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<document ID-ISSN="2305-2562" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="diego" IM.metadata_approvedBy="diego" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="diego" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="diego" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1683582641946" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="de Winter, A. J. &amp; Vastenhout, N." docDate="2013" docId="03BB8789FF9B5E2FCC85FD61FF24C616" docLanguage="en" docName="AfrInvertebr.54.2.605-663.pdf" docOrigin="African Invertebrates 54 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:B78C63EC8CEBBB75364A82B35BB1F83D.3:AfrInvertebr.2008-2015.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="B78C63EC8CEBBB75364A82B35BB1F83D" docStyleName="AfrInvertebr.2008-2015.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Avakubia occidentalis de Winter &amp; Vastenhout 2013, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="637" masterDocId="FF82FFF1FF855E0FCD0BFFA4FFE3C24B" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Afrotropical land snail genus Avakubia Pilsbry, 1919, with description of Pseudavakubia gen. n. and eleven new species (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Streptaxidae)" masterLastPageNumber="663" masterPageNumber="605" pageNumber="635" updateTime="1683648228792" updateUser="diego" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Revision of the Afrotropical land snail genus Avakubia Pilsbry, 1919, with description of Pseudavakubia gen. n. and eleven new species (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Streptaxidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>de Winter, A. J.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Vastenhout, N.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>African Invertebrates</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2013-12-31</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>54</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>2</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>605</mods:start>
<mods:end>663</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">2305-2562</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BB8789FF9B5E2FCC85FD61FF24C616" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB8789FF9B5E2FCC85FD61FF24C616" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="637" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">
<subSubSection box="[398,849,709,736]" pageId="30" pageNumber="635" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="30.[398,849,709,736]" box="[398,849,709,736]" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">
<heading box="[398,849,709,736]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="30" pageNumber="635" reason="2">
<taxonomicName ID-CoL="7Q9GV" authority="de Winter" authorityName="de Winter &amp; Vastenhout" authorityYear="2013" box="[398,779,709,735]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Avakubia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="30" pageNumber="635" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="occidentalis" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[398,660,709,735]" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">Avakubia occidentalis</emphasis>
de Winter
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[789,849,710,736]" pageId="30" pageNumber="635" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="637" pageId="30" pageNumber="635" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="30.[535,712,752,778]" box="[535,712,752,778]" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">
<figureCitation box="[535,620,752,778]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="31.[183,216,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[190,1135,761,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-213@31.[190,1135,761,1606]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Fig. 16. Avakubia occidentalis sp. n., holotype, NMW.Z.2013.055.00001, apertural (A), lateral (B, C), umbilical (D) and apical (E) views. Scale bar = 1 mm." pageId="30" pageNumber="635">Figs 16</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation box="[632,712,752,778]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="38.[143,176,1509,1531]" captionText="Fig. 21. SEM photographs of shell sculpture of Avakubia species: (A, B) A. ortizdezarateorum sp. n.: (A) low vacuum SEM of sculpture on second protoconch whorl of holotype, MNCN 15.05/26566, (B) detail of sculpture on second protoconch whorl; (C, D) A. occidentalis sp. n., low vacuum SEM of holotype, NMW.Z.2013.055.00001: (C) protoconch, (D) detail of sculpture on second protoconch whorl; (E–G) A. semenguei sp. n., paratype, RMNH.MOL.330195: (E) protoconch, (F) apical view of first protoconch whorl, (G) detail of sculpture on second protoconch whorl; (H) juvenile shell of unknown?Avakubia species from Ebimimbang, Cameroon, RMNH." pageId="30" pageNumber="635">21C, D</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="30.[144,1104,797,856]" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">
Etymology: From Latin
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Winter &amp; Vastenhout" authorityYear="2013" box="[416,551,797,823]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Avakubia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="30" pageNumber="635" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis box="[416,551,797,823]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(western), in reference to the westernmost distribution of this species among any known
<taxonomicName box="[601,802,829,855]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Avakubia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="30" pageNumber="635" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis box="[601,707,829,855]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">Avakubia</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="30.[144,1104,872,962]" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">
Diagnosis: A small species of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pilsbry" authorityYear="1919" box="[490,594,872,898]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Avakubia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="30" pageNumber="635" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[490,594,872,898]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">Avakubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, differing from similar-sized congenerics by a combination of conchometrical characters, as well as by the large number of spiral cords on the protoconch.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="30.[144,283,978,1004]" box="[144,283,978,1004]" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">Description:</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="30.[144,1104,1021,1592]" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">
<emphasis box="[144,200,1021,1047]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">Shell</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation box="[212,297,1021,1047]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="31.[183,216,1630,1652]" captionTargetBox="[190,1135,761,1606]" captionTargetId="figure-213@31.[190,1135,761,1606]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Fig. 16. Avakubia occidentalis sp. n., holotype, NMW.Z.2013.055.00001, apertural (A), lateral (B, C), umbilical (D) and apical (E) views. Scale bar = 1 mm." pageId="30" pageNumber="635">Figs 16</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation box="[307,389,1021,1048]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="38.[143,176,1509,1531]" captionText="Fig. 21. SEM photographs of shell sculpture of Avakubia species: (A, B) A. ortizdezarateorum sp. n.: (A) low vacuum SEM of sculpture on second protoconch whorl of holotype, MNCN 15.05/26566, (B) detail of sculpture on second protoconch whorl; (C, D) A. occidentalis sp. n., low vacuum SEM of holotype, NMW.Z.2013.055.00001: (C) protoconch, (D) detail of sculpture on second protoconch whorl; (E–G) A. semenguei sp. n., paratype, RMNH.MOL.330195: (E) protoconch, (F) apical view of first protoconch whorl, (G) detail of sculpture on second protoconch whorl; (H) juvenile shell of unknown?Avakubia species from Ebimimbang, Cameroon, RMNH." pageId="30" pageNumber="635">21C, D</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation box="[398,479,1021,1047]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[563,634,204,225]" captionText="TABLE 1 (continued) Conchometric data for 87 adult Avakubia shells. Measurements and abbreviations are explained in Fig. 1. Measurements of holotype of A.avakubiensis are taken from available illustrations (see species description), as far as possible (* – holotype excluded,? – character not observable in available illustrations)." pageId="30" pageNumber="635">Table 1</tableCitation>
): Small to medium-sized (mean H
<quantity box="[863,951,1021,1047]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="30" pageNumber="635" unit="mm" value="3.3">3.3 mm</quantity>
), subcylindrical, largest width at penultimate whorl. H:D 1.59–1.84, in
<typeStatus box="[811,909,1053,1079]" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">holotype</typeStatus>
1.84. Number of whorls 5–5.5. Coiling tightness 4.45–4.65, in
<typeStatus box="[642,738,1085,1111]" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">holotype</typeStatus>
4.45. Whorls moderately convex. Protoconch slightly acuminate, consisting of
<emphasis box="[645,671,1118,1143]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">ca</emphasis>
2 whorls. Protoconch on second whorl with&gt;16, more or less regularly spaced cords, 6.3–8.6 µm wide, without finer spiral lines between them. Spiral cords made up of series of adjoining, poorly differentiated rectangular particles of variable length (
<emphasis box="[581,607,1214,1239]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">ca</emphasis>
8–19 µm). Teleoconch sculpture of regularly spaced, curved axial ribs, 9.0–10.0 ribs/mm on penultimate whorl, median 9.9 ribs/mm, in
<typeStatus box="[172,270,1277,1303]" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">holotype</typeStatus>
9.0, with fine spirals in interstices. BWH 48–49 % of H, in
<typeStatus box="[937,1035,1277,1303]" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">holotype</typeStatus>
48%. Peristome
<typeStatus box="[263,361,1309,1335]" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">holotype</typeStatus>
entire (peristome of other shells damaged, PW measurements not accurate).
<collectingCountry box="[263,305,1342,1368]" name="Philippines" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">PH</collectingCountry>
:PW 0.88–1.10, in
<typeStatus box="[522,620,1341,1367]" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">holotype</typeStatus>
1.06.
<collectingCountry box="[695,731,1342,1368]" name="Philippines" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">PH</collectingCountry>
32–34 % of H, median 34 %, in
<typeStatus box="[144,242,1373,1399]" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">holotype</typeStatus>
34 %. PW 52–59% of D, median 56%, in
<typeStatus box="[710,808,1373,1399]" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">holotype</typeStatus>
59%. Apertural lip expanded and flaring, reflected and incrassate in
<typeStatus box="[629,731,1405,1431]" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">holotype</typeStatus>
. Two barriers visible in aperture: a blunt, tooth-like thickening on mid-palatal wall and a conspicuous angular tooth that extends inwards as deeply entering lamella. Internal wall of body whorl with deeply-set palatal fold, externally barely visible in opaque shells. Columellar lamella not visible in aperture, but probably present. Umbilicus punctiform but open, slightly wider than in
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Winter &amp; Vastenhout" authorityYear="2013" box="[172,320,1565,1591]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Avakubia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="30" pageNumber="635" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fruticicola">
<emphasis box="[172,320,1565,1591]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">A. fruticicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="30.[144,948,1608,1634]" box="[144,948,1608,1634]" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">
<emphasis box="[144,281,1608,1634]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">Body colour</emphasis>
: Soft parts at least partly reddish (dried-in tissue
<typeStatus box="[834,936,1608,1634]" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">paratype</typeStatus>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="30.[144,376,1650,1677]" box="[144,376,1650,1677]" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">
<emphasis box="[144,244,1651,1677]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="635">Anatomy</emphasis>
: Unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="31.[181,1143,203,273]" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2010-01-30" collectionCode="NMW" collectorName="P. Tattersfield &amp; M. E. Nutsuakor &amp; A. J. de Winter" country="Ghana" elevation="470" latitude="6.88363" location="Logba Tota" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="0.46804" pageId="31" pageNumber="636" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Volta" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus box="[181,271,203,225]" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectingCountry box="[283,366,204,225]" name="Ghana" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">GHANA</collectingCountry>
:
<emphasis box="[382,505,203,225]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">
<collectingRegion box="[382,505,203,225]" country="Ghana" name="Volta" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">Volta Region</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BB8789FF9B5E2FCC85FD61FF24C616:8ECD6044FF9A5E10CF03FF6FFD95C2AA" box="[520,630,203,225]" country="Ghana" latitude="6.88363" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="0.46804" name="Logba Tota" pageId="31" pageNumber="636" stateProvince="Volta">Logba Tota</location>
,
<geoCoordinate box="[643,744,203,225]" degrees="6.88363" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="636" precision="1" value="6.88363">6.88363°N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate box="[753,855,203,225]" degrees="0.46804" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="636" precision="1" value="0.46804">0.46804°E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity box="[867,931,204,225]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="31" pageNumber="636" unit="m" value="470.0">
<elevation box="[867,931,204,225]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="31" pageNumber="636" unit="m" value="470.0">470 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date box="[943,1033,203,225]" pageId="31" pageNumber="636" value="2010-01-30">
<collectingDate box="[943,1033,203,225]" pageId="31" pageNumber="636" value="2010-01-30">30.i.2010</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName pageId="31" pageNumber="636">P. Tattersfield</collectorName>
,
<collectorName box="[236,383,227,249]" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">M.E. Nutsuakor</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName box="[416,554,227,249]" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">A.J. de Winter</collectorName>
, semi­deciduous forest on steep slope near waterfall (
<collectionCode box="[1059,1121,228,249]" country="Austria" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c7yt-hh77" name="Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">NMW</collectionCode>
.Z. 2013.055.00001).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="31.[181,1142,289,396]" box="[181,792,289,311]" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">
<materialsCitation box="[181,788,289,311]" collectingDate="2010-01-30" collectionCode="RMNH" collectorName="P. Tattersfield &amp; M. E. Nutsuakor &amp; A. J. de Winter" country="Ghana" elevation="470" latitude="6.88363" location="Logba Tota" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="0.46804" pageId="31" pageNumber="636" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Volta" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus box="[181,264,289,310]" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">Paratype</typeStatus>
: 1 dry shell, same data as holotype (
<collectionCode box="[591,664,289,311]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="31" pageNumber="636" type="Museum">RMNH</collectionCode>
.Mol.254654)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="31.[181,1142,289,396]" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">
Other material examined:
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2010-01-23" collectionCode="RMNH" collectorName="P. Tattersfield &amp; M. E. Nutsuakor &amp; A. J. de Winter" country="Ghana" elevation="655" latitude="6.12368" location="Eastern Region" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-0.60445" municipality="Atewa Range Forest Reserve" pageId="31" pageNumber="636" specimenCount="1">
<collectingCountry box="[418,500,326,347]" name="Ghana" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">GHANA</collectingCountry>
:
<emphasis box="[512,651,327,348]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BB8789FF9B5E2FCC85FD61FF24C616:8ECD6044FF9A5E10CF0BFEE3FD68C317" box="[512,651,327,348]" country="Ghana" latitude="6.12368" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-0.60445" municipality="Atewa Range Forest Reserve" name="Eastern Region" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">Eastern Region</location>
</emphasis>
: 1 dry shell,
<collectingMunicipality box="[768,1033,326,348]" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">Atewa Range Forest Reserve</collectingMunicipality>
,
<geoCoordinate box="[1042,1142,326,348]" degrees="6.12368" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="636" precision="1" value="6.12368">6.12368°N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate box="[181,286,350,372]" degrees="0.60445" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="636" precision="1" value="-0.60445">0.60445°W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity box="[295,354,350,372]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.55" pageId="31" pageNumber="636" unit="m" value="655.0">
<elevation box="[295,354,350,372]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.55" pageId="31" pageNumber="636" unit="m" value="655.0">655 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date box="[363,451,350,372]" pageId="31" pageNumber="636" value="2010-01-23">
<collectingDate box="[363,451,350,372]" pageId="31" pageNumber="636" value="2010-01-23">23.i.2010</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName box="[459,584,350,372]" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">P. Tattersfield</collectorName>
,
<collectorName box="[593,738,350,372]" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">M.E. Nutsuakor</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName box="[765,898,350,372]" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">A.J. de Winter</collectorName>
, in litter of recently logged high forest (
<collectionCode box="[291,363,374,395]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="31" pageNumber="636" type="Museum">RMNH</collectionCode>
.MOL.330190)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="31.[181,1142,412,713]" box="[181,940,412,438]" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">
Distribution (
<figureCitation box="[332,415,412,438]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="32.[353,386,756,778]" captionTargetBox="[146,1097,203,736]" captionTargetId="figure-278@32.[146,1097,203,736]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Fig. 17. Distribution records of Avakubia occidentalis sp. n." pageId="31" pageNumber="636">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
): Known from two localities in
<collectingRegion box="[773,937,412,438]" country="Ghana" name="Eastern" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">eastern Ghana</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="31.[181,1142,412,713]" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">
Habitat: Found in semi-deciduous forest near waterfall at
<quantity box="[833,906,453,480]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="31" pageNumber="636" unit="m" value="470.0">470 m</quantity>
, as well as in upland evergreen forest at
<specimenCount box="[396,474,485,512]" pageId="31" pageNumber="636" type="generic">
<quantity box="[396,470,485,512]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="31" pageNumber="636" unit="m" value="650.0">650 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
All specimens were collected from the forest floor.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="31.[181,1142,412,713]" lastBlockId="32.[144,1104,835,1117]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="637" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">
Remarks: This species superficially resembles
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Winter &amp; Vastenhout" authorityYear="2013" box="[687,830,526,553]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Avakubia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="31" pageNumber="636" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fruticicola">
<emphasis box="[687,830,526,553]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">A. fruticicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in size, teleoconch sculpture and colour of the soft parts. However, the Ghanaian shells differ in a number of characters, such as a more cylindrical shell, tighter coiled whorls (about half a whorl more at the same size), proportionally smaller body whorl, more pointed apex, and slightly wider umbilicus and wider spaced axial ribs, in addition to details of the protoconch sculpture. Two
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Winter &amp; Vastenhout" authorityYear="2013" box="[236,400,687,713]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Avakubia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="31" pageNumber="636" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis box="[236,400,687,713]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">A. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens were found alive on the forest floor, whilst specimens of
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Winter &amp; Vastenhout" authorityYear="2013" box="[144,288,835,862]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Avakubia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="32" pageNumber="637" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fruticicola">
<emphasis box="[144,288,835,862]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="637">A. fruticicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were exclusively collected from the understorey vegetation.The Ghanaian localities are situated some
<quantity box="[453,552,867,894]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="32" pageNumber="637" unit="km" value="1200.0">1200 km</quantity>
from those of
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Winter &amp; Vastenhout" authorityYear="2013" box="[717,865,867,894]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Avakubia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="32" pageNumber="637" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fruticicola">
<emphasis box="[717,865,867,894]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="637">A. fruticicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry box="[900,1020,868,894]" name="Cameroon" pageId="32" pageNumber="637">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="31" pageNumber="636" startId="31.[183,216,1630,1652]" targetBox="[190,1135,761,1606]" targetPageId="31" targetType="figure">
<paragraph blockId="31.[183,1143,1630,1676]" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">
Fig. 16.
<taxonomicName authority="de Winter &amp; Vastenhout, 2013" authorityName="de Winter &amp; Vastenhout" authorityYear="2013" box="[258,457,1630,1651]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Avakubia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="31" pageNumber="636" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="occidentalis" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[258,457,1630,1651]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="636">Avakubia occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[462,511,1630,1651]" pageId="31" pageNumber="636" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype, NMW.Z.2013.055.00001, apertural (A), lateral (B, C), umbilical (D) and apical (E) views. Scale bar = 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption box="[353,895,756,778]" pageId="32" pageNumber="637" startId="32.[353,386,756,778]" targetBox="[146,1097,203,736]" targetPageId="32" targetType="figure">
<paragraph blockId="32.[353,895,756,778]" box="[353,895,756,778]" pageId="32" pageNumber="637">
Fig. 17. Distribution records of
<taxonomicName authority="de Winter &amp; Vastenhout, 2013" authorityName="de Winter &amp; Vastenhout" authorityYear="2013" box="[641,841,756,777]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Avakubia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="32" pageNumber="637" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="occidentalis" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis box="[641,841,756,777]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="637">Avakubia occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[846,895,756,777]" pageId="32" pageNumber="637" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="32.[144,1104,835,1117]" pageId="32" pageNumber="637">
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Winter &amp; Vastenhout" authorityYear="2013" box="[170,414,899,925]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Avakubia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="32" pageNumber="637" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis box="[170,414,899,925]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="637">Avakubia occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only
<taxonomicName box="[537,727,899,925]" pageId="32" pageNumber="637">
<emphasis box="[537,641,899,925]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="637">Avakubia</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
known in the Upper
<collectingCountry box="[954,1035,899,925]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="32" pageNumber="637">Guinea</collectingCountry>
forest block. Traditionally postulated biogeographic barriers like the
<collectingCountry box="[829,938,931,957]" name="Benin" pageId="32" pageNumber="637">Dahomey</collectingCountry>
Gap and Cross River have apparently not restricted the distribution of the genus, which might suggest a considerable age for the taxon. On molecular grounds
<bibRefCitation author="ROWSON, B. &amp; TATTERSFIELD, P. &amp; SYMONDSON, W. O. C." box="[774,1011,995,1022]" pageId="32" pageNumber="637" pagination="85 - 98" refId="ref27438" refString="ROWSON, B., TATTERSFIELD, P. &amp; SYMONDSON, W. O. C. 2011. Phylogeny and biogeography of tropical carnivorous land-snails (Pulmonata: Streptaxoidea) with particular reference to East Africa and the Indian Ocean. Zoologica Scripta 40: 85 - 98." type="journal article" year="2011">
Rowson
<emphasis box="[874,923,995,1021]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="637">et al</emphasis>
. (2011)
</bibRefCitation>
suggested
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pilsbry" authorityYear="1919" box="[187,291,1027,1053]" class="Gastropoda" family="Streptaxidae" genus="Avakubia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="32" pageNumber="637" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[187,291,1027,1053]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="637">Avakubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be an ancient taxon that possibly survived the Mesozoic ⁄ Cainozoic mass extinctions, whilst the streptaxid diversity is otherwise known from the Cainozoic only.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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