203 lines
23 KiB
XML
203 lines
23 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="77E7C1D5FE70F9BD1534F9CCF0D11B9D">Synopsis of the Snakes of the Philippines A Synthesis of Data from Biodiversity Repositories, Field Studies, and the Literature</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CC4070D6E6DDFDE5E05A514C406B847F">Leviton, Alan E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8D5D1DB4BE1C3EBB1A156A3D2BE35A24">Herpetology Division, Institute of Biodiversity Science & Sustainibility, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, California 94118 & Research Associate, Division of Amphibians & Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="6572C0EC609997AAB8E66D11EF0D9AD3" type="email">aleviton@calacademy.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="1052673D580003F1A75871DE28C616C3">Siler, Cameron D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E53E748C592458996A89826EA8534185">Department of Biology and Sam Noble Museum, University of Oklahoma, 2401 Chautauqua Ave., Norman, OK 73072 - 7029, USA & Zoology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Rizal Park, Burgos Ave., Ermita 1000, Manila, Philippines.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="EC4937AEF9DDBA68EA2F6C5CE58EBCE7" type="email">camsiler@ou.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="83A7A25DE094BB8DE615B7DE5CFCF6D5">Weinell, Jeffrey L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="376A16A9572BA5FB25941FFF68EEAAAB">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="0A2BB373BB7C52066AB60E0B75F162C8" type="email">jweine2@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="134324BDA6EAE15286B407953989D155">Brown, Rafe M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="11D597D855E2C37D0C4A51769883BFEB">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 & Zoology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Rizal Park, Burgos Ave., Ermita 1000, Manila, Philippines.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="9894D86E22B4AD88DD184A18888E488C" type="email">rafe@ku.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="310AF3F0F7859AAACBC6CB7422C50586">Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="EB0E9B412CDC116B4499B691B9DAD5C6">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="50259176E2921AB341E1A9AEF2388B18">Oxford, England</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03B38B5C8430FF83FFDCFF77FCFDFCFE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12724735" ID-GBIF-Taxon="235038055" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12724735" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B38B5C8430FF83FFDCFF77FCFDFCFE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B38B5C8430FF83FFDCFF77FCFDFCFE" lastPageNumber="468" pageId="69" pageNumber="468">
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<subSubSection id="C30069C18430FF83FFDCFF77FDF0FF49" box="[123,563,219,243]" pageId="69" pageNumber="468" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8430FF83FFDCFF77FDF0FF49" blockId="69.[123,563,219,275]" box="[123,563,219,243]" pageId="69" pageNumber="468">
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<heading id="D0ED8D268430FF83FFDCFF77FDF0FF49" box="[123,563,219,243]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="69" pageNumber="468" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98430FF83FFDCFF77FDF0FF49" ID-CoL="C7PMG" authority="(Shaw, 1802)" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[123,563,219,243]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Microcephalophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="69" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588430FF83FFDCFF77FDF0FF49" bold="true" box="[123,563,219,243]" pageId="69" pageNumber="468">
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588430FF83FFDCFF77FE59FF49" bold="true" box="[123,410,219,243]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="468">Microcephalophis gracilis</emphasis>
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(Shaw, 1802)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8430FF83FFDCFF57FE2DFEA9" blockId="69.[123,563,219,275]" box="[123,494,251,275]" pageId="69" pageNumber="468">Common Small-headed Sea Snake</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30069C18430FF83FF7CFE8AFCA3FE6F" pageId="69" pageNumber="468" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8430FF83FF7CFE8AFDA0FE81" blockId="69.[219,1174,294,470]" box="[219,611,294,316]" pageId="69" pageNumber="468">“Kadell nagam” Russel, 1801:15, pl. 13.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8430FF83FF7CFEE9FDD9FEE1" blockId="69.[219,1174,294,470]" box="[219,538,325,347]" pageId="69" pageNumber="468">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98430FF83FF7CFEE9FDD5FEE1" authority="Shaw, 1802: 560" authorityName="Shaw" authorityPageNumber="560" authorityYear="1802" box="[219,534,325,347]" class="Repitilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hydrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="69" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588430FF83FF7CFEE9FEB2FEE0" box="[219,369,325,346]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="468">Hydrus gracilis</emphasis>
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Shaw, 1802:560
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8430FF83FF7CFEC9FCE8FE0C" blockId="69.[219,1174,294,470]" pageId="69" pageNumber="468">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98430FF83FF7CFEC9FD46FEC1" authority=", Smith, 1926: 121" authorityName=", Smith" authorityPageNumber="121" authorityYear="1926" box="[219,645,357,379]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Microcephalophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="69" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588430FF83FF7CFEC9FE14FEC0" box="[219,471,357,378]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="468">Microcephalophis gracilis</emphasis>
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||
,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8430FF83FE44FEC9FD46FEC1" author="SMITH, MALCOLM" box="[483,645,357,379]" pageId="69" pageNumber="468" refId="ref74429" refString="SMITH, MALCOLM A. 1926. Monograph of the Sea-Snakes (Hydrophiidae). Trustees of the British Museum, London, England, UK. xvii + (3) + 130 pp." type="book" year="1926">Smith, 1926:121</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
, fig. 34. — David and Ineich, 1999:110.— Rasmussen, Elmberg, Gravlund, and Ineich, 2011:6.— Sanders, Lee, Mumpuni, Bertozzi, and Rasmussen, 2013:584.— Wallach, Williams, and Boundy, 2014:431.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8430FF83FF7CFE6CFCA3FE6F" blockId="69.[219,1174,294,470]" box="[219,864,448,470]" pageId="69" pageNumber="468">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98430FF83FF7CFE6CFCC3FE6C" authority=", Leviton, Brown, and Siler, 2014: 506" authorityName="Leviton, Brown, and Siler" authorityPageNumber="506" authorityYear="2014" box="[219,768,448,470]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="69" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588430FF83FF7CFE6CFE4CFE6F" box="[219,399,448,469]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="468">Hydrophis gracilis</emphasis>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8430FF83FE3BFE6CFCC3FE6C" author="LEVITON, ALAN & M. BROWN & AND CAMERON & D. SILER" box="[412,768,448,470]" pageId="69" pageNumber="468" refId="ref67937" refString="LEVITON, ALAN E., RAFE M. BROWN, AND CAMERON D. SILER. 2014. The dangerously venomous snakes of the Philippine Archipelago. Pages 473 - 530 in G. C. Williams and T. M. Gosliner, eds., The Coral Triangle: The 2011 Hearst Biodiversity Philippine Expedition. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA." type="book" year="2014">Leviton, Brown, and Siler, 2014:506</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<figureCitation id="132126CF8430FF83FCADFE6CFCA3FE6F" box="[778,864,448,470]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="153.[687,699,1519,1538]" captionTargetBox="[647,1176,580,939]" captionTargetId="figure-24@153.[651,1177,580,936]" captionTargetPageId="153" captionText="FIGURE 19. Chrysopelea paradisi variabilis (Eastern Samar Prov., Samar Id.) (KU 337270). Photo © CDS." pageId="69" pageNumber="468">fig. 19C.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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(
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)
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.—
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<materialsCitation id="3B7230178430FF83FDE4FE46FCC3FD9B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4905143301" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="69" pageNumber="468" specimenCode="BMNH 1946.1" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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Type locality unknown.
|
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<typeStatus id="54A184E88430FF83FCE4FE45FC69FDBB" box="[835,938,489,513]" pageId="69" pageNumber="468" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
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:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBBC92318430FF83FC13FE46FB97FDBB" box="[948,1108,489,513]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="69" pageNumber="468">BMNH 1946.1</specimenCode>
|
||
.17.37 (formerly
|
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<collectionCode id="ED0BA28F8430FF83FEEFFDA6FE5BFD9B" box="[328,408,522,545]" pageId="69" pageNumber="468">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
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III.4.1.a;
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588430FF83FDA4FDA6FDE8FD98" box="[515,555,522,546]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="468">fide</emphasis>
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|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
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</paragraph>
|
||
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|
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<subSubSection id="C30069C18430FF83FFDCFD86FCA0FD79" pageId="69" pageNumber="468" type="distribution">
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</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="132126CF8430FF83FE3AFD86FDC7FDF8" box="[413,516,554,578]" captionStart="A B C D" captionStartId="136.[181,208,233,266]" captionText="A B C D MAPS 26A–D. Geographic range maps for Philippine records of (A) Microcephalophis gracilis; (B) Myersophis alpestris; (C) Naja philippinensis; (D) Naja samarensis." pageId="69" pageNumber="468">Map 26A</figureCitation>
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||
[p. 137]).— Luzon (
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<collectingRegion id="49DEF4A88430FF83FD44FD86FCF3FDF8" box="[739,816,554,578]" country="Philippines" name="Manila" pageId="69" pageNumber="468">Manila</collectingRegion>
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Bay).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8430FF83FFDCFDE6FCA0FD79" blockId="69.[123,1174,489,836]" pageId="69" pageNumber="468">
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(
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<collectingCountry id="F30D7ADA8430FF83FD82FDE6FD69FDDA" box="[549,682,586,610]" name="Philippines" pageId="69" pageNumber="468">PHILIPPINES</collectingCountry>
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)
|
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</emphasis>
|
||
.— Widely distributed from Persian/Arabian Gulf (coastal Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Oman) east to the Bay of Bengal, Gulf of Thailand, Malaya and Singapore, South China Sea, and Indonesia, to New Guinea (Gulf of Guinea). (See
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8430FF83FE74FD07FD1FFD79" author="WALLACH, VAN & KENNETH L. & WILLIAMS, AND" box="[467,732,683,707]" pageId="69" pageNumber="468" refId="ref78804" refString="WALLACH, VAN, KENNETH L. WILLIAMS, AND JEFF BOUNDY. 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. xxvii + 1209 pp." type="book" year="2014">Wallach et al., 2014:431</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, for details.)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30069C18430FF83FFDCFD67FD5CFC9E" pageId="69" pageNumber="468" type="discussion">
|
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8430FF83FFDCFD67FD5CFC9E" blockId="69.[123,1174,489,836]" pageId="69" pageNumber="468">
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588430FF83FFDCFD67FF25FD58" bold="true" box="[123,230,715,739]" pageId="69" pageNumber="468">REMARKS</emphasis>
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</smallCapsWord>
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.— We have retained this species in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98430FF83FD5FFD67FC7AFD59" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1832" box="[760,953,715,739]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Microcephalophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="69" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588430FF83FD5FFD67FC7AFD59" box="[760,953,715,739]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="468">Microcephalophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
consistent with the treatments of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1A41C98430FF83FECAFD47FE1EFCB9" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1801" box="[365,477,747,771]" class="Repitilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hydrophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="69" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96EE6588430FF83FECAFD47FE1EFCB9" box="[365,477,747,771]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="468">Hydrophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and related nominal genera by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8430FF83FC8BFD47FBCAFCBE" author="SANDERS, KATE & S. Y & LEE, MUMPUNI & TERRY BERTOZZI, AND" box="[812,1033,747,772]" pageId="69" pageNumber="468" pagination="575 - 591" refId="ref72853" refString="SANDERS, KATE L., MICHAEL S. Y. LEE, MUMPUNI, TERRY BERTOZZI, AND ARNE REDSTED RASMUSSEN. 2013. Multilocus phylogeny and recent rapid radiation of the viviparous sea snakes (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 66: 575 - 591, 4 figs., 1 table, Appendices A and B." type="book chapter" year="2013">Sanders et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8B47BB8430FF83FB9BFD40FE80FC9E" author="PYRON, R. & ALEXANDER, FRANK & T. BURBRINK & AND JOHN & J. WIENS" pageId="69" pageNumber="468" pagination="26 - 53" refId="ref71760" refString="PYRON, R. ALEXANDER, FRANK T. BURBRINK, AND JOHN J. WIENS. 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13 (93): 26 - 53." type="journal article" year="2013">Pyron et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(see also footnote p. 60 herein).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30069C18430FF83FFDCFC80FCFDFCFE" box="[123,830,812,836]" pageId="69" pageNumber="468" type="conservation">
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<paragraph id="8BA53A4A8430FF83FFDCFC80FCFDFCFE" blockId="69.[123,1174,489,836]" box="[123,830,812,836]" pageId="69" pageNumber="468">
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<emphasis id="B96EE6588430FF83FFDCFC80FE0DFCFE" bold="true" box="[123,462,812,836]" pageId="69" pageNumber="468">
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[IUCN]
|
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</emphasis>
|
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.— Least Concern [2016] ver. 3.1.
|
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</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |