398 lines
55 KiB
XML
398 lines
55 KiB
XML
<document id="709EB98A74586565A0003A6DAA15BD2A" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.189597" ID-GBIF-Dataset="acb81881-e081-4a44-ba62-8eb17cb79740" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="189597" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461103211790" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis, Liljeblad, Johan, Nieves, María Hernández, Grez, Audrey & Nylander, Johan A. A." docDate="2009" docId="03ADE415FFC6FF92FF589202FB29B8A1" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02200p040.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2200" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Paraulax perplexa Kieffer 1904" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="FF949C6DFFCEFF9EFFCF9751FFE1BE42" masterDocTitle="Revision and phylogenetics of the genus Paraulax Kieffer (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) with biological notes and description of a new tribe, a new genus, and five new species" masterLastPageNumber="40" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="9" updateTime="1698592116367" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="62A4B17234A087253D1BD71B501F2ADA">
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<mods:title id="94B10A2F035283FC32409A2D2F3E9CA7">Revision and phylogenetics of the genus Paraulax Kieffer (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) with biological notes and description of a new tribe, a new genus, and five new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E18C8B2CBCEE9DAF7A113E93253D8B9B">Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="17B066BB5563F7F7AA17DC8B2024579E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="E34FBEFA37E35FEC5A1EC20C12AB7C69">Liljeblad, Johan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="987C0962CE04ACDC697835862B892CB0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="80B6AD9B4990F36F226E196EEF444402">Nieves, María Hernández</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="296690F1EA3AEC209A74452E1782CF04">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="14AEB005FAC8A9AA29CCA5049B76AC58">Grez, Audrey</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="AA2DE1DA493122F84E3B489B7905E8B4" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="1848259035132AB00175D675A71E735C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="C0842801DF083C7CD88E4487313DBD31">Nylander, Johan A. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="B13D207BBFC6ED061ED5C02529A4E52D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="1B0CD10E90B3CEDEE0659429C9FAD5F7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="7A40E4DA53325761AD240B34071AB509">
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<mods:date id="273FCD16652DF357E7FF1FEF769F46EC">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="BCCD2A44D2492E992122D28F3950188B">2200</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="292B7934D4A7D6F9BA80EFD83CFCA519">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="578B1B841744F88D1680474D1A0C8144" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.189597</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03ADE415FFC6FF92FF589202FB29B8A1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681152" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119622430" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5681152" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ADE415FFC6FF92FF589202FB29B8A1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ADE415FFC6FF92FF589202FB29B8A1" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<subSubSection id="C31E0688FFC6FF96FF589202FE70BBD2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC6FF96FF589202FDFFBB2E" blockId="8.[151,542,1362,1424]" box="[151,542,1362,1389]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<heading id="D0F3E26FFFC6FF96FF589202FDFFBB2E" bold="true" box="[151,542,1362,1389]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFC6FF96FF589202FDFFBB2E" authority="Kieffer, 1904" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,542,1362,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Paraulax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexa">
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<emphasis id="B9708911FFC6FF96FF589202FDFFBB2E" bold="true" box="[151,542,1362,1389]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<emphasis id="B9708911FFC6FF96FF589202FE97BB2F" bold="true" box="[151,374,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Paraulax perplexa</emphasis>
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Kieffer, 1904
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC6FF96FF589227FE70BBD2" blockId="8.[151,542,1362,1424]" box="[151,401,1398,1424]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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(
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<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC6FF96FF509227FF13BBD2" box="[159,242,1398,1424]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC6FF96FF309227FEEFBBD2" box="[255,270,1398,1424]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1759,1783]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Propodeum. (B) Fore leg, arrow pointing to swelling of profemur (C) Magnification of the structure of rows of sharp, closely spaced, deep costulae. (D) Metatarsal claw. (E) Forewing. (F) Female metasoma and (G) Detail of ventral spine of hypopygium. (H) Male metasoma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189600/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3</figureCitation>
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& 10A–B)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E0688FFC6FF96FF589292FBC1BBB8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC6FF96FF589292FE12BB98" blockId="8.[151,1056,1475,1530]" box="[151,499,1475,1498]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFC6FF96FF589292FE12BB98" authority="Kieffer, 1904" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,499,1475,1498]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Paraulax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexa">
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<emphasis id="B9708911FFC6FF96FF589292FEBFBB98" box="[151,350,1475,1498]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Paraulax perplexa</emphasis>
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Kieffer, 1904
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC6FF96FF5892B2FBC1BBB8" blockId="8.[151,1056,1475,1530]" box="[151,1056,1507,1530]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFC6FF96FF5892B2FE8ABBB8" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" box="[151,363,1507,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Paraulax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexus">
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<emphasis id="B9708911FFC6FF96FF5892B2FEF8BBB8" box="[151,281,1507,1530]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. perplexus</emphasis>
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Kieffer
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</taxonomicName>
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in:
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<emphasis id="B9708911FFC6FF96FE5A92B2FDDCBBB8" box="[405,573,1507,1530]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bull. Soc. Metz,</emphasis>
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ser
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<date id="FFBA73C3FFC6FF96FDA592B2FD48BBB8" box="[618,681,1507,1530]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="1911-05-02">
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2 v.
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<specimenCount id="9D029E8AFFC6FF96FD5F92B2FD48BBB8" box="[656,681,1507,1530]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="generic">11</specimenCount>
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</date>
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p. 60 (female and male). Bisexual.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E0688FFC6FF96FF589178FD10B910" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC6FF96FF589178FD10B910" blockId="8.[151,1436,1577,1990]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<emphasis id="B9708911FFC6FF96FF589178FEB0B801" bold="true" box="[151,337,1577,1603]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<typeStatus id="54BFEBA1FFC6FF96FF589178FF37B801" box="[151,214,1577,1603]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Type</typeStatus>
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material.
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</emphasis>
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<typeStatus id="54BFEBA1FFC6FF96FE95917BFE5EB806" box="[346,447,1578,1604]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="neotype">Neotype</typeStatus>
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Ƥ here designated:
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<collectingCountry id="F3131593FFC6FF96FD7B917BFCEEB806" box="[692,783,1578,1604]" name="Chile" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">CHILE</collectingCountry>
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, El Maule, VII Región, Cauquenes, Reserva Nacional Los Queules,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE3033C4FFC6FF96FEF59101FE2AB828" box="[314,459,1616,1642]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="15" value="-35.98611">35º59´10´´S</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE3033C4FFC6FF96FE179101FD8EB828" box="[472,623,1616,1642]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="15" value="-72.70833">72º42´30´´O</geoCoordinate>
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,
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||
<quantity id="4CFCF8E6FFC6FF96FDB49101FD28B828" box="[635,713,1616,1642]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="420.0">420 m</quantity>
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; caught with a Malaise trap operating in a fragment of native
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<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFC6FF96FF589126FF3CB8D3" box="[151,221,1655,1681]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forest">forest</taxonomicName>
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, 27.ix/
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<date id="FFBA73C3FFC6FF96FEE09126FE46B8D3" box="[303,423,1655,1681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2006-10-25">25.x.2006</date>
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||
. J.L. Nieves-Aldrey & A. Grez leg. Deposited in Museo Chileno de Historia Natural, Santiago de
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<collectingCountry id="F3131593FFC6FF96FEFF91CFFE97B8FA" box="[304,374,1694,1720]" name="Chile" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Chile</collectingCountry>
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||
, card mounted. Other material from
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||
<typeStatus id="54BFEBA1FFC6FF96FCF291CFFC93B8FA" box="[829,882,1694,1720]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
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series: 43 same data as
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<typeStatus id="54BFEBA1FFC6FF96FB6991CFFAF0B8FA" box="[1190,1297,1694,1720]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="neotype">Neotype</typeStatus>
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, except 23 collected on 22.viii/
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<date id="FFBA73C3FFC6FF96FE4C9195FE0FB89F" box="[387,494,1731,1758]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="1913-09-22">
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||
22.ix.
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<quantity id="4CFCF8E6FFC6FF96FE069192FE0FB89F" box="[457,494,1731,1757]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.302" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="13.0">13</quantity>
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||
</date>
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||
in
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<collectionCode id="ED15CDC6FFC6FF96FDDD9195FD8CB89C" box="[530,621,1732,1758]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">MCHN</collectionCode>
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||
, remaining exemplars in Museo Nacional Ciencias Naturales, Madrid (
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<collectingCountry id="F3131593FFC6FF96FF6F91BAFF11B947" box="[160,240,1771,1797]" name="Spain" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Spain</collectingCountry>
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||
). Additional material (13, 1Ƥ from the
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||
<typeStatus id="54BFEBA1FFC6FF96FD3E91BAFCC9B947" box="[753,808,1771,1797]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
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||
series were dissected for SEM observation); one additional female preserved in ethanol (extracted
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||
<collectionCode id="ED15CDC6FFC6FF96FD299043FCCAB96E" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15536" box="[742,811,1810,1836]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15536" name="Department of Natural Resources, Environment, The Arts and Sport" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">DNA</collectionCode>
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||
). Non-type material: 1Ƥ,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F3131593FFC6FF96FB919043FB40B96E" box="[1118,1185,1810,1836]" name="Chile" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Chile</collectingCountry>
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||
, Ñuble, Ese Recinto.
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||
<quantity id="4CFCF8E6FFC6FF96FF589069FF12B910" box="[151,243,1848,1874]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.33" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="1330.0">1330 m</quantity>
|
||
,
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||
<date id="FFBA73C3FFC6FF96FF319069FE73B910" box="[254,402,1848,1874]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="1982-12-29">29/XII/1982</date>
|
||
, Newton & Thayer leg (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED15CDC6FFC6FF96FD619069FD04B910" box="[686,741,1848,1874]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/rn7d-z1r2" name="American Entomological Institute" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">AEI</collectionCode>
|
||
).
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E0688FFC6FF94FF09900EFB59B9B6" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC6FF96FF09900EFAF0B984" blockId="8.[151,1436,1577,1990]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC6FF96FF09900EFEA7B93B" bold="true" box="[198,326,1887,1913]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC6FF96FE81900EFE2EB93A" box="[334,463,1887,1912]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. p e r p l e x a</emphasis>
|
||
differs from
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFC6FF96FDBE900EFCEAB93A" box="[625,779,1887,1912]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Paraulax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="queulensis">
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||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC6FF96FDBE900EFCEAB93A" box="[625,779,1887,1912]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. queulensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
and
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<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFC6FF96FC89900EFC2CB93A" box="[838,973,1887,1912]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Paraulax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ronquisti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC6FF96FC89900EFC2CB93A" box="[838,973,1887,1912]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. ronquisti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by a not elongate body (Figs. 10A), in the female only 3 times longer than high. The males of this species are readily distinguished of the other species of
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFC6FF96FEDC90FDFE98B984" box="[275,377,1964,1990]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Paraulax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraulax</taxonomicName>
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by the strongly broadened and distally truncate second flagellomere (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC6FF96FB6590FDFB10B984" box="[1194,1265,1964,1990]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7B058BFFC7FF97FF5891A2FE12B912" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" targetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC7FF97FF5891A2FE12B912" blockId="9.[151,1436,1779,1872]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC7FF97FF5891A2FEF3B949" bold="true" box="[151,274,1779,1803]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC7FF97FEEF91A5FE11B949" box="[288,496,1780,1803]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFC7FF97FEEF91A5FE0BB949" box="[288,490,1780,1803]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Paraulax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexa">Paraulax perplexa</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF7B058BFFC4FF94FF58918EFC93B979" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189600/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1743]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC4FF94FF58918EFC93B979" blockId="10.[151,1436,1759,1851]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC4FF94FF58918EFEF3B8B5" bold="true" box="[151,274,1759,1783]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC4FF94FED0918EFE0FB8B4" box="[287,494,1759,1782]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFC4FF94FED0918EFE09B8B4" box="[287,488,1759,1782]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Paraulax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexa">Paraulax perplexa</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(A) Propodeum. (B) Fore leg, arrow pointing to swelling of profemur (C) Magnification of the structure of rows of sharp, closely spaced, deep costulae. (D) Metatarsal claw. (E) Forewing. (F) Female metasoma and (G) Detail of ventral spine of hypopygium. (H) Male metasoma.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC4FF94FF099038FB59B9B6" blockId="10.[151,1437,1897,2036]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC4FF94FF099038FE9DB9C1" bold="true" box="[198,380,1897,1923]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Redescription.</emphasis>
|
||
Body length (measured from anterior margin of head to posterior margin of metasoma)
|
||
<quantity id="4CFCF8E6FFC4FF94FF5890DEFF11B9EB" box="[151,240,1935,1961]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
(range 1.7–2.0; N = 2) for females;
|
||
<quantity id="4CFCF8E6FFC4FF94FD5990DEFD11B9EB" box="[662,752,1935,1961]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
(range 1.5–1.8; N = 4) for males. Coloration: female body entirely black; antennal flagellum, tarsi, pro and mesotibia and apex of femora dark brown. Forewing hyaline, veins brown. Male similar in coloration to female, but antenna and fore legs slightly paler.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E0688FFC5FF92FF0997C9FB41BDD2" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC5FF95FF0997C9FD28BC8D" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC5FF95FF0997C9FEC7BEF3" box="[198,294,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Female.</emphasis>
|
||
Head. In dorsal view 2.1 times as wide as long. Gena not expanded behind compound eye. POL 1.6 times as long as OOL, posterior ocellus separated from inner orbit of eye by about 2 times its diameter. In anterior view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC5FF95FE8897B4FE6FBEBD" box="[327,398,229,255]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A) head more or less rounded, 1.1 times as wide as high. Face with some sparse setae, more abundant in lower face; facial strigae present, radiating from clypeus, strong, laterally reaching ventral margin of eye and medially almost reaching ventral margin of torulus; vertical median carina absent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC5FF95FAFE9663FA96BF0E" box="[1329,1399,306,332]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Frons and vertex with coriaceous sculpture; ocellar plate slightly raised; malar space 0.38 times height of compound eye. Clypeus indistinct, more or less rectangular; ventral margin slightly projecting over mandibles. Subocular impression present though not well marked. Ventrolaterally on gena 5–7 regular vertical carinae present. Anterior tentorial pits visible; epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal lines indistinct. Torulus situated at mid-height of compound eye; transfacial line 0.9 times height of eye; distance between antennal rim and compound eye 0.5 times width of antennal socket including rim. Occiput dorsally pubescent with coriaceous-alutaceous sculpture, without dorsal occipital carina; some strong longitudinal rugae on lateral margins of head, but without distinct genal occipital carina (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC5FF95FC739539FBE4BCC0" box="[956,1029,616,642]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Posterior tentorial pits narrow, arched. Hypostomal sulci meeting slightly before hypostoma (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC5FF95FCB195DFFC26BCEA" box="[894,967,654,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Distance between occipital and oral foramina as long as height of occipital foramen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC5FF95FF0A958DFCBABD01" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Mouthparts (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC5FF95FE91958DFE46BCB4" box="[350,423,732,758]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Mandibles exposed; right mandible with three teeth; left with two teeth. Cardo of maxilla visible, maxillary stipes 5.8 times longer than wide. Maxillary palp with five segments; last segment 3.3 times longer than wide. Labial palp with three segments.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC5FF95FF0A9401FE64BA69" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Antenna (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC5FF95FE8F9401FE6FBD28" box="[320,398,848,874]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
C). 0.7 times length of body, with 12 segments; flagellum widening towards apex; antennal segments with coriaceous sculpture and setae no longer than width of a segment. Placodeal sensilla v i s i b l e o n l y o n F7 –F 1 0 (F i g. 2 D). R e l a t i v e l e n g t h s o f a n t e n n a l s e g m e n t s: 25:12:15:20:20:20:17:15:15:16:17:45; pedicel 0.9 times its width; 0.8 times length of F1; F1 1.9 times longer than wide. Ultimate flagellomere spindle-shaped, 3 times longer than wide, 1.2 times wider than penultimate, not truncate at apex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC5FF95FF0A9369FB1EBB78" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Mesosoma. Pronotum, anterior view, almost glabrous medially, strongly pubescent laterally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC5FF95FAE39369FA97BA10" box="[1324,1398,1080,1106]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
H). Ratio of median to lateral length of pronotum 0.3. Pronotal plate distinct, 5.5 wider than long; dorsal part distinctly set off, anterolateral margin marked and somewhat projecting laterad; some strong longitudinal rugae visible in anterior and lateral view between margin of pronotal plate and surface of pronotum laterally. Admedian pronotal depressions separated by more than median length of pronotum. Posterior pronotal plate more or less rectangular, bare and smooth, ventral and lateral margins marked. Lateral surface of pronotum coriaceous, some strong, short rugae running from the lateral margin of pronotal plate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC5FF95FB5C9271FB3BBB78" box="[1171,1242,1312,1338]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
G).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC5FF95FF0A9217FBDAB948" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Mesonotum. Mesoscutum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC5FF95FDDB9217FDBEBB22" box="[532,607,1350,1376]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="FFBA73C3FFC5FF95FD809217FDBEBB22" box="[591,607,1350,1376]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I) 1.2 times wider than long; with weak coriaceous sculpture, more distinct at lateral lobe, with few setae. Median mesoscutal impression absent. Notauli percurrent, straight and narrow, converging posteriorly. Separation of notauli posteriorly at transscutal fissure relatively narrow, 0.3 times width of separation at anterior margin of mesoscutum. Anteroadmedian signa visible. Mesoscutum and scutellum separated by narrow transscutal fissure. Scutellar foveae indistinct, visible only as shallow depression with some rugae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC5FF95FE399159FDDEB860" box="[502,575,1544,1570]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="FFBA73C3FFC5FF95FDE19159FDDEB860" box="[558,575,1544,1570]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I). Scutellum, in dorsal view with strong rugae also present medially; in lateral view convex, with prominent rugose sculpture. Posterodorsal and posterior margins of axillula distinct. Mesopleuron (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC5FF95FE8E9104FE66B82D" box="[321,391,1621,1647]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
G) ventral to mesopleural triangle with a prominent longitudinal mesopleural impression, more or less complete, ending at margin of mesopleural triangle. Some irregular longitudinal striae and coriaceous sculpture dorsal to furrow. Mesopleuron smooth ventral to mesopleural impression. Mesopleural triangle distinctly impressed and densely pubescent; dorsal margin diffuse anteriorly, not meeting area near prepectus but meeting posterolateral margin of pronotum well below prepectus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC5FF95FF0A9047FAB2B915" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Metanotum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC5FF95FE929047FE43B972" box="[349,418,1814,1840]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1759,1783]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Propodeum. (B) Fore leg, arrow pointing to swelling of profemur (C) Magnification of the structure of rows of sharp, closely spaced, deep costulae. (D) Metatarsal claw. (E) Forewing. (F) Female metasoma and (G) Detail of ventral spine of hypopygium. (H) Male metasoma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189600/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Metascutellum with distinct median constriction. Ventrally divided in two parts by a median vertical bar. Median width wider than metanotal trough. Metanotal trough smooth, pubescent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC5FF95FF0A9035FD26B9B0" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Metapectal-propodeal complex. Metapleural sulcus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC5FF95FCFB9035FC9AB93C" box="[820,891,1892,1918]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
G) meeting posterior margin of mesopectus at about mid height of metapectal-propodeal complex. Lateral propodeal carinae narrow, parallel, subdivided into irregular carinae near nucha (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC5FF95FDFE90E0FD98B989" box="[561,633,1969,1995]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1759,1783]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Propodeum. (B) Fore leg, arrow pointing to swelling of profemur (C) Magnification of the structure of rows of sharp, closely spaced, deep costulae. (D) Metatarsal claw. (E) Forewing. (F) Female metasoma and (G) Detail of ventral spine of hypopygium. (H) Male metasoma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189600/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Lateral and median propodeal areas smooth, pubescent. Nucha dorsally with some irregular longitudinal rugae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC2FF92FF0A97C9FD3CBEBD" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,1763]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Legs. Profemur with ventral swelling in basal third, wearing 4–5 rows of sharp closely spaced, deep costulae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC2FF92FEC697EFFEBBBE9A" box="[265,346,190,216]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1759,1783]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Propodeum. (B) Fore leg, arrow pointing to swelling of profemur (C) Magnification of the structure of rows of sharp, closely spaced, deep costulae. (D) Metatarsal claw. (E) Forewing. (F) Female metasoma and (G) Detail of ventral spine of hypopygium. (H) Male metasoma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189600/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B & 3C). Protarsi 1.2 times longer than protibia. Metatarsal claw with a acute basal lobe or tooth, about ¼ of length of apical tooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC2FF92FDBE97B4FD57BEBD" box="[625,694,229,255]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1759,1783]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Propodeum. (B) Fore leg, arrow pointing to swelling of profemur (C) Magnification of the structure of rows of sharp, closely spaced, deep costulae. (D) Metatarsal claw. (E) Forewing. (F) Female metasoma and (G) Detail of ventral spine of hypopygium. (H) Male metasoma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189600/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC2FF92FF0A965DFD38BFD8" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,1763]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Forewing (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC2FF92FE8A965DFE6BBF64" box="[325,394,268,294]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1759,1783]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Propodeum. (B) Fore leg, arrow pointing to swelling of profemur (C) Magnification of the structure of rows of sharp, closely spaced, deep costulae. (D) Metatarsal claw. (E) Forewing. (F) Female metasoma and (G) Detail of ventral spine of hypopygium. (H) Male metasoma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189600/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
E). 1.2 times longer than body. Radial cell closed along anterior margin, 3.7 times longer than wide; R1 slightly depigmented along margin of radial cell; radius (Rs) straight, reaching anterior margin of wing. Areolet absent; vein Rs+M and M almost invisible, directed towards lower half of median vein. Fringe of long setae along apical margin of wing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC2FF92FF0A96F7FEEFBCC0" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,1763]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Metasoma. Metasoma (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC2FF92FE1296F7FDC5BF82" box="[477,548,422,448]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1759,1783]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Propodeum. (B) Fore leg, arrow pointing to swelling of profemur (C) Magnification of the structure of rows of sharp, closely spaced, deep costulae. (D) Metatarsal claw. (E) Forewing. (F) Female metasoma and (G) Detail of ventral spine of hypopygium. (H) Male metasoma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189600/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
F) shorter than head plus mesosoma; in lateral view 1.4 times longer than high; laterally compressed. Abdominal petiole smooth dorsally, ventrally with deep longitudinal grooves; about as long as high. T2 smooth and shining, covering about 2/3 of metasoma; anteromedian area of T2 with only 4–5 long setae. Projecting part of hypopygial spine 4 times longer than high; apical pubescence of hypopigial spine projecting beyond apex of spine, subapical setae longer than apical hairs, together forming a small tuft.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC2FF92FF0A95DEFB41BDD2" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,1763]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC2FF92FF0A95DEFEE8BCEA" box="[197,265,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to female except as described below (size and coloration already discussed). Head as wide as high. Antenna (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC2FF92FE4F95E4FE2DBC8D" box="[384,460,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
E) with 13 flagellomeres. Flagellum not widening towards apex. F2 abruptly expanded from base towards apex, apex 2.5 times wider than base. F3 slightly curved at basal third, slightly wider towards apex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC2FF92FE5C9453FE3DBD5E" box="[403,476,770,796]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,255,1779,1803]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1754]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Head anterior view. (B) Head posterior view. (C) Female antenna. (D) Detail of last flagellomeres. (E). Male antenna. (F) Detail of basal flagellomeres. (G) Mesosoma lateral view. (H) Pronotum anterior view. (I) Mesosoma dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189599/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
F); F4 and following flagellomeres cylindrical, not modified. Relative length of antennomeres: 15:10:13:20:21:20:17:15:14:15:14:14:14:13:17. Placodeal sensilla present on all flagellomeres, except F1, arranged in row of 4–5 sensilla on each flagellomere. Metasoma (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC2FF92FACF9401FAA8BD28" box="[1280,1353,848,874]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1759,1783]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,181,1743]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Paraulax perplexa: (A) Propodeum. (B) Fore leg, arrow pointing to swelling of profemur (C) Magnification of the structure of rows of sharp, closely spaced, deep costulae. (D) Metatarsal claw. (E) Forewing. (F) Female metasoma and (G) Detail of ventral spine of hypopygium. (H) Male metasoma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189600/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
H); T2 covering ¼ of length of metasoma. Anteromedian area of T2 with group of only 3 setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E0688FFC2FF92FF0994CCFB64BDF5" box="[198,1157,925,951]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC2FF92FF0994CCFB64BDF5" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,1763]" box="[198,1157,925,951]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC2FF92FF0994CCFE86BDF5" bold="true" box="[198,359,925,951]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3131593FFC2FF92FEA194CCFE50BDF5" box="[366,433,925,951]" name="Chile" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Concepción and Los Queules (IX and X Regiones) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC2FF92FBEF94CCFB96BDF5" box="[1056,1143,925,951]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="34.[151,256,1701,1725]" captionTargetBox="[373,1219,186,1677]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[370,1220,186,1677]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 15. Map of collection localities of species of Paraulacini in Chile and Argentina: Paraulax perplexa (1), P. queulensis (2), P. ronquisti (3), Cecinothofagus gallaecoihue (4), C. gallaelenga (5), C. ibarrai (6)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189611/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E0688FFC2FF92FF099492FBA3BA3A" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC2FF92FF099492FBA3BA3A" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,1763]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC2FF92FF099492FECBBD9F" bold="true" box="[198,298,963,989]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
Unknown. One potential host is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFC2FF92FD729495FCA5BD9F" box="[701,836,964,989]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC2FF92FD729495FCA5BD9F" box="[701,836,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Nothofagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
galls induced by species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFC2FF92FB519495FA85BD9C" authority="Gahan" authorityName="Gahan" box="[1182,1380,964,990]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Espinosa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC2FF92FB519495FAEBBD9F" box="[1182,1290,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Espinosa</emphasis>
|
||
Gahan
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and maybe also
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFC2FF92FEEB94BBFE45BA41" box="[292,420,1002,1027]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Aditrochus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC2FF92FEEB94BBFE45BA41" box="[292,420,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Aditrochus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both ormocerine chalcids (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFC2FF92FD2194BBFC6EBA46" box="[750,911,1002,1028]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFC2FF92FC5494BBFBDBBA46" box="[923,1082,1002,1028]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ormocerinae">Ormocerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In the collecting area of Los Queules we sampled two potential
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFC2FF92FD889340FD56BA68" box="[583,695,1041,1066]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Espinosa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC2FF92FD889340FD56BA68" box="[583,695,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Espinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
host galls, both on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFC2FF92FC649340FB7CBA68" box="[939,1181,1041,1066]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obliqua">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC2FF92FC649340FB7CBA68" box="[939,1181,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Nothofagus obliqua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFC2FF92FB609340FF02BA10" authority="Gahan" authorityName="Gahan" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Espinosa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nothofagi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC2FF92FB609340FA7DBA68" box="[1199,1436,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Espinosa nothofagi</emphasis>
|
||
Gahan
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC2FF92FF3C9369FEA6BA10" box="[243,327,1080,1106]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="29.[151,263,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[251,1348,181,1848]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[250,1350,181,1849]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 12. Host galls of Cecinothofagus, induced by species of Aditrochus and Espinosa (Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae) on species of Nothofagus: (A) Gall of Aditrochus coihuensis on Nothofagus dombeyi. (B) Section of gall. (C) A group of galls not showing the apical point. (D) Gall of an unidentified Aditrochus species on Nothofagus dombeyi. (E) Galls of Aditrochus fagicolus on Nothofagus pumilio. (F) Section of gall. (G) Gall of Espinosa nothofagi on Nothofagus obliqua. (H) Gall of an unidentified Espinosa species on Nothofagus obliqua." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189608/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
G) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFC2FF92FE519369FDEBBA13" box="[414,522,1080,1105]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Espinosa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC2FF92FE519369FDEBBA13" box="[414,522,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Espinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F4986FFC2FF92FD8D9369FD76BA10" box="[578,663,1080,1106]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="29.[151,263,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[251,1348,181,1848]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[250,1350,181,1849]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 12. Host galls of Cecinothofagus, induced by species of Aditrochus and Espinosa (Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae) on species of Nothofagus: (A) Gall of Aditrochus coihuensis on Nothofagus dombeyi. (B) Section of gall. (C) A group of galls not showing the apical point. (D) Gall of an unidentified Aditrochus species on Nothofagus dombeyi. (E) Galls of Aditrochus fagicolus on Nothofagus pumilio. (F) Section of gall. (G) Gall of Espinosa nothofagi on Nothofagus obliqua. (H) Gall of an unidentified Espinosa species on Nothofagus obliqua." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/189608/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
H), identified according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9528F2FFC2FF92FC1C9369FB3EBA10" box="[979,1247,1080,1106]" pageId="12" pageNumber="38" refString="De Santis, L., Fidalgo, P. & Ovruski, S. (1993) Himenopteros parasitoides de los generos Aditrochus Ruebsaamen y Espinosa Gahan (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) asociados a agallas en Nothofagus (Fagaceae) del sur de Argentina y Chile. Acta entomologica Chilena, 18, 133 - 146." type="journal article">
|
||
De Santis
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC2FF92FB839369FB9EBA13" box="[1100,1151,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1993)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Collection data indicate a flight period in late winter and early spring (from August to October).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E0688FFC2FF92FF0993D4FB29B8A1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC2FF92FF0993D4FEEDBB51" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,1763]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC2FF92FF0993D4FEDEBADD" bold="true" box="[198,319,1157,1183]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9528F2FFC2FF92FE8893D4FE38BADD" author="Weld" box="[327,473,1157,1183]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" refString="Weld, L. H. (1952) Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera) 1905 - 1950. Privately printed [L. H. Weld], Ann Arbor, Michigan. 351 pp." type="book chapter" year="1952">Weld (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that Kieffer´s
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BFEBA1FFC2FF92FD0093D4FCECBADD" box="[719,781,1157,1183]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFC2FF92FCFB93D4FC7ABADC" box="[820,923,1157,1182]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Paraulax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC2FF92FCFB93D4FC7ABADC" box="[820,923,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">perplexa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were specimens captured near Concepción,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3131593FFC2FF92FF5893FDFF3CBA84" box="[151,221,1196,1222]" name="Chile" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Pablo Herbst leg., with unknown habitat. The material was sent to Kieffer in different years from different localities. Hence, Kieffer inferred that the species must be abundant. The location of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BFEBA1FFC2FF92FA8F9383FA61BAAE" box="[1344,1408,1234,1260]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">types</typeStatus>
|
||
is unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC2FF92FF0A9271FAD1BB78" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,1763]" box="[197,1328,1312,1338]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
A
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BFEBA1FFC2FF92FF2E9271FEDFBB78" box="[225,318,1312,1338]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is here designated with the purpose of clarifying the taxonomic position of this taxon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC2FF92FF0A9217FCEDB80A" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,1763]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
We further justify this nomenclatural act by the close resemblance of this species with the original, albeit somewhat short, description. Of special importance in the original description is the mention of the following diagnostic characters: “face irrégulierement ridée” but without mention of a median vertical carina; 12 antennal segments as long as the three preceding segments; 4 antennal segments of the male apically truncate; the “mesopleures finement striées”; the toothed tarsal claws. All these characters fit with the characters presented for the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BFEBA1FFC2FF92FEA59159FE2DB860" box="[362,460,1544,1570]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, and does not apply to the species reared from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFC2FF92FBCA9159FB66B863" box="[1029,1159,1544,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Aditrochus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC2FF92FBCA9159FB66B863" box="[1029,1159,1544,1569]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Aditrochus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
galls that in this paper have been included in the new genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFC2FF92FD82917EFCE4B80A" box="[589,773,1583,1608]" class="Hexapoda" family="Cynipidae" genus="Cecinothofagus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC2FF92FD82917EFCE4B80A" box="[589,773,1583,1608]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cecinothofagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC2FF92FF0A9104FD9EB8FE" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,1763]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Also, the collecting locality of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BFEBA1FFC2FF92FDA19104FD2CB82D" box="[622,717,1621,1647]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
material is near the original locality, and the two localities (Concepción and los Queules) share the same vegetation
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BFEBA1FFC2FF92FCF9912DFC89B8D4" box="[822,872,1660,1686]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">type</typeStatus>
|
||
described as Bosque Maulino, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFC2FF92FADA912DFF10B8FE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obliqua">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9708911FFC2FF92FADA912DFF10B8FE" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Nothofagus obliqua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C042E80FFC2FF92FF3791F3FEDAB8FE" box="[248,315,1698,1724]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nothofagaceae" genus="Nothofagus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="forest">forest</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the predominant habitat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB5503FFC2FF92FF0A9198FB29B8A1" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,1763]" box="[197,1224,1737,1763]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BFEBA1FFC2FF92FF359198FEB6B8A1" box="[250,343,1737,1763]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is deposited in the Museo Chileno de Historia Natural (Santiago de
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3131593FFC2FF92FBB89198FB5DB8A1" box="[1143,1212,1737,1763]" name="Chile" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |