474 lines
57 KiB
XML
474 lines
57 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6DD41911C2D411BA3B1C63C20278FFF8">Biofouling hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from a Tropical Eastern Pacific island, with remarks on their biogeography</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD6FFBD89ACFA3514D7F9D6" ID-CoL="YPSV" authority="Fraser, 1938 a" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1938" box="[396,919,1511,1538]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flabellatum">
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<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD6FFBD89ACFA35159DF9D6" bold="true" box="[396,733,1511,1538]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">Corydendrium flabellatum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD6FFBD8AC5FA3514D7F9D6" author="Fraser CM" box="[741,919,1511,1538]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref19533" refString="Fraser CM. 1938 a. Hydroids of the 1934 Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition. Allan Hancock Pac Expeditions. 4 (1): 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1938">Fraser, 1938a</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD6FFBD8A13F9DB15B0F9F0" bold="true" box="[563,752,1545,1572]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">
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(
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,
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<figureCitation id="133310A7FFD6FFBD8AF7F9DB15A7F9F0" box="[727,743,1545,1572]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[160,225,1675,1698]" captionTargetBox="[167,1150,1315,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-404@10.[163,1153,1311,1643]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3. Oceaniidae. Corydendrium flabellatum, nematocysts. (a) desmoneme, #266339. (b) microbasic eurytele, #266340. (c) microbasic eurytele, discharged, #266340." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012494" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012494/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">3</figureCitation>
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)
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB182B0CFFD6FFBD8880F9ED147BF98C" box="[160,827,1599,1624]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">
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?
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<treatmentCitation id="0AA92A33FFD6FFBD888BF9ED15CCF98C" author="Fraser CM" box="[171,652,1599,1624]" page="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" year="1938">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD6FFBD888BF9ED15CCF98C" ID-CoL="YPSV" authority="Fraser, 1938 a: 11" authorityName="Fraser" authorityPageNumber="11" authorityYear="1938" box="[171,652,1599,1624]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flabellatum">
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<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD6FFBD888BF9ED1687F98C" box="[171,455,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="573">Corydendrium flabellatum</emphasis>
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, pl. 1, fig. 2a, b.
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locality
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:
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,
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,
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,
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(
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD6FFBD8BA1F9751305F914" author="Calder DR & Vervoort W & Hochberg FG" box="[897,1093,1703,1728]" pageId="8" pageNumber="573" pagination="919 - 1058" refId="ref17575" refString="Calder DR, Vervoort W, Hochberg FG. 2009. Lectotype designations of new species of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa), described by C. M. Fraser, from Allan Hancock Pacific and Caribbean Sea Expeditions. Zool Mededelingen. 83: 919 - 1058." type="journal article" year="2009">Calder et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
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)
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.
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<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD7FFBC8880FA9A163FFAB6" bold="true" box="[160,383,1352,1378]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">Material examined</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD7FFBC8880FBB617BBFBAF" bold="true" box="[160,251,1124,1147]" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">Figure 2.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD7FFBC8923FBB616D7FBAF" authorityName="Cornelius" authorityYear="1992" box="[259,407,1124,1147]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">Anthoathecata</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD7FFBC8981FBB61558FBAF" authorityName="McCrady" authorityYear="1859" box="[417,536,1124,1147]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Pennariidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD7FFBC8AE3FBB61407FBAF" authorityName="L. Agassiz" authorityYear="1862" box="[707,839,1124,1147]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Eudendriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (a)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD7FFBC8B52FBB61357FBAF" authorityName="Goldfuss" authorityYear="1820" box="[882,1047,1124,1147]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD7FFBC8B52FBB61357FBAF" box="[882,1047,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">Pennaria disticha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: hydranth, pedicel and part of hydrocaulus, #266339. (b)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD7FFBC8A41FB501419FB4D" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1938" box="[609,857,1154,1177]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flabellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD7FFBC8A41FB501419FB4D" box="[609,857,1154,1177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">Corydendrium flabellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: two hydranths and distal end of hydrocaulus, #266340. (c)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD7FFBC89E8FB4D1580FB62" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1938" box="[456,704,1183,1206]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" genus="Eudendrium" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="certicaule">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD7FFBC89E8FB4D157BFB62" box="[456,571,1183,1206]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">Eudendrium</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD7FFBC8A45FB4D1580FB62" box="[613,704,1183,1206]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">certicaule</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: hydranth and part of pedicel, #240637. (d)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD7FFBC8880FB6E16D1FB07" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1938" box="[160,401,1212,1235]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" genus="Eudendrium" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="certicaule">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD7FFBC8880FB6E1653FB07" box="[160,275,1212,1235]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">Eudendrium</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD7FFBC8916FB6E16D1FB07" box="[310,401,1212,1235]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">certicaule</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: pedicel and hydranth with female gonophores, #240634. (e)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD7FFBC8BD3FB6E17BBFB25" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1938" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" genus="Eudendrium" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="certicaule">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD7FFBC8BD3FB6E1326FB07" box="[1011,1126,1212,1235]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">Eudendrium</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD7FFBC8880FB0817BBFB25" box="[160,251,1242,1265]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">certicaule</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: pedicel and hydranth with male gonophores, #240636. (f)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD7FFBC8B61FB081371FB25" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1938" box="[833,1073,1242,1265]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" genus="Eudendrium" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="certicaule">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD7FFBC8B61FB0814F4FB25" box="[833,948,1242,1265]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">Eudendrium</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD7FFBC8BF6FB081371FB25" box="[982,1073,1242,1265]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">certicaule</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: base of hydrocaulus with a branch, #240636. Scale bars: a, b, f = 0.2 mm; c–e = 0.1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB70C22FFD7FFBC8880FABE16C1FA1E" blockId="9.[160,1156,1352,1482]" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">
|
||
Chatham Bay, dock 004, 1 colony,
|
||
<quantity id="4CF0A1C7FFD7FFBC8A1AFABE15C8FA51" box="[570,648,1388,1413]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" unit="cm" value="3.2">3.2 cm</quantity>
|
||
high, without gonophores, coll. G. Ashton, #179822. –Chatham Bay, dock 004, 2 colonies, to
|
||
<quantity id="4CF0A1C7FFD7FFBC8AFBFA5D1454FA7C" box="[731,788,1423,1448]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="574" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
|
||
high, without gonophores, coll. G. Ashton, #266340.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB70C22FFD7FFBC8880F9D41649F9F4" blockId="9.[160,1106,1542,1672]" box="[160,265,1542,1568]" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD7FFBC8880F9D41649F9F4" bold="true" box="[160,265,1542,1568]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">Cnidome</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB70C22FFD7FFBF8880F9FB1646FF7C" blockId="9.[160,1106,1542,1672]" lastBlockId="10.[160,1157,142,1243]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="575" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">
|
||
Nematocysts of hydranth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133310A7FFD7FFBC89EBF9FB150DF996" box="[459,589,1577,1602]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[160,225,1675,1698]" captionTargetBox="[167,1150,1315,1640]" captionTargetId="figure-404@10.[163,1153,1311,1643]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3. Oceaniidae. Corydendrium flabellatum, nematocysts. (a) desmoneme, #266339. (b) microbasic eurytele, #266340. (c) microbasic eurytele, discharged, #266340." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012494" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012494/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="574">Figure 3a–c</figureCitation>
|
||
): desmonemes (n = 10): 4.7–5.2 μm long × 3.2–3.4 μm wide; heterotrichous microbasic euryteles (n = 10): 8.3–9.0 μm long × 3.8–4.1 μm wide.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD4FFBF8880FF5C1646FF7C" bold="true" box="[160,262,142,168]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB70C22FFD4FFBF8880FF601672FD9C" blockId="10.[160,1157,142,1243]" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">
|
||
The original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD4FFBF89F5FF6014D1FF1F" authority="Fraser, 1938 a" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1938" box="[469,913,178,203]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flabellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD4FFBF89F5FF6015B3FF1F" box="[469,755,178,203]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">Corydendrium flabellatum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD4FFBF8ADCFF6014D1FF1F" author="Fraser CM" box="[764,913,178,203]" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref19533" refString="Fraser CM. 1938 a. Hydroids of the 1934 Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition. Allan Hancock Pac Expeditions. 4 (1): 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1938">Fraser, 1938a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was based on sterile material from the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Uncertainty was expressed at the time about its generic affinities (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD4FFBF8942FF2516B1FEC4" author="Fraser CM" box="[354,497,247,272]" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref19533" refString="Fraser CM. 1938 a. Hydroids of the 1934 Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition. Allan Hancock Pac Expeditions. 4 (1): 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1938">Fraser 1938a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Hydroids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD4FFBF8AA9FF251462FEC4" authorityName="Van Beneden" authorityYear="1844" box="[649,802,247,272]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD4FFBF8AA9FF251462FEC4" box="[649,802,247,272]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">Corydendrium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are defined as oceaniids having colonies that are either erect, polysiphonic and irregularly branched, or exceptionally stolonal, perisarc tubes of hydrocaulus and branches that are adnate over all or a considerable part of their lengths and that terminate near the hydranth bases, hydranths that are elongate and cylindrical, with scattered filiform tentacles, and gonophores that are elongate, fixed and either located within perisarc tubes beneath the hydranths or appearing as external outgrowths of the stem and branches (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD4FFBF8BD5FE15133EFE34" author="Calder DR" box="[1013,1150,455,480]" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" pagination="1 - 107" refId="ref17377" refString="Calder DR. 1988. Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: the Athecatae. Royal Ontario Museum. Life Sci Contrib. 148: 1 - 107. doi: 10.5962 / bhl. title. 52225" type="journal article" year="1988">Calder 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD4FFBF8880FE381612FDD7" author="Schuchert P" box="[160,338,490,515]" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" pagination="315 - 369" refId="ref23166" refString="Schuchert P. 2004. Revision of the European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): families Oceanidae and Pachycordylidae. Rev Suisse Zool. 111: 315 - 369. doi: 10.5962 / bhl. part. 80242" type="journal article" year="2004">Schuchert 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD4FFBF8942FE381504FDD7" author="Bouillon J & Gravili C & Pages F & Gili J-M & Boero F" box="[354,580,490,515]" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" pagination="1 - 591" refId="ref17152" refString="Bouillon J, Gravili C, Pages F, Gili J-M, Boero F. 2006. An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. 194: 1 - 591." type="journal article" year="2006">Bouillon et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD4FFBF8A7BFE38144DFDD7" author="Fraser CM" box="[603,781,490,515]" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref19533" refString="Fraser CM. 1938 a. Hydroids of the 1934 Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition. Allan Hancock Pac Expeditions. 4 (1): 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1938">Fraser’s (1938a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
account of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD4FFBF8BBCFE381376FDD7" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1938" box="[924,1078,490,515]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flabellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD4FFBF8BBCFE381376FDD7" box="[924,1078,490,515]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">C. flabellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
corresponds with these characters except for the gonophores, which were, and remain, undescribed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB70C22FFD4FFBE88E0FD8016E1FEDB" blockId="10.[160,1157,142,1243]" lastBlockId="11.[160,1156,142,722]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="576" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD4FFBF88E0FD8016ABFDBF" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1938" box="[192,491,594,619]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flabellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD4FFBF88E0FD8016ABFDBF" box="[192,491,594,619]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">Corydendrium flabellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been considered a synonym of the circumglobal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD4FFBF8880FDA616B4FD59" authority="Linnaeus, 1767" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[160,500,628,653]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parasiticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD4FFBF8880FDA6167FFD59" box="[160,319,628,653]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">C. parasiticum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD4FFBF8969FDA616B4FD59" author="Linnaeus C" box="[329,500,628,653]" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" pagination="533 - 1317" refId="ref21344" refString="Linnaeus C. 1767. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Pars II. Editio duodecima, reformata. Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. p. 533 - 1317. doi: 10.5962 / bhl. title. 156772" type="book chapter" year="1767">Linnaeus, 1767</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD4FFBF8A25FDA615EEFD59" author="Vervoort W" box="[517,686,628,653]" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" pagination="287 - 351" refId="ref23867" refString="Vervoort W. 1946. Exotic hydroids in the collections of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie and the Zoological Museum at Amsterdam. Zool Mededelingen. 26: 287 - 351." type="journal article" year="1946">Vervoort, 1946</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD4FFBF8A9EFDA61407FD59" author="Calder DR" box="[702,839,628,653]" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" pagination="1 - 107" refId="ref17377" refString="Calder DR. 1988. Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: the Athecatae. Royal Ontario Museum. Life Sci Contrib. 148: 1 - 107. doi: 10.5962 / bhl. title. 52225" type="journal article" year="1988">Calder 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although it is retained as a distinct species by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD4FFBF89A2FD45157EFD64" author="Schuchert P" box="[386,574,663,688]" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" pagination="315 - 369" refId="ref23166" refString="Schuchert P. 2004. Revision of the European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): families Oceanidae and Pachycordylidae. Rev Suisse Zool. 111: 315 - 369. doi: 10.5962 / bhl. part. 80242" type="journal article" year="2004">Schuchert (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. There appears to be little in terms of morphology to distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD4FFBF8906FD681681FD07" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1938" box="[294,449,698,723]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flabellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD4FFBF8906FD681681FD07" box="[294,449,698,723]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">C. flabellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD4FFBF8A2DFD6815ECFD07" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[525,684,698,723]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parasiticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD4FFBF8A2DFD6815ECFD07" box="[525,684,698,723]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">C. parasiticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The cnidome of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD4FFBF8BA0FD68135BFD07" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1938" box="[896,1051,698,723]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flabellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD4FFBF8BA0FD68135BFD07" box="[896,1051,698,723]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">C. flabellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD4FFBF891EFD0E16A0FD21" author="Fraser CM" box="[318,480,732,757]" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref19533" refString="Fraser CM. 1938 a. Hydroids of the 1934 Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition. Allan Hancock Pac Expeditions. 4 (1): 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1938">Fraser (1938a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and was previously unknown. That of material examined here, comprising desmonemes and euryteles, is identical to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD4FFBF8BFEFD2D1619FCEF" authority="Linnaeus, 1767" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parasiticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD4FFBF8BFEFD2D13C4FCCC" box="[990,1156,767,792]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">C. parasiticum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD4FFBF8880FCF01619FCEF" author="Linnaeus C" box="[160,345,802,827]" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" pagination="533 - 1317" refId="ref21344" refString="Linnaeus C. 1767. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Pars II. Editio duodecima, reformata. Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. p. 533 - 1317. doi: 10.5962 / bhl. title. 156772" type="book chapter" year="1767">Linnaeus, 1767</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F4CB2FFD4FFBF8997FCF0155FFCEF" box="[439,543,802,827]" name="Bermuda" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD4FFBF8A19FCF01591FCEF" author="Calder DR" box="[569,721,802,827]" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" pagination="1 - 107" refId="ref17377" refString="Calder DR. 1988. Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: the Athecatae. Royal Ontario Museum. Life Sci Contrib. 148: 1 - 107. doi: 10.5962 / bhl. title. 52225" type="journal article" year="1988">Calder 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Sizes of the two categories in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD4FFBF8880FC961606FC89" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[160,326,836,861]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parasiticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD4FFBF8880FC961606FC89" box="[160,326,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">C. parasiticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and in Cocos material are close, particularly those of the euryteles. Desmonemes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD4FFBF897DFCB516B9FC54" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[349,505,871,896]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parasiticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD4FFBF897DFCB516B9FC54" box="[349,505,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">C. parasiticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F4CB2FFD4FFBF8A1CFCB515E1FC54" box="[572,673,871,896]" name="Bermuda" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
|
||
were slightly larger than those in hydroids from the present collection. The essentially identical morphology and cnidome might thus suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD4FFBF8959FC7E1555FC11" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1938" box="[377,533,940,965]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flabellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD4FFBF8959FC7E1555FC11" box="[377,533,940,965]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">C. flabellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
represents introduced populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD4FFBF8BFDFC7E133DFC11" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[989,1149,940,965]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parasiticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD4FFBF8BFDFC7E133DFC11" box="[989,1149,940,965]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">C. parasiticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is considered introduced in the Hawaiian Islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD4FFBF8B1BFC1D1336FC3C" author="Carlton JT & Eldredge LG" box="[827,1142,975,1000]" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" pagination="25 - 47" refId="ref18146" refString="Carlton JT, Eldredge LG 2015. Update and revision of the marine bioinvasions of Hawaii: the introduced and cryptogenic marine and estuarine animals and plants of the Hawaiian Archipelago. In: Evenhuis NL, Carlton JT, Lucius G, editors. Eldredge III memorial volume: tribute to a polymath. Bishop Museum Bulletin Zoology. Vol. 9. Honolulu, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press; p. 25 - 47." type="book chapter" year="2015">Carlton and Eldredge 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Alternatively,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD4FFBF891CFC201695FBDF" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1938" box="[316,469,1010,1035]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flabellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD4FFBF891CFC201695FBDF" box="[316,469,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">C. flabellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may represent an endemic Tropical Eastern Pacific clade of the globally distributed hydroid referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD4FFBF8A96FBC61414FBF9" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[694,852,1044,1069]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parasiticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD4FFBF8A96FBC61414FBF9" box="[694,852,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">C. parasiticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(a likely species complex). With
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD4FFBF88FBFBE51635FB84" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1767" box="[219,373,1079,1104]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parasiticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD4FFBF88FBFBE51635FB84" box="[219,373,1079,1104]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">C. parasiticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
having originally been described from the Mediterranean Sea, its
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B3B280FFD4FFBF8C71FBE513C3FB84" box="[1105,1155,1079,1104]" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality is geographically remote from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD4FFBF8AB8FB88146DFBA7" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1938" box="[664,813,1114,1139]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flabellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD4FFBF8AB8FB88146DFBA7" box="[664,813,1114,1139]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">C. flabellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, located on the Pacific coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F4CB2FFD4FFBF8880FBAE17BDFB41" box="[160,253,1148,1173]" name="Panama" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Moreover, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B3B280FFD4FFBF8993FBAE16A5FB41" box="[435,485,1148,1173]" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">type</typeStatus>
|
||
localities of the two species are separated by the Central American Isthmus, a major biogeographic barrier. Few hydroid species are known to have naturally crossed that barrier (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD4FFBF89D0FB1015F5FB0F" author="Moura CJ & Collins AG & Santos RS & Lessios H" box="[496,693,1218,1243]" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" pagination="13001 - 13016" refId="ref22177" refString="Moura CJ, Collins AG, Santos RS, Lessios H. 2019. Predominant east to west colonizations across major oceanic barriers: insights into the phylogeographic history of the hydroid superfamily Plumularioidea, suggested by a mitochondrial DNA barcoding marker. Ecol Evol. 9: 13001 - 13016. doi: 10.1002 / ece 3.5608" type="journal article" year="2019">Moura et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For now, we recognise
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD4FFBF8BEEFB101324FB0F" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1938" box="[974,1124,1218,1243]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flabellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD4FFBF8BEEFB101324FB0F" box="[974,1124,1218,1243]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">C. flabellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as valid, pending genetic comparisons, and tentatively native to the Eastern Pacific. Further complicating this species’ status is, as we note above, a lack of knowledge of the gonophores; additional study may suggest that the species should eventually be treated as a
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD5FFBE88F3FF2416DBFEDB" box="[211,411,246,271]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="576">species inquirenda</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF775CAAFFD4FFBF8880F9591413F96B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7012494" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7012494" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7012494/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" startId="10.[160,225,1675,1698]" targetBox="[167,1150,1315,1640]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB70C22FFD4FFBF8880F9591413F96B" blockId="10.[160,1155,1675,1727]" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD4FFBF8880F95917BCF976" bold="true" box="[160,252,1675,1698]" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD4FFBF8926F9591636F976" authorityName="Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1829" box="[262,374,1675,1698]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Oceaniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD4FFBF89A1F959153CF976" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1938" box="[385,636,1675,1698]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="575" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flabellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD4FFBF89A1F959153CF976" box="[385,636,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="575">Corydendrium flabellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, nematocysts. (a) desmoneme, #266339. (b) microbasic eurytele, #266340. (c) microbasic eurytele, discharged, #266340.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB70C22FFD5FFBE88E0FECB16C9FDBE" blockId="11.[160,1156,142,722]" pageId="11" pageNumber="576">
|
||
Within the suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD5FFBE8998FECB15D2FEE6" authority="Kuhn, 1913" authorityName="Kuhn" authorityYear="1913" box="[440,658,281,306]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Filifera">
|
||
Filifera
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD5FFBE8A2FFECB15D2FEE6" author="Kuhn A" box="[527,658,281,306]" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" pagination="1 - 284" refId="ref20863" refString="Kuhn A. 1913. Entwicklungsgeschichte und Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Hydrozoen. I. Teil: Die Hydroiden. Ergebnisse und Fortschritte der Zoologie. 4: 1 - 284." type="journal article" year="1913">Kühn, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, four separate clades were recognised by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD5FFBE8880FEEE16EEFE81" author="Cartwright P & Evans NM & Dunn CW & Marques AC & Miglietta MP & Schuchert P & Collins AG" box="[160,430,316,341]" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" pagination="1663 - 1672" refId="ref18268" refString="Cartwright P, Evans NM, Dunn CW, Marques AC, Miglietta MP, Schuchert P, Collins AG. 2008. Phylogenetics of Hydroidolina (Hydrozoa: Cnidaria). J Mar Biol Assoc U K. 88: 1663 - 1672. doi: 10.1017 / S 0025315408002257" type="journal article" year="2008">Cartwright et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Utilising grey nomenclature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD5FFBE8B2EFEEE14DCFE81" author="Minelli A" box="[782,924,316,341]" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" pagination="654 - 666" refId="ref22052" refString="Minelli A. 2017. Grey nomenclature needs rules. Ecol Montenegrina. 7: 654 - 666. doi: 10.37828 / em. 2016.7.31" type="journal article" year="2017">Minelli 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), they assigned the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD5FFBE88D0FE8C157DFEA3" authority="Eschscholtz 1829" authorityName="Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1829" box="[240,573,350,375]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
|
||
Oceaniidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD5FFBE8959FE8C157DFEA3" author="Eschscholtz F" box="[377,573,350,375]" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" refId="ref19323" refString="Eschscholtz F. 1829. System der Acalephen. Eine ausfurliche Beschreibung aller medusenartigen Strahltiere. Berlin: Ferdinand Dummler. doi: 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10139" type="book" year="1829">Eschscholtz 1829</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(inclusive of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD5FFBE8AC0FE8C143AFEA3" authorityName="Van Beneden" authorityYear="1844" box="[736,890,350,375]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD5FFBE8AC0FE8C143AFEA3" box="[736,890,350,375]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="576">Corydendrium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD5FFBE8B9CFE8C1318FEA3" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1938" box="[956,1112,350,375]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="575" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flabellatum">
|
||
C.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD5FFBE8BFCFE8C1318FEA3" box="[988,1112,350,375]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="576">flabellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) to ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD5FFBE8883FE5317B3FE4E" authorityName="Kuhn" authorityYear="1913" box="[163,243,385,410]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Filifera">Filifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
IV’. According to the phylogenetic analyses of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD5FFBE8B15FE53133FFE4E" author="Bentlage B & Collins AG" box="[821,1151,385,410]" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" pagination="12104" refId="ref16789" refString="Bentlage B, Collins AG. 2021. Tackling the phylogenetic conundrum of Hydroidolina (Cnidaria: Medusozoa: Hydrozoa) by assessing competing tree topologies with targeted high-throughput sequencing. PeerJ. 9: e 12104. doi: 10.7717 / peerj. 12104" type="journal article" year="2021">Bentlage and Collins (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, components of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD5FFBE897BFE7616E6FE69" authorityName="Kuhn" authorityYear="1913" box="[347,422,420,445]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Filifera">Filifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
III and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD5FFBE8A27FE761512FE69" authorityName="Kuhn" authorityYear="1913" box="[519,594,420,445]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Filifera">Filifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
IV have a closer relationship to siphonophores than to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD5FFBE8921FE1416ACFE0B" authority="Kuhn, 1913" authorityName="Kuhn" authorityYear="1913" box="[257,492,454,479]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="572" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Capitata">
|
||
Capitata
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD5FFBE894AFE1416ACFE0B" author="Kuhn A" box="[362,492,454,479]" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" pagination="1 - 284" refId="ref20863" refString="Kuhn A. 1913. Entwicklungsgeschichte und Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Hydrozoen. I. Teil: Die Hydroiden. Ergebnisse und Fortschritte der Zoologie. 4: 1 - 284." type="journal article" year="1913">Kühn, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD5FFBE89DDFE141507FE0B" authorityName="Kuhn" authorityYear="1913" box="[509,583,454,479]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Filifera">Filifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
I,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD5FFBE8A4AFE1415F4FE0B" authorityName="Kuhn" authorityYear="1913" box="[618,692,454,479]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Filifera">Filifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
II and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD5FFBE8B2DFE14131DFE0B" authority="Cornelius, 1992" authorityName="Cornelius" authorityYear="1992" box="[781,1117,454,479]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="order">
|
||
Leptothecata
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD5FFBE8B8DFE14131DFE0B" author="Cornelius PFS" box="[941,1117,454,479]" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" pagination="245 - 261" refId="ref18826" refString="Cornelius PFS. 1992. Medusa loss in leptolid Hydrozoa (Cnidaria), hydroid rafting, and abbreviated life-cycles among their remote-island faunae: an interim review. Sci Mar. 56: 245 - 261." type="journal article" year="1992">Cornelius, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In terms of classification,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD5FFBE8983FE3B157BFDD6" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1938" box="[419,571,489,514]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="575" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flabellatum">
|
||
C.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD5FFBE89E0FE3B157BFDD6" box="[448,571,489,514]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="576">flabellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might thus have been discussed at the end of this work rather than near the beginning. For now, however, it has been placed between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD5FFBE8880FDFC169BFD93" authority="(Capitata)" baseAuthorityName="Capitata" box="[160,475,558,583]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD5FFBE8880FDFC1622FD93" box="[160,354,558,583]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="576">Pennaria disticha</emphasis>
|
||
(Capitata)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD5FFBE8A3DFDFC147BFD93" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1938" box="[541,827,558,583]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" genus="Eudendrium" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="certicaule">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD5FFBE8A3DFDFC15E1FD93" box="[541,673,558,583]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="576">Eudendrium</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD5FFBE8AF2FDFC147BFD93" box="[722,827,558,583]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="576">certicaule</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD5FFBE8B70FDFC14E0FD93" authorityName="Kuhn" authorityYear="1913" box="[848,928,558,583]" class="Hydrozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Filifera">Filifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
I’) as in traditional taxonomic accounts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB70C22FFD5FFBE88E0FDA61367FD06" blockId="11.[160,1156,142,722]" pageId="11" pageNumber="576">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0877A1FFD5FFBE88E0FDA6169CFD59" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1938" box="[192,476,628,653]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Corydendrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="flabellatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD5FFBE88E0FDA6169CFD59" box="[192,476,628,653]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="576">Corydendrium flabellatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been reported from the Pacific coasts of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F4CB2FFD5FFBE8BFDFDA61377FD59" box="[989,1079,628,653]" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="576">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Secas Islands,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3C6AE5FFD5FFBE88D9FD441637FD7B" box="[249,375,662,687]" degrees="07" direction="north" minutes="57" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" precision="15" seconds="55" value="7.9652777">
|
||
07°57
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD5FFBE8918FD44167EFD7A" bold="true" box="[312,318,662,686]" pageId="11" pageNumber="576">ʹ</emphasis>
|
||
55″N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3C6AE5FFD5FFBE89A2FD441546FD7B" box="[386,518,662,687]" degrees="82" direction="west" minutes="00" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" precision="15" seconds="30" value="-82.00833">
|
||
82°00
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD5FFBE89E2FD441688FD7A" bold="true" box="[450,456,662,686]" pageId="11" pageNumber="576">ʹ</emphasis>
|
||
30″W
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F4CB2FFD5FFBE8A65FD4415D5FD7B" box="[581,661,662,687]" name="Mexico" pageId="11" pageNumber="576">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(east of islands off Navidad Head,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3C6AE5FFD5FFBE8C38FD4417F3FD06" degrees="19" direction="north" minutes="12" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" precision="15" seconds="50" value="19.21389">
|
||
19°12
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD5FFBE8C77FD44131DFD7A" bold="true" box="[1111,1117,662,686]" pageId="11" pageNumber="576">ʹ</emphasis>
|
||
50″ N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3C6AE5FFD5FFBE889EFD6B1611FD06" box="[190,337,697,722]" degrees="104" direction="west" minutes="49" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" precision="15" seconds="48" value="-104.83">
|
||
104°49
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD5FFBE892BFD6B1651FD05" bold="true" box="[267,273,697,721]" pageId="11" pageNumber="576">ʹ</emphasis>
|
||
48″W
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; off Isabel Island,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3C6AE5FFD5FFBE8A38FD6B15D7FD06" box="[536,663,697,722]" degrees="21" direction="north" minutes="51" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" precision="15" seconds="35" value="21.859722">
|
||
21°51
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD5FFBE8A77FD6B151DFD05" bold="true" box="[599,605,697,721]" pageId="11" pageNumber="576">ʹ</emphasis>
|
||
35″N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE3C6AE5FFD5FFBE8A82FD6B1473FD06" box="[674,819,697,722]" degrees="105" direction="west" minutes="54" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" precision="15" seconds="30" value="-105.90833">
|
||
105°54
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD5FFBE8ACFFD6B15B5FD05" bold="true" box="[751,757,697,721]" pageId="11" pageNumber="576">ʹ</emphasis>
|
||
30″W
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD5FFBE8B67FD6B1497FD06" author="Fraser CM" box="[839,983,697,722]" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref19533" refString="Fraser CM. 1938 a. Hydroids of the 1934 Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition. Allan Hancock Pac Expeditions. 4 (1): 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1938">Fraser 1938a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD5FFBE8BC4FD6B135BFD06" author="Fraser CM" box="[996,1051,697,722]" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" pagination="259 - 432" refId="ref19629" refString="Fraser CM. 1943. A ten-year list of the Velero III collecting stations. General account of the scientific work of the Velero III in the eastern Pacific. Part III. Allan Hancock Pac Expeditions. 1 (3): 259 - 432." type="journal article" year="1943">1943</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB70C22FFD5FFBE8880FCD716DCFCCB" blockId="11.[160,1110,773,868]" box="[160,412,773,799]" pageId="11" pageNumber="576">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97CD030FFD5FFBE8880FCD716DCFCCB" bold="true" box="[160,412,773,799]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="576">Reported distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB70C22FFD5FFBE8880FCFA16FAFC95" blockId="11.[160,1110,773,868]" box="[160,442,808,833]" pageId="11" pageNumber="576">Cocos Island: first record.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB70C22FFD5FFBE88E0FC991316FCB0" blockId="11.[160,1110,773,868]" box="[192,1110,843,868]" pageId="11" pageNumber="576">
|
||
Elsewhere: Pacific coasts of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F4CB2FFD5FFBE89D8FC991512FCB0" box="[504,594,843,868]" name="Panama" pageId="11" pageNumber="576">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31F4CB2FFD5FFBE8AABFC99159BFCB0" box="[651,731,843,868]" name="Mexico" pageId="11" pageNumber="576">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD5FFBE8AC8FC991438FCB0" author="Fraser CM" box="[744,888,843,868]" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref19533" refString="Fraser CM. 1938 a. Hydroids of the 1934 Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition. Allan Hancock Pac Expeditions. 4 (1): 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1938">Fraser 1938a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9971D3FFD5FFBE8BA5FC991309FCB0" author="Calder DR & Vervoort W & Hochberg FG" box="[901,1097,843,868]" pageId="11" pageNumber="576" pagination="919 - 1058" refId="ref17575" refString="Calder DR, Vervoort W, Hochberg FG. 2009. Lectotype designations of new species of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa), described by C. M. Fraser, from Allan Hancock Pacific and Caribbean Sea Expeditions. Zool Mededelingen. 83: 919 - 1058." type="journal article" year="2009">Calder et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |