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<document id="56A5E3C1504E0E17B0CFDAEC706AB584" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4256.1.1SLASH10888" ID-CLB-Dataset="33174" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.556851" ID-GBIF-Dataset="10284664-323e-49f2-a19f-3ef15f718cc0" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="556851" ID-ZooBank="985C0239-D00C-457D-B593-76A3081BCEEA" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1493019240325" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Calder, Dale R." docDate="2017" docId="03A787C74922FF91FF58FAB4FF14F881" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4256.1.1SLASH10888.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4256 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Zanclea implexa Alder 1856" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="17" masterDocId="FF9EFFBF492CFF81FFCFFFE9FFF0FFF1" masterDocTitle="Additions to the hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the Bay of Fundy, northeastern North America, with a checklist of species reported from the region" masterLastPageNumber="86" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="15" updateTime="1698439043565" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="9C5BABCFAE833BDB44E99378BA038639">Additions to the hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the Bay of Fundy, northeastern North America, with a checklist of species reported from the region</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="51F1492C21A6C272EF1BBAD98948EB10">Calder, Dale R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="098F352F992153CB95FF2A06E9226A62">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="140FBE6D02B417FC5B8FB10E8A8B4006" type="CLB-Dataset">33174</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3E5417812B0CC2423F1117D16D6FC0CC" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.556851</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A787C74922FF91FF58FAB4FF14F881" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6015977" ID-GBIF-Taxon="128697034" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6015977" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74922FF91FF58FAB4FF14F881" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A787C74922FF91FF58FAB4FF14F881" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<subSubSection id="C314655A4922FF8FFF58FAB4FED3FA69" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB136D14922FF8FFF58FAB4FDE9FA86" blockId="14.[151,537,1373,1432]" box="[151,537,1373,1399]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<heading id="D0F981BD4922FF8FFF58FAB4FDE9FA86" bold="true" box="[151,537,1373,1399]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524922FF8FFF58FAB4FDE9FA86" ID-CoL="5CVYB" authority="Alder, 1856b" authorityName="Alder" authorityYear="1856" box="[151,537,1373,1399]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="implexa">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34922FF8FFF58FAB4FDE9FA86" bold="true" box="[151,537,1373,1399]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34922FF8FFF58FAB4FE91FA86" bold="true" box="[151,353,1373,1399]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Zanclea implexa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204922FF8FFEA0FAB4FDE1FA86" author="Alder" box="[367,529,1373,1399]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Alder, J. (1856 b) Descriptions of three new British zoophytes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 2, 18, 439 - 441. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935608697669" type="journal article" year="1856" yearSuffix="b">Alder, 1856b</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB136D14922FF8FFF58FA96FED3FA69" blockId="14.[151,537,1373,1432]" box="[151,291,1407,1432]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<figureCitation id="13352A544922FF8FFF58FA96FF14FA69" box="[151,228,1407,1432]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[167,1396,314,1826]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[163,1415,301,1833]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Capitate hydroids. a, Tubularia acadiae, hydranth with female gonophores, ROMIZ B 629. Scale equals 5 mm. b, Coryne pusilla, part of colony with two hydranths, SNM HYD- 000455. Scale equals 0.5 mm. c, Sarsia lovenii, hydranth with male gonophore, ROMIZ B 3096. Scale equals 0.5 mm. d, Sarsia lovenii, hydranth with female gonophore, ROMIZ B 3106. Scale equals 0.5 mm. e, Zanclea implexa, long pedicel with hydranth, SNM HYD- 000493. Scale equals 0.25 mm. f, Zanclea implexa, short pedicel with hydranth and developing medusa bud, SNM HYD- 001058. Scale equals 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556855/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
e, f, 6
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C314655A4922FF8FFF58FA21FC55FA0D" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB136D14922FF8FFF58FA21FDE6FA2F" blockId="14.[151,933,1480,1533]" box="[151,534,1480,1502]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11FF4922FF8FFF58FA21FDE6FA2F" box="[151,534,1480,1502]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524922FF8FFF58FA21FDE2FA2F" authority="Alder, 1856b: 439" authorityName="Alder" authorityPageNumber="439" authorityYear="1856" box="[151,530,1480,1502]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="implexa">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34922FF8FFF58FA21FEA1FA2F" box="[151,337,1480,1502]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Tubularia implexa</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF10C04922FF8FFE98FA21FDE2FA2F" author="Alder" box="[343,530,1480,1502]" page="439" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1856">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204922FF8FFE98FA21FE2FFA2F" author="Alder" box="[343,479,1480,1502]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Alder, J. (1856 b) Descriptions of three new British zoophytes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 2, 18, 439 - 441. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935608697669" type="journal article" year="1856" yearSuffix="b">Alder, 1856b</bibRefCitation>
: 439
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB136D14922FF8FFF58FA0FFC55FA0D" blockId="14.[151,933,1480,1533]" box="[151,933,1510,1533]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1E11FF4922FF8FFF58FA0FFC55FA0D" box="[151,933,1510,1533]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
?
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524922FF8FFF6DFA0FFEB3FA0C" ID-CoL="5CVXV" box="[162,323,1510,1533]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="costata">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34922FF8FFF6DFA0FFEB3FA0C" box="[162,323,1510,1533]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Zanclea costata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF10C04922FF8FFEAFFA0EFDFCFA0D" author="Trott" box="[352,524,1510,1532]" page="271" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="2004">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204922FF8FFEAFFA0EFE2CFA0D" author="Trott" box="[352,476,1510,1532]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Trott, T. J. (2004 a) Cobscook Bay inventory: a historical checklist of marine invertebrates spanning 162 years. Northeastern Naturalist, 11 (Special Issue 2), 261 - 324." type="journal article" year="2004" yearSuffix="a">Trott 2004a</bibRefCitation>
: 271
</treatmentCitation>
[not
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524922FF8FFD8EFA0FFC6BFA0D" ID-CoL="5CVXV" authority="Gegenbaur, 1856" authorityName="Gegenbaur" authorityYear="1856" box="[577,923,1510,1533]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="costata">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34922FF8FFD8EFA0FFD12FA0C" box="[577,738,1510,1533]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Zanclea costata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204922FF8FFD26FA0FFC6BFA0D" author="Gegenbaur" box="[745,923,1510,1532]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Gegenbaur, C. (1856) Versuch eines Systemes der Medusen, mit Beschreibung neuer oder wenig gekannter Formen; zugleich ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fauna des Mittelmeeres. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 8, 202 - 273. [dating of this article follows evidence given in Calder 2013: 65]" type="journal article" year="1856">Gegenbaur, 1856</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C314655A4922FF8FFF58F9C0FCE1F907" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB136D14922FF8FFF58F9C0FAFDF9B3" blockId="14.[151,1436,1577,2034]" box="[151,1293,1577,1602]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4922FF8FFF58F9C0FE99F9B0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688600" box="[151,361,1577,1602]" country="United Kingdom" location="UK" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34922FF8FFF58F9C0FEC5F9B3" bold="true" box="[151,309,1577,1602]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<typeStatus id="54B588734922FF8FFF58F9C0FF22F9B3" box="[151,210,1577,1602]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F31976414922FF8FFEF3F9C3FE99F9B0" box="[316,361,1578,1601]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">UK</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
:
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4922FF8FFEBCF9C0FAFDF9B3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688602" box="[371,1293,1577,1602]" country="United Kingdom" location="Holy Island" municipality="North Sea" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Northumberland" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry id="F31976414922FF8FFEBCF9C0FE23F9B3" box="[371,467,1577,1602]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">England</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334922FF8FFE11F9C0FD6AF9B3" box="[478,666,1577,1602]" country="United Kingdom" name="Northumberland" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Northumberland</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD5ACAB4922FF8FFD69F9C0FCE9F9B3" box="[678,793,1577,1602]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">North Sea</collectingMunicipality>
,
<quantity id="4CF69B344922FF8FFCEBF9C3FC75F9B3" box="[804,901,1577,1602]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.828032" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mi" value="30.0">30 miles</quantity>
east of
<location id="8ED1600A4922FF8FFC13F9C0FBAFF9B3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74922FF91FF58FAB4FF14F881:8ED1600A4922FF8FFC13F9C0FBAFF9B3" box="[988,1119,1577,1602]" country="United Kingdom" municipality="North Sea" name="Holy Island" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" stateProvince="Northumberland">Holy Island</location>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204922FF8FFBA1F9C0FAF1F9B3" author="Alder" box="[1134,1281,1577,1602]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Alder, J. (1856 b) Descriptions of three new British zoophytes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 2, 18, 439 - 441. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935608697669" type="journal article" year="1856" yearSuffix="b">Alder 1856b</bibRefCitation>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB136D14922FF8FFF08F9A4FCE1F907" blockId="14.[151,1436,1577,2034]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4922FF8FFF08F9A4FC25F97B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688594" collectingDate="1970-07-22" collectionCode="SNM, HYD-" collectorName="K. W. Petersen" county="Digby Neck" location="Material" municipality="Sandy Cove" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" specimenCode="HYD-001058" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34922FF8FFF08F9A4FE42F997" bold="true" box="[199,434,1613,1638]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<location id="8ED1600A4922FF8FFF08F9A4FEDFF997" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74922FF91FF58FAB4FF14F881:8ED1600A4922FF8FFF08F9A4FEDFF997" box="[199,303,1613,1638]" county="Digby Neck" municipality="Sandy Cove" name="Material" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Material</location>
examined.
</emphasis>
NS:
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD5ACAB4922FF8FFE3FF9A4FD8DF997" box="[496,637,1613,1638]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sandy Cove</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCounty id="62D04E5D4922FF8FFD45F9A4FCE7F997" box="[650,791,1613,1638]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Digby Neck</collectingCounty>
,
<date id="FFB010114922FF8FFCEBF9A4FC56F997" box="[804,934,1613,1638]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1970-07-22">
<collectingDate id="EFF4E9F94922FF8FFCEBF9A4FC56F997" box="[804,934,1613,1638]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1970-07-22">22.vii.1970</collectingDate>
</date>
, intertidal, on mussel shell (
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524922FF8FFB23F9A4FA7CF997" box="[1260,1420,1613,1638]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Mytilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="edulis">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34922FF8FFB23F9A4FA7CF997" box="[1260,1420,1613,1638]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Mytilus edulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), one hydranth with a medusa bud, coll.
<collectorName id="26FB53074922FF8FFD8AF99BFD17F978" box="[581,743,1650,1673]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">K.W. Petersen</collectorName>
,
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE144922FF8FFD3EF99BFCDEF97B" box="[753,814,1650,1674]" country="Slovakia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n1s9-2rrz" name="Slovak National Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">SNM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBA89EAA4922FF8FFCFAF998FC25F97B" box="[821,981,1649,1674]" collectionCode="HYD-" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE144922FF8FFCFAF998FC8DF97B" box="[821,893,1649,1674]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">HYD-</collectionCode>
001058
</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
.—
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4922FF8FFC39F998FCBDF923" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688601" collectingDate="1970-10-14" collectionCode="SNM, HYD-" collectorName="K. W. Petersen" location="Petit Passage" municipality="East Ferry" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" specimenCode="HYD-000493" specimenCount="1">
NS:
<location id="8ED1600A4922FF8FFBECF998FB49F97B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74922FF91FF58FAB4FF14F881:8ED1600A4922FF8FFBECF998FB49F97B" box="[1059,1209,1649,1674]" municipality="East Ferry" name="Petit Passage" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Petit Passage</location>
, south of
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD5ACAB4922FF8FFAEBF99BFA68F97B" box="[1316,1432,1650,1674]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">East Ferry</collectingMunicipality>
,
<date id="FFB010114922FF8FFF58F97FFEFAF95F" box="[151,266,1686,1710]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1970-10-14">
<collectingDate id="EFF4E9F94922FF8FFF58F97FFEFAF95F" box="[151,266,1686,1710]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1970-10-14">14.x.1970</collectingDate>
</date>
, water’s edge at extreme low tide, on mussel shells (
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524922FF8FFC9BF97CFC01F95F" box="[852,1009,1685,1710]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Mytilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="edulis">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34922FF8FFC9BF97CFC01F95F" box="[852,1009,1685,1710]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Mytilus edulis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and adhering algae, several colonies, without gonophores, coll.
<collectorName id="26FB53074922FF8FFE71F953FD92F920" box="[446,610,1722,1745]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">K.W. Petersen</collectorName>
,
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE144922FF8FFDA1F953FD5BF923" box="[622,683,1722,1746]" country="Slovakia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n1s9-2rrz" name="Slovak National Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">SNM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBA89EAA4922FF8FFD7DF950FCBDF923" box="[690,845,1721,1746]" collectionCode="HYD-" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE144922FF8FFD7DF950FD08F923" box="[690,760,1721,1746]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">HYD-</collectionCode>
000493
</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
.—
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4922FF8FFCA2F950FCFCF907" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688599" collectingDate="1970-10-14" collectionCode="SNM, HYD-" collectorName="Petit Passage, NS &amp; K. W. Petersen" location="East Ferry" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" specimenCode="HYD-001050" specimenCount="1">
<collectorName id="26FB53074922FF8FFCA2F950FBC8F923" box="[877,1080,1721,1746]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Petit Passage, NS</collectorName>
, south of
<location id="8ED1600A4922FF8FFB68F953FAEDF923" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74922FF91FF58FAB4FF14F881:8ED1600A4922FF8FFB68F953FAEDF923" box="[1191,1309,1722,1746]" name="East Ferry" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">East Ferry</location>
, datum +
<quantity id="4CF69B344922FF8FFA41F950FF4CF904" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="cm" value="6.0">6 cm</quantity>
,
<date id="FFB010114922FF8FFF08F937FECAF907" box="[199,314,1758,1782]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1970-10-14">
<collectingDate id="EFF4E9F94922FF8FFF08F937FECAF907" box="[199,314,1758,1782]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1970-10-14">14.x.1970</collectingDate>
</date>
, coll.
<collectorName id="26FB53074922FF8FFEB2F937FDD0F904" box="[381,544,1758,1781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">K.W. Petersen</collectorName>
,
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE144922FF8FFDE4F937FD98F907" box="[555,616,1758,1782]" country="Slovakia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/n1s9-2rrz" name="Slovak National Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">SNM</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBA89EAA4922FF8FFDA0F934FCFCF907" box="[623,780,1757,1782]" collectionCode="HYD-" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<collectionCode id="ED1FAE144922FF8FFDA0F934FD46F907" box="[623,694,1757,1782]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">HYD-</collectionCode>
001050
</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C314655A4922FF8EFF08F8E8FB89FE04" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB136D14922FF8EFF08F8E8FC5CFF09" blockId="14.[151,1436,1577,2034]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1436,151,501]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34922FF8FFF08F8E8FEA9F8EB" bold="true" box="[199,345,1793,1818]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Description.</emphasis>
Hydroid colonies stolonal, rarely with a pedicel having a single small branch, arising from a branched and anastomosing hydrorhiza overgrowing mussel shells and algae. Hydrorhizal stolons mostly creeping but occasionally detached from substrate to form a tangle of hydrorhizae and hydranth pedicels. Pedicels varying from short to very long for the genus, as much as
<quantity id="4CF69B344922FF8FFD0DF887FCF3F874" box="[706,771,1902,1926]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
high,
<quantity id="4CF69B344922FF8FFC86F887FC6FF874" box="[841,927,1902,1926]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
wide, narrowest at insertion with hydrorhiza, usually widest at or near distal end, each bearing a terminal hydranth; perisarc moderately thin, straw-coloured, occurring in present specimens as a double tube, with a wavy inner layer and a less-wrinkled outer layer, constricted at pedicel base, terminating distally at base of hydranth. Hydranths elongate, slender, cylindrical to capitate, reaching
<quantity id="4CF69B344923FF8EFEA9FF7EFE3BFF5E" box="[358,459,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="1.75">1.75 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="4CF69B344923FF8EFDDAFF71FD9CFF5E" box="[533,620,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4 mm</quantity>
wide; hypostome dome-shaped. Tentacles solid, capitate, slender, fairly short, as many as 50 or more, scattered over nearly all of hydranth and with a whorl of 5 to 7 around manubrium; acrosphere nearly spherical except for slightly flattened proximal side.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB136D14923FF8EFF08FEEDFDBBFEB1" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">One developing gonophore observed, presumably a medusa bud, borne on a distinct pedicel, arising amongst tentacles on proximal half of hydranth.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB136D14923FF8EFF08FEA5FE79FE94" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,501]" box="[199,393,332,357]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Cnidome (
<figureCitation id="13352A544923FF8EFEF2FEA5FE70FE94" box="[317,384,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1004,1026]" captionTargetBox="[154,1433,556,980]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,553,983]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 6. Zanclea implexa, nematocysts, SNM HYD- 000493. a, small stenotele. b, large stenotele. c, macrobasic eurytele." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556857/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB136D14923FF8EFF08FE86FEA8FE79" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,501]" box="[199,344,367,392]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hydranths—</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB136D14923FF8EFF08FE7DFBD4FE5C" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,501]" box="[199,1060,404,429]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">small stenoteles (n =10): 7.0–7.9 µm long × 4.8–5.2 µm wide (undischarged)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB136D14923FF8EFF08FE5EFBA5FE21" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,501]" box="[199,1109,439,464]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">large stenoteles (n =10): 12.2–13.1 µm long × 10.3–11.1 µm wide (undischarged)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB136D14923FF8EFF08FE35FB89FE04" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,501]" box="[199,1145,476,501]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">macrobasic euryteles (n =10): 21.0–22.1 µm long × 8.2–9.4 µm wide (undischarged)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF7166594923FF8EFF58FC05FA7BFBF3" box="[151,1419,1004,1026]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556857/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" targetBox="[154,1433,556,980]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="8BB136D14923FF8EFF58FC05FA7BFBF3" blockId="15.[151,1419,1004,1026]" box="[151,1419,1004,1026]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34923FF8EFF58FC05FEE2FBF3" bold="true" box="[151,274,1004,1026]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524923FF8EFED6FC05FE31FBF3" box="[281,449,1004,1026]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="implexa">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34923FF8EFED6FC05FE31FBF3" box="[281,449,1004,1026]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Zanclea implexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, nematocysts, SNM HYD-000493. a, small stenotele. b, large stenotele. c, macrobasic eurytele.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C314655A4923FF91FF08FBC3FF14F881" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB136D14923FF8EFF08FBC3FCE3FA77" blockId="15.[151,1437,1066,2030]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4923FF8EFF08FBC3FF0AFB07" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688587" country="United Kingdom" county="Holy Island" elevation="73" location="Allman" municipality="Alder" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="No">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34923FF8EFF08FBC3FECBFBB2" bold="true" box="[199,315,1066,1091]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204923FF8EFE8DFBC3FE11FBB2" author="Alder" box="[322,481,1066,1091]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Alder, J. (1856 b) Descriptions of three new British zoophytes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 2, 18, 439 - 441. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935608697669" type="journal article" year="1856" yearSuffix="b">Alder (1856b)</bibRefCitation>
briefly described
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524923FF8EFD62FBC3FC97FBB2" box="[685,871,1066,1091]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="implexa">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34923FF8EFD62FBC3FC97FBB2" box="[685,871,1066,1091]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Zanclea implexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524923FF8EFC59FBC3FB95FBB2" box="[918,1125,1066,1091]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Tubulariidae" genus="Tubularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="implexa">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34923FF8EFC59FBC3FB95FBB2" box="[918,1125,1066,1091]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Tubularia implexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) from hydroids growing on an old anchor taken at a depth of 40 fathoms (
<quantity id="4CF69B344923FF8EFD53FBA7FD28FB97" box="[668,728,1102,1126]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="73.0">
<elevation id="0023D1E24923FF8EFD53FBA7FD28FB97" box="[668,728,1102,1126]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="73.0">73 m</elevation>
</quantity>
) off
<collectingCounty id="62D04E5D4923FF8EFCC0FBA4FC65FB97" box="[783,917,1101,1126]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Holy Island</collectingCounty>
, northeast
<collectingCountry id="F31976414923FF8EFBC0FBA4FB80FB97" box="[1039,1136,1101,1126]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">England</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334923FF8EFBB4FBA6FB6DFB97" box="[1147,1181,1103,1126]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">No</collectingRegion>
illustrations of it were provided until the following year (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204923FF8EFDD1FB9BFD53FB7A" author="Alder" box="[542,675,1138,1163]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Alder, J. (1857) A catalogue of the zoophytes of Northumberland and Durham. Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club, 3, 93 - 162." type="journal article" year="1857">
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD5ACAB4923FF8EFDD1FB9BFD90FB7A" box="[542,608,1138,1163]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Alder</collectingMunicipality>
1857
</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204923FF8EFD77FB9BFCAFFB7A" author="Allman" box="[696,863,1138,1163]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Allman, G. J. (1864) On the construction and limitation of genera among the Hydroida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, 13, 345 - 380." type="journal article" year="1864">
<location id="8ED1600A4923FF8EFD77FB9BFCFCFB7A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74922FF91FF58FAB4FF14F881:8ED1600A4923FF8EFD77FB9BFCFCFB7A" box="[696,780,1138,1163]" country="United Kingdom" county="Holy Island" municipality="Alder" name="Allman" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" stateProvince="No">Allman</location>
(1864)
</bibRefCitation>
assigned the species to
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524923FF8EFBBEFB9BFA68FB7A" authority="Gegenbaur, 1856" authorityName="Gegenbaur" authorityYear="1856" box="[1137,1432,1138,1163]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34923FF8EFBBEFB9BFB3BFB7A" box="[1137,1227,1138,1163]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Zanclea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204923FF8EFB1BFB9BFA68FB7A" author="Gegenbaur" box="[1236,1432,1138,1163]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Gegenbaur, C. (1856) Versuch eines Systemes der Medusen, mit Beschreibung neuer oder wenig gekannter Formen; zugleich ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fauna des Mittelmeeres. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 8, 202 - 273. [dating of this article follows evidence given in Calder 2013: 65]" type="journal article" year="1856">Gegenbaur, 1856</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204923FF8EFF07FB7CFE9AFB5F" author="Hincks" box="[200,362,1173,1198]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Hincks, T. (1868) A history of the British hydroid zoophytes. John van Voorst, London, 338 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1322" type="book" year="1868">
<location id="8ED1600A4923FF8EFF07FB7CFEE7FB5F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74922FF91FF58FAB4FF14F881:8ED1600A4923FF8EFF07FB7CFEE7FB5F" box="[200,279,1173,1198]" country="United Kingdom" county="Holy Island" municipality="Alder" name="Hincks" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" stateProvince="No">Hincks</location>
(1868)
</bibRefCitation>
included an account of it in his book on
<location id="8ED1600A4923FF8EFC8AFB7CFC61FB5F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74922FF91FF58FAB4FF14F881:8ED1600A4923FF8EFC8AFB7CFC61FB5F" box="[837,913,1173,1198]" country="United Kingdom" county="Holy Island" municipality="Alder" name="British" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" stateProvince="No">British</location>
hydroid zoophytes.
<location id="8ED1600A4923FF8EFBB5FB7CFB29FB5F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74922FF91FF58FAB4FF14F881:8ED1600A4923FF8EFBB5FB7CFB29FB5F" box="[1146,1241,1173,1198]" country="United Kingdom" county="Holy Island" municipality="Alder" name="Detailed" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" stateProvince="No">Detailed</location>
information also appeared in the
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524923FF8EFE9AFB53FE24FB22" box="[341,468,1210,1235]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Amphinema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="monograph">monograph</taxonomicName>
on gymnoblastic hydroids by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204923FF8EFCF4FB53FF0AFB07" author="Allman" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Allman, G. J. (1872) A monograph of the gymnoblastic or tubularian hydroids. Conclusion of Part I, and Part II, containing descriptions of the genera and species of the Gymnoblastea. Ray Society, London, pp. 155 - 450." type="book chapter" year="1872">
<location id="8ED1600A4923FF8EFCF4FB53FC7FFB22" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A787C74922FF91FF58FAB4FF14F881:8ED1600A4923FF8EFCF4FB53FC7FFB22" box="[827,911,1210,1235]" country="United Kingdom" county="Holy Island" municipality="Alder" name="Allman" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" stateProvince="No">Allman</location>
(1872: 223–226 and 290–292, as
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524923FF8EFAEBFB52FF00FB07" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Gemmaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="implexa">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34923FF8EFAEBFB52FF00FB07" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Gemmaria implexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</bibRefCitation>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4923FF8EFEC7FB37FA68FACF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688597" country="United Kingdom" location="A" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="A" typeStatus="syntype">
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334923FF8EFEC7FB37FEECFB07" box="[264,284,1246,1270]" country="Gambia" name="Upper River" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A</collectingRegion>
contemporary synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524923FF8EFDAAFB36FD2DFB07" box="[613,733,1245,1270]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Gemmaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="implexa">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34923FF8EFDAAFB36FD2DFB07" box="[613,733,1245,1270]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Z. implexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is given in Schuchert (2010), and the nomenclatural status of the genus name
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524923FF8EFE80FAEBFE5AFAEA" box="[335,426,1282,1307]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34923FF8EFE80FAEBFE5AFAEA" box="[335,426,1282,1307]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Zanclea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been discussed earlier (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204923FF8EFD2AFAEBFC85FAEB" author="Calder" box="[741,885,1282,1307]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Calder, D. R. (1988) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: the Athecatae. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contributions, 148, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1988">Calder 1988</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204923FF8EFC4EFAEBFC4CFAEB" author="Calder" box="[897,956,1282,1306]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Calder, D. R. (1992) Zanclea costata Gegenbaur, 1856 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): proposed conservation of both generic and specific names. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 49, 184 - 186." type="journal article" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
, 2013). According to
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204923FF8EFB7BFAEBFF13FACF" author="Cornelius" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Cornelius, P. F. S. &amp; Garfath, J. (1980) The coelenterate taxa of Joshua Alder. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 39, 273 - 291." type="journal article" year="1980">Cornelius &amp; Garfath (1980)</bibRefCitation>
,
<typeStatus id="54B588734923FF8EFF3EFACEFEB8FACE" box="[241,328,1319,1343]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
material of the species exists at the Hancock Museum (now the Great
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334923FF8EFBA2FACCFB5EFACF" box="[1133,1198,1317,1342]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">North</collectingRegion>
Museum: Hancock)
</materialsCitation>
,
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C4923FF8EFF58FAA3FCE3FA77" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688620" country="United Kingdom" location="Newcastle-upon-Tyne" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Newcastle-upon-Tyne" typeStatus="syntype">
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334923FF8EFF58FAA3FE61FA92" box="[151,401,1354,1379]" country="United Kingdom" name="Newcastle upon Tyne" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Newcastle-upon-Tyne</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F31976414923FF8EFE51FAA3FE0FFA92" box="[414,511,1354,1379]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">England</collectingCountry>
. The life cycle of the species is still incompletely known, with the medusa stage not having yet been reared to maturity (Schuchert 2010).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB136D14923FF8EFF08FA7BFB61F8E4" blockId="15.[151,1437,1066,2030]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Confusion over species limits in
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524923FF8EFD8FFA7BFD6BFA5A" box="[576,667,1426,1451]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34923FF8EFD8FFA7BFD6BFA5A" box="[576,667,1426,1451]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Zanclea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
deepened following studies by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204923FF8EFBC8FA7BFAEEFA5A" author="Russell" box="[1031,1310,1426,1451]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Russell, F. S. &amp; Rees, W. J. (1936) On rearing the hydroid Zanclea implexa (Alder) and its medusa Zanclea gemmosa McCrady, with a review of the genus Zanclea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, New Series, 21, 107 - 130." type="journal article" year="1936">Russell and Rees (1936)</bibRefCitation>
on the life cycle of specimens identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524923FF8EFDDAFA5EFD7FFA3F" box="[533,655,1461,1486]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Gemmaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="implexa">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34923FF8EFDDAFA5EFD7FFA3F" box="[533,655,1461,1486]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Z. implexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. They determined, correctly, that some of the characters employed earlier in distinguishing zancleid species and genera varied depending on the stage of development, and were of little or no taxonomic value. Several binomena that had been applied to both hydroid and medusa stages were thereupon referred by them to the synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524923FF8EFD1BF9CAFCBFF9CA" box="[724,847,1570,1595]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Gemmaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="implexa">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34923FF8EFD1BF9CAFCBFF9CA" box="[724,847,1570,1595]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Z. implexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204923FF8EFCADF9CBFBFDF9CA" author="Russell" box="[866,1037,1570,1595]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Russell, F. S. (1953) The medusae of the British Isles. Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 530 pp." type="book" year="1953">Russell (1953)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204923FF8EFBD2F9CAFB34F9CA" author="Kramp" box="[1053,1220,1570,1595]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 40, 1 - 469." type="journal article" year="1961">Kramp (1961)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204923FF8EFB1BF9CBFF13F9AF" author="Brinckmann-Voss" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1970) Anthomedusae / Athecatae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the Mediterranean. Part I. Capitata. Fauna e Flora del Golfo di Napoli, Monografia, 39, 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1970">Brinckmann-Voss (1970)</bibRefCitation>
, and others followed by including
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524923FF8EFDABF9AEFD2AF9AF" box="[612,730,1605,1630]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Gemmaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="implexa">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34923FF8EFDABF9AEFD2AF9AF" box="[612,730,1605,1630]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Z. implexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524923FF8EFC53F9AEFB21F9AF" authority="Gegenbaur, 1856" authorityName="Gegenbaur" authorityYear="1856" box="[924,1233,1605,1630]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="costata">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34923FF8EFC53F9AEFBFAF9AF" box="[924,1034,1607,1630]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Z. costata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204923FF8EFBC0F9ACFB21F9AF" author="Gegenbaur" box="[1039,1233,1605,1630]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Gegenbaur, C. (1856) Versuch eines Systemes der Medusen, mit Beschreibung neuer oder wenig gekannter Formen; zugleich ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fauna des Mittelmeeres. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 8, 202 - 273. [dating of this article follows evidence given in Calder 2013: 65]" type="journal article" year="1856">Gegenbaur, 1856</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and both of those names were assigned in turn to the synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524923FF8EFD22F982FC0BF973" authority="Meyen, 1834" authorityName="Meyen" authorityYear="1834" box="[749,1019,1642,1667]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34923FF8EFD22F982FCB3F972" box="[749,835,1642,1667]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Z. alba</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204923FF8EFC98F983FC03F973" author="Meyen" box="[855,1011,1642,1666]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Meyen, F. J. F. (1834) Beitrage zur Zoologie, gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde. Funfte Abhandlung. Uber das Leuchten des Meeres und Beschreibung einiger Polypen und anderer niederer Thiere. Novorum Actorum Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum, 16, 125 - 216." type="journal article" year="1834">Meyen, 1834</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204923FF8EFBFFF983FB26F973" author="Calder" box="[1072,1238,1642,1667]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Calder, D. R. (1988) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: the Athecatae. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contributions, 148, 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1988">Calder (1988)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204923FF8EFB2AF982FA6CF973" author="Petersen" box="[1253,1436,1642,1666]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1990) Evolution and taxonomy in capitate hydroids and medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 100, 101 - 231." type="journal article" year="1990">Petersen (1990)</bibRefCitation>
observed that identification of species assigned to
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524923FF8EFD08F964FCD1F957" box="[711,801,1677,1702]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34923FF8EFD08F964FCD1F957" box="[711,801,1677,1702]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Zanclea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was extremely difficult, and that their delimitation at the time was in a state of chaos. As the 20th century came to a close, several new or seldom-used characters were adopted to better distinguish zancleid taxa. Meanwhile, the species studied by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204923FF8EFBE5F931FAB4F900" author="Russell" box="[1066,1348,1752,1777]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Russell, F. S. &amp; Rees, W. J. (1936) On rearing the hydroid Zanclea implexa (Alder) and its medusa Zanclea gemmosa McCrady, with a review of the genus Zanclea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, New Series, 21, 107 - 130." type="journal article" year="1936">Russell and Rees (1936)</bibRefCitation>
is now believed by Schuchert (2010) to have been
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524923FF8EFDB2F917FC7EF8E7" authority="Gosse, 1853" authorityName="Gosse" authorityYear="1853" box="[637,910,1789,1814]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sessilis">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34923FF8EFDB2F917FD19F8E7" box="[637,745,1789,1814]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Z. sessilis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204923FF8EFD36F914FC76F8E7" author="Gosse" box="[761,902,1789,1814]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Gosse, P. H. (1853) A naturalist's rambles on the Devonshire coast. John van Voorst, London, 451 pp." type="book" year="1853">Gosse, 1853</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
rather than
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524923FF8EFBDBF917FB7BF8E7" box="[1044,1163,1789,1814]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Gemmaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="implexa">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34923FF8EFBDBF917FB7BF8E7" box="[1044,1163,1789,1814]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Z. implexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB136D14923FF91FF08F8C9FA73FF25" blockId="15.[151,1437,1066,2030]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,151,1904]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Species diversity within the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524923FF8EFD95F8C9FD45F8C8" box="[602,693,1824,1849]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34923FF8EFD95F8C9FD45F8C8" box="[602,693,1824,1849]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Zanclea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had been greatly underestimated until the work of
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204923FF8EFAC7F8C9FF11F8AC" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. &amp; Bouillon, J. (1996) Zanclea species (Hydroidomedusae, Anthomedusae) from the Mediterranean. Scientia Marina, 60, 99 - 108." type="journal article">
Gravili
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34923FF8EFAAEF8CBFA64F8C8" box="[1377,1428,1824,1849]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
. (1996)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204923FF8EFED7F8AFFE1EF8AC" box="[280,494,1860,1885]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Boero, F., Bouillon, J. &amp; Gravili, C. (2000) A survey of Zanclea, Halocoryne and Zanclella (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthomedusae, Zancleidae) with description of new species. Italian Journal of Zoology, 67, 93 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250000009356301" type="journal article">
Boero
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34923FF8EFEABF8AFFE65F8AC" box="[356,405,1860,1885]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
. (2000)
</bibRefCitation>
on adaptive radiation in zancleids from the Mediterranean Sea,
<collectingCountry id="F31976414923FF8EFB72F8AFFA68F8AC" box="[1213,1432,1860,1885]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334923FF8EFB72F8AFFAF2F8AC" box="[1213,1282,1862,1885]" country="Indonesia" name="Papua Barat" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Papua</collectingRegion>
New Guinea
</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingRegion id="49CAF8334923FF8EFF01F881FEB3F870" box="[206,323,1896,1921]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">California</collectingRegion>
. Particular emphasis was given in their studies to differences in cnidome and to symbiotic relationships between zancleids and their substrates, particularly Bryozoa. The validity of several named species was confirmed, and eight new ones were described. More than 30 species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524923FF8EFBC9F859FB91F838" box="[1030,1121,1968,1993]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34923FF8EFBC9F859FB91F838" box="[1030,1121,1968,1993]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Zanclea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are currently recognized as valid in the WoRMS (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B204923FF8EFE40F83CFDB3F81C" author="Schuchert" box="[399,579,2005,2030]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Schuchert, P. (2017) Hydrozoa. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = taxdetails &amp; id = 1337 (accessed 8 March 2017)" type="journal article" year="2017">Schuchert 2017</bibRefCitation>
) list, with one of them being
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D524923FF8EFC5CF83FFBFBF81F" box="[915,1035,2005,2030]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Gemmaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="implexa">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC34923FF8EFC5CF83FFBFBF81F" box="[915,1035,2005,2030]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Z. implexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In a recent review of the group by Schuchert (2010),
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FEA8FF70FE26FF41" box="[359,470,153,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="costata">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FEA8FF70FE26FF41" box="[359,470,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Z. costata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is regarded as a species of the Mediterranean, a resurrected
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FBB3FF70FB03FF41" box="[1148,1267,151,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Gemmaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="implexa">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FBB3FF70FB03FF41" box="[1148,1267,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Z. implexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found in the
<collectingRegion id="49CAF833493CFF91FF58FF55FF28FF24" box="[151,216,188,213]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">North</collectingRegion>
Sea, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FE8AFF54FE65FF24" box="[325,405,188,213]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FE8AFF54FE65FF24" box="[325,405,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Z. alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a species of the warm
<collectingRegion id="49CAF833493CFF91FD61FF55FD1FFF24" box="[686,751,188,213]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">North</collectingRegion>
Atlantic and
<collectingRegion id="49CAF833493CFF91FC48FF55FC4BFF24" box="[903,955,188,213]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Gulf" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Gulf</collectingRegion>
Stream, common on pelagic
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FACDFF54FA8BFF25" box="[1282,1403,189,212]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fucales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Heterokontophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FACDFF54FA8BFF25" box="[1282,1403,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB136D1493CFF91FF08FF36FCBCFD91" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1904]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Hydroids referable to
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FE0BFF36FDEFFF09" box="[452,543,223,248]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FE0BFF36FDEFFF09" box="[452,543,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Zanclea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Bay of Fundy (SNM HYD-000493, SNM HYD-001058) have been assigned in this study to
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FE7DFEECFDDAFEEC" box="[434,554,260,285]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Gemmaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="implexa">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FE7DFEECFDDAFEEC" box="[434,554,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Z. implexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Specimens were collected by K.W. Petersen at low tide in Petit Passage and Sandy Cove, NS.
<collectingRegion id="49CAF833493CFF91FE91FEC1FE70FECE" box="[350,384,296,319]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">No</collectingRegion>
way was found to differentiate them from
<collectingRegion id="49CAF833493CFF91FC90FECEFC50FEB1" box="[863,928,295,320]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">North</collectingRegion>
Sea specimens of the species as described by Schuchert (2010), and
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FE6BFEA4FDEFFE94" box="[420,543,332,357]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Gemmaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="implexa">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FE6BFEA4FDEFFE94" box="[420,543,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Z. implexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is therefore believed here to be amphi-Atlantic in distribution. As with the account of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FED8FE98FE60FE79" box="[279,400,367,392]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Gemmaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="implexa">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FED8FE98FE60FE79" box="[279,400,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Z. implexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Schuchert, specimens examined here from the Fundy region were distinguished by the following: (1) hydranth pedicels varied from short to long (up to
<quantity id="4CF69B34493CFF91FCB3FE7DFC4EFE5D" box="[892,958,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
high) and were covered with perisarc; (2) hydranths were small (up to
<quantity id="4CF69B34493CFF91FE18FE5EFDCBFE3E" box="[471,571,439,464]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="1.75">1.75 mm</quantity>
long); (3) macrobasic eurytele nematocysts were present, with their capsules forming a dense ring around the hypostome; (4) no microbasic mastigophores were observed; (5) hydroids occurred on various substrates (both mussel shells and algae), but not on bryozoans. Also of note, pedicels consisted of two tubes, with an inner wavy layer connected to an outer smoother layer by “regularly disposed, radiating offsets” (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B20493CFF91FEA9FDAEFDC5FD91" author="Allman" box="[358,565,583,608]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Allman, G. J. (1877) Report on the Hydroida collected during the exploration of the Gulf Stream by L. F. de Pourtales, assistant, United States Coast Survey. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 5 (2), 1 - 66." type="journal article" year="1877">Allman 1877: 224</bibRefCitation>
) of perisarc (
<figureCitation id="13352A54493CFF91FD04FDAEFCE9FD91" box="[715,793,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[167,1396,314,1826]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[163,1415,301,1833]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Capitate hydroids. a, Tubularia acadiae, hydranth with female gonophores, ROMIZ B 629. Scale equals 5 mm. b, Coryne pusilla, part of colony with two hydranths, SNM HYD- 000455. Scale equals 0.5 mm. c, Sarsia lovenii, hydranth with male gonophore, ROMIZ B 3096. Scale equals 0.5 mm. d, Sarsia lovenii, hydranth with female gonophore, ROMIZ B 3106. Scale equals 0.5 mm. e, Zanclea implexa, long pedicel with hydranth, SNM HYD- 000493. Scale equals 0.25 mm. f, Zanclea implexa, short pedicel with hydranth and developing medusa bud, SNM HYD- 001058. Scale equals 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556855/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
e, f).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB136D1493CFF91FF08FD85FED5FCE4" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1904]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Morphologically, the species is much like
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FD12FD84FAD1FD75" authority="Boero, Bouillon &amp; Gravili, 2000" authorityName="Boero, Bouillon &amp; Gravili" authorityYear="2000" box="[733,1313,620,645]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="giancarloi">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FD12FD84FC8AFD74" box="[733,890,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Z. giancarloi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B20493CFF91FC44FD84FAD1FD75" author="Boero" box="[907,1313,620,645]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Boero, F., Bouillon, J. &amp; Gravili, C. (2000) A survey of Zanclea, Halocoryne and Zanclella (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthomedusae, Zancleidae) with description of new species. Italian Journal of Zoology, 67, 93 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250000009356301" type="journal article" year="2000">Boero, Bouillon &amp; Gravili, 2000</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the Mediterranean Sea, but it apparently differs in having double-layered perisarc surrounding the pedicels.
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FA8DFD66FEFCFD3C" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="giancarloi">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FA8DFD66FEFCFD3C" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Zanclea giancarloi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also likely a species of warmer waters than the decidedly boreal
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FBD2FD5CFB6DFD3C" box="[1053,1181,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FBD2FD5CFB69FD3C" box="[1053,1177,692,717]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Gemmaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="implexa">Z. implexa</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Molecular studies are needed to confirm whether Fundy specimens are indeed conspecific with
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FC11FD30FBA6FD01" box="[990,1110,727,752]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Gemmaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="implexa">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FC11FD30FBA6FD01" box="[990,1110,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Z. implexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or whether they represent a new species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB136D1493CFF91FF08FCF6FB04FC39" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1904]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Specimens reported as
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FE1FFCF6FD75FCC9" box="[464,645,799,824]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="costata">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FE1FFCF6FD75FCC9" box="[464,645,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Zanclea costata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B20493CFF91FD7CFCC9FCBBFCC9" author="Trott" box="[691,843,800,824]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Trott, T. J. (2004 a) Cobscook Bay inventory: a historical checklist of marine invertebrates spanning 162 years. Northeastern Naturalist, 11 (Special Issue 2), 261 - 324." type="journal article" year="2004" yearSuffix="a">Trott (2004a)</bibRefCitation>
from Cobscook Bay, ME, in the Fundy region (see Appendix 1), were likely based on
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FDD3FCACFD63FCAC" box="[540,659,836,861]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Gemmaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="implexa">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FDD3FCACFD63FCAC" box="[540,659,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Z. implexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well. His record was based on an entry in an unpublished checklist by Prof. Norman Meinkoth. As noted above,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FD7CFC80FCD6FC71" box="[691,806,873,896]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="costata">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FD7CFC80FCD6FC71" box="[691,806,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Z. costata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is now thought to be restricted in distribution to the Mediterranean Sea. That species differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FD6FFC64FCFAFC54" box="[672,778,908,933]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="implex">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FD6FFC64FCFAFC54" box="[672,778,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Z. implex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a in having larger hydranths (
<quantity id="4CF69B34493CFF91FB95FC65FB4AFC55" box="[1114,1210,908,933]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2–5 mm</quantity>
vs. &lt;
<quantity id="4CF69B34493CFF91FB35FC65FACDFC55" box="[1274,1341,908,932]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
high), a different substrate (infaunal bivalves), and microbasic mastigophore nematocysts (Schuchert 2010).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB136D1493CFF91FF08FC3CFD70FAC1" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1904]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B20493CFF91FF08FC3CFE95FC1D" author="Fraser" box="[199,357,980,1004]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp." type="book" year="1944">Fraser (1944)</bibRefCitation>
included accounts of hydroids assigned to two species,
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FBDDFC3DFB3BFC1D" box="[1042,1227,980,1005]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="costata">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FBDDFC3DFB3BFC1D" box="[1042,1227,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Zanclea costata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FAC1FC3CFEA1FBE1" authority="McCrady, 1859" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1859" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gemmosa">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FAC1FC3CFA6BFC1D" box="[1294,1435,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Z. gemmosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B20493CFF91FF58FC1EFEA1FBE1" author="McCrady" box="[151,337,1015,1040]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="McCrady, J. (1859) Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 103 - 221." type="journal article" year="1859">McCrady, 1859</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, from the Atlantic coast of
<collectingRegion id="49CAF833493CFF91FD74FC1EFD0CFBE1" box="[699,764,1015,1040]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">North</collectingRegion>
America. All records were from south of
<collectingRegion id="49CAF833493CFF91FAD2FC11FAA6FBE1" box="[1309,1366,1016,1040]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Cape</collectingRegion>
Cod,
<collectingRegion id="49CAF833493CFF91FF58FBF5FECCFBC4" box="[151,316,1052,1077]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
, and none is likely to have been based on the cold water
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FC0EFBF4FBC8FBC4" box="[961,1080,1052,1077]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Gemmaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="implexa">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FC0EFBF4FBC8FBC4" box="[961,1080,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Z. implexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Reports of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FB0BFBF4FAC4FBC5" box="[1220,1332,1053,1076]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="costata">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FB0BFBF4FAC4FBC5" box="[1220,1332,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Z. costata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the region, a species regarded as endemic to the Mediterranean Sea (Schuchert (2010), likely constitute misidentifications. Meanwhile, the original description of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FCFCFB8CFC4DFB8D" box="[819,957,1125,1148]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gemmosa">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FCFCFB8CFC4DFB8D" box="[819,957,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Z. gemmosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B20493CFF91FC23FB8DFB5AFB8C" author="McCrady" box="[1004,1194,1124,1149]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="McCrady, J. (1859) Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 103 - 221." type="journal article" year="1859">McCrady (1859)</bibRefCitation>
was based solely on medusae from Charleston Harbor,
<collectingRegion id="49CAF833493CFF91FDD8FB6EFD33FB51" box="[535,707,1159,1184]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<collectingRegion id="49CAF833493CFF91FDD8FB6EFDA9FB51" box="[535,601,1159,1184]" country="Maldives" name="Dhekunu" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">South</collectingRegion>
Carolina
</collectingRegion>
. Given the absence of life cycle studies on that species, reports of hydroids identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FE5EFB44FDE8FB35" box="[401,536,1197,1220]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gemmosa">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FE5EFB44FDE8FB35" box="[401,536,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Z. gemmosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
remain doubtful. At least some records of both
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FBFDFB44FB50FB35" box="[1074,1184,1197,1220]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="costata">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FBFDFB44FB50FB35" box="[1074,1184,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Z. costata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FB18FB44FAAEFB35" box="[1239,1374,1197,1220]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gemmosa">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FB18FB44FAAEFB35" box="[1239,1374,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Z. gemmosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the western
<collectingRegion id="49CAF833493CFF91FEEEFB26FE92FB19" box="[289,354,1231,1256]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">North</collectingRegion>
Atlantic, especially those from pelagic
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FCE5FB39FC54FB16" box="[810,932,1232,1255]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fucales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Heterokontophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FCE5FB39FC54FB16" box="[810,932,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, were probably based instead on
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FAEBFB38FA85FB19" box="[1316,1397,1231,1256]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FAEBFB38FA85FB19" box="[1316,1397,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Z. alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In light of studies on
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FEA8FB1DFE32FAFC" box="[359,450,1268,1293]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FEA8FB1DFE32FAFC" box="[359,450,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Zanclea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Europe, cited above, it is likely that diversity within the genus along the east coast of
<collectingRegion id="49CAF833493CFF91FF7AFAFEFF06FAC1" box="[181,246,1303,1328]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">North</collectingRegion>
America has been underestimated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB136D1493CFF91FF08FAD5FDE2F985" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1904]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
As noted above, the skeleton surrounding pedicels of specimens examined here consisted of a pair of perisarcal tubes of different diameter, described early on in the species by authors including
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B20493CFF91FBE9FAB6FB4FFA89" author="Alder" box="[1062,1215,1375,1400]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Alder, J. (1856 b) Descriptions of three new British zoophytes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 2, 18, 439 - 441. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935608697669" type="journal article" year="1856" yearSuffix="b">Alder (1856b</bibRefCitation>
: 440; 1857: 108, pl. 9, figs. 5, 6),
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B20493CFF91FEE1FA6DFDB3FA6D" author="Wright" box="[302,579,1412,1437]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Wright, T. S. (1859) Observations on British zoophytes. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, New Series, 10, 105 - 114." type="journal article" year="1859">Wright (1859: 107–108)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B20493CFF91FDB0FA6DFCEBFA6C" author="Hincks" box="[639,795,1412,1437]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Hincks, T. (1868) A history of the British hydroid zoophytes. John van Voorst, London, 338 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1322" type="book" year="1868">Hincks (1868</bibRefCitation>
: 60, pl. 9, figs. 3a, b).
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B20493CFF91FBD6FA6DFB30FA6D" author="Allman" box="[1049,1216,1412,1437]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Allman, G. J. (1872) A monograph of the gymnoblastic or tubularian hydroids. Conclusion of Part I, and Part II, containing descriptions of the genera and species of the Gymnoblastea. Ray Society, London, pp. 155 - 450." type="book chapter" year="1872">Allman (1872)</bibRefCitation>
concluded that this was a misinterpretation, believing that the supposed inner layer was simply the outer wall of the coenosarcal tube.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F4B20493CFF91FF58FA25FE69FA14" author="Russell" box="[151,409,1484,1509]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Russell, F. S. &amp; Rees, W. J. (1936) On rearing the hydroid Zanclea implexa (Alder) and its medusa Zanclea gemmosa McCrady, with a review of the genus Zanclea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, New Series, 21, 107 - 130." type="journal article" year="1936">Russell &amp; Rees (1936)</bibRefCitation>
confirmed the existence of two layers of perisarc in hydroids identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FB20FA24FA97FA14" box="[1263,1383,1484,1509]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Gemmaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="implexa">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FB20FA24FA97FA14" box="[1263,1383,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Z. implexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(but regarded as
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FED0FA18FE7CF9F9" box="[287,396,1519,1544]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Zanclea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sessilis">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FED0FA18FE7CF9F9" box="[287,396,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Z. sessilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Schuchert 2010), and suggested that the inner layer was formed during renovation of the hydranth as a new tube developed around it within the old tube. This explanation accords at least in part with observations made here, with the inner tube often extending beyond the orifice of the outer and older tube to reach the base of the hydranth (
<figureCitation id="13352A54493CFF91FE7CF9B5FE07F985" box="[435,503,1628,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[167,1396,314,1826]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[163,1415,301,1833]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Capitate hydroids. a, Tubularia acadiae, hydranth with female gonophores, ROMIZ B 629. Scale equals 5 mm. b, Coryne pusilla, part of colony with two hydranths, SNM HYD- 000455. Scale equals 0.5 mm. c, Sarsia lovenii, hydranth with male gonophore, ROMIZ B 3096. Scale equals 0.5 mm. d, Sarsia lovenii, hydranth with female gonophore, ROMIZ B 3106. Scale equals 0.5 mm. e, Zanclea implexa, long pedicel with hydranth, SNM HYD- 000493. Scale equals 0.25 mm. f, Zanclea implexa, short pedicel with hydranth and developing medusa bud, SNM HYD- 001058. Scale equals 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/556855/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
e).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB136D1493CFF91FF08F996FC8EF911" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1904]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Macrobasic euryteles in present material were scattered throughout the hydranth body and in the coenosarcal tubes, but were especially concentrated in a band around the hypostome.
<collectingRegion id="49CAF833493CFF91FC01F94DFC12F94D" box="[974,994,1700,1724]" country="Gambia" name="Upper River" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A</collectingRegion>
hypostomal band of euryteles was also noted in hydroids of
<taxonomicName id="4C0E4D52493CFF91FE4FF920FE07F911" box="[384,503,1735,1760]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Zancleidae" genus="Gemmaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="implexa">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FE4FF920FE07F911" box="[384,503,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Z. implexa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Europe by Schuchert (2010).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB136D1493CFF91FF08F905FC5CF8F4" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1904]" box="[199,940,1772,1797]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B97AEAC3493CFF91FF08F905FE26F8F4" bold="true" box="[199,470,1772,1797]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Recorded distribution.</emphasis>
Bay of Fundy: recorded for the first time.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB136D1493CFF91FF08F8F9FCF1F8D9" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1904]" box="[199,769,1807,1832]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<materialsCitation id="3B663C8C493CFF91FF08F8F9FCF1F8D9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1457688612" box="[199,769,1807,1832]" location="Eastern North" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Eastern North">
<collectingRegion id="49CAF833493CFF91FF08F8F9FE94F8D9" box="[199,356,1807,1832]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Eastern North</collectingRegion>
America: recorded for the first time.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB136D1493CFF91FF08F8DDFF14F881" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1904]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Worldwide: Northwest Europe, from
<collectingCountry id="F3197641493CFF91FDA6F8DCFD33F8BC" box="[617,707,1845,1869]" name="Norway" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Norway</collectingCountry>
to northeastern
<collectingCountry id="F3197641493CFF91FCB6F8DDFC26F8BC" box="[889,982,1844,1869]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">England</collectingCountry>
(Schuchert 2010); Atlantic
<collectingCountry id="F3197641493CFF91FAC0F8DDFA93F8BC" box="[1295,1379,1844,1869]" name="Canada" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Canada</collectingCountry>
(this study).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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