455 lines
50 KiB
XML
455 lines
50 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="E056091DA693CC5545C67F56ADD9786A">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 7. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: grass and bamboo feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="346B164C88F6F9A9B1521C2DEF253920">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F313FEE69F6D05E3EEEEDA0BC82F6425">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="CCED639E10B7B725A81D1C18B132C800">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="BE686B46E726832162DCFA8F3759E907">
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<mods:date id="9D3B9F05777047735A9A144A2B258C3E">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="0DB5939E23758B23D8C3CDA44BD31697">3872</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03AA87B3FFEB352EFF79FDFC2533DFB2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681024" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119589701" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5681024" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87B3FFEB352EFF79FDFC2533DFB2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87B3FFEB352EFF79FDFC2533DFB2" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="347" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">
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<subSubSection id="C319652EFFEB352EFF79FDFC2533DFB2" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="348" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFEB352CFF79FDFC2432DD59" blockId="45.[151,561,548,574]" box="[151,561,548,574]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">
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<heading id="D0F481C9FFEB352CFF79FDFC2432DD59" bold="true" box="[151,561,548,574]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFF79FDFC2432DD59" ID-CoL="9BY9R" authority="Aurivillius, 1910" authorityName="Aurivillius" authorityYear="1910" box="[151,561,548,574]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFF79FDFC2432DD59" bold="true" box="[151,561,548,574]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFF79FDFC2759DD59" bold="true" box="[151,346,548,574]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Monza punctata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFEB352CFE8CFDFC2432DD59" author="Aurivillius" box="[354,561,548,574]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" refString="Aurivillius, C. (1910) Lepidoptera. Wissenchaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedische Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den Umbebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905 - 1906 unter Leitung von Prof. Dr. Yngve Sjostedt, 2 (9), 1 - 56, 2 plates. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / pdf 3 / 006399500017061. pdf (accessed 9 September 2014)" type="book chapter" year="1910">Aurivillius, 1910</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFEB352CFF79FDB22559DCA0" blockId="45.[151,1437,618,1759]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFEB352CFF79FDB22764DDE4" author="Aurivillius" box="[151,359,618,643]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" refString="Aurivillius, C. (1910) Lepidoptera. Wissenchaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedische Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den Umbebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905 - 1906 unter Leitung von Prof. Dr. Yngve Sjostedt, 2 (9), 1 - 56, 2 plates. Available from: http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / pdf 3 / 006399500017061. pdf (accessed 9 September 2014)" type="book chapter" year="1910">Aurivillius (1910)</bibRefCitation>
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initially described this species as a ‘var.’ of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFC65FDB42202DDE4" box="[907,1025,618,643]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alberti">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFC65FDB42202DDE4" box="[907,1025,618,643]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">M. alberti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from three specimens collected at ‘Kilimandjaro’,
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFEB352CFEA3FD5627B6DDC0" box="[333,437,654,679]" name="Tanzania" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFEB352CFE2FFD572454DDC0" author="Evans" box="[449,599,655,679]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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treated it as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFC75FD572222DDC1" box="[923,1057,655,678]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cretacea">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFC75FD572222DDC1" box="[923,1057,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">M. cretacea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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restricted to
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFEB352CFB5BFD562319DDC0" box="[1205,1306,654,679]" name="Tanzania" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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(Usambara and
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFEB352CFF29FD6A272FDDAC" box="[199,300,690,715]" name="Tanzania" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
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) and south-eastern
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFEB352CFDE7FD6B2480DDAC" box="[521,643,691,715]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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(Kundelungu Plateau, Mpala). However, his diagrams of the genitalia suggest that
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFEC8FD0F27AEDD89" box="[294,429,727,750]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cretacea">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFEC8FD0F27AEDD89" box="[294,429,727,750]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">M. cretacea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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included at least two species. In spite of this, when Evans re-examined the issue, at the behest of T.H.E. Jackson, he persisted with the view that there was no morphological difference between the genitalia of the two (Evans 1955). Jackson considered that since the two forms fly together, are easily distinguished and do not intergrade they are both valid species.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFEB352CFD22FC9B2592DC3C" author="Carcasson" box="[716,913,835,859]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" refString="Carcasson, R. H. (1981) Collins Handguide to the Butterflies of Africa. Collins, London, 188 pp." type="book" year="1981">Carcasson (1981)</bibRefCitation>
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evidently agreed and returned
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFB1CFC9C2357DC3C" box="[1266,1364,836,859]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFB1CFC9C2357DC3C" box="[1266,1364,836,859]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">punctata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to the status of a full species, and subsequent authors have followed this. However, there are several other taxa to consider, and the situation is far from straightforward. Writing about
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFC57FC5422F2DCC4" authority="Larsen (2005)" authorityName="Larsen" authorityYear="2005" box="[953,1265,906,931]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cretacea">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFC57FC542243DCC4" box="[953,1088,908,931]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">M. cretacea</emphasis>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFEB352CFBBFFC5322F2DCC4" author="Larsen" box="[1105,1265,906,931]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. Vols. 1. & 2. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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suggests there may be three or four species in the
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFDCEFC7724E8DCA1" box="[544,747,943,966]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">cretacea-punctata</emphasis>
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complex.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFEB352CFF29FC0B2773DB1C" blockId="45.[151,1437,618,1759]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">
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Here, we follow provisionally the taxonomy in the catalogue (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFEB352CFC6FFC0A2256DC8C" author="Ackery" box="[897,1109,978,1003]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFC33FC0C220DDC8C" box="[989,1038,978,1003]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">et al</emphasis>
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. 1995
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</bibRefCitation>
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) as follows.
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFB08FC0C239FDC8C" box="[1254,1436,980,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFB08FC0C239FDC8C" box="[1254,1436,980,1003]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Monza punctata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has two subspecies:
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFE95FC2F27DEDB69" box="[379,477,1015,1038]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFE95FC2F27DEDB69" box="[379,477,1015,1038]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">punctata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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found from south-east
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFEB352CFD0CFC2F255EDB68" box="[738,861,1015,1039]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFEB352CFC87FC2E25BCDB68" box="[873,959,1014,1039]" name="Malawi" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFEB352CFC1BFC2E2259DB68" box="[1013,1114,1014,1039]" name="Tanzania" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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and
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFB7EFC2E22C9DB68" box="[1168,1226,1014,1039]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">crola</emphasis>
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Evans found from western
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFEB352CFF16FBC32742DB54" box="[248,321,1051,1075]" name="Kenya" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFEB352CFE84FBC327EADB54" box="[362,489,1051,1075]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFEB352CFE18FBC32494DB54" author="Larsen" box="[502,663,1050,1075]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. Vols. 1. & 2. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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discounts a record of ssp.
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFC3FFBC22208DB54" box="[977,1035,1050,1075]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">crola</emphasis>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFEB352CFBBBFBC222AFDB54" box="[1109,1196,1050,1075]" name="Nigeria" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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, but it has also been recorded from
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFEB352CFEACFBE62794DB30" box="[322,407,1086,1111]" name="Zambia" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFEB352CFE46FBE62474DB30" author="Heath" box="[424,631,1086,1111]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 137 pp. + CD." type="book" year="2002">
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Heath
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFE18FBE72429DB30" box="[502,554,1086,1111]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">et al</emphasis>
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. 2002
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFCFFFBE72570DB31" box="[785,883,1087,1110]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFCFFFBE72570DB31" box="[785,883,1087,1110]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">punctata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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may extend into the Shimba Hills of south-east
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFEB352CFF79FBBB26E3DB1C" box="[151,224,1123,1147]" name="Kenya" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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(see below).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFEB352CFF29FB5F22A2DA6D" blockId="45.[151,1437,618,1759]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFEB352CFF29FB5F2763DBF8" author="Evans" box="[199,352,1159,1183]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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described ssp.
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFDFDFB5F2450DBF9" box="[531,595,1159,1182]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">crona</emphasis>
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from Mt Mlanje,
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFEB352CFCC7FB5E2582DBF8" box="[809,897,1158,1183]" name="Malawi" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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, having larger, overlapping discal spots on the forewing, but
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFEB352CFED6FB72241CDBA4" box="[312,543,1194,1219]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFE7CFB7427C6DBA4" box="[402,453,1194,1219]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">et al</emphasis>
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. (1995)
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</bibRefCitation>
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treat this as a synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFCB8FB7425FFDBA4" box="[854,1020,1196,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="punctata" subSpecies="punctata">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFCB8FB7425FFDBA4" box="[854,1020,1196,1219]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">M. p. punctata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. However T.B. Larsen (pers. comm. 2014) suggests
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFEA4FB172789DB81" box="[330,394,1231,1254]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">crona</emphasis>
|
||
may merit species status. We report on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFCB2FB172207DB81" box="[860,1028,1231,1254]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="punctata" subSpecies="punctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFCB2FB172207DB81" box="[860,1028,1231,1254]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">M. p. punctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFEB352CFBA3FB1622B1DB80" box="[1101,1202,1230,1255]" name="Tanzania" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Ruo Gorge, Mt Mlanje,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFEB352CFF1AFB2A274FDA6C" box="[244,332,1266,1291]" name="Malawi" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the latter representing the population that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFEB352CFCC2FB2B25C1DA6C" author="Evans" box="[812,962,1267,1291]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described as
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFBB7FB2C229ADA6C" box="[1113,1177,1268,1291]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">crona</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFEB352CFF29FACF256DDAD8" blockId="45.[151,1437,618,1759]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFEB352CFF29FACF275FDA48" author="Evans" box="[199,348,1303,1327]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also described three female forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFCEEFACF2580DA49" box="[768,899,1303,1326]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cretacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFCEEFACF2580DA49" box="[768,899,1303,1326]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">M. cretacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with extensive white markings on the hindwing underside: f.
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFEC3FAE22772DA34" box="[301,369,1338,1363]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">canda</emphasis>
|
||
Evans from the Usambaras, f.
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFD38FAE22520DA34" box="[726,803,1338,1363]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">candia</emphasis>
|
||
Evans (with reduced forewing markings) from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFEB352CFAABFAE2239FDA34" box="[1349,1436,1338,1363]" name="Uganda" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
and f.
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFF33FA872719DA11" box="[221,282,1375,1398]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">crosa</emphasis>
|
||
Evans (with no spot in cell, forewing) also from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFEB352CFCAFFA86259FDA10" box="[833,924,1374,1399]" name="Uganda" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFEB352CFC48FA86228BDA10" box="[934,1160,1374,1399]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book">
|
||
Ackery
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFC11FA872233DA10" box="[1023,1072,1374,1399]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1995)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
list
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFB56FA8622FFDA10" box="[1208,1276,1374,1399]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">canda</emphasis>
|
||
as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFF56FA5C2763DAFC" box="[184,352,1412,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="punctata" subSpecies="punctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFF56FA5C2763DAFC" box="[184,352,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">M. p. punctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFE4DFA5A27F3DAFC" box="[419,496,1410,1435]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">candia</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFDC5FA5C246BDAFC" box="[555,616,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">crosa</emphasis>
|
||
as synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFCC1FA5C25A5DAFC" box="[815,934,1410,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="punctata" subSpecies="crola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFCC1FA5C25A5DAFC" box="[815,934,1410,1435]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">P. p. crola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We suspect that similar forms occur in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFA93FA5C26E1DAD8" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alberti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFA93FA5C26E1DAD8" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">M. alberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFEB352CFE8DFA7F27ACDAD8" box="[355,431,1447,1471]" name="Kenya" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but this will be investigated separately.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFEB352CFF29FA14231DD928" blockId="45.[151,1437,618,1759]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFF29FA142778DA84" box="[199,379,1484,1507]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFF29FA142778DA84" box="[199,379,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Monza punctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most likely to be confused with
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFCE1FA142598DA84" box="[783,923,1482,1507]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFCE1FA14257DDA84" box="[783,894,1482,1507]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alberti">M. alberti</taxonomicName>
|
||
––
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
at least where they overlap geographically. In principle the two can be separated by the absence of cell spots UPF in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFC77FA372205D960" box="[921,1030,1518,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alberti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFC77FA372205D960" box="[921,1030,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">M. alberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but most females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFB1DFA372363D960" box="[1267,1376,1518,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alberti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFB1DFA372363D960" box="[1267,1376,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">M. alberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFEB352CFF1DF9CB2738D94C" box="[243,315,1555,1579]" name="Kenya" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
have a single cell spot. The uniform light brown fringe of the hind wing of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFB6EF9CC2306D94C" box="[1152,1285,1556,1579]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFB6EF9CC2306D94C" box="[1152,1285,1556,1579]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">M. punctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, compared to the brown, slightly chequered fringe of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFDA9F9EF24B6D928" box="[583,693,1590,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alberti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFDA9F9EF24B6D928" box="[583,693,1590,1615]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">M. alberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems to be a useful diagnostic guide, at least in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFEB352CFB21F9EF2319D928" box="[1231,1306,1591,1615]" name="Kenya" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFEB352CFF29F982271ED9B8" blockId="45.[151,1437,618,1759]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">
|
||
This is generally an uncommon species in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFEB352CFD4FF98324EED914" box="[673,749,1627,1651]" name="Kenya" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with scattered records of ssp.
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFBADF982227ED914" box="[1091,1149,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">crola</emphasis>
|
||
from open forest habitats in western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFEB352CFEFBF9A7275DD9F0" box="[277,350,1663,1687]" name="Kenya" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the Central Highlands. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFEB352CFD51F9A62520D9F0" box="[703,803,1662,1687]" name="Tanzania" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
it is a common species of forests and heavy woodland: ssp.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFF25F97C272ED9DC" box="[203,301,1700,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFF25F97C272ED9DC" box="[203,301,1700,1723]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">punctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the east from Kilimanjaro down to the Rondo Plateau, and ssp.
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFBDEF97A2269D9DC" box="[1072,1130,1698,1723]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">crola</emphasis>
|
||
in the west, from Mpanda northwards.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFEB352CFF79F8D6274FD840" blockId="45.[151,1427,1806,1867]" box="[151,332,1806,1831]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFF79F8D6274FD840" box="[151,332,1806,1831]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Adult behaviour</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFEB352CFF79F8EA2390D82D" blockId="45.[151,1427,1806,1867]" box="[151,1427,1842,1867]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">
|
||
Males will perch and sunbathe with the hind wings three-quarter open, when they can be mistaken for a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFAC8F8EA236FD82C" box="[1318,1388,1842,1867]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFAC8F8EA236FD82C" box="[1318,1388,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Borbo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFEB352CFF79F8A2271DD8F4" blockId="45.[151,1436,1914,2011]" box="[151,286,1914,1939]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFF79F8A2271DD8F4" box="[151,286,1914,1939]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Food plants</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFEB352FFF79F84726F9DF9F" blockId="45.[151,1436,1914,2011]" lastBlockId="46.[151,1436,151,645]" lastPageId="46" lastPageNumber="347" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFEB352CFF79F8472752D8D0" author="Vuattoux" box="[151,337,1951,1975]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" refString="Vuattoux, R. (1999) Les lepidopteres hesperiides de la Station de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Lambillionea, 94, 562 - 568." type="journal article" year="1999">Vuattoux (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reports that he reared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFDBAF847254DD8D0" box="[596,846,1950,1975]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="punctata" subSpecies="crola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFDBAF847254DD8D0" box="[596,846,1950,1975]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Monza punctata crola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFC78F8462239D8D0" box="[918,1082,1950,1975]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Olyridae" genus="Olyra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFC78F8462239D8D0" box="[918,1082,1950,1975]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">Olyra latifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a naturalized South American species in Africa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFEB352CFE8EF81A24A6D8BC" author="Soderstrom" box="[352,677,1986,2011]" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" refString="Soderstrom, T. R. & Zuloaga, F. O. (1989) A revision of the genus Olyra and the new segregate genus Parodiolyra (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Olyreae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, 69, 1 - 79." type="journal article" year="1989">Soderstrom & Zuloaga 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Given the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFEB352CFC3CF81C225AD8BC" box="[978,1113,1988,2011]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="45" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFEB352CFC3CF81C225AD8BC" box="[978,1113,1988,2011]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="346">M. punctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
indicated above, which does not extend west of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFE8352FFE82FF4027E4DFD7" box="[364,487,152,176]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
, this should be a misidentification, probably for another species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFE8352FFB36FF412327DFD7" box="[1240,1316,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFB36FF412327DFD7" box="[1240,1316,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">Monza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although MJWC identified three specimens for R. Vuattoux, he did not retain a voucher, so this identification has not been checked.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFE8352FFF29FEDC24C5DE02" blockId="46.[151,1436,151,645]" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFE8352FFF29FEDC279EDE7B" box="[199,413,260,285]" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 137 pp. + CD." type="book">
|
||
Heath
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFEFFFEDD2741DE7A" box="[273,322,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggest that the food plant of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFE8352FFD1BFEDD2571DE7A" box="[757,882,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="punctata" subSpecies="crola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFD1BFEDD2571DE7A" box="[757,882,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">M. p. crola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is possibly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFE8352FFC14FEDC2265DE7A" box="[1018,1126,260,285]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cenchrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFC14FEDC2265DE7A" box="[1018,1126,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">Cenchrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFE8352FFB53FEDD2343DE7B" box="[1213,1344,261,284]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pennisetum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFB53FEDD2343DE7B" box="[1213,1344,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">Pennisetum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.) but this may be based on the food plant of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFE8352FFDB0FEF124D3DE27" box="[606,720,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alberti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFDB0FEF124D3DE27" box="[606,720,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">M. alberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reported in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFE8352FFC8EFEF02200DE27" author="Larsen" box="[864,1027,296,320]" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. We have found no other published information on the early stages of this subspecies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFE8352FFF29FEB722E3DDE3" blockId="46.[151,1436,151,645]" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">
|
||
Sevastopulo (unpublished, no. 699) collected an unidentified caterpillar on a grass at Kwale, which pupated and died. His description and photographs indicate that the caterpillar was a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFE8352FFC02FE4D223BDECB" box="[1004,1080,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFC02FE4D223BDECB" box="[1004,1080,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">Monza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., a genus which
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFE8352FFAFDFE4C26D9DEB7" author="Sevastopulo" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975) Hesperiidae. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 131 - 132. In: Sevastopulo, D. G. [1975 - 1978] (Ed.), A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, pp. 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, pp. 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, pp. 45 - 50; 37, pp. 147 - 172, 202 - 216." type="journal article" year="1975">Sevastopulo (1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFE8352FFF09FE602722DEB7" author="Sevastopulo" box="[231,289,440,464]" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1981) A second list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 40, 48 - 55." type="journal article" year="1981">1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, unpublished) had not otherwise reared. His caterpillar resembles the dark form of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFE8352FFB3EFE612341DEB7" box="[1232,1346,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alberti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFB3EFE612341DEB7" box="[1232,1346,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">M. alberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 42.5) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFE8352FFEE8FE0527AADE93" box="[262,425,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="punctata" subSpecies="punctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFEE8FE0527AADE93" box="[262,425,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">M. p. punctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFE8352FFE02FE042442DE92" box="[492,577,476,501]" name="Malawi" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Ruo Gorge,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A20FFE8352FFD34FE042544DE93" box="[730,839,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 49" captionStartId="49.[151,250,970,992]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,411,945]" captionTargetId="figure@49.[151,1436,411,945]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURE 49. Early stages of Monza punctata punctata on Setaria grandis, Ruo Gorge, Malawi [TCEC]. 1, penultimate instar, 20 mm; 15 Mar 2014; 2, final instar, detail of head anterior view, 12 Mar 2014; 3, final instar, lateral view; 4, pupa, dorsolateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251909/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">Figure 49</figureCitation>
|
||
) and the Udzungwa Mountains,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFE8352FFB5DFE04231BDE92" box="[1203,1304,476,501]" name="Tanzania" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A20FFE8352FFACBFE042397DE93" box="[1317,1428,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 47" captionStartId="47.[151,250,1727,1749]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,682,1702]" captionTargetId="figure@47.[151,1436,682,1702]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIGURE 47. Early stages of unconfirmed Monza punctata punctata, collected on Setaria sp. at Sanje, Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania [TCEC]. 1, Ovum, dorsolateral view, 21 Feb 2000; 2, ovum lateral view, 21 Feb 2000; 3, final instar caterpillar, dorsolateral view, 13 Mar 2000; 4, final instar caterpillar, dorsal view, 13 Mar 2000; 5, pupa lateral view, 19 Mar 2000; 6, pupa dorsal view, 19 Mar 2000." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251907/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">Figure 47</figureCitation>
|
||
) treated below. No
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFE8352FFE8AFDD927B2DD7F" box="[356,433,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFE8AFDD927B2DD7F" box="[356,433,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">Monza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. have been recorded from the Shimba Hills (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFE8352FFC38FE2722A1DD7F" author="Sevastopulo" box="[982,1186,511,536]" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1974) Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 86, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1974">Sevastopulo 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFE8352FFB41FDD82338DD7F" author="Larsen" box="[1199,1339,512,536]" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the only species whose range comes close is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFE8352FFD85FDFD2512DD5B" box="[619,785,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="punctata" subSpecies="punctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFD85FDFD2512DD5B" box="[619,785,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">M. p. punctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFE8352FFC82FDFD2208DD5B" author="Larsen" box="[876,1035,548,572]" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
records from Meru, central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFE8352FFAA2FDFD239BDD5A" box="[1356,1432,549,573]" name="Kenya" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFE8352FFF24FD9F277CDD07" author="Kielland" box="[202,383,583,608]" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, Australia, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
records from
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFE8352FFDC8FD9024B8DD07" box="[550,699,584,608]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" unit="m" value="500.0" valueMax="700.0" valueMin="300.0">300 to 700m</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFE8352FFD0BFD9F254EDD07" box="[741,845,583,608]" name="Tanzania" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with a range including the Usambaras and Pemba Island. We conclude that Sevastopulo’s unidentified caterpillar was most probably
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFE8352FFBD8FDB522DADDE3" box="[1078,1241,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="punctata" subSpecies="punctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFBD8FDB522DADDE3" box="[1078,1241,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">M. p. punctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7C662DFFE8352FFF79F9242324D828" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251906/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" targetBox="[151,1436,711,1762]" targetPageId="46">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFE8352FFF79F9242324D828" blockId="46.[151,1436,1788,1871]" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFF79F9242723D876" bold="true" box="[151,288,1788,1810]" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">FIGURE 46.</emphasis>
|
||
Early stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFE8352FFE2DF92524C5D875" box="[451,710,1789,1810]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="punctata" subSpecies="punctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFE2DF92524C5D875" box="[451,710,1789,1810]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">Monza punctata punctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFE8352FFCBAF924220FD875" box="[852,1036,1788,1810]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palmifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFCBAF924220FD875" box="[852,1036,1788,1810]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">Setaria palmifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex, Nyachilo,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFE8352FFB0EF9242334D875" box="[1248,1335,1788,1810]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uluguru">Uluguru</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Tanzania [TCEC].
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFF18F8C2271FD848" bold="true" box="[246,284,1818,1839]" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">1–2</emphasis>
|
||
, early instars; 29 Jan 2004;
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFDAFF8C22464D848" bold="true" box="[577,615,1818,1839]" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">3–5</emphasis>
|
||
, final instar of form with pale head, 23 Jan 2004;
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFB9EF8C22296D848" bold="true" box="[1136,1173,1818,1839]" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">6–7</emphasis>
|
||
, final instar of form with dark head;
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFEE9F8E12717D829" bold="true" box="[263,276,1849,1870]" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">6</emphasis>
|
||
, 7 Feb 2004;
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFE4EF8E127AED829" bold="true" box="[416,429,1849,1870]" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">7</emphasis>
|
||
, 25 Jan 2004;
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFDAFF8E1244DD829" bold="true" box="[577,590,1849,1870]" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">8</emphasis>
|
||
, pupa dorsolateral view, 2 Mar 2004;
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFC21F8E125DFD829" bold="true" box="[975,988,1849,1870]" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">9</emphasis>
|
||
, pupa lateral view, 22 Feb 2004.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFE8352EFF29F8A42533DFB2" blockId="46.[151,1436,1915,2013]" lastBlockId="47.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="348" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">
|
||
TCEC reared ssp.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFE8352FFE70F8A52403D8F3" box="[414,512,1917,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFE70F8A52403D8F3" box="[414,512,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">punctata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from a member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFE8352FFCF9F8A425E5D8F3" box="[791,998,1915,1940]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palmifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFCF9F8A425E5D8F3" box="[791,998,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">Setaria palmifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex at Nyachilo, in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFE8352FFAD1F8A3239FD8F3" box="[1343,1436,1915,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="336" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uluguru">Uluguru</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mountains of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFE8352FFEDBF847279ED8DF" box="[309,413,1951,1976]" name="Tanzania" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFE8352FFDF9F878246BD8D0" box="[535,616,1952,1975]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFDF9F878246BD8D0" box="[535,616,1952,1975]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">Setaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. at Ruo Gorge,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFE8352FFCD0F8472595D8DF" box="[830,918,1951,1976]" name="Malawi" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and found the same caterpillar on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFE8352FFACDF8782377D8D0" box="[1315,1396,1952,1975]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFACDF8782377D8D0" box="[1315,1396,1952,1975]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">Setaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. at Sanje, Udzungwa Mountains,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFE8352FFDE3F81C2476D8BA" box="[525,629,1988,2013]" name="Tanzania" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where the only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFE8352FFCDBF81D2581D8BB" box="[821,898,1989,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFCDBF81D2581D8BB" box="[821,898,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">Monza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. that occurs is
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE8352FFBBAF81D2300D8BB" box="[1108,1283,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="347">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFE8352FFBBAF81D22FCD8BB" box="[1108,1279,1989,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Monza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="punctata" subSpecies="punctata">M. p. punctata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The material from each location is treated separately below, noting that material from Ruo Gorge represents the population described as
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE9352EFEC9FF652764DFB3" box="[295,359,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="348">crona</emphasis>
|
||
, and may prove to be a separate species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |