489 lines
59 KiB
XML
489 lines
59 KiB
XML
<document id="0A2B88FB6B57C25EC9DB476D7AFE3C74" ID-CLB-Dataset="20998" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4846.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2c8355fa-af80-4a52-be9a-a3c36a99bb19" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4017497" ID-ZooBank="6F6EBF63-5598-416C-8694-14C4A8687693" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1599482548208" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Garbino, Guilherme S. T., Lim, Burton K. & Tavares, Valéria Da C." docDate="2020" docId="03BAA52EF863FFFF7090FF1D78B05B32" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4846.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4846 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph" docStyleId="D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Chiroderma improvisum Baker and Genoways 1976" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="48" masterDocId="FF83DD56F84EFFD07007FF847C1D5D16" masterDocTitle="Systematics of big-eyed bats, genus Chiroderma Peters, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)" masterLastPageNumber="93" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="46" updateTime="1698845824709" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="2D07CE282726F5809954D00651D6A05C" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="C9A05DF47CA204B00C465C5C4822DF03">
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<mods:title id="A65CB489AC145DB2B6A92AC3AB70BE6F">Systematics of big-eyed bats, genus Chiroderma Peters, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="9D0D1120F37D1F31D78946A7B087C3F2" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="DEB2C53C5606DDED4C7F4A6ECDEBAB6D">Garbino, Guilherme S. T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6AD0C81858DBBFD9DD2EC45E43F916E1">Pós-graduação, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, 31270 - 901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="D5E18D5550DD5C40CD1121353CC2568B" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="5445289BCA7346B8B9A38ECF0886A6EF">
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<mods:roleTerm id="331EB65651BCAFC7A219159EA6B2067F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B363C772F734105668EF067D8C418391">Lim, Burton K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A9BCC17662E2D65CAC013852211F4A37">Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen’s Park, Toronto, Ontario M 5 S 2 C 6, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3909BE1E1BDF543D0F2350E55772D5A9">Tavares, Valéria Da C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8456925B24CFCF8DCFCD1D357C756D88">Laboratório de Mamíferos, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, CCEN / DSE, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus I, 58059 - 900 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="D738732C88AEB863375475221F4CD9A8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="3CAF23EB9FBD7DB4453FEBD9A2313C68">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="45E20759F434E3FFDFFBC481D57351E9">2020-09-07</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B7E6878DA1028B9C6785FE014D9C7A06">4846</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03BAA52EF863FFFF7090FF1D78B05B32" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4332635" ID-GBIF-Taxon="167515837" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4332635" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BAA52EF863FFFF7090FF1D78B05B32" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BAA52EF863FFFF7090FF1D78B05B32" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<subSubSection id="C30947B3F863FFFD7090FF1D7D145DE3" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BAC1438F863FFFD7090FF1D7F015DA5" blockId="45.[151,796,153,180]" box="[151,796,153,180]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<heading id="D0E4A354F863FFFD7090FF1D7F015DA5" bold="true" box="[151,796,153,180]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF863FFFD7090FF1D7F015DA5" ID-CoL="69T5X" authority="Baker and Genoways, 1976" authorityName="Baker and Genoways" authorityYear="1976" box="[151,796,153,180]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improvisum">
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<emphasis id="B967C82AF863FFFD7090FF1D7F015DA5" bold="true" box="[151,796,153,180]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<emphasis id="B967C82AF863FFFD7090FF1D7DDD5DA5" bold="true" box="[151,448,153,180]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Chiroderma improvisum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8269C9F863FFFD71CFFF1E7F015DA5" author="Baker, R. J. & Genoways, H. H." box="[456,796,153,180]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref38364" refString="Baker, R. J. & Genoways, H. H. (1976) A new species of Chiroderma from Guadeloupe, West Indies (Chiroptera: Phyllostomatidae). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Texas Tech University, 48, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1976">Baker and Genoways, 1976</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BAC1438F863FFFD7090FF5A7D145DE3" blockId="45.[151,1436,222,307]" box="[151,265,222,246]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Synonyms:</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30947B3F863FFFD7090FF787D115C25" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BAC1438F863FFFD7090FF787D115C25" blockId="45.[151,1436,222,307]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB033316F863FFFD7090FF787D115C25" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AB23229F863FFFD7090FF787ECD5C02" author="Baker, R. J. & Genoways, H. H." box="[151,720,252,277]" page="1" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" year="1976">
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<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF863FFFD7090FF787ECD5C02" ID-CoL="69T5X" authority="Baker and Genoways, 1976: 1" authorityName="Baker and Genoways" authorityPageNumber="1" authorityYear="1976" box="[151,720,252,277]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improvisum">
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<emphasis id="B967C82AF863FFFD7090FF787D8C5C02" box="[151,401,252,276]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Chiroderma improvisum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8269C9F863FFFD719FFF787ECD5C02" author="Baker, R. J. & Genoways, H. H." box="[408,720,252,277]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref38364" refString="Baker, R. J. & Genoways, H. H. (1976) A new species of Chiroderma from Guadeloupe, West Indies (Chiroptera: Phyllostomatidae). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Texas Tech University, 48, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1976">Baker and Genoways, 1976: 1</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<typeStatus id="54A8AA9AF863FFFD72D8FF797F165C03" box="[735,779,253,277]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">type</typeStatus>
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locality “
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<collectingCountry id="F30454A8F863FFFD7368FF787FF25C03" box="[879,1007,252,277]" name="Guadeloupe" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Guadeloupe</collectingCountry>
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: Basse-Terre;
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<quantity id="4CEBB9DDF863FFFD7485FF7878A75C03" box="[1154,1210,252,277]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
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. S,
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||
<quantity id="4CEBB9DDF863FFFD74E6FF7879045C03" box="[1249,1305,252,277]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
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. E Baie-Mahault.”
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30947B3F863FFFD7090FEE6786E5F1D" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BAC1438F863FFFD7090FEE6786E5F1D" blockId="45.[151,1437,353,776]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<materialsCitation id="3B7B1E65F863FFFD7090FEE678725F1D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2857124367" collectingDate="1974-07-29" collectingMethod="mist net" collectorName="R. J Baker & H. H. Genoways" country="Guadeloupe" county="The" location="Basse-Terre island" municipality="Texas Tech University" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="type">
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||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF863FFFD7090FEE67D545C6A" bold="true" box="[151,329,353,380]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Type Material.</emphasis>
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The
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<typeStatus id="54A8AA9AF863FFFD7183FEE67DAA5C6A" box="[388,439,354,380]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">type</typeStatus>
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, TTU 19900 (not seen), is a skin, skull and mandible, collected by
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<collectorName id="26E671EEF863FFFD74A8FEE6793B5C6D" box="[1199,1318,353,380]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">R. J Baker</collectorName>
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and
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<collectorName id="26E671EEF863FFFD7559FEE67D105C89" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">H. H. Genoways</collectorName>
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(field number J. C. Patton 552) in
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<date id="FFAD32F8F863FFFD729FFE017F2C5C89" box="[664,817,389,415]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" value="1974-07-29">
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<collectingDate id="EFE9CB10F863FFFD729FFE017F2C5C89" box="[664,817,389,415]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" value="1974-07-29">July 29, 1974</collectingDate>
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</date>
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on the
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<location id="8ECC42E3F863FFFD7381FE0278445C89" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BAA52EF863FFFF7090FF1D78B05B32:8ECC42E3F863FFFD7381FE0278445C89" box="[902,1113,389,416]" country="Guadeloupe" county="The" municipality="Texas Tech University" name="Basse-Terre island" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Basse-Terre island</location>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F30454A8F863FFFD7463FE0178C05C89" box="[1124,1245,389,415]" name="Guadeloupe" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Guadalupe</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8269C9F863FFFD74EAFE017D0E5CD2" author="Baker, R. J. & Genoways, H. H." pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref38364" refString="Baker, R. J. & Genoways, H. H. (1976) A new species of Chiroderma from Guadeloupe, West Indies (Chiroptera: Phyllostomatidae). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Texas Tech University, 48, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1976">Baker & Genoways 1976</bibRefCitation>
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||
). It is an adult male captured in a
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<collectingMethod id="52526C2FF863FFFD728FFE2D7EFC5CD2" box="[648,737,425,452]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">mist net</collectingMethod>
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set in a pasture adjacent to gallery forest. The karyotype of the specimen is deposited with the tissue collection of the Texas Tech University under the number TK 8285. The skin, skull, and mandible were examined by means of photographs and are in good condition
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</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C30947B3F863FFFD70C0FD91791B5E11" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="distribution">
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||
<paragraph id="8BAC1438F863FFFD70C0FD91791B5E11" blockId="45.[151,1437,353,776]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF863FFFD70C0FD917DE55F26" bold="true" box="[199,504,533,560]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Distribution and Habitat.</emphasis>
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The species is known from four islands in the Lesser Antilles:
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<collectingCountry id="F30454A8F863FFFD74C7FD9179575F39" box="[1216,1354,533,559]" name="Guadeloupe" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Guadeloupe</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F30454A8F863FFFD7551FD927CC55F42" name="Montserrat" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Montserrat</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F30454A8F863FFFD70E4FDBD7D405F45" box="[227,349,569,595]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Saint Kitts</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry id="F30454A8F863FFFD7190FDBD7DC55F45" box="[407,472,569,595]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Nevis</collectingCountry>
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(
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<figureCitation id="132808BDF863FFFD71EFFDBD7E215F45" box="[488,572,569,595]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="45.[151,250,1710,1735]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,798,1681]" captionTargetId="figure@45.[151,1436,797,1684]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIGURE 28. Collecting localities of the analyzed specimens of Chiroderma improvisum, C. v. villosum and C. v. jesupi. The locality numbers are referenced in the gazetteer (Appendix 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4017553" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4017553/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
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). There is also a subfossil specimen collected on the island of Marie-Galante, south of
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<collectingCountry id="F30454A8F863FFFD70FBFDD97D9E5F61" box="[252,387,605,631]" name="Guadeloupe" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Guadeloupe</collectingCountry>
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||
(
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8269C9F863FFFD7193FDD97E2A5F61" author="Lenoble, A." box="[404,567,605,631]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="299 - 308" refId="ref43372" refString="Lenoble, A. (2019) The past occurrence of the Guadeloupe big-eyed bat Chiroderma improvisum Baker and Genoways, 1976 on Marie-Galante (French West Indies) with comments on bat remains from pre-Columbian sites in Eastern Caribbean. Acta Chiropterologica, 21 (2), 299 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.3161 / 15081109 ACC 2019.21.2.005" type="journal article" year="2019">Lenoble 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Records of
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF863FFFD72C8FDDA7F695F61" authorityName="Baker and Genoways" authorityYear="1976" box="[719,884,606,632]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improvisum">
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<emphasis id="B967C82AF863FFFD72C8FDDA7F695F61" box="[719,884,606,632]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">C. improvisum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are from areas of dry forests and humid forests, from sea level up to approximately
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||
<specimenCount id="9D15DFB1F863FFFD7218FD057E715F8A" box="[543,620,641,668]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="generic">
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||
<quantity id="4CEBB9DDF863FFFD7218FD057E755F8A" box="[543,616,641,668]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" unit="m" value="350.0">350 m</quantity>
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.
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</specimenCount>
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The few known specimens were captured in mist nets set over streams, in gallery forests, in secondary forests surrounded by pasture and plantations, and in urban and peri-urban areas (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8269C9F863FFFD7550FD217D0E5FF5" author="Baker, R. J. & Genoways, H. H. & Patton, J. C." pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref38412" refString="Baker, R. J., Genoways, H. H. & Patton, J. C. (1978) Bats of Guadeloupe. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Texas Tech University, 50, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1978">
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||
Baker
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<emphasis id="B967C82AF863FFFD7090FD4E7CCD5FF5" box="[151,208,713,739]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1978
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
; Jones Jr. & Baker 1979;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8269C9F863FFFD7230FD4D7F135FF5" author="Pierson, E. D. & Rainey, W. E. & Warner, R. M. & White-Warner, C. C." box="[567,782,713,739]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="269 - 271" refId="ref45895" refString="Pierson, E. D., Rainey, W. E., Warner, R. M. & White-Warner, C. C. (1986) First record of Monophyllus from Montserrat, West Indies. Mammalia, 50 (2), 269 - 271. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / mamm. 1986.50.2.263" type="journal article" year="1986">
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||
Pierson
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||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF863FFFD7294FD4E7ED15FF5" box="[659,716,713,739]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
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||
1986
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8269C9F863FFFD731CFD4D78195FF5" author="Pedersen, S. C. & Kwiecinski, G. G. & Larsen, P. A. & Morton, M. N. & Adams, R. A. & Genoways, H. H. & Swier, V. J." box="[795,1028,713,739]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="302 - 340" refId="ref45569" refString="Pedersen, S. C., Kwiecinski, G. G., Larsen, P. A., Morton, M. N., Adams, R. A., Genoways, H. H. & Swier, V. J. (2010) Bats of Montserrat: population fluctuation and response to hurricanes and volcanoes, 1978 - 2005. In: Fleming, T. H. & Racey, P. A. (Eds.), Island bats: Evolution, ecology, and conservation. The Chicago University Press, Chicago, Illinois, pp. 302 - 340." type="book chapter" year="2010">
|
||
Pedersen
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF863FFFD738FFD4E7FDC5FF5" box="[904,961,713,739]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8269C9F863FFFD7417FD4D78D25FF2" author="Beck, J. D. & Loftis, A. D. & Daly, J. L. & Reeves, W. K. & Orlova, M. V." box="[1040,1231,713,740]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="10 - 13" refId="ref38734" refString="Beck, J. D., Loftis, A. D., Daly, J. L., Reeves, W. K. & Orlova, M. V. (2016) First record of Chiroderma improvisum Baker & Genoways, 1976 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from Saint Kitts, Lesser Antilles. Check List, 12 (2), 10 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 12.2.1854" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Beck
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF863FFFD7456FD4E78975FF5" box="[1105,1162,713,739]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, a harp trap set across a dry ravine caught the first specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF863FFFD730FFD6A7FB65E11" authorityName="Baker and Genoways" authorityYear="1976" box="[776,939,750,776]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improvisum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF863FFFD730FFD6A7FB65E11" box="[776,939,750,776]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">C. improvisum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30454A8F863FFFD73F7FD69782C5E11" box="[1008,1073,749,775]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Nevis</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8269C9F863FFFD7447FD6978E75E11" author="Lim, B. K. & Loureiro, L. O. & Garbino, G. S. T." box="[1088,1274,749,776]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="41 - 63" refId="ref43576" refString="Lim, B. K., Loureiro, L. O. & Garbino, G. S. T. (2020) Cryptic diversity and range extension in the big-eyed bat genus Chiroderma (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). ZooKeys, 918, 41 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 918.48786" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Lim
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF863FFFD7470FD6A78B25E11" box="[1143,1199,749,775]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF6C44B0F863FFFD7090F92A7F105BFC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4017553" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4017553" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4017553/files/figure.png" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" startId="45.[151,250,1710,1735]" targetBox="[152,1436,798,1681]" targetPageId="45">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC1438F863FFFD7090F92A7F105BFC" blockId="45.[151,1436,1710,1771]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF863FFFD7090F92A7D3C5BD1" bold="true" box="[151,289,1710,1735]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">FIGURE 28.</emphasis>
|
||
Collecting localities of the analyzed specimens of
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF863FFFD7328F92A78DF5BD0" box="[815,1218,1710,1734]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF863FFFD7328F92A78375BD0" authorityName="Baker and Genoways" authorityYear="1976" box="[815,1066,1710,1734]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improvisum">Chiroderma improvisum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF863FFFD7431F92B78DF5BD0" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" box="[1078,1218,1710,1734]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="villosum" variety="villosum">C. v. villosum</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF863FFFD74F2F92B79755BD0" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1900" box="[1269,1384,1711,1734]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="villosum" variety="jesupi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF863FFFD74F2F92B79755BD0" box="[1269,1384,1711,1734]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">C. v. jesupi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The locality numbers are referenced in the gazetteer (Appendix 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30947B3F863FFFF70C0F89C78B05B32" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC1438F863FFFE70C0F89C7E755DC1" blockId="45.[151,1437,1816,2023]" lastBlockId="46.[151,1436,153,719]" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF863FFFD70C0F89C7E285A25" bold="true" box="[199,565,1816,1843]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Description and Comparisons.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal pelage varies from grayish to dark brown. Dorsal pelage is long (approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CEBB9DDF863FFFD7120F8B97D665A41" box="[295,379,1853,1879]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Individual hairs of the dorsum are tricolored with a grayish base and buff middle band. The interocular stripes are weakly developed and the genal pair was not visible in the two skins we examined, but its presence can be verified in photographs of live animals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8269C9F863FFFD7315F801782F5A89" author="Baker, R. J. & Genoways, H. H." box="[786,1074,1925,1951]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref38364" refString="Baker, R. J. & Genoways, H. H. (1976) A new species of Chiroderma from Guadeloupe, West Indies (Chiroptera: Phyllostomatidae). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Texas Tech University, 48, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1976">Baker & Genoways 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Jones Jr. & Baker 1980;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8269C9F863FFFD7555F8017CE55AD5" author="Lim, B. K. & Loureiro, L. O. & Garbino, G. S. T." pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="41 - 63" refId="ref43576" refString="Lim, B. K., Loureiro, L. O. & Garbino, G. S. T. (2020) Cryptic diversity and range extension in the big-eyed bat genus Chiroderma (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). ZooKeys, 918, 41 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 918.48786" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Lim
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF863FFFD758FF8027CA95AD5" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The dorsal stripe is inconspicuous, visible from the mid dorsum to near base of the uropatagium. The ear is moderate to dark brown along most of its length; the base is yellowish. The noseleaf is uniformly dark to medium brown, and the tip may be simple or notched, as evident in the figure in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8269C9F860FFFE73B2FF1D78B05DA5" author="Jones Jr., J. K. & Baker, R. J." box="[949,1197,153,179]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref42713" refString="Jones Jr., J. K. & Baker, R. J. (1980) Chiroderma improvisum. Mammalian Species, 134, 1 - 2. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3504068" type="journal article" year="1980">Jones & Baker (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The posterior border of the uropatagium has a V-shaped notch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC1438F860FFFE70C0FF6579005CC5" blockId="46.[151,1436,153,719]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
The skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF860FFFE7151FF657DE45DED" authorityName="Baker and Genoways" authorityYear="1976" box="[342,505,225,251]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improvisum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF860FFFE7151FF657DE45DED" box="[342,505,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">C. improvisum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the largest among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF860FFFE72EFFF657F6D5DED" authorityName="Garbino & Lim & Tavares" authorityYear="2020" box="[744,880,225,251]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF860FFFE72EFFF657F6D5DED" box="[744,880,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Chiroderma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6912183F860FFFE7379FF657FC35DED" box="[894,990,225,251]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="19.[151,239,153,177]" captionText="TABLE 7. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, range in parentheses, and sample size) of adult specimens of Chiroderma salvini, C. scopaeum, C. doriae (including subspecies), C. gorgasi and C. trinitatum. See Materials and Methods for measure abbreviations and descriptions." pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Tables 7</tableCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6912183F860FFFE7413FF6578395DED" box="[1044,1060,225,251]" captionStart="TABLE 8" captionStartId="23.[151,239,1112,1136]" captionText="TABLE 8. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, range in parentheses, and sample size) of adult specimens of Chiroderma improvisum and C. villosum (including subspecies). See Materials and Methods for measure abbreviations and descriptions." pageId="46" pageNumber="47">8</tableCitation>
|
||
). The braincase is low and slopes evenly to the frontonasal region in profile. The sagittal and lambdoid crests are conspicuous in both specimens examined and in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A8AA9AF860FFFE7181FEAD7DA75C55" box="[390,442,297,323]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">type</typeStatus>
|
||
. The nasal notch extends behind the anterior margin of the orbits (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132808BDF860FFFE74A8FEAD79185C55" box="[1199,1285,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="46.[151,250,1755,1780]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,741,1730]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[151,1436,741,1730]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURE 29. Dorsal (A) and ventral (C) views of the skull of Chiroderma improvisum (TTU 31403—Montserrat) and dorsal (B) and ventral (D) views of C. villosum (USNM 520557—Panamá)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4017555" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4017555/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
|
||
). Post-orbital processes are distinct, but not pointed. The orbits are relatively small and the posterior margin approximates the level of the mesial margin of M1 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132808BDF860FFFE7216FEF57E795C9D" box="[529,612,369,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="47.[151,250,934,959]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,309,909]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[151,1436,309,909]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 30. Skull and mandible, in lateral view, of A) Chiroderma improvisum (TTU 31403—Montserrat) and B) C. villosum (USNM 520557—Panamá)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4017557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4017557/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
|
||
). A medial accessory foramen between incisive foramina is lacking. There is no posterior palatine process. When skull and mandible are in occlusion, there is a small lateral gap bordered by C, P3, p2, and p4 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132808BDF860FFFE716FFE3D7DB05CC5" box="[360,429,441,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1486,1511]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1461]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,181,1461]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 9. Lateral view of skull and mandible in occlusion for A) Chiroderma salvini (ROM 99703), B) Chiroderma scopaeum (TTU 110649), C) Chiroderma d. doriae (TTU 99569), D) Chiroderma villosum (USNM 560607), and E) Chiroderma improvisum (ROM 126002)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4017515" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4017515/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). In addition, there is a frontal gap surrounded by I1, I2, c, i1, and i2 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132808BDF860FFFE74BBFE3D790D5CC5" box="[1212,1296,441,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1932,1957]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,989,1907]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,989,1907]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 14. Frontal view of skull and mandible in occlusion for A) Chiroderma salvini (ROM 99703), B) Chiroderma scopaeum (TTU 110649), C) Chiroderma d. doriae (TTU 99569), D) Chiroderma villosum (USNM 560607), E) Chiroderma improvisum (ROM 126002)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4017525" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4017525/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC1438F860FFFE70C0FE597EBA5FD9" blockId="46.[151,1436,153,719]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
The I1s are convergent and their tips may or may not be in contact. P3 is separated from P4 by a small gap, or the two teeth contact each other (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132808BDF860FFFE7229FD857E9E5F0D" box="[558,643,513,539]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="46.[151,250,1755,1780]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,741,1730]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[151,1436,741,1730]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURE 29. Dorsal (A) and ventral (C) views of the skull of Chiroderma improvisum (TTU 31403—Montserrat) and dorsal (B) and ventral (D) views of C. villosum (USNM 520557—Panamá)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4017555" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4017555/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
|
||
). The mandibular condyle is above or level with the tooth row. Lower canines are relatively short, their tips below the level of the top of the coronoid process. The basal cingulum of the lower canines is well developed and crowding the lower incisors. The p2 is mesiodistally longer than tall, and is approximately ⅓ of the height of p4 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132808BDF860FFFE723EFDE97E935F91" box="[569,654,621,647]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="47.[151,250,934,959]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,309,909]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[151,1436,309,909]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 30. Skull and mandible, in lateral view, of A) Chiroderma improvisum (TTU 31403—Montserrat) and B) C. villosum (USNM 520557—Panamá)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4017557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4017557/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
|
||
). The p2 is in contact with lower canines, either touches p4 or the two lower premolars are separated by a small gap. The p4 protoconid is robust, with its distal margin sloping evenly to the tooth’s, not abruptly as in the other species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6C44B0F860FFFE7090F95F7F495A0E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4017555" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4017555" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4017555/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" startId="46.[151,250,1755,1780]" targetBox="[151,1436,741,1730]" targetPageId="46">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC1438F860FFFE7090F95F7F495A0E" blockId="46.[151,1436,1755,1816]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF860FFFE7090F95F7D3C5BE2" bold="true" box="[151,289,1755,1780]" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">FIGURE 29.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal (A) and ventral (C) views of the skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF860FFFE731DF958780E5BE2" authorityName="Baker and Genoways" authorityYear="1976" box="[794,1043,1756,1780]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improvisum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF860FFFE731DF958780E5BE2" box="[794,1043,1756,1780]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Chiroderma improvisum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(TTU 31403—Montserrat) and dorsal (B) and ventral (D) views of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF860FFFE71BAF8847E2C5A0E" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" box="[445,561,1792,1816]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF860FFFE71BAF8847E2C5A0E" box="[445,561,1792,1816]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">C. villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 520557—Panamá).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC1438F860FFFF70C0F8C27ED25C09" blockId="46.[151,1436,1862,2033]" lastBlockId="47.[151,1437,153,287]" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
|
||
Compared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF860FFFE717AF8C37DFA5A76" box="[381,487,1862,1889]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF860FFFE717AF8C37DFA5A76" box="[381,487,1862,1889]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">C. doriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has a similar size,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF860FFFE7313F8C37FA55A76" authorityName="Baker and Genoways" authorityYear="1976" box="[788,952,1863,1889]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improvisum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF860FFFE7313F8C37FA55A76" box="[788,952,1863,1889]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">C. improvisum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is larger, has grayish or dark brown dorsal pelage (medium brown in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF860FFFE71BAF8EE7E1B5A92" box="[445,518,1898,1924]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF860FFFE71BAF8EE7E1B5A92" box="[445,518,1898,1924]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">doriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), faint facial stripes (bright in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF860FFFE735DF8EE7FBE5A92" box="[858,931,1898,1924]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF860FFFE735DF8EE7FBE5A92" box="[858,931,1898,1924]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">doriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and unicolored noseleaf and ears (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF860FFFE7554F8EE79815A92" box="[1363,1436,1898,1924]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF860FFFE7554F8EE79815A92" box="[1363,1436,1898,1924]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">doriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the horseshoe of the noseleaf has pale borders and the ears also have whitish margins). Cranially,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF860FFFE74F0F80B79815ABE" authorityName="Baker and Genoways" authorityYear="1976" box="[1271,1436,1935,1961]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improvisum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF860FFFE74F0F80B79815ABE" box="[1271,1436,1935,1961]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">C. improvisum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be diagnosed by its wider nasal notch and by the broader posterior border of the palate, not narrow inverted-U shaped as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF860FFFE7121F8537D925AE6" box="[294,399,2006,2033]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF860FFFE7121F8537D925AE6" box="[294,399,2006,2033]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">C. doriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The P3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF860FFFE7217F8537EAE5AE6" authorityName="Baker and Genoways" authorityYear="1976" box="[528,691,2007,2033]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improvisum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF860FFFE7217F8537EAE5AE6" box="[528,691,2007,2033]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">C. improvisum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not expanded buccolingually and is in contact with P4, differing from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF70D2FF1D7D225DA5" box="[213,319,153,179]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF70D2FF1D7D225DA5" box="[213,319,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">C. doriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in both aspects. The lower canines of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF72F6FF1D7F885DA5" authorityName="Baker and Genoways" authorityYear="1976" box="[753,917,153,179]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improvisum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF72F6FF1D7F885DA5" box="[753,917,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">C. improvisum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are relatively larger than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF74D2FF1D79225DA5" box="[1237,1343,153,179]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF74D2FF1D79225DA5" box="[1237,1343,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">C. doriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The p2 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF70B1FF397D475DC1" authorityName="Baker and Genoways" authorityYear="1976" box="[182,346,189,215]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improvisum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF70B1FF397D475DC1" box="[182,346,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">C. improvisum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is mesiodistally longer than tall; whereas, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF735FFF397FDF5DC1" box="[856,962,189,215]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF735FFF397FDF5DC1" box="[856,962,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">C. doriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, p2 is taller exceeding ⅔ the height of p4. The p4 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF710DFF657DB35DED" authorityName="Baker and Genoways" authorityYear="1976" box="[266,430,225,251]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improvisum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF710DFF657DB35DED" box="[266,430,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">C. improvisum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more robust than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF72A8FF657F055DED" box="[687,792,225,251]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF72A8FF657F055DED" box="[687,792,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">C. doriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the protoconid is long mesiodistally. A frontal gap is present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF710BFE817DB25C09" authorityName="Baker and Genoways" authorityYear="1976" box="[268,431,261,287]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improvisum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF710BFE817DB25C09" box="[268,431,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">C. improvisum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but lacking in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF7258FE817ED55C09" box="[607,712,261,287]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF7258FE817ED55C09" box="[607,712,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">C. doriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6C44B0F861FFFF7090FC227DA85EF5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4017557" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4017557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4017557/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" startId="47.[151,250,934,959]" targetBox="[151,1436,309,909]" targetPageId="47">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC1438F861FFFF7090FC227DA85EF5" blockId="47.[151,1436,934,995]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF7090FC227D3D5EA9" bold="true" box="[151,288,934,959]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">FIGURE 30.</emphasis>
|
||
Skull and mandible, in lateral view, of A)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF72CBFC237FD95EA9" authorityName="Baker and Genoways" authorityYear="1976" box="[716,964,935,959]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improvisum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF72CBFC237FD95EA9" box="[716,964,935,959]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Chiroderma improvisum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(TTU 31403—Montserrat) and B)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF752EFC2379815EA9" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" box="[1321,1436,935,959]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF752EFC2379815EA9" box="[1321,1436,935,959]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">C. villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 520557—Panamá).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC1438F861FFFF70C0FB957FE6598E" blockId="47.[151,1437,1041,1572]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
The species most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF7207FB967EBE593D" authorityName="Baker and Genoways" authorityYear="1976" box="[512,675,1042,1068]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improvisum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF7207FB967EBE593D" box="[512,675,1042,1068]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">C. improvisum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in qualitative characters is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF73D1FB967848593D" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" box="[982,1109,1041,1068]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF73D1FB967848593D" box="[982,1109,1041,1068]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">C. villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF74ECFB967973593D" authorityName="Baker and Genoways" authorityYear="1976" box="[1259,1390,1042,1067]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improvisum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF74ECFB967973593D" box="[1259,1390,1042,1067]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">improvisum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be differentiated by the much larger size, darker pelage (pale brown in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF73CFFBB1783A5959" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" box="[968,1063,1077,1103]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF73CFFBB1783A5959" box="[968,1063,1077,1103]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), absence of a posterior palatine process, convergent I1s (parallel and separate in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF72B4FBDD7F0F5965" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" box="[691,786,1113,1139]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF72B4FBDD7F0F5965" box="[691,786,1113,1139]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), relatively smaller lower canines (taller and more pointed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF70B3FBF97D0E5981" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" box="[180,275,1149,1175]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF70B3FBF97D0E5981" box="[180,275,1149,1175]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), large p
|
||
<quantity id="4CEBB9DDF861FFFF7170FBF97DBF5981" box="[375,418,1149,1175]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
contact with p4 (gap between p2 and p
|
||
<quantity id="4CEBB9DDF861FFFF735DFBF97F985981" box="[858,901,1149,1175]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF738CFBF97FF75981" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" box="[907,1002,1149,1175]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF738CFBF97FF75981" box="[907,1002,1149,1175]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC1438F861FFFF70C0FB247F475812" blockId="47.[151,1437,1041,1572]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF70C0FB247ED359AD" bold="true" box="[199,718,1184,1211]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Geographic Variation and Phylogeography.</emphasis>
|
||
The genetic distance between the two specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF751BFB267CD959C9" authorityName="Baker and Genoways" authorityYear="1976" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improvisum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF751BFB267CD959C9" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">C. improvisum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in our molecular analysis was 0.22% (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132808BDF861FFFF7278FB417ED859C9" box="[639,709,1221,1247]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1875,1900]" captionTargetBox="[207,1374,240,1848]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[204,1383,237,1850]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Bayesian phylogeny obtained from the analysis of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) of Chiroderma. The diagram represents the MCC (Maximum Clade Credibility) tree summarizing 22,501 molecular phylogenies. The vertical dashed line indicates the threshold between the between-species Poisson tree processes (PTP) and the within-species PTP. The triangle base lengths are proportional to the sample size of each clade. The posterior probability values are shown above the corresponding branches." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4017505" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4017505/files/figure.png" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Due to the small sample, we cannot make inferences either on geographic structuring or morphological variation in the taxon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC1438F861FFFF70C0FA887E875831" blockId="47.[151,1437,1041,1572]" box="[199,666,1292,1320]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF70C0FA887D525831" bold="true" box="[199,335,1292,1319]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Subspecies.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF7151FA8A7DE75831" authorityName="Baker and Genoways" authorityYear="1976" box="[342,506,1294,1320]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improvisum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF7151FA8A7DE75831" box="[342,506,1294,1320]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">C. improvisum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is monotypic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC1438F861FFFF70C0FAB5797858CA" blockId="47.[151,1437,1041,1572]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF70C0FAB57D91585D" bold="true" box="[199,396,1328,1355]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Natural History.</emphasis>
|
||
There is no information on the diet of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF7346FAB67FF8585D" authorityName="Baker and Genoways" authorityYear="1976" box="[833,997,1330,1356]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improvisum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF7346FAB67FF8585D" box="[833,997,1330,1356]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">C. improvisum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it probably feeds on fruits, infructescences and their seeds, as the other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF72BEFAD17F5C5879" authorityName="Garbino & Lim & Tavares" authorityYear="2020" box="[697,833,1365,1391]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF72BEFAD17F5C5879" box="[697,833,1365,1391]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Chiroderma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A8AA9AF861FFFF7386FAD27FAC5866" box="[897,945,1366,1392]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">type</typeStatus>
|
||
was collected approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CEBB9DDF861FFFF74F8FAD179375866" box="[1279,1322,1365,1392]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="m" value="6.0">6 m</quantity>
|
||
above the ground and near a forest having a 15-meter-high canopy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8269C9F861FFFF731EFAFD7FC35885" author="Baker, R. J. & Genoways, H. H. & Patton, J. C." box="[793,990,1401,1427]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref38412" refString="Baker, R. J., Genoways, H. H. & Patton, J. C. (1978) Bats of Guadeloupe. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Texas Tech University, 50, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1978">
|
||
Baker
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF7363FAFE7F815885" box="[868,924,1401,1427]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1978
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), suggesting that the species may be active in the canopy as is the closely-related
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF726DFA1A7EF558A1" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" box="[618,744,1437,1464]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF726DFA1A7EF558A1" box="[618,744,1437,1464]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">C. villosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF72F3FA197F5C58A1" box="[756,833,1437,1463]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Attalea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mite">A mite</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF734CFA1978E258AE" authorityName="Oudemans" authorityYear="1902" box="[843,1279,1437,1464]" class="Arachnida" family="Spinturnicidae" genus="Periglischrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iheringi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF734CFA19785C58A1" box="[843,1089,1437,1463]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Periglischrus iheringi</emphasis>
|
||
(Spinturnicidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was recorded on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF70BDFA467D4358CD" authorityName="Baker and Genoways" authorityYear="1976" box="[186,350,1474,1500]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improvisum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF70BDFA467D4358CD" box="[186,350,1474,1500]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">C. improvisum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30454A8F861FFFF71A5FA457E0458CD" box="[418,537,1473,1499]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Saint Kitts</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8269C9F861FFFF722FFA457EFB58CA" author="Beck, J. D. & Loftis, A. D. & Daly, J. L. & Reeves, W. K. & Orlova, M. V." box="[552,742,1473,1500]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="10 - 13" refId="ref38734" refString="Beck, J. D., Loftis, A. D., Daly, J. L., Reeves, W. K. & Orlova, M. V. (2016) First record of Chiroderma improvisum Baker & Genoways, 1976 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from Saint Kitts, Lesser Antilles. Check List, 12 (2), 10 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 12.2.1854" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Beck
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF726DFA467EBE58CD" box="[618,675,1473,1499]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We lack information on reproduction in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C136FBBF861FFFF74BDFA46794358CD" authorityName="Baker and Genoways" authorityYear="1976" box="[1210,1374,1474,1500]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="improvisum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF74BDFA46794358CD" box="[1210,1374,1474,1500]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">C. improvisum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAC1438F861FFFF70C0FA6078B05B32" blockId="47.[151,1437,1041,1572]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF70C0FA607DD958E9" bold="true" box="[199,452,1508,1535]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Specimens Examined</emphasis>
|
||
(N = 2):
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B7B1E65F861FFFF722DFA617CF75B35" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2857124717" collectionCode="TTU" country="Montserrat" location="Montserrat" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" specimenCode="TTU 31403" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Saint Anthony">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF722DFA617EA158E9" bold="true" box="[554,700,1509,1535]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<location id="8ECC42E3F861FFFF722DFA617EAA58E9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BAA52EF863FFFF7090FF1D78B05B32:8ECC42E3F861FFFF722DFA617EAA58E9" box="[554,695,1509,1535]" country="Montserrat" name="Montserrat" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" stateProvince="Saint Anthony">Montserrat</location>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF72C5FA627FAD58E9" box="[706,944,1509,1536]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<location id="8ECC42E3F861FFFF72C5FA627FAD58E9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BAA52EF863FFFF7090FF1D78B05B32:8ECC42E3F861FFFF72C5FA627FAD58E9" box="[706,944,1509,1536]" country="Montserrat" name="Saint Anthony Parish" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" stateProvince="Saint Anthony">Saint Anthony Parish</location>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<locationDeviation id="9A1E0D1AF861FFFF73BAFA61794B58E9" box="[957,1366,1509,1535]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<quantity id="4CEBB9DDF861FFFF73BAFA61781758E9" box="[957,1034,1509,1535]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" unit="km" value="0.8">0.8 km</quantity>
|
||
above mouth of Belham river
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBB5BC43F861FFFF7563FA617CFF5B35" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">TTU 31403</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B7B1E65F861FFFF70F2F98C78B45B32" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2857124508" box="[245,1193,1544,1572]" collectionCode="ROM" country="Saint Kitts and Nevis" location="Barnes Ghaut" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" specimenCode="ROM 126002" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Saint Thomas Parish">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF70F2F98C7DE65B35" bold="true" box="[245,507,1544,1571]" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30454A8F861FFFF70F2F98C7DEB5B35" box="[245,502,1544,1571]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Saint Kitts and Nevis</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B967C82AF861FFFF7205F98E7EF05B35" box="[514,749,1545,1572]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D7DADAF861FFFF7205F98E7EF05B35" box="[514,749,1545,1572]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Saint Thomas Parish</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30454A8F861FFFF72FBF98D7F575B32" box="[764,842,1545,1572]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Nevis)</collectingCountry>
|
||
¸
|
||
<location id="8ECC42E3F861FFFF735FF98E7FEC5B35" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BAA52EF863FFFF7090FF1D78B05B32:8ECC42E3F861FFFF735FF98E7FEC5B35" box="[856,1009,1545,1572]" country="Saint Kitts and Nevis" name="Barnes Ghaut" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" stateProvince="Saint Thomas Parish">Barnes Ghaut</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBB5BC43F861FFFF7407F98D78BC5B32" box="[1024,1185,1545,1572]" collectionCode="ROM" country="Canada" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34778" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34778" name="Royal Ontario Museum" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="Museum">ROM 126002</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |