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE585D7769BFDB4A8E8FD97" box="[129,1484,526,541]" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D772BFFDB4A8E8FD97" box="[1189,1484,526,541]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">PL58 (Coccidia B)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE585D7769BFD9FA8E8FDB9" box="[129,1484,549,563]" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D772BFFD9FA8E8FDB9" box="[1189,1484,549,563]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">PL68 (Coccidia A)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE585D7769BFD86A8E8FDC0" box="[129,1484,572,586]" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D772BFFD86A8E8FDC0" box="[1189,1484,572,586]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">PL75 (Coccidia B)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE585D7769BFDE9A8E8FDEB" box="[129,1484,595,609]" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76F35D98FFE585D7769BFDE9AC47FDEB" box="[129,355,595,609]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">Total</th>
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D77780FDE9AF75FDEB" box="[410,593,595,609]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">244</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D77596FDE9A949FDEB" box="[908,1133,595,609]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">13 (5.3%)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D772BFFDE9A8E8FDEB" box="[1189,1484,595,609]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">6 Coccidia A</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE585D7769BFDD0A8E8FDF2" box="[129,1484,618,632]" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D772BFFDD0A8E8FDF2" box="[1189,1484,618,632]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">5 Coccidia B</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE585D7769BFDC5A8E8FD05" box="[129,1484,639,655]" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D772BFFDC5A8E8FD05" box="[1189,1484,639,655]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
2 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE57A2E72AEFDC5A823FD05" box="[1204,1287,639,655]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E72AEFDC5A823FD05" box="[1204,1287,639,655]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">S. neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE585D7769BFD2EA8E8FD2C" box="[129,1484,660,678]" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D772BFFD2EA8E8FD2C" box="[1189,1484,660,678]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">1 uncharacterized a</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE585D7769BFD11A8E8FD37" box="[129,1484,683,701]" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<td id="76F35D98FFE585D772BFFD11A8E8FD37" box="[1189,1484,683,701]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">1 novel b</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<tableNote id="76F43728FFE57A2E769BFD74A859FC87" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[129,1484,240,701]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BAD36A6FFE57A2E769BFD74A900FD6A" blockId="6.[128,1405,718,782]" box="[129,1060,718,736]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
<superScript id="7C679BEEFFE57A2E769BFD74ADACFD5D" attach="left" box="[129,136,718,727]" fontSize="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">a</superScript>
Oocysts were identified by microscopy during isolation, but DNA was insufficient for molecular characterization.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD36A6FFE57A2E769AFD5EAE9FFD7C" blockId="6.[128,1405,718,782]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
<superScript id="7C679BEEFFE57A2E769AFD5EADACFD64" attach="left" box="[128,136,740,750]" fontSize="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">b</superScript>
The amplified ITS-1 region of ̃Ano11 is genetically distinct from other coccidian isolates (See Fig. 1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD36A6FFE57A2E7698FD46A859FC87" blockId="6.[128,1405,718,782]" box="[130,1405,764,782]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
<superScript id="7C679BEEFFE57A2E7698FD46ADACFC8F" attach="left" box="[130,136,764,773]" fontSize="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">c</superScript>
The presence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE57A2E770CFD44AC96FC87" box="[278,434,766,782]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E770CFD44AC96FC87" box="[278,434,766,782]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">Sarcocystis neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like DNA was confirmed by PCR and sequence analysis. Sporocysts were not identified in fecal samples by microscopy.
</paragraph>
</tableNote>
<caption id="DF6D662EFFE57A2E766BFB18AC3DFB4D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10668354" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668354/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" startId="6.[113,138,1186,1200]" targetBox="[353,1260,839,1156]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BAD36A6FFE57A2E766BFB18AC3DFB4D" blockId="6.[113,1502,1186,1224]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E766BFB18AD85FB3A" bold="true" box="[113,161,1186,1200]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
Photomicrographs of sporulated oocysts of Coccidia A (A) and Coccidia B (B, arrowhead) isolated from fecal samples of California sea lions CSL NCMMC1047 and CSL9878. Scale bars are 10 
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E76E1FB03AC21FB42" bold="true" box="[251,261,1209,1224]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">M</emphasis>
m.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BAD36A6FFE57A2E768BF9FBA9A0FA8F" blockId="6.[113,784,1265,1983]" lastBlockId="6.[831,1501,1265,1983]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
By 
<collectionCode id="ED03AE63FFE57A2E76ABF9FBADF9F9DE" box="[177,221,1601,1620]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">IFAT</collectionCode>
, antigen slides prepared from zoite cultures of all three sea lions, CSL10089, CSL10092 and CSL10100, tested positive using serum from a horse with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (
<figureCitation id="13292A23FFE57A2E7663F92EAD98F922" box="[121,188,1684,1704]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[88,113,1411,1425]" captionTargetBox="[327,1234,884,1381]" captionTargetId="figure-680@7.[327,1234,884,1381]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 5. Indirect fluorescence antibody test of California sea lion sporulated oocyst cultures. Zoites derived from cultivated oocysts from animal CSL10089 (A), CSL10092 (B), and CSL10100 (C) were tested using serum from a Sarcocystis neurona-infected horse. Image D shows reactivity of serum from the S.neurona-infected horse to S. neurona culture isolate snUCD-1. Image E shows a lack of seroreactivity of negative control serum from a S. neurona-negative horse to zoite culture from CSL10089. Scale bars are 15 Mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668356/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E76A6F92EADE8F92D" bold="true" box="[188,204,1684,1703]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">‾</emphasis>
C, 
<tableCitation id="C690031DFFE57A2E76FEF92EAC0FF922" box="[228,299,1684,1704]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="7.[88,132,180,194]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 4 Characterization of zoites grown in MA104 cell cultures inoculated with sporulated, excysted oocysts of Coccidia A and B from California sea lion (CSL-) fecal samples 10089, 10092,10100 and 10266. Antigenic reactivity of zoites to Sarcocystis neurona antisera from a horse and a sea lion (CSL 9878) by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). PCR amplification of zoite DNA confirmed that zoites were similar to S. neurona (Sn)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6D662EFFE47A2F7642FF0EAFC6FE8C" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" tableUuid="DF6D662EFFE47A2F7642FF0EAFC6FE8C">Table 4</tableCitation>
). The horse's 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE57A2E77A9F929AF3CF92D" box="[435,536,1683,1703]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E77A9F929AF3CF92D" box="[435,536,1683,1703]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">S. neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
infection was confirmed by 
<collectionCode id="ED03AE63FFE57A2E768AF90BAD9FF94E" box="[144,187,1713,1732]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">IFAT</collectionCode>
and western blot on serum (1:320 titer to laboratory strain snUCD-1) and cerebral spinal fluid, and by immunohistochemistry used to detect 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE57A2E7712F95DAC4AF971" box="[264,366,1767,1787]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E7712F95DAC4AF971" box="[264,366,1767,1787]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">S. neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
merozoites in the lumbar spine. In addition, all three zoite isolates from sea lion oocyst cultures reacted to sera from hospitalized sea lion CSL9878 (
<tableCitation id="C690031DFFE57A2E7409F89AAF78F8B9" box="[531,604,1824,1843]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="7.[88,132,180,194]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 4 Characterization of zoites grown in MA104 cell cultures inoculated with sporulated, excysted oocysts of Coccidia A and B from California sea lion (CSL-) fecal samples 10089, 10092,10100 and 10266. Antigenic reactivity of zoites to Sarcocystis neurona antisera from a horse and a sea lion (CSL 9878) by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). PCR amplification of zoite DNA confirmed that zoites were similar to S. neurona (Sn)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6D662EFFE47A2F7642FF0EAFC6FE8C" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" tableUuid="DF6D662EFFE47A2F7642FF0EAFC6FE8C">Table 4</tableCitation>
) which was itself seroreactive to merozoites of snUCD-1 (1:2560) (
<tableCitation id="C690031DFFE57A2E7496F886AFF8F8C5" box="[652,732,1852,1871]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[113,157,180,194]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 1 Clinical status, serological results and coccidian sequence types shed by hospitalized California sea lions sampled between September 2010 and May 2012." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6D662EFFE77A2C766BFF0EA872FF52" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" tableUuid="DF6D662EFFE77A2C766BFF0EA872FF52">Table 1</tableCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="13292A23FFE57A2E766BF8E2AD9DF8E1" box="[113,185,1880,1899]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[88,113,1411,1425]" captionTargetBox="[327,1234,884,1381]" captionTargetId="figure-680@7.[327,1234,884,1381]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 5. Indirect fluorescence antibody test of California sea lion sporulated oocyst cultures. Zoites derived from cultivated oocysts from animal CSL10089 (A), CSL10092 (B), and CSL10100 (C) were tested using serum from a Sarcocystis neurona-infected horse. Image D shows reactivity of serum from the S.neurona-infected horse to S. neurona culture isolate snUCD-1. Image E shows a lack of seroreactivity of negative control serum from a S. neurona-negative horse to zoite culture from CSL10089. Scale bars are 15 Mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668356/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
). Sea lion culture antigen was IFAT-negative (&lt;1:40) to goat serum containing 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE57A2E7730F8C8AC58F80C" box="[298,380,1906,1926]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Toxoplasma" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="gondii">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E7730F8C8AC58F80C" box="[298,380,1906,1926]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">T. gondii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-reactive antibodies, bovine fetal serum containing 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE57A2E76FBF834AC6BF828" box="[225,335,1934,1954]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Neospora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="caninum">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E76FBF834AC6BF828" box="[225,335,1934,1954]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">N. caninum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-reactive antibodies, and, as shown in 
<figureCitation id="13292A23FFE57A2E74D3F835AE2FF829" box="[713,779,1935,1955]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[88,113,1411,1425]" captionTargetBox="[327,1234,884,1381]" captionTargetId="figure-680@7.[327,1234,884,1381]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 5. Indirect fluorescence antibody test of California sea lion sporulated oocyst cultures. Zoites derived from cultivated oocysts from animal CSL10089 (A), CSL10092 (B), and CSL10100 (C) were tested using serum from a Sarcocystis neurona-infected horse. Image D shows reactivity of serum from the S.neurona-infected horse to S. neurona culture isolate snUCD-1. Image E shows a lack of seroreactivity of negative control serum from a S. neurona-negative horse to zoite culture from CSL10089. Scale bars are 15 Mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668356/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
, to horse serum that was seronegative to 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE57A2E7417F810AF57F834" box="[525,627,1962,1982]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E7417F810AF57F834" box="[525,627,1962,1982]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">S. neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E74BFF810A9A0FA8F" box="[677,1156,1265,1982]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE57A2E74BFF810AE29F834" box="[677,781,1962,1982]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Neospora" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="hughesi">N. hughesi</taxonomicName>
. 3.4.2. PCR and sequence analysis
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD36A6FFE57A2E7545FAB4A8AAF8B9" blockId="6.[831,1501,1265,1983]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
As soon as zoites were observed, supernatant from the MA104 cell cultures inoculated with sporulated, excysted oocysts from the fecal samples of CSL10089, CSL10100 and CSL10092 were collected for molecular characterization approximately once per week for 11 
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E75ADFAC4AEE1FA1B" bold="true" box="[951,965,1406,1425]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">‾</emphasis>
14 weeks. Pan-coccidian primers that span the ITS-1 region produced a ~1000 bp band when DNA was amplified from zoites taken from cultures from the 3 sea lions throughout their collection period. This is the expected band size for amplification of 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE57A2E7525FA56AEF9F98A" authority="DNA" authorityName="DNA" box="[831,989,1516,1536]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE57A2E7525FA56AE83F98A" box="[831,935,1516,1536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">S. neurona</emphasis>
DNA
</taxonomicName>
using pan-coccidian ITS-1 primers (
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B57FFE57A2E734CFA57AE4BF996" author="Gibson, A. K. &amp; Raverty, S. &amp; Lambourn, D. M. &amp; Huggins, J. &amp; Magargal, S. L. &amp; Grigg, M. E." pageId="6" pageNumber="11" pagination="1142" refId="ref14551" refString="Gibson, A. K., Raverty, S., Lambourn, D. M., Huggins, J., Magargal, S. L., Grigg, M. E., 2011. Polyparasitism is associated with increased disease severity in Toxoplasma gondii - infected marine sentinel species. Plos Negl. Trop. Dis. 5, e 1142." type="journal article" year="2011">Gibson et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
). In addition, a second band ~400 bp in size was amplified simultaneously in culture supernatant of CSL10100 and CSL10092 using the pan-coccidian primers, but only in the first week of sample collection following zoite observation (
<tableCitation id="C690031DFFE57A2E7301F9E7A847F9FA" box="[1307,1379,1629,1648]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="7.[88,132,180,194]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 4 Characterization of zoites grown in MA104 cell cultures inoculated with sporulated, excysted oocysts of Coccidia A and B from California sea lion (CSL-) fecal samples 10089, 10092,10100 and 10266. Antigenic reactivity of zoites to Sarcocystis neurona antisera from a horse and a sea lion (CSL 9878) by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). PCR amplification of zoite DNA confirmed that zoites were similar to S. neurona (Sn)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6D662EFFE47A2F7642FF0EAFC6FE8C" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" tableUuid="DF6D662EFFE47A2F7642FF0EAFC6FE8C">Table 4</tableCitation>
). Four hundred basepairs is the expected band size for amplification of Coccidia A, B or C using pan-coccidian ITS-1 primers (
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B57FFE57A2E7363F92EAE94F94E" author="Colegrove, K. M. &amp; Grigg, M. E. &amp; Carlson-Bremer, D. &amp; Miller, R. H. &amp; Gulland, F. M. &amp; Ferguson, D. J. &amp; Rejmanek, D. &amp; Barr, B. C. &amp; Nordhausen, R. &amp; Melli, A. C. &amp; Conrad, P. A." pageId="6" pageNumber="11" refId="ref13411" refString="Colegrove, K. M., Grigg, M. E., Carlson-Bremer, D., Miller, R. H., Gulland, F. M., Ferguson, D. J., Rejmanek, D., Barr, B. C., Nordhausen, R., Melli, A. C., Conrad, P. A., 2011. Discovery of three novel coccidian parasites infecting California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), with evidence of sexual replication and interspecies pathogenicity. J. Parasitol. 97, 868 ‾ 877." type="journal volume" year="2011">Colegrove et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B57FFE57A2E75A1F90AA953F94E" author="Gibson, A. K. &amp; Raverty, S. &amp; Lambourn, D. M. &amp; Huggins, J. &amp; Magargal, S. L. &amp; Grigg, M. E." box="[955,1143,1712,1732]" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" pagination="1142" refId="ref14551" refString="Gibson, A. K., Raverty, S., Lambourn, D. M., Huggins, J., Magargal, S. L., Grigg, M. E., 2011. Polyparasitism is associated with increased disease severity in Toxoplasma gondii - infected marine sentinel species. Plos Negl. Trop. Dis. 5, e 1142." type="journal article" year="2011">Gibson et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
). In culture CSL10266, in which no zoites (only oocysts) were observed, only the ~400 bp band was amplified by PCR during the first two weeks of incubation. Subsequent supernatant samples of culture CSL10266 and all uninoculated MA104 control cultures were PCR-negative (
<tableCitation id="C690031DFFE57A2E7322F89AA8A5F8B9" box="[1336,1409,1824,1843]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="7.[88,132,180,194]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 4 Characterization of zoites grown in MA104 cell cultures inoculated with sporulated, excysted oocysts of Coccidia A and B from California sea lion (CSL-) fecal samples 10089, 10092,10100 and 10266. Antigenic reactivity of zoites to Sarcocystis neurona antisera from a horse and a sea lion (CSL 9878) by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). PCR amplification of zoite DNA confirmed that zoites were similar to S. neurona (Sn)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6D662EFFE47A2F7642FF0EAFC6FE8C" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" tableUuid="DF6D662EFFE47A2F7642FF0EAFC6FE8C">Table 4</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD36A6FFE57A2F7545F886AC46F8D1" blockId="6.[831,1501,1265,1983]" lastBlockId="7.[88,757,1530,1967]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
Sequence analysis confirmed that the ~400 bp amplicon DNA generated in early sampling of cultures CSL10100, CSL10092 and CSL10266 was identical to DNA amplified from frozen, pelleted oocysts originally harvested from the same animal; namely, Coccidia A alone (in the case of CSL10092 and CSL10266) or a dual infection with Coccidia A and B (in the case of CSL10100) (
<tableCitation id="C690031DFFE47A2F74BAFA40AFCCF987" box="[672,744,1530,1549]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="7.[88,132,180,194]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 4 Characterization of zoites grown in MA104 cell cultures inoculated with sporulated, excysted oocysts of Coccidia A and B from California sea lion (CSL-) fecal samples 10089, 10092,10100 and 10266. Antigenic reactivity of zoites to Sarcocystis neurona antisera from a horse and a sea lion (CSL 9878) by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). PCR amplification of zoite DNA confirmed that zoites were similar to S. neurona (Sn)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6D662EFFE47A2F7642FF0EAFC6FE8C" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" tableUuid="DF6D662EFFE47A2F7642FF0EAFC6FE8C">Table 4</tableCitation>
). By BLAST analysis, good quality partial sequences (~700 bp; abbreviated due to the presence of a homopolymer region) generated from the ~1000 bp amplicon in CSL10089, CSL10092 and CSL10100 zoite cultures were 99% similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE47A2F743FF9D3AFECF9F6" authority="DNA" authorityName="DNA" box="[549,712,1641,1661]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">S. neurona DNA</taxonomicName>
isolated from horses (AF204230 &amp; AF081944) and from a skunk (AY082648) (See Supplementary data). Dinucleotide mixtures in the ITS-1 sequences indicated the presence of at least two 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE47A2F7642F962ADE7F966" box="[88,195,1752,1772]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE47A2F7642F962ADE7F966" box="[88,195,1752,1772]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">S. neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like genotypes in the sea lion cultures. These polymorphic regions shared nucleotide similarity to horse strains snUCD-1 (AF081944) and SN-MU1 (AF204230), sea otter strains SO3639 (DQ084486) and SO5259, and a skunk isolate (AY082648) (See Supplementary data).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6D662EFFE47A2F7642FF0EAFC6FE8C" ID-Table-UUID="DF6D662EFFE47A2F7642FF0EAFC6FE8C" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6D662EFFE47A2F7642FF0EAFC6FE8C" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" startId="7.[88,132,180,194]" targetBox="[103,1459,286,701]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="7" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8BAD36A6FFE47A2F7642FF0EADB7FF4B" blockId="7.[88,1475,179,262]" box="[88,147,179,194]" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE47A2F7642FF0EADB7FF4B" bold="true" box="[88,147,179,194]" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Table 4</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD36A6FFE47A2F7642FF70AFC6FE8C" blockId="7.[88,1475,179,262]" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
Characterization of zoites grown in MA104 cell cultures inoculated with sporulated, excysted oocysts of Coccidia A and B from California sea lion (CSL-) fecal samples 10089, 10092, 10100 and 10266. Antigenic reactivity of zoites to 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE47A2F7439FF5AAF9AFF65" box="[547,702,224,240]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE47A2F7439FF5AAF9AFF65" box="[547,702,224,240]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Sarcocystis neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
antisera from a horse and a sea lion (CSL 9878) by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). PCR amplification of zoite DNA confirmed that zoites were similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE47A2F747FFF4CAFFAFE8C" authority="(Sn)" baseAuthorityName="Sn" box="[613,734,246,262]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE47A2F747FFF4CAF93FE8C" box="[613,695,246,262]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">S. neurona</emphasis>
(Sn)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BAD36A6FFE47A2F77D4FEA4A867FD37" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<table id="F912C406FFE485D7767DFEA4A897FD37" box="[103,1459,286,701]" gridcols="6" gridrows="18" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<tr id="352234E4FFE485D7767DFEA4A897FEA6" box="[103,1459,286,300]" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="76F35D98FFE485D777D4FEA4AF73FEA6" box="[462,599,286,300]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">CSL10089</th>
<th id="76F35D98FFE485D77490FEA4AE12FEA6" box="[650,822,286,300]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">CSL10092</th>
<th id="76F35D98FFE485D77572FEA4A90DFEA6" box="[872,1065,286,300]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">CSL10100</th>
<th id="76F35D98FFE485D77246FEA4A9DEFEA6" box="[1116,1274,286,300]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">CSL10266</th>
<th id="76F35D98FFE485D77336FEA4A897FEA6" box="[1324,1459,286,300]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">MA104 (control)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE485D7767DFE87A897FEC5" box="[103,1459,317,335]" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76F35D98FFE485D7767DFE87ACBFFEC5" box="[103,411,317,335]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Fecal oocyst coccidian sequence type a</th>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D777D4FE87AF73FEC5" box="[462,599,317,335]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">A</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77490FE87AE12FEC5" box="[650,822,317,335]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">A &amp; B</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77572FE87A90DFEC5" box="[872,1065,317,335]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">A &amp; B</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77246FE87A9DEFEC5" box="[1116,1274,317,335]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">A</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77336FE87A897FEC5" box="[1324,1459,317,335]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">NT</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE485D7767DFEEDA897FEEC" box="[103,1459,343,358]" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76F35D98FFE485D7767DFEEDACBFFEEC" box="[103,411,343,358]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Zoites observed in MA104 cell culture</th>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D777D4FEEDAF73FEEC" box="[462,599,343,358]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">+</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77490FEEDAE12FEEC" box="[650,822,343,358]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">+</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77572FEEDA90DFEEC" box="[872,1065,343,358]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">+</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77246FEEDA9DEFEEC" box="[1116,1274,343,358]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">–</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77336FEEDA897FEEC" box="[1324,1459,343,358]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">–</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE485D7767DFED4A897FEF7" box="[103,1459,366,381]" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76F35D98FFE485D7767DFED4A897FEF7" box="[103,1459,366,381]" colspan="6" colspanRight="5" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE47A2F767DFED4AFB9FEF7" bold="true" box="[103,669,366,381]" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">IFAT results with antigen slides of CSL zoites in MA104 cell culture</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE485D7767DFE3EA897FE1E" box="[103,1459,388,404]" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76F35D98FFE485D7767DFE3EA897FE1E" box="[103,1459,388,404]" colspan="6" colspanRight="5" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE47A2F767DFE3EAD9EFE1E" box="[103,186,388,404]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE47A2F767DFE3EAD9EFE1E" box="[103,186,388,404]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">S. neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
antisera
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE485D7767DFE26A897FE21" box="[103,1459,412,427]" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76F35D98FFE485D7767DFE26ACBFFE21" box="[103,411,412,427]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Horse 681441</th>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D777D4FE26AF73FE21" box="[462,599,412,427]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">1:320</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77490FE26AE12FE21" box="[650,822,412,427]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">1:160</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77572FE26A90DFE21" box="[872,1065,412,427]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">1:320</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77246FE26A9DEFE21" box="[1116,1274,412,427]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">NT</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77336FE26A897FE21" box="[1324,1459,412,427]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">NT</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE485D7767DFE09A897FE48" box="[103,1459,435,450]" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76F35D98FFE485D7767DFE09ACBFFE48" box="[103,411,435,450]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">CSL9878</th>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D777D4FE09AF73FE48" box="[462,599,435,450]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">1:10,240</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77490FE09AE12FE48" box="[650,822,435,450]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">1:1280</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77572FE09A90DFE48" box="[872,1065,435,450]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">1:640</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77246FE09A9DEFE48" box="[1116,1274,435,450]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">NT</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77336FE09A897FE48" box="[1324,1459,435,450]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">NT</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE485D7767DFE7CA897FE52" box="[103,1459,454,472]" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<th id="76F35D98FFE485D7767DFE7CAE12FE52" box="[103,822,454,472]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE47A2F767DFE70AFEBFE52" bold="true" box="[103,719,458,472]" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">PCR results with approximate amplicon size (coccidian species/genotype</emphasis>
b
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE47A2F74CDFE70AFF9FE52" bold="true" box="[727,733,458,472]" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">)</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE485D7767DFE5BA897FE65" box="[103,1459,481,495]" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<th id="76F35D98FFE485D7767DFE5BACBFFE65" box="[103,411,481,495]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Genetic locus/primers</th>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE485D7767DFE4EA897FD8C" box="[103,1459,500,518]" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76F35D98FFE485D7767DFE4EACBFFD8C" box="[103,411,500,518]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">ITS-1 (pan-coccidian) c</th>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D777D4FE4EAF73FD8C" box="[462,599,500,518]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">1000 bp (Sn)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77490FE4EAE12FD8C" box="[650,822,500,518]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">1000 bp (Sn)/ 400 bp</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77572FE4EA90DFD8C" box="[872,1065,500,518]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">1000 bp (Sn)/</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77246FE4EA9DEFD8C" box="[1116,1274,500,518]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">400 bp (Coccidia A)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77336FE4EA897FD8C" box="[1324,1459,500,518]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Negative</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE485D7767DFDB4A897FD97" box="[103,1459,526,541]" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77490FDB4AE12FD97" box="[650,822,526,541]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">(Coccidia A)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77572FDB4A90DFD97" box="[872,1065,526,541]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">400 bp (Coccidia A + B)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE485D7767DFD9EA897FDBC" box="[103,1459,548,566]" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76F35D98FFE485D7767DFD9EACBFFDBC" box="[103,411,548,566]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
ITS1500 (
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE47A2F76A7FD9EAC34FDBE" box="[189,272,548,564]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE47A2F76A7FD9EAC34FDBE" box="[189,272,548,564]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">S. neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE47A2F770CFD9FAC7DFDBE" box="[278,345,549,564]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="falcatula">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE47A2F770CFD9FAC7DFDBE" box="[278,345,549,564]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">falcatula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D777D4FD9EAF73FDBC" box="[462,599,548,566]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">500 bp (Sn)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77490FD9EAE12FDBC" box="[650,822,548,566]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">500 bp (Sn)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77572FD9EA90DFDBC" box="[872,1065,548,566]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">500 bp (Sn)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77246FD9EA9DEFDBC" box="[1116,1274,548,566]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Negative</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77336FD9EA897FDBC" box="[1324,1459,548,566]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Negative</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE485D7767DFD86A897FDC7" box="[103,1459,572,589]" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76F35D98FFE485D7767DFD86ACBFFDC7" box="[103,411,572,589]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Sn7</th>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D777D4FD86AF73FDC7" box="[462,599,572,589]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">150 bp (Sn/CA17)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77490FD86AE12FDC7" box="[650,822,572,589]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">150 bp (Sn/CA17)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77572FD86A90DFDC7" box="[872,1065,572,589]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">150 bp (Sn/CA17)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77246FD86A9DEFDC7" box="[1116,1274,572,589]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">NT</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77336FD86A897FDC7" box="[1324,1459,572,589]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">NT</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE485D7767DFDE9A897FDEE" box="[103,1459,595,612]" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76F35D98FFE485D7767DFDE9ACBFFDEE" box="[103,411,595,612]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Sn9</th>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D777D4FDE9AF73FDEE" box="[462,599,595,612]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">150 bp (Sn/GT18)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77490FDE9AE12FDEE" box="[650,822,595,612]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">150 bp (Sn/GT18)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77572FDE9A90DFDEE" box="[872,1065,595,612]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">150 bp (Sn/GT18)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77246FDE9A9DEFDEE" box="[1116,1274,595,612]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">NT</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77336FDE9A897FDEE" box="[1324,1459,595,612]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">NT</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE485D7767DFDD0A897FDF2" box="[103,1459,618,632]" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76F35D98FFE485D7767DFDD0ACBFFDF2" box="[103,411,618,632]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Sn-ITS</th>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D777D4FDD0AF73FDF2" box="[462,599,618,632]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">600 bp (Sn)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77490FDD0AE12FDF2" box="[650,822,618,632]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">600 bp (Sn)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77572FDD0A90DFDF2" box="[872,1065,618,632]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">600 bp (Sn)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77246FDD0A9DEFDF2" box="[1116,1274,618,632]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">NT</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77336FDD0A897FDF2" box="[1324,1459,618,632]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">NT</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE485D7767DFD3BA897FD05" box="[103,1459,641,655]" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76F35D98FFE485D7767DFD3BACBFFD05" box="[103,411,641,655]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">SnSAG 1-5-6</th>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D777D4FD3BAF73FD05" box="[462,599,641,655]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">1000 bp (Sn)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77490FD3BAE12FD05" box="[650,822,641,655]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">1000 bp (Sn)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77572FD3BA90DFD05" box="[872,1065,641,655]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">1000 bp (Sn)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77246FD3BA9DEFD05" box="[1116,1274,641,655]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">NT</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77336FD3BA897FD05" box="[1324,1459,641,655]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">NT</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE485D7767DFD22A897FD2C" box="[103,1459,664,678]" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76F35D98FFE485D7767DFD22ACBFFD2C" box="[103,411,664,678]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">SnSAG3</th>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D777D4FD22AF73FD2C" box="[462,599,664,678]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">1000 bp (Sn)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77490FD22AE12FD2C" box="[650,822,664,678]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">1000 bp (Sn)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77572FD22A90DFD2C" box="[872,1065,664,678]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">1000 bp (Sn)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77246FD22A9DEFD2C" box="[1116,1274,664,678]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">NT</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77336FD22A897FD2C" box="[1324,1459,664,678]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">NT</td>
</tr>
<tr id="352234E4FFE485D7767DFD14A897FD37" box="[103,1459,686,701]" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76F35D98FFE485D7767DFD14ACBFFD37" box="[103,411,686,701]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">SnSAG4</th>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D777D4FD14AF73FD37" box="[462,599,686,701]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">1000 bp (Sn)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77490FD14AE12FD37" box="[650,822,686,701]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">1000 bp (Sn)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77572FD14A90DFD37" box="[872,1065,686,701]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">1000 bp (Sn)</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77246FD14A9DEFD37" box="[1116,1274,686,701]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">NT</td>
<td id="76F35D98FFE485D77336FD14A897FD37" box="[1324,1459,686,701]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">NT</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<tableNote id="76F43728FFE47A2F7642FD68ADBAFCB1" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" targetBox="[103,1459,286,701]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BAD36A6FFE47A2F7642FD68ADFAFD6A" blockId="7.[88,1474,721,827]" box="[88,222,721,736]" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">NT = not tested.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD36A6FFE47A2F767DFD5FA8B2FD7C" blockId="7.[88,1474,721,827]" box="[103,1430,741,759]" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<superScript id="7C679BEEFFE47A2F767DFD5FAD4AFD64" attach="left" box="[103,110,741,750]" fontSize="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">a</superScript>
Coccidian species determined based on analysis of DNA from frozen pelleted oocsyts from feces and not culture inoculum, using ITS-1 locus PCR and sequencing.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD36A6FFE47A2F767CFD41AF77FC84" blockId="7.[88,1474,721,827]" box="[102,595,763,782]" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<superScript id="7C679BEEFFE47A2F767CFD41AD4AFC8F" attach="left" box="[102,110,763,773]" fontSize="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">b</superScript>
Based on genetic similarity across unambiguous sequence.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD36A6FFE47A2F7672FCA8ADBAFCB1" blockId="7.[88,1474,721,827]" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<superScript id="7C679BEEFFE47A2F7672FCA8AD4AFC91" attach="right" box="[104,110,786,795]" fontSize="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">c</superScript>
400 bp amplicon was only observed the first 1 
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE47A2F77EBFCAFACDAFCAE" bold="true" box="[497,510,789,804]" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">‾</emphasis>
2 wks post-inoculation. The 1000 bp PCR products were amplified continuously in CSL10089, CSL10092, and CSL10100 cultures.
</paragraph>
</tableNote>
<caption id="DF6D662EFFE47A2F7642FA39A877FA35" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10668356" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10668356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10668356/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" startId="7.[88,113,1411,1425]" targetBox="[327,1234,884,1381]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BAD36A6FFE47A2F7642FA39A877FA35" blockId="7.[88,1475,1411,1472]" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE47A2F7642FA39ADACFA1B" bold="true" box="[88,136,1411,1425]" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Fig. 5.</emphasis>
Indirect fluorescence antibody test of California sea lion sporulated oocyst cultures. Zoites derived from cultivated oocysts from animal CSL10089 (A), CSL10092 (B), and CSL10100 (C) were tested using serum from a 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE47A2F77A1FA23AF6BFA22" box="[443,591,1433,1449]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE47A2F77A1FA23AF6BFA22" box="[443,591,1433,1449]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Sarcocystis neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-infected horse. Image D shows reactivity of serum from the 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE47A2F723FFA23A957FA22" box="[1061,1139,1433,1449]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE47A2F723FFA23A957FA22" box="[1061,1139,1433,1449]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">S. neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-infected horse to 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE47A2F731BFA23A874FA22" box="[1281,1360,1433,1449]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE47A2F731BFA23A874FA22" box="[1281,1360,1433,1449]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">S. neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
culture isolate snUCD-1. Image E shows a lack of seroreactivity of negative control serum from a 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE47A2F74C5FA15AE0BFA35" box="[735,815,1455,1471]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE47A2F74C5FA15AE0BFA35" box="[735,815,1455,1471]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">S. neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-negative horse to zoite culture from CSL10089. Scale bars are 15 
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE47A2F732FFA0BA81BFA4A" bold="true" box="[1333,1343,1457,1472]" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">M</emphasis>
m.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BAD36A6FFE47A20766DF8DFAFE5FE03" blockId="7.[88,757,1530,1967]" lastBlockId="8.[113,783,178,812]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
To further characterize the 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE47A2F7788F8D9ACDEF8FD" box="[402,506,1891,1911]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE47A2F7788F8D9ACDEF8FD" box="[402,506,1891,1911]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">S. neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like organisms cultured from sea lion feces, we amplified seven additional genetic loci in DNA extracted from zoites in the sea lion oocyst culture supernatant. 
<tableCitation id="C690031DFFE47A2F75B6FA40AED3F987" box="[940,1015,1530,1549]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="7.[88,132,180,194]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Table 4 Characterization of zoites grown in MA104 cell cultures inoculated with sporulated, excysted oocysts of Coccidia A and B from California sea lion (CSL-) fecal samples 10089, 10092,10100 and 10266. Antigenic reactivity of zoites to Sarcocystis neurona antisera from a horse and a sea lion (CSL 9878) by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). PCR amplification of zoite DNA confirmed that zoites were similar to S. neurona (Sn)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6D662EFFE47A2F7642FF0EAFC6FE8C" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" tableUuid="DF6D662EFFE47A2F7642FF0EAFC6FE8C">Table 4</tableCitation>
displays the PCR and sequencing results for these additional loci. Using ITS 
<subScript id="179634E3FFE47A2F7241F9ACA95BF9A1" attach="left" box="[1115,1151,1558,1579]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">1500</subScript>
primers, with known specificity for 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE47A2F755DF98AAE89F9CE" box="[839,941,1584,1604]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE47A2F755DF98AAE89F9CE" box="[839,941,1584,1604]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">S. neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE47A2F75D5F98AA844F9CE" authority="(Gibson et al., 2011)" baseAuthorityName="Gibson" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[975,1376,1584,1605]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="falcatula">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE47A2F75D5F98AA9B6F9CE" box="[975,1170,1584,1604]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Sarcocystis falcatula</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B57FFE47A2F72BAF98BA87CF9CF" author="Gibson, A. K. &amp; Raverty, S. &amp; Lambourn, D. M. &amp; Huggins, J. &amp; Magargal, S. L. &amp; Grigg, M. E." box="[1184,1368,1585,1605]" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" pagination="1142" refId="ref14551" refString="Gibson, A. K., Raverty, S., Lambourn, D. M., Huggins, J., Magargal, S. L., Grigg, M. E., 2011. Polyparasitism is associated with increased disease severity in Toxoplasma gondii - infected marine sentinel species. Plos Negl. Trop. Dis. 5, e 1142." type="journal article" year="2011">Gibson et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, a 500 bp product was consistently amplified in all culture supernatant samples from CSL10089, CSL10092, CSL 
<quantity id="4CEA9B43FFE47A2F72A6F9D3A82AF9F6" box="[1212,1294,1641,1660]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5654" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" unit="in" value="10100.0">10100 in</quantity>
which zoites had been observed. By BLAST analysis, good quality partial ITS 
<subScript id="179634E3FFE47A2F7384F93FA8E6F910" attach="none" box="[1438,1474,1669,1690]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">1500</subScript>
amplicon sequences (~300 bp, abbreviated due to the presence of a homopolymer region) were 98% identical to 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE47A2F72F1F906A875F95A" box="[1259,1361,1724,1744]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE47A2F72F1F906A875F95A" box="[1259,1361,1724,1744]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">S. neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
isolated in Southern sea otters including isolates SO3528, SO3539, SO3485, and SO3501 (GenBank 
<collectionCode id="ED03AE63FFE47A2F7205F94EA966F88D" box="[1055,1090,1780,1799]" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">DQ</collectionCode>
084485 
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE47A2F728DF94FA98CF882" bold="true" box="[1175,1192,1781,1800]" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">‾</emphasis>
DQ084488). Microsatellite primers amplified ~150 bp products containing di-nucleotide repeats CA 
<subScript id="179634E3FFE47A2F7566F88EAEA9F8C8" attach="left" box="[892,909,1844,1858]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">17</subScript>
(Sn7) and GT 
<subScript id="179634E3FFE47A2F720FF88EA903F8C8" attach="left" box="[1045,1063,1844,1858]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">18</subScript>
(Sn9) found in 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE47A2F72D8F891A80CF8B5" box="[1218,1320,1835,1855]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE47A2F72D8F891A80CF8B5" box="[1218,1320,1835,1855]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">S. neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
strain SN-MU1 and other 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFE47A2F7590F8FDAED4F8D1" box="[906,1008,1863,1883]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFE47A2F7590F8FDAED4F8D1" box="[906,1008,1863,1883]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="12">S. neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
strains isolated from opossums, sea otters, and cats (
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B57FFE47A2F7541F8DEA917F8FD" author="Rejmanek, D. &amp; Miller, M. A. &amp; Grigg, M. E. &amp; Crosbie, P. R. &amp; Conrad, P. A." box="[859,1075,1892,1912]" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" refId="ref16566" refString="Rejmanek, D., Miller, M. A., Grigg, M. E., Crosbie, P. R., Conrad, P. A., 2010. Molecular characterization of Sarcocystis neurona strains from opossums (Didelphis virginiana) and intermediate hosts from Central California. Vet. Parasitol. 170, 20 ‾ 29." type="journal volume" year="2010">Rejmanek et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Merozoite surface antigen SAG1 gene sequences of CSL10089, CSL10092 and CSL10100, amplified by SnSAG 1-5-6 primers, were 100% identical across 959 bp to 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFEB7A20766BFF08ADF2FF4C" box="[113,214,178,198]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="8" pageNumber="13" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFEB7A20766BFF08ADF2FF4C" box="[113,214,178,198]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">S. neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
strain snUCD-1 (AF401682) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B57FFEB7A2077E0FF09AF8BFF4C" author="Ellison, S. P. &amp; Omara-Opyene, A. L. &amp; Yowell, C. A. &amp; Marsh, A. E. &amp; Dame, J. B." box="[506,687,179,199]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13" refId="ref14380" refString="Ellison, S. P., Omara-Opyene, A. L., Yowell, C. A., Marsh, A. E., Dame, J. B., 2002. Molecular characterisation of a major 29 kDa surface antigen of Sarcocystis neurona. Int. J. Parasitol. 32, 217 ‾ 225." type="journal volume" year="2002">Ellison et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
) and 99% similar across 968 bp to the representative sequence of the snSAG1 allele amplified in samples from terrestrial and marine mammals (GQ851951) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B57FFEB7A2076E6FEBDACF4FE90" author="Wendte, J. M. &amp; Miller, M. A. &amp; Nandra, A. K. &amp; Peat, S. M. &amp; Crosbie, P. R. &amp; Conrad, P. A. &amp; Grigg, M. E." box="[252,464,263,282]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13" refId="ref17115" refString="Wendte, J. M., Miller, M. A., Nandra, A. K., Peat, S. M., Crosbie, P. R., Conrad, P. A., Grigg, M. E., 2010. Limited genetic diversity among Sarcocystis neurona strains infecting southern sea otters precludes distinction between marine and terrestrial isolates. Vet. Parasitol. 169, 37 ‾ 44." type="journal volume" year="2010">Wendte et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Sea lion cultures CSL10089, CSL10092 and CSL10100 were identical to each other across a 948 bp sequence of the merozoite surface antigen gene SnSAG4 and 100% identical to sequences of 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFEB7A2077B1FEE3AF36FEE7" box="[427,530,345,365]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="8" pageNumber="13" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFEB7A2077B1FEE3AF36FEE7" box="[427,530,345,365]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">S. neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
isolated from a sea otter (SO3106, GQ851957) and an opossum (OP134, GQ386979).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD36A6FFEB7A20768BFE28AFF9FCA6" blockId="8.[113,783,178,812]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">
A unique sequence in sea lion 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFEB7A2077F3FE2BAF71FE2F" box="[489,597,401,421]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="8" pageNumber="13" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFEB7A2077F3FE2BAF71FE2F" box="[489,597,401,421]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">S. neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like isolates was identified in the merozoite surface antigen 3 (SnSAG3) locus in which CSL10089 was confirmed by bi-directional sequencing to contain an AT insertion at positions 519 
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFEB7A207413FE5CAF3EFE73" bold="true" box="[521,538,486,505]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">‾</emphasis>
520 (
<tableCitation id="C690031DFFEB7A20744AFE5CAFBDFE73" box="[592,665,486,505]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="8.[113,157,1414,1428]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 5 Nucleotide polymorphisms identified in the Sarcocystis neurona merozoite surface antigen 3 (SnSAG3) locus amplified from zoites grown in MA104 cell cultures inoculated with sporulated, excysted oocysts from California sea lion (CSL) fecal samples. Sequences from the CSL-derived zoites are aligned with GenBank sequences of S. neurona isolates from sea otter, opossum and horse tissues." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6D662EFFEB7A20766BFA3CAFE4F98C" pageId="8" pageNumber="13" tableUuid="DF6D662EFFEB7A20766BFA3CAFE4F98C">Table 5</tableCitation>
). The same insert was observed in single direction sequencing for CSL10092 but could not be confirmed in CSL10100 due to poor sequence quality. The same insert was not identified in SnSAG3 sequences available in GenBank originating in a variety of host species including sea otters, opossums and horses (
<tableCitation id="C690031DFFEB7A207420FDCBAFA1FD0E" box="[570,645,625,644]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="8.[113,157,1414,1428]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 5 Nucleotide polymorphisms identified in the Sarcocystis neurona merozoite surface antigen 3 (SnSAG3) locus amplified from zoites grown in MA104 cell cultures inoculated with sporulated, excysted oocysts from California sea lion (CSL) fecal samples. Sequences from the CSL-derived zoites are aligned with GenBank sequences of S. neurona isolates from sea otter, opossum and horse tissues." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6D662EFFEB7A20766BFA3CAFE4F98C" pageId="8" pageNumber="13" tableUuid="DF6D662EFFEB7A20766BFA3CAFE4F98C">Table 5</tableCitation>
). Lack of the position 519 
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFEB7A2076F6FD37ADD8FD2A" bold="true" box="[236,252,653,672]" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">‾</emphasis>
520 insert in laboratory strain SnUCD-1, derived from a horse in 
<collectingRegion id="49D6F844FFEB7A2076EBFD13AC76FD36" box="[241,338,681,700]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">California</collectingRegion>
(
<tableCitation id="C690031DFFEB7A20777DFD13AC93FD36" box="[359,439,681,700]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="8.[113,157,1414,1428]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 5 Nucleotide polymorphisms identified in the Sarcocystis neurona merozoite surface antigen 3 (SnSAG3) locus amplified from zoites grown in MA104 cell cultures inoculated with sporulated, excysted oocysts from California sea lion (CSL) fecal samples. Sequences from the CSL-derived zoites are aligned with GenBank sequences of S. neurona isolates from sea otter, opossum and horse tissues." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6D662EFFEB7A20766BFA3CAFE4F98C" pageId="8" pageNumber="13" tableUuid="DF6D662EFFEB7A20766BFA3CAFE4F98C">Table 5</tableCitation>
), ruled out the possibility that 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFEB7A20766BFD7EADF3FD52" box="[113,215,708,728]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="8" pageNumber="13" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFEB7A20766BFD7EADF3FD52" box="[113,215,708,728]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">S. neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
growth in sea lion oocyst cultures was due to laboratory contamination. At other polymorphic SnSAG3 nucleotide positions, including 239 and 1059, sea lion 
<taxonomicName id="4C124D25FFEB7A2077FAFD46AF69FC9A" box="[480,589,764,784]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="8" pageNumber="13" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="neurona">
<emphasis id="B966EAB4FFEB7A2077FAFD46AF69FC9A" box="[480,589,764,784]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="13">S. neurona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like isolates were similar to published opossum and sea otter isolates (
<tableCitation id="C690031DFFEB7A207492FCA3AFF4FCA6" box="[648,720,793,812]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="8.[113,157,1414,1428]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 5 Nucleotide polymorphisms identified in the Sarcocystis neurona merozoite surface antigen 3 (SnSAG3) locus amplified from zoites grown in MA104 cell cultures inoculated with sporulated, excysted oocysts from California sea lion (CSL) fecal samples. Sequences from the CSL-derived zoites are aligned with GenBank sequences of S. neurona isolates from sea otter, opossum and horse tissues." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6D662EFFEB7A20766BFA3CAFE4F98C" pageId="8" pageNumber="13" tableUuid="DF6D662EFFEB7A20766BFA3CAFE4F98C">Table 5</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>