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<document id="2B55A0C463B813A85593348BA24A8E4F" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5428.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10842930" ID-ZooBank="041905ED-FCED-4ED5-8248-E9AA8D6271E9" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="diego" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="diego" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1710926876991" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Galea, Horia R. &amp; Maggioni, Davide" docDate="2024" docId="03A5566CFFC7FFB6FF1DFCDF2E3BFF36" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5428.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5428 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5428.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Halecium turbinariae Galea &amp; Maggioni 2024, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="415C365F-8FD6-4393-A2A5-846E1783028D" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="15" masterDocId="FF9C2E14FFCDFFB8FF8AFFFF2F7CFF92" masterDocTitle="On some tropical hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with descriptions of four new species" masterLastPageNumber="57" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="11" updateTime="1711388333350" updateUser="diego" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="DAD5F68EA20FA369EA931953104049FD">
<mods:title id="A3C50AB2F7CB88A3B8F4DC66802125A2">On some tropical hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), with descriptions of four new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="049E8F837716D8C4EA9CDB29E4C68551">Galea, Horia R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="AC8E79830C68DFAF89AC178069EAAC7D">Hydrozoan Research Laboratory, 405 Chemin Les Gatiers, 83170 Tourves, France.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D5E5461409CA00CDE6DFC564AB2C8249">Maggioni, Davide</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="C5FB1999D048F303BC741D42F3BD3983">Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy. &amp; Marine Research and Higher Education (MaRHE) Center, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 12030 Faafu Magoodhoo, Maldives.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="14842B0C9EABD777B4229FE9A87C0069">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="30AFB42D9ADAE8EBF186F37812C4B47A">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C7FEDC5DB6CA245A50EB9C7FAABC2047">2024-03-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="46DE808493D7D7175C9F3067615EFF07">5428</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="CA0C43B41544BD9C7268B79C82846204" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5428.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A8ACB1D4159C0A8BA8DB73BB7F1EC34D" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A7C06939D17DEB38F882CBC23D60C5EE" type="Zenodo-Dep">10842930</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="ED00FBA440C714D644241AED8C781E99" type="ZooBank">041905ED-FCED-4ED5-8248-E9AA8D6271E9</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03A5566CFFC7FFB6FF1DFCDF2E3BFF36" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:415C365F-8FD6-4393-A2A5-846E1783028D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A5566CFFC7FFB6FF1DFCDF2E3BFF36" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<subSubSection id="C316B4F1FFC7FFB2FF1DFCDF2CC4FCCD" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB3E77AFFC7FFB2FF1DFCDF2D77FCA9" blockId="10.[151,952,800,899]" box="[151,523,800,827]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<heading id="D0FB5016FFC7FFB2FF1DFCDF2D77FCA9" bold="true" box="[151,523,800,827]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC7FFB2FF1DFCDF2D77FCA9" bold="true" box="[151,523,800,827]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC7FFB2FF1DFCDF2EE2FCA9" authority="Galea &amp; Maggioni, 2024" authorityName="Galea &amp; Maggioni" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,414,800,827]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="turbinariae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC7FFB2FF1DFCDF2EE2FCA9" bold="true" box="[151,414,800,827]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Halecium turbinariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24B8613FFC7FFB2FE27FCDE2D77FCA9" box="[429,523,801,827]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3E77AFFC7FFB2FF1DFCBB2CC4FCCD" blockId="10.[151,952,800,899]" box="[151,952,836,863]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<uri id="FF9DEB78FFC7FFB2FF1DFCBB2CC4FCCD" box="[151,952,836,863]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
<uuid id="FFAADDAFFFC7FFB2FE20FCBB2CC4FCCD" box="[426,952,836,863]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">415C365F-8FD6-4393-A2A5-846E1783028D</uuid>
</uri>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C316B4F1FFC7FFB2FF1DFC972E53FC11" box="[151,303,872,899]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB3E77AFFC7FFB2FF1DFC972E53FC11" blockId="10.[151,952,800,899]" box="[151,303,872,899]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC7FFB2FF1DFC972E74FC11" box="[151,264,872,899]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 9" captionStart-1="FIGURE 10" captionStart-2="FIGURE 11" captionStartId-0="11.[151,247,1947,1971]" captionStartId-1="12.[151,250,1753,1777]" captionStartId-2="13.[151,250,673,697]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,417,1924]" captionTargetBox-1="[154,1434,187,1727]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,181,649]" captionTargetId-0="figure-122@11.[151,1436,417,1924]" captionTargetId-1="figure-22@12.[151,1435,181,1729]" captionTargetId-2="figure-17@13.[151,1436,181,649]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionTargetPageId-2="13" captionText-0="FIGURE 9. Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A–D. Colonies on Turbinaria sp. (formalin-fixed material, note discoloration of the polyps over time). E. Hydranth, showing endoderm filled with zooxanthellae. F. Hydrant column, more enlarged. G–I. Cnidome. J. Zooxanthella, showing large nucleus and cytoplasm filled with chloroplasts. Scale bars: G–J = 10 µm; F = 100 µm; E = 500 µm." captionText-1="FIGURE 10. Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A–H. Many stems, two of which (A, B) are illustrated with their polyps. I. Detail of two neighboring cauli. J. Male gonothecae with gonophores. K–O. Female gonothecae, two of which (K, L) showing oocytes; an empty gonotheca is seen in both frontal (M) and lateral (N) views; aperture seen from above (O). P. Cnidome. Scale bars: P = 10 µm; I–O = 200 µm; A–H = 500 µm." captionText-2="FIGURE 11. Female gonotheca of Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A, B. Ripe gonotheca, showing branched blastostyle ending in pair of feeding polyps (A), and oocytes behind (B). C–E. Empty gonotheca seen frontally (C), laterally (D) and apically (E). Scale bar: 200 µm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842952" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842954" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842956" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10842952/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10842954/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10842956/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs 9‒11</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC7FFB2FE99FC962E53FC11" box="[275,303,873,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1971,1995]" captionTargetBox="[299,1288,1135,1947]" captionTargetId="figure-43@43.[299,1288,1135,1947]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 29. Phylogenetic hypothesis of the genus Halecium based on the 16S rRNA region. Numbers at nodes represent BPP and MLBS, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842992" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842992/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">29</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C316B4F1FFC7FFB2FF1DFC562C73FC53" box="[151,783,937,961]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB3E77AFFC7FFB2FF1DFC562C73FC53" blockId="10.[151,783,937,961]" box="[151,783,937,961]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1CC054FFC7FFB2FF1DFC562C73FC53" box="[151,783,937,961]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC7FFB2FF1DFC562E65FC53" box="[151,281,937,961]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC7FFB2FF1DFC562F85FC53" box="[151,249,937,961]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Halecium</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
—
<treatmentCitation id="0AADC16BFFC7FFB2FEB8FC562DB4FC53" author="Gravier-Bonnet, N. &amp; Bourmaud, C." box="[306,712,937,961]" page="65" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" year="2005">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D9A8BFFC7FFB2FEB8FC562DB4FC53" author="Gravier-Bonnet, N. &amp; Bourmaud, C." box="[306,712,937,961]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="63 - 69" refId="ref29361" refString="Gravier-Bonnet, N. &amp; Bourmaud, C. (2005) Cloning by releasing specialized frustules in a successful epiphytic zooxanthellate haleciid (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Haleciidae), with comments on stolonization and frustulation. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 48 (1), 63 - 69. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 07924259.2005.9652171" type="journal article" year="2005">Gravier-Bonnet &amp; Bourmaud, 2005: 65</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 2.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C316B4F1FFC7FFB2FF1DFC102B5BFB2F" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB3E77AFFC7FFB2FF1DFC102B5BFB2F" blockId="10.[151,1437,1007,2042]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC7FFB2FF1DFC102E07FB9B" bold="true" box="[151,379,1007,1033]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Material examined</emphasis>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B64ED27FFC7FFB2FE00FC102ED3FBC3" collectingDate="2023-04-01" country="Indonesia" location="Pemuteran" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bali" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC7FFB2FE00FC102E8BFB9B" bold="true" box="[394,503,1007,1033]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<typeStatus id="54B759D8FFC7FFB2FE00FC102E8BFB9B" box="[394,503,1007,1033]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
: MSNMCoe361,
<collectingCountry id="F31BA7EAFFC7FFB2FD49FC102C4FFB9B" box="[707,819,1007,1033]" name="Indonesia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="49C82998FFC7FFB2FCB5FC102C0CFB9B" box="[831,880,1007,1033]" country="Indonesia" name="Bali" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bali</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="8ED3B1A1FFC7FFB2FCF7FC0F2C84FB98" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A5566CFFC7FFB6FF1DFCDF2E3BFF36:8ED3B1A1FFC7FFB2FCF7FC0F2C84FB98" box="[893,1016,1008,1034]" country="Indonesia" name="Pemuteran" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" stateProvince="Bali">Pemuteran</location>
, vicinity of the pontoon, -8.142954°, 114.660906°,
<date id="FFB2C1BAFFC7FFB2FEB0FBEC2EA9FBBF" box="[314,469,1043,1069]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="2023-04-01">
<collectingDate id="EFF63852FFC7FFB2FEB0FBEC2EA9FBBF" box="[314,469,1043,1069]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="2023-04-01">01 Apr 2023</collectingDate>
</date>
, female colony growing on floating, ripped
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC7FFB2FC63FBEC2BEDFBBC" box="[1001,1169,1043,1070]" class="Anthozoa" family="Dendrophylliidae" genus="Turbinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC7FFB2FC63FBEC2B1EFBBF" box="[1001,1122,1043,1069]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Turbinaria</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
, GenBank: OR872056 (16S), OR866286 (COI)
</materialsCitation>
.
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC7FFB2FE36FBC82D48FBC3" bold="true" box="[444,564,1079,1105]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<typeStatus id="54B759D8FFC7FFB2FE36FBC82D48FBC3" box="[444,564,1079,1105]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
: MSNMCoe362, same collecting data as for the holotype, female colony.— MSNMCoe363, same collecting data as for the
<typeStatus id="54B759D8FFC7FFB2FD2EFBA42C75FBE7" box="[676,777,1115,1141]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, male colony.—MSNMCoe364, same collecting data as for the
<typeStatus id="54B759D8FFC7FFB2FF48FB802E5BFB0B" box="[194,295,1151,1177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, male colony.
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC7FFB2FE41FB802DC4FB0B" bold="true" box="[459,696,1151,1177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<typeStatus id="54B759D8FFC7FFB2FE41FB802DC4FB0B" box="[459,696,1151,1177]" isOtherTypeStatus="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Additional material</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
: MSNMCoe365, same collecting data as for the holotype, sterile colony.—MSNMCoe366, same collecting data as for the
<typeStatus id="54B759D8FFC7FFB2FC90FB5C2C03FB2F" box="[794,895,1187,1213]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, sterile colony.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C316B4F1FFC7FFB5FF4DFB382ED2FC48" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB3E77AFFC7FFB3FF4DFB382DF8FE1B" blockId="10.[151,1437,1007,2042]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,393]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC7FFB2FF4DFB382E2DFB73" bold="true" box="[199,337,1223,1249]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Description</emphasis>
. Colonies, often profuse, are formed on both the thalli and blade stalks of
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC7FFB2FB2AFB382A2EFB70" box="[1184,1362,1223,1250]" class="Anthozoa" family="Dendrophylliidae" genus="Turbinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC7FFB2FB2AFB382A65FB73" box="[1184,1305,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Turbinaria</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
, never occurring on the distally-expanded, externally-exposed part of the blades, thus finding shelter from predation and/or direct mechanical injury (
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC7FFB2FE31FAF02D4BFABB" box="[443,567,1295,1321]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,247,1947,1971]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,417,1924]" captionTargetId="figure-122@11.[151,1436,417,1924]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A–D. Colonies on Turbinaria sp. (formalin-fixed material, note discoloration of the polyps over time). E. Hydranth, showing endoderm filled with zooxanthellae. F. Hydrant column, more enlarged. G–I. Cnidome. J. Zooxanthella, showing large nucleus and cytoplasm filled with chloroplasts. Scale bars: G–J = 10 µm; F = 100 µm; E = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842952" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842952/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 9A, B</figureCitation>
); arising from dense, branching and anastomosing hydrorhizal web creeping on the surface of its algal substrate (
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC7FFB2FDB8FACC2DD2FADF" box="[562,686,1331,1357]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,247,1947,1971]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,417,1924]" captionTargetId="figure-122@11.[151,1436,417,1924]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A–D. Colonies on Turbinaria sp. (formalin-fixed material, note discoloration of the polyps over time). E. Hydranth, showing endoderm filled with zooxanthellae. F. Hydrant column, more enlarged. G–I. Cnidome. J. Zooxanthella, showing large nucleus and cytoplasm filled with chloroplasts. Scale bars: G–J = 10 µm; F = 100 µm; E = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842952" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842952/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 9C, D</figureCitation>
); stems (
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC7FFB2FC9FFACC2CE2FADF" box="[789,926,1331,1357]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1753,1777]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,187,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-22@12.[151,1435,181,1729]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A–H. Many stems, two of which (A, B) are illustrated with their polyps. I. Detail of two neighboring cauli. J. Male gonothecae with gonophores. K–O. Female gonothecae, two of which (K, L) showing oocytes; an empty gonotheca is seen in both frontal (M) and lateral (N) views; aperture seen from above (O). P. Cnidome. Scale bars: P = 10 µm; I–O = 200 µm; A–H = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842954/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 10A‒H</figureCitation>
) exclusively monosiphonic, borne on minute apophyses of the hydrorhiza from which they are delimited by a deeply-incised, transverse constriction; a distinct basal bulge on first internode immediately above constriction; usually short (175‒375 µm), slightly inverted-conical cauli, ending distally into a hydrotheca, are formed, although small, sympodially-grown stems, composed of up to six hydrothecate internodes arising irregularly in more than one plane, co-occur seldomly; branches, given off singly (
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC7FFB2FF66FA182E0AF993" box="[236,374,1511,1537]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1753,1777]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,187,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-22@12.[151,1435,181,1729]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A–H. Many stems, two of which (A, B) are illustrated with their polyps. I. Detail of two neighboring cauli. J. Male gonothecae with gonophores. K–O. Female gonothecae, two of which (K, L) showing oocytes; an empty gonotheca is seen in both frontal (M) and lateral (N) views; aperture seen from above (O). P. Cnidome. Scale bars: P = 10 µm; I–O = 200 µm; A–H = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842954/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 10D‒H</figureCitation>
) or in opposite pairs (
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC7FFB2FDFEFA182DA7F993" box="[628,731,1511,1537]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1753,1777]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,187,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-22@12.[151,1435,181,1729]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A–H. Many stems, two of which (A, B) are illustrated with their polyps. I. Detail of two neighboring cauli. J. Male gonothecae with gonophores. K–O. Female gonothecae, two of which (K, L) showing oocytes; an empty gonotheca is seen in both frontal (M) and lateral (N) views; aperture seen from above (O). P. Cnidome. Scale bars: P = 10 µm; I–O = 200 µm; A–H = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842954/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
), are borne on short (60‒70 µm), upwardly-curved apophyses arising from below a hydrotheca, and are provided basally with a bulge, similarly to that of the first internode. Hydrothecae (
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC7FFB2FEBDF9D02EE8F9DB" box="[311,404,1583,1609]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1753,1777]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,187,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-22@12.[151,1435,181,1729]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A–H. Many stems, two of which (A, B) are illustrated with their polyps. I. Detail of two neighboring cauli. J. Male gonothecae with gonophores. K–O. Female gonothecae, two of which (K, L) showing oocytes; an empty gonotheca is seen in both frontal (M) and lateral (N) views; aperture seen from above (O). P. Cnidome. Scale bars: P = 10 µm; I–O = 200 µm; A–H = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842954/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 10I</figureCitation>
) shallow (25‒30 µm), walls slightly flared (140‒155 µm wide at base and 155‒175 µm at aperture), rim not everted; renovations occasional (
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC7FFB2FD51F9AC2C1CF9FF" box="[731,864,1619,1645]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1753,1777]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,187,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-22@12.[151,1435,181,1729]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A–H. Many stems, two of which (A, B) are illustrated with their polyps. I. Detail of two neighboring cauli. J. Male gonothecae with gonophores. K–O. Female gonothecae, two of which (K, L) showing oocytes; an empty gonotheca is seen in both frontal (M) and lateral (N) views; aperture seen from above (O). P. Cnidome. Scale bars: P = 10 µm; I–O = 200 µm; A–H = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842954/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 10C‒F</figureCitation>
), up to two observed; a band of ovoid desmocytes above a transversely-set, thin diaphragm (
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC7FFB2FDE2F9882DB8F903" box="[616,708,1655,1681]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1753,1777]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,187,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-22@12.[151,1435,181,1729]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A–H. Many stems, two of which (A, B) are illustrated with their polyps. I. Detail of two neighboring cauli. J. Male gonothecae with gonophores. K–O. Female gonothecae, two of which (K, L) showing oocytes; an empty gonotheca is seen in both frontal (M) and lateral (N) views; aperture seen from above (O). P. Cnidome. Scale bars: P = 10 µm; I–O = 200 µm; A–H = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842954/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 10I</figureCitation>
); hydranths (
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC7FFB2FCDCF9882CC7F903" box="[854,955,1655,1681]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1753,1777]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,187,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-22@12.[151,1435,181,1729]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A–H. Many stems, two of which (A, B) are illustrated with their polyps. I. Detail of two neighboring cauli. J. Male gonothecae with gonophores. K–O. Female gonothecae, two of which (K, L) showing oocytes; an empty gonotheca is seen in both frontal (M) and lateral (N) views; aperture seen from above (O). P. Cnidome. Scale bars: P = 10 µm; I–O = 200 µm; A–H = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842954/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
) composed proximally of a tubular column capable of great extension, and of a distally-swollen, digestive region comprising the hypostome on top, surrounded by a whorl of 17‒21 filiform, unicoronate tentacles; endoderm of polyps densely filled with zooxanthellae (
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC7FFB2FAE5F9402F91F96F" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,247,1947,1971]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,417,1924]" captionTargetId="figure-122@11.[151,1436,417,1924]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A–D. Colonies on Turbinaria sp. (formalin-fixed material, note discoloration of the polyps over time). E. Hydranth, showing endoderm filled with zooxanthellae. F. Hydrant column, more enlarged. G–I. Cnidome. J. Zooxanthella, showing large nucleus and cytoplasm filled with chloroplasts. Scale bars: G–J = 10 µm; F = 100 µm; E = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842952" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842952/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 9E, F, J</figureCitation>
), conferring them in life a distinctive, brown color. Colonies dioecious; gonothecae arising laterally, either singly (
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC7FFB2FF66F8F82E0DF8B3" box="[236,369,1799,1825]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1753,1777]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,187,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-22@12.[151,1435,181,1729]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A–H. Many stems, two of which (A, B) are illustrated with their polyps. I. Detail of two neighboring cauli. J. Male gonothecae with gonophores. K–O. Female gonothecae, two of which (K, L) showing oocytes; an empty gonotheca is seen in both frontal (M) and lateral (N) views; aperture seen from above (O). P. Cnidome. Scale bars: P = 10 µm; I–O = 200 µm; A–H = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842954/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 10K, L</figureCitation>
) or in pairs (
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC7FFB2FD8EF8F82D1FF8B3" box="[516,611,1799,1825]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1753,1777]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,187,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-22@12.[151,1435,181,1729]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A–H. Many stems, two of which (A, B) are illustrated with their polyps. I. Detail of two neighboring cauli. J. Male gonothecae with gonophores. K–O. Female gonothecae, two of which (K, L) showing oocytes; an empty gonotheca is seen in both frontal (M) and lateral (N) views; aperture seen from above (O). P. Cnidome. Scale bars: P = 10 µm; I–O = 200 µm; A–H = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842954/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 10J</figureCitation>
), from below the primary or secondary hydrothecae; sexually dimorphic; male (
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC7FFB2FF6BF8D42E3DF8D7" box="[225,321,1835,1861]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1753,1777]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,187,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-22@12.[151,1435,181,1729]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A–H. Many stems, two of which (A, B) are illustrated with their polyps. I. Detail of two neighboring cauli. J. Male gonothecae with gonophores. K–O. Female gonothecae, two of which (K, L) showing oocytes; an empty gonotheca is seen in both frontal (M) and lateral (N) views; aperture seen from above (O). P. Cnidome. Scale bars: P = 10 µm; I–O = 200 µm; A–H = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842954/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 10J</figureCitation>
) elongate-ovoid (615‒725 µm long, 245‒270 µm wide), thin- and smooth-walled, enclosing an unbranched, tubular, central blastostyle surrounded by a homogenous mass of sperm cells; female gonothecae (
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC7FFB2FAE5F8B02F9BF81F" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1753,1777]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,187,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-22@12.[151,1435,181,1729]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A–H. Many stems, two of which (A, B) are illustrated with their polyps. I. Detail of two neighboring cauli. J. Male gonothecae with gonophores. K–O. Female gonothecae, two of which (K, L) showing oocytes; an empty gonotheca is seen in both frontal (M) and lateral (N) views; aperture seen from above (O). P. Cnidome. Scale bars: P = 10 µm; I–O = 200 µm; A–H = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842954/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 10K, L</figureCitation>
) sac-shaped (865‒1050 µm long, 355‒430 µm wide), laterally-flattened, with an “anterior”, almost straight outline, and a “dorsal”, arched wall, ending distally in an almost conical projection; commonly 2‒3 (occasionally only one), large (240‒270 µm wide) spherical oocytes are formed; spadix trifid, with two parallel-running, “anterior” branches, ending distally into two functional hydranths (
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC7FFB2FC10F8202B7FF86B" box="[922,1027,2015,2041]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="13.[151,250,673,697]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,649]" captionTargetId="figure-17@13.[151,1436,181,649]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 11. Female gonotheca of Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A, B. Ripe gonotheca, showing branched blastostyle ending in pair of feeding polyps (A), and oocytes behind (B). C–E. Empty gonotheca seen frontally (C), laterally (D) and apically (E). Scale bar: 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842956" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842956/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
), and an unpaired, “dorsal” branch, curving over the oocytes (
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC6FFB3FE37FF682D39FF23" box="[445,581,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1753,1777]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,187,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-22@12.[151,1435,181,1729]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A–H. Many stems, two of which (A, B) are illustrated with their polyps. I. Detail of two neighboring cauli. J. Male gonothecae with gonophores. K–O. Female gonothecae, two of which (K, L) showing oocytes; an empty gonotheca is seen in both frontal (M) and lateral (N) views; aperture seen from above (O). P. Cnidome. Scale bars: P = 10 µm; I–O = 200 µm; A–H = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842954/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 10K, L</figureCitation>
); aperture of female gonotheca provided with a twin hydrotheca (
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC6FFB3FAA1FF682FD2FF47" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1753,1777]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,187,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-22@12.[151,1435,181,1729]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A–H. Many stems, two of which (A, B) are illustrated with their polyps. I. Detail of two neighboring cauli. J. Male gonothecae with gonophores. K–O. Female gonothecae, two of which (K, L) showing oocytes; an empty gonotheca is seen in both frontal (M) and lateral (N) views; aperture seen from above (O). P. Cnidome. Scale bars: P = 10 µm; I–O = 200 µm; A–H = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842954/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 10M, O</figureCitation>
), their respective lumina, deeply immersed into the gonothecal wall, being separated anteriorly by a distinct, longitudinal, perisarcal septum (
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC6FFB3FD82FF202D06FF6B" box="[520,634,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1753,1777]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,187,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-22@12.[151,1435,181,1729]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A–H. Many stems, two of which (A, B) are illustrated with their polyps. I. Detail of two neighboring cauli. J. Male gonothecae with gonophores. K–O. Female gonothecae, two of which (K, L) showing oocytes; an empty gonotheca is seen in both frontal (M) and lateral (N) views; aperture seen from above (O). P. Cnidome. Scale bars: P = 10 µm; I–O = 200 µm; A–H = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842954/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs 10M</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC6FFB3FD03FF202DC5FF6B" box="[649,697,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="13.[151,250,673,697]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,649]" captionTargetId="figure-17@13.[151,1436,181,649]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 11. Female gonotheca of Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A, B. Ripe gonotheca, showing branched blastostyle ending in pair of feeding polyps (A), and oocytes behind (B). C–E. Empty gonotheca seen frontally (C), laterally (D) and apically (E). Scale bar: 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842956" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842956/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">11C</figureCitation>
), and posteriorly by a thick perisarc sheet (
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC6FFB3FB3BFF202A65FF6B" box="[1201,1305,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1753,1777]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,187,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-22@12.[151,1435,181,1729]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A–H. Many stems, two of which (A, B) are illustrated with their polyps. I. Detail of two neighboring cauli. J. Male gonothecae with gonophores. K–O. Female gonothecae, two of which (K, L) showing oocytes; an empty gonotheca is seen in both frontal (M) and lateral (N) views; aperture seen from above (O). P. Cnidome. Scale bars: P = 10 µm; I–O = 200 µm; A–H = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842954/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 10O</figureCitation>
) projecting into the gonotheca for a certain distance, forming an “anterior” compartment for the hydranths, separated from the “dorsal” one restricted to the oocytes (
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC6FFB3FDDBFED82DC3FED3" box="[593,703,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1753,1777]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,187,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-22@12.[151,1435,181,1729]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A–H. Many stems, two of which (A, B) are illustrated with their polyps. I. Detail of two neighboring cauli. J. Male gonothecae with gonophores. K–O. Female gonothecae, two of which (K, L) showing oocytes; an empty gonotheca is seen in both frontal (M) and lateral (N) views; aperture seen from above (O). P. Cnidome. Scale bars: P = 10 µm; I–O = 200 µm; A–H = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842954/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs 10N</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC6FFB3FD46FED82D81FED3" box="[716,765,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="13.[151,250,673,697]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,649]" captionTargetId="figure-17@13.[151,1436,181,649]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 11. Female gonotheca of Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A, B. Ripe gonotheca, showing branched blastostyle ending in pair of feeding polyps (A), and oocytes behind (B). C–E. Empty gonotheca seen frontally (C), laterally (D) and apically (E). Scale bar: 200 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842956" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842956/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">11B</figureCitation>
). Zooxanthellae also present in the gonophores, except for the gametes proper. Long, slender, distally bifid propagules, given off laterally from below some hydrothecae, have been observed infrequently (not illustrated).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF73B7F2FFC6FFB3FF1DF8642AF4F868" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842952" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10842952" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842952/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[151,247,1947,1971]" targetBox="[151,1436,417,1924]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB3E77AFFC6FFB3FF1DF8642AF4F868" blockId="11.[151,1436,1947,2042]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC6FFB3FF1DF8642E77F821" bold="true" box="[151,267,1947,1971]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FIGURE 9</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC6FFB3FE93F8642E8CF821" authority="Galea &amp; Maggioni, 2024" authorityName="Galea &amp; Maggioni" authorityYear="2024" box="[281,496,1947,1971]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="turbinariae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC6FFB3FE93F8642E8CF821" box="[281,496,1947,1971]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Halecium turbinariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC6FFB3FE74F8642DFAF821" bold="true" box="[510,646,1947,1971]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24B8613FFC6FFB3FE74F8642D32F821" box="[510,590,1947,1971]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
A–D
</emphasis>
. Colonies on
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC6FFB3FC9EF8642CDFF821" box="[788,931,1947,1971]" class="Anthozoa" family="Dendrophylliidae" genus="Turbinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC6FFB3FC9EF8642C03F821" box="[788,895,1947,1971]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Turbinaria</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
(formalin-fixed material, note discoloration of the polyps over time).
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC6FFB3FEC5F8402E23F845" bold="true" box="[335,351,1983,2007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">E</emphasis>
. Hydranth, showing endoderm filled with zooxanthellae.
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC6FFB3FC18F8402CDDF845" bold="true" box="[914,929,1983,2007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">F</emphasis>
. Hydrant column, more enlarged.
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC6FFB3FB7AF8412A64F844" bold="true" box="[1264,1304,1982,2006]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">G–I</emphasis>
. Cnidome.
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC6FFB3FA00F8402AEAF845" bold="true" box="[1418,1430,1983,2007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">J</emphasis>
. Zooxanthella, showing large nucleus and cytoplasm filled with chloroplasts. Scale bars: G–J = 10 µm; F = 100 µm; E = 500 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF73B7F2FFC1FFB4FF1DF9262DF9F8CC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842954" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10842954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842954/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[151,250,1753,1777]" targetBox="[154,1434,187,1727]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB3E77AFFC1FFB4FF1DF9262DF9F8CC" blockId="12.[151,1436,1753,1886]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC1FFB4FF1DF9262E61F963" bold="true" box="[151,285,1753,1777]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FIGURE 10</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC1FFB4FEA7F9262D70F963" authority="Galea &amp; Maggioni, 2024" authorityName="Galea &amp; Maggioni" authorityYear="2024" box="[301,524,1753,1777]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="turbinariae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC1FFB4FEA7F9262D70F963" box="[301,524,1753,1777]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Halecium turbinariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC1FFB4FD97F9262DD1F963" bold="true" box="[541,685,1753,1777]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24B8613FFC1FFB4FD97F9262D0DF963" box="[541,625,1753,1777]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
A–H
</emphasis>
. Many stems, two of which (A, B) are illustrated with their polyps.
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC1FFB4FA06F9262AEAF963" bold="true" box="[1420,1430,1753,1777]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">I</emphasis>
. Detail of two neighboring cauli.
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC1FFB4FE6BF9022E92F887" bold="true" box="[481,494,1789,1813]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">J</emphasis>
. Male gonothecae with gonophores.
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC1FFB4FCEEF9022CE4F887" bold="true" box="[868,920,1789,1813]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">K–O</emphasis>
. Female gonothecae, two of which (K, L) showing oocytes; an empty gonotheca is seen in both frontal (M) and lateral (N) views; aperture seen from above (O).
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC1FFB4FB69F8DE2B8AF8AB" bold="true" box="[1251,1270,1825,1849]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">P.</emphasis>
Cnidome. Scale bars: P = 10 µm; I–O = 200 µm; A–H = 500 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF73B7F2FFC0FFB5FF1DFD5E2E24FC90" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842956" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10842956" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842956/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[151,250,673,697]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,649]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BB3E77AFFC0FFB5FF1DFD5E2E24FC90" blockId="13.[151,1437,673,770]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FF1DFD5E2E64FD2B" bold="true" box="[151,280,673,697]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">FIGURE 11</emphasis>
. Female gonotheca of
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC0FFB5FE75FD5E2DA7FD2B" authority="Galea &amp; Maggioni, 2024" authorityName="Galea &amp; Maggioni" authorityYear="2024" box="[511,731,673,697]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="turbinariae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FE75FD5E2DA7FD2B" box="[511,731,673,697]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Halecium turbinariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FD6DFD5D2C12FD28" bold="true" box="[743,878,673,698]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24B8613FFC0FFB5FD6DFD5D2C44FD28" box="[743,824,674,698]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
A, B
</emphasis>
. Ripe gonotheca, showing branched blastostyle ending in pair of feeding polyps (A), and oocytes behind (B).
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FD34FD3A2D92FD4F" bold="true" box="[702,750,709,733]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">C–E</emphasis>
. Empty gonotheca seen frontally (C), laterally (D) and apically (E). Scale bar: 200 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB3E77AFFC0FFB5FF4DFCAB2BEEFC24" blockId="13.[151,1437,852,1922]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Cnidome (
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC0FFB5FECBFCAB2EC5FCFC" box="[321,441,852,878]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="11.[151,247,1947,1971]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,417,1924]" captionTargetId="figure-122@11.[151,1436,417,1924]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 9. Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A–D. Colonies on Turbinaria sp. (formalin-fixed material, note discoloration of the polyps over time). E. Hydranth, showing endoderm filled with zooxanthellae. F. Hydrant column, more enlarged. G–I. Cnidome. J. Zooxanthella, showing large nucleus and cytoplasm filled with chloroplasts. Scale bars: G–J = 10 µm; F = 100 µm; E = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842952" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842952/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 9G‒I</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC0FFB5FE43FCAB2E85FCFC" box="[457,505,852,878]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1753,1777]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,187,1727]" captionTargetId="figure-22@12.[151,1435,181,1729]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 10. Halecium turbinariae, sp. nov. A–H. Many stems, two of which (A, B) are illustrated with their polyps. I. Detail of two neighboring cauli. J. Male gonothecae with gonophores. K–O. Female gonothecae, two of which (K, L) showing oocytes; an empty gonotheca is seen in both frontal (M) and lateral (N) views; aperture seen from above (O). P. Cnidome. Scale bars: P = 10 µm; I–O = 200 µm; A–H = 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842954/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10P</figureCitation>
): large, ovoid, microbasic euryteles [(8.1‒9.3) × (3.6‒4.1) µm, a single capsule seen discharged], banana-shaped microbasic mastigophores [(6.0‒6.5) × (1.5‒1.7) µm, none seen discharged], and sausage-shaped microbasic heteronemes [(5.7‒6.4) × (1.4‒1.5) µm, none seen discharged].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3E77AFFC0FFB5FF4DFC3F2ED2FC48" blockId="13.[151,1437,852,1922]" box="[199,430,960,986]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Color in life: brown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C316B4F1FFC0FFB5FF4DFC1B2D2CF884" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB3E77AFFC0FFB5FF4DFC1B2E05FBB0" blockId="13.[151,1437,852,1922]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FF4DFC1B2E48FC6C" bold="true" box="[199,308,996,1022]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Remarks</emphasis>
. 16S rRNA data supports the divergence of
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC0FFB5FCA2FC1B2B60FC6C" authority="Galea &amp; Maggioni, 2024" authorityName="Galea &amp; Maggioni" authorityYear="2024" box="[808,1052,996,1022]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="turbinariae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FCA2FC1B2B60FC6C" box="[808,1052,996,1022]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Halecium turbinariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FBA9FC1B2B01FC6C" bold="true" box="[1059,1149,996,1022]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24B8613FFC0FFB5FBA9FC1B2B01FC6C" box="[1059,1149,996,1022]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from all other sequenced congeners (
<figureCitation id="1337FBFFFFC0FFB5FE92FBF72E10FBB0" box="[280,364,1032,1058]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1971,1995]" captionTargetBox="[299,1288,1135,1947]" captionTargetId="figure-43@43.[299,1288,1135,1947]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 29. Phylogenetic hypothesis of the genus Halecium based on the 16S rRNA region. Numbers at nodes represent BPP and MLBS, respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10842992" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10842992/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3E77AFFC0FFB5FF4DFBD32D16FA8C" blockId="13.[151,1437,852,1922]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
The new species is primarily distinguished from its congeners through its substrate preference and the occurrence of zooxanthellae in its coenosarc. The hydroid from the SW Indian Ocean whose frustulation was documented by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D9A8BFFC0FFB5FF37FB8B2D26FB1C" author="Gravier-Bonnet, N. &amp; Bourmaud, C." box="[189,602,1139,1166]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="63 - 69" refId="ref29361" refString="Gravier-Bonnet, N. &amp; Bourmaud, C. (2005) Cloning by releasing specialized frustules in a successful epiphytic zooxanthellate haleciid (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Haleciidae), with comments on stolonization and frustulation. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 48 (1), 63 - 69. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 07924259.2005.9652171" type="journal article" year="2005">Gravier-Bonnet &amp; Bourmaud (2005</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC0FFB5FD03FB8B2C5CFB1C" box="[649,800,1140,1166]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FD03FB8B2D8AFB1C" box="[649,758,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Halecium</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
) is evidently the same. Despite the presence of female gonothecae in their material (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D9A8BFFC0FFB5FE66FB672CCDFB20" author="Gravier-Bonnet, N. &amp; Bourmaud, C." box="[492,945,1175,1202]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="63 - 69" refId="ref29361" refString="Gravier-Bonnet, N. &amp; Bourmaud, C. (2005) Cloning by releasing specialized frustules in a successful epiphytic zooxanthellate haleciid (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Haleciidae), with comments on stolonization and frustulation. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 48 (1), 63 - 69. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 07924259.2005.9652171" type="journal article" year="2005">Gravier-Bonnet &amp; Bourmaud 2005: 65</bibRefCitation>
), the authors refrained from assigning it a specific name, stating that “more taxonomic work has to be done to identify it with confidence” (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D9A8BFFC0FFB5FB45FB432E00FB68" author="Gravier-Bonnet, N. &amp; Bourmaud, C." pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="63 - 69" refId="ref29361" refString="Gravier-Bonnet, N. &amp; Bourmaud, C. (2005) Cloning by releasing specialized frustules in a successful epiphytic zooxanthellate haleciid (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Haleciidae), with comments on stolonization and frustulation. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 48 (1), 63 - 69. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 07924259.2005.9652171" type="journal article" year="2005">Gravier-Bonnet &amp; Bourmaud 2005: 68</bibRefCitation>
). The fertile material from
<collectingRegion id="49C82998FFC0FFB5FD24FB1F2DA1FB68" box="[686,733,1248,1274]" country="Indonesia" name="Bali" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bali</collectingRegion>
allows us to provide, herein, a comprehensive description and to assign it conclusively to a new species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3E77AFFC0FFB5FF4DFAD72DE6F9F0" blockId="13.[151,1437,852,1922]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Only a few congeners share with
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC0FFB5FDDBFAD72D8BFAD0" authority="Galea &amp; Maggioni, 2024" authorityName="Galea &amp; Maggioni" authorityYear="2024" box="[593,759,1320,1346]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="turbinariae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FDDBFAD72D8BFAD0" box="[593,759,1320,1346]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">H. turbinariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FC8BFAD72C22FAD0" bold="true" box="[769,862,1320,1346]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24B8613FFC0FFB5FC8BFAD72C22FAD0" box="[769,862,1320,1346]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
the presence of zooxanthellae in their coenosarc, namely
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC0FFB5FF79FAB32E8EFAF4" authority="Alder, 1859" authorityName="Alder" authorityYear="1859" box="[243,498,1355,1382]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nanum">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FF79FAB32E1FFAF7" box="[243,355,1356,1381]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">H. nanum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D9A8BFFC0FFB5FEE1FAB32E8EFAF4" author="Alder, J." box="[363,498,1355,1382]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="353 - 356" refId="ref25619" refString="Alder, J. (1859) Descriptions of three new species of sertularian zoophytes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 3, 3 (17), 353 - 356." type="journal article" year="1859">Alder, 1859</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D9A8BFFC0FFB5FD89FAB32DEFFAF4" author="Calder, D. R." box="[515,659,1356,1382]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 140" refId="ref26879" refString="Calder, D. R. (1991) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: the Thecatae, exclusive of Plumularioidea. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contributions, 154, 1 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1352274" type="journal article" year="1991">Calder 1991</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC0FFB5FD20FAB32FA5FA18" authority="(Bourne, 1890) (Pena Cantero &amp; Garcia Carrascosa 2002)" authorityName="Pena Cantero &amp; Garcia Carrascosa" authorityYear="2002" baseAuthorityName="Bourne" baseAuthorityYear="1890" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lankesterii">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FD20FAB32C38FAF4" box="[682,836,1356,1382]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">H. lankesterii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D9A8BFFC0FFB5FCDFFAB32C8EFAF4" author="Bourne, G. C." box="[853,1010,1356,1382]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="391 - 398" refId="ref26714" refString="Bourne, G. C. (1890) Notes on the hydroids of Plymouth. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 1, 391 - 398. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315400057866" type="journal article" year="1890">Bourne, 1890</bibRefCitation>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D9A8BFFC0FFB5FB81FAB32FADFA18" author="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Garcia Carrascosa, A. M." pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref31447" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 337, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="2002">Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa 2002</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC0FFB5FE86FA8F2D37FA18" authority="Galea, 2013" authorityName="Galea" authorityYear="2013" box="[268,587,1392,1418]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="xanthellatum">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FE86FA8F2EC3FA18" box="[268,447,1392,1418]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">H. xanthellatum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D9A8BFFC0FFB5FE4FFA8F2D37FA18" author="Galea, H. R." box="[453,587,1392,1418]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 50" refId="ref28247" refString="Galea, H. R. (2013) New additions to the shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the French Lesser Antilles: Martinique. Zootaxa, 3686 (1), 1 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3686.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Galea, 2013</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(original account). Its mode of branching and the structure of its trophosome have much in common with those of both
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC0FFB5FD02FA6B2D85FA3F" authorityName="Alder" authorityYear="1859" box="[648,761,1428,1453]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nanum">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FD02FA6B2D85FA3F" box="[648,761,1428,1453]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">H. nanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC0FFB5FCBCFA6B2C91FA3C" authorityName="Galea" authorityYear="2013" box="[822,1005,1428,1454]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="xanthellatum">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FCBCFA6B2C91FA3C" box="[822,1005,1428,1454]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">H. xanthellatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; however, unlike in the new species, the female gonothecae of
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC0FFB5FE4BFA472D4DFA43" authorityName="Alder" authorityYear="1859" box="[449,561,1464,1489]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="nanum">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FE4BFA472D4DFA43" box="[449,561,1464,1489]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">H. nanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have transversely-corrugated hydranth tubes (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D9A8BFFC0FFB5FBC8FA472B93FA40" author="Congdon, E. D." box="[1090,1263,1464,1490]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="463 - 485" refId="ref27644" refString="Congdon, E. D. (1907) The hydroids of Bermuda. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Science, 42, 463 - 485. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 20022242" type="journal article" year="1907">Congdon 1907</bibRefCitation>
: figs 21‒22, as
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC0FFB5FF1DFA232F81FA64" box="[151,253,1500,1526]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marki">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FF1DFA232F81FA64" box="[151,253,1500,1526]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">H. marki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D9A8BFFC0FFB5FE84FA232EE5FA64" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[270,409,1500,1526]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="337 - 387" refId="ref28063" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1912) Some hydroids of Beaufort, North Carolina. Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, 30, 337 - 387." type="journal article" year="1912">Fraser 1912</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 29C;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D9A8BFFC0FFB5FD9FFA232DD8FA64" author="Calder, D. R." box="[533,676,1500,1526]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 140" refId="ref26879" refString="Calder, D. R. (1991) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: the Thecatae, exclusive of Plumularioidea. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contributions, 154, 1 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1352274" type="journal article" year="1991">Calder 1991</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 12C), while those of
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC0FFB5FC5FFA232BF7FA64" authorityName="Galea" authorityYear="2013" box="[981,1163,1500,1526]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="xanthellatum">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FC5FFA232BF7FA64" box="[981,1163,1500,1526]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">H. xanthellatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are dorsally-ringed and their aperture surpasses the top of the theca (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D9A8BFFC0FFB5FD2BF9FF2C55F988" author="Galea, H. R." box="[673,809,1536,1562]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 50" refId="ref28247" refString="Galea, H. R. (2013) New additions to the shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the French Lesser Antilles: Martinique. Zootaxa, 3686 (1), 1 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3686.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Galea 2013</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 5G). On the other hand, the female gonotheca of
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC0FFB5FF1DF9DB2E4DF9AC" authorityName="Pena Cantero &amp; Garcia Carrascosa" authorityYear="2002" baseAuthorityName="Bourne" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[151,305,1572,1598]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lankesterii">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FF1DF9DB2E4DF9AC" box="[151,305,1572,1598]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">H. lankesterii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a broad, dome-shaped top and its aperture is situated much lower than in
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC0FFB5FB3AF9DB2A28F9AC" authorityName="Galea &amp; Maggioni" authorityYear="2024" box="[1200,1364,1572,1598]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="turbinariae">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FB3AF9DB2A28F9AC" box="[1200,1364,1572,1598]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">H. turbinariae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D9A8BFFC0FFB5FAEEF9DB2D5FF9F0" author="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Garcia Carrascosa, A. M." pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 180" refId="ref31447" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 337, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="2002">Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa 2002</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 13C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3E77AFFC0FFB5FF4DF9932D2CF884" blockId="13.[151,1437,852,1922]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
The female gonotheca of the new species is very similar to that of: 1)
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC0FFB5FB8CF9932A4DF914" authority="Billard, 1933" authorityName="Billard" authorityYear="1933" box="[1030,1329,1644,1670]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="labiatum">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FB8CF9932BECF914" box="[1030,1168,1644,1670]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">H. labiatum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D9A8BFFC0FFB5FB10F9932A4DF914" author="Billard, A." box="[1178,1329,1644,1670]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref26461" refString="Billard, A. (1933) Les hydroides des Golfes de Suez et d'Akaba. Memoires de l'Institut d'Egypte, 21, 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1933">Billard, 1933</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[original account: fig. 8L‒M;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D9A8BFFC0FFB5FEF1F96F2D19F938" author="Galea, H. R. &amp; Ferry, R." box="[379,613,1679,1706]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="213 - 246" refId="ref28517" refString="Galea, H. R. &amp; Ferry, R. (2015) Notes on some hydroids (Cnidaria) from Martinique, with descriptions of five new species. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 122 (2), 213 - 246. https: // doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 29998" type="journal article" year="2015">Galea &amp; Ferry (2015</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 3J‒K);
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D9A8BFFC0FFB5FD67F96F2CC3F938" author="Calder, D. R. &amp; Carlton, J. T. &amp; Larson, K. &amp; Mallinson, J. J. &amp; Choong, H. H. C. &amp; Keith, I. &amp; Ruiz, G. M." box="[749,959,1680,1706]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="21 - 58" refId="ref27350" refString="Calder, D. R., Carlton, J. T., Larson, K., Mallinson, J. J., Choong, H. H. C., Keith, I. &amp; Ruiz, G. M. (2019) Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from marine fouling assemblages in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Aquatic Invasions, 14 (1), 21 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.3391 / ai. 2019.14.1.02" type="journal article" year="2019">
Calder
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FCB7F96F2C11F938" box="[829,877,1680,1706]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
. (2019
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 4B)], but in that species the internodes are long and geniculate (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D9A8BFFC0FFB5FE3BF94B2D39F95C" author="Billard, A." box="[433,581,1716,1742]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref26461" refString="Billard, A. (1933) Les hydroides des Golfes de Suez et d'Akaba. Memoires de l'Institut d'Egypte, 21, 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1933">Billard 1933</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 8K); 2)
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC0FFB5FD56F94B2B5AF95C" authority="Calder, 2017" authorityName="Calder" authorityYear="2017" box="[732,1062,1716,1742]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="praeparvum">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FD56F94B2CF5F95F" box="[732,905,1716,1741]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">H. praeparvum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D9A8BFFC0FFB5FC18F94B2B5AF95C" author="Calder, D. R." box="[914,1062,1716,1742]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 86" refId="ref26973" refString="Calder, D. R. (2017) Additions to the hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the Bay of Fundy, northeastern North America, with a checklist of species reported from the region. Zootaxa, 4256 (1), 1 - 86. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4256.1.1" type="journal article" year="2017">Calder, 2017</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, but here it produces as much as 4‒6 oocytes, and the species can also be distinguished through its strongly flaring hydrothecae, and an occurrence in cold waters (Bay of Fundy,
<collectingCountry id="F31BA7EAFFC0FFB5FE61F9032D38F884" box="[491,580,1788,1814]" name="Canada" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Canada</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C316B4F1FFC0FFB5FF4DF8DF2B9EF8A8" box="[199,1250,1824,1850]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BB3E77AFFC0FFB5FF4DF8DF2B9EF8A8" blockId="13.[151,1437,852,1922]" box="[199,1250,1824,1850]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FF4DF8DF2E34F8A8" bold="true" box="[199,328,1824,1850]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Etymology</emphasis>
. Named after its occurrence on thalli of
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC0FFB5FC84F8DF2CFBF8A8" box="[782,903,1824,1850]" class="Anthozoa" family="Dendrophylliidae" genus="Turbinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FC84F8DF2CFBF8A8" box="[782,903,1824,1850]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Turbinaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
algae (
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC0FFB5FC52F8DF2B4FF8A8" box="[984,1075,1824,1850]" class="Anthozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Fucales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Fucales</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC0FFB5FBB4F8DF2BABF8A8" authorityName="Kutzing" authorityYear="1843" box="[1086,1239,1824,1850]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fucales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="family">Sargassaceae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C316B4F1FFC0FFB6FF4DF8BC2E3BFF36" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BB3E77AFFC0FFB5FF4DF8BC2DD1F810" blockId="13.[151,1437,852,1922]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FF4DF8BC2E25F8CF" bold="true" box="[199,345,1859,1885]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Distribution</emphasis>
. Glorioso Islands (
<collectingCountry id="F31BA7EAFFC0FFB5FDA5F8BB2CAAF8CC" box="[559,982,1860,1886]" name="French Southern Territories" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</collectingCountry>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9D9A8BFFC0FFB5FC66F8BB2A06F8CC" author="Gravier-Bonnet, N. &amp; Bourmaud, C." box="[1004,1402,1859,1886]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="63 - 69" refId="ref29361" refString="Gravier-Bonnet, N. &amp; Bourmaud, C. (2005) Cloning by releasing specialized frustules in a successful epiphytic zooxanthellate haleciid (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Haleciidae), with comments on stolonization and frustulation. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 48 (1), 63 - 69. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 07924259.2005.9652171" type="journal article" year="2005">Gravier-Bonnet &amp; Bourmaud 2005</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC0FFB5FF1DF8972E51F810" box="[151,301,1896,1922]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC0FFB5FF1DF8972E78F810" box="[151,260,1896,1922]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Halecium</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
),
<collectingRegion id="49C82998FFC0FFB5FEC8F8972E0DF810" box="[322,369,1896,1922]" country="Indonesia" name="Bali" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bali</collectingRegion>
(
<collectingCountry id="F31BA7EAFFC0FFB5FEF5F8972E93F810" box="[383,495,1896,1922]" name="Indonesia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
) (present study).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB3E77AFFC3FFB6FF1DFF682E3BFF36" blockId="14.[151,327,150,178]" box="[151,327,150,178]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="4C0C9CF9FFC3FFB6FF1DFF682E43FF20" box="[151,319,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sedis">
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC3FFB6FF1DFF682E43FF20" bold="true" box="[151,319,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Incertae sedis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9783B68FFC3FFB6FEB4FF692E3BFF36" bold="true" box="[318,327,150,164]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<superScript id="7C794A32FFC3FFB6FEB4FF692E3BFF36" attach="left" box="[318,327,150,164]" fontSize="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">3</superScript>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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