270 lines
36 KiB
XML
270 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document id="9E635A631541F842FF6902A34980AB12" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00875.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5292273" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630053719600" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Reid, David G., Aravind, Neelavara Ananthram & Madhyastha, Neelavara Ananthram" docDate="2013" docId="038A87FB193601419B09FE17E122FB2A" docLanguage="en" docName="zoj875.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 167 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00875.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37.3:ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleId="FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Cremnoconchus cingulatus Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha 2013, SP. NOV." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="126" masterDocId="FFB3FF83192901609877FFA5E32EFFC6" masterDocTitle="A unique radiation of marine littorinid snails in the freshwater streams of the Western Ghats of India: the genus Cremnoconchus W. T. Blanford, 1869 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)" masterLastPageNumber="135" masterPageNumber="93" pageNumber="124" updateTime="1699140868359" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="0FA5FC7C26FDDBF1A0BFB96022044B80">A unique radiation of marine littorinid snails in the freshwater streams of the Western Ghats of India: the genus Cremnoconchus W. T. Blanford, 1869 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="62A003CB41312849047CE978EF3BF766">Reid, David G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8A87245FD1B7F64497A6F0257D0D73F8">Aravind, Neelavara Ananthram</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="75CC4E942F640D38F97C4B3D81BB8A21">Madhyastha, Neelavara Ananthram</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="77E0A5B47E59CE274C9693DE84BB6FF5">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="F512FCA873495791B3534183D53712FE">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6EBD77B57997664CEB0CF04D67F35269">2013-01-18</mods:number>
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<heading id="D0D481811936017F9B09FE17E673FE0E" box="[894,1373,434,456]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="31" pageNumber="124" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1936017F9B09FE17E7DFFE01" ID-CoL="ZC23" authority="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha, 2013" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[894,1265,434,455]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="126" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cingulatus" status="sp. nov.">CREMNOCONCHUS CINGULATUS</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B957EAFF1936017F9C8CFE13E673FE0E" bold="true" box="[1275,1373,435,456]" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26457841936017F9C8CFE13E673FE0E" box="[1275,1373,435,456]" pageId="31" pageNumber="124" rank="species">SP. NOV.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3396566193601419BF7FE77E122FB2A" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="126" pageId="31" pageNumber="124" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1936017F9BF7FE77E675FE2E" blockId="31.[894,1373,434,488]" box="[896,1371,466,488]" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13182A681936017F9BFEFE77E0C4FE21" box="[905,1002,466,487]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="12.[144,223,1558,1577]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-0@12.[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 4. Microsculpture of Cremnoconchus species (viewed by SEM). A, C. dwarakii, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. B, C. syhadrensis, Matheran, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra. C, C. syhadrensis, Khandala, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. D, C. conicus, 44 km west of Bhor, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. E, C. conicus, 6 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra. F, C. globulus, Lesser Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka. G, C. cingulatus, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. H, C. agumbensis, Agumbe, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. I, C. canaliculatus, 10 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra. J, C. canaliculatus, Dongarwadi, Tamhini, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. K, C. canaliculatus, 5 km south of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra. L, C. castanea, Belkal Thirtha Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. M, C. castanea, Arasinagundi Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. N, C. hanumani, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka. O, C. hanumani, Hanuman Gundi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292283/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">FIGS 4G</figureCitation>
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, 5O, P, 11Q–U, 13E, F, 14D–I)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1936017F9B4DFE5FE7C3FDAD" blockId="31.[826,1441,505,619]" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">
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<emphasis id="B957EAFF1936017F9B4DFE5FE0AEFDC9" box="[826,896,506,527]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">Types:</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B4B3CB01936017F9BF0FE5CE7C3FDAD" collectionCode="ZSI, WGRS, R, T" country="India" latitude="13.71742" location="Hulikal Ghat" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="74.99445" municipality="Udupi Dist." pageId="31" pageNumber="124" specimenCount="3" stateProvince="Karnataka" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="5498884F1936017F9BF0FE5CE0C3FDC9" box="[903,1005,505,527]" pageId="31" pageNumber="124" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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<collectionCode id="ED32AE281936017F9B83FE5CE732FDC9" box="[1012,1052,505,527]" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">ZSI</collectionCode>
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/
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<collectionCode id="ED32AE281936017F9C52FE5CE75DFDC9" box="[1061,1139,505,527]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z6tk-8dmw" name="Western Ghat Regional Station of the Zoological Survey of India at Calicut" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">WGRS</collectionCode>
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/IR.INV-2316 (Fig. 11
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<collectionCode id="ED32AE281936017F9D15FE5CE659FDC8" box="[1378,1399,505,526]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">R</collectionCode>
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, S);
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<specimenCount id="9D25FD641936017F9B4DFDBDE0FEFDEB" box="[826,976,536,557]" pageId="31" pageNumber="124" type="generic" typeStatus="paratypes">3 paratypes</specimenCount>
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<collectionCode id="ED32AE281936017F9B91FDBDE721FDEB" box="[998,1039,536,557]" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">ZSI</collectionCode>
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/
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<collectionCode id="ED32AE281936017F9C60FDBDE748FDEB" box="[1047,1126,536,557]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z6tk-8dmw" name="Western Ghat Regional Station of the Zoological Survey of India at Calicut" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">WGRS</collectionCode>
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/IR.INV-2317, 2318, 2319 (Fig. 11Q,
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<collectionCode id="ED32AE281936017F9BC2FD92E0E8FD8A" box="[949,966,567,588]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">T</collectionCode>
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, U);
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<location id="8EFC60361936017F9C72FD93E78AFD8A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87FB193601419B09FE17E122FB2A:8EFC60361936017F9C72FD93E78AFD8A" box="[1029,1188,566,588]" country="India" latitude="13.71742" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="74.99445" municipality="Udupi Dist." name="Hulikal Ghat" pageId="31" pageNumber="124" stateProvince="Karnataka">Hulikal Ghat</location>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BF8AC971936017F9CC3FD93E66EFD8A" box="[1204,1344,566,588]" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">Udupi Dist.</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F1936017F9D27FD92E05EFDAD" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F334767D1936017F9B09FDF0E095FDAD" box="[894,955,597,619]" name="India" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">India</collectingCountry>
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(
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<geoCoordinate id="EE17502A1936017F9BBBFDF0E77FFDAC" box="[972,1105,597,618]" degrees="13.71742" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="124" precision="1" value="13.71742">13.71742°N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE17502A1936017F9C2CFDF0E7CFFDAD" box="[1115,1249,597,619]" degrees="74.99445" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="124" precision="1" value="74.99445">74.99445°E</geoCoordinate>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1936017F9B4DFD3EE726FD09" blockId="31.[826,1441,667,719]" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">
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<emphasis id="B957EAFF1936017F9B4DFD3EE096FD76" box="[826,952,667,688]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">Etymology:</emphasis>
|
||
Latin
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1936017F9C7BFD3EE7ADFD76" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[1036,1155,667,688]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="124" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1936017F9C7BFD3EE7ADFD76" box="[1036,1155,667,688]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">cingulatus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, girdled, in reference to sculpture of base.
|
||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1936017F9B4DFCA5E65AFC49" blockId="31.[826,1441,768,912]" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">
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<emphasis id="B957EAFF1936017F9B4DFCA5E09FFCD3" box="[826,945,768,789]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
Shell globular; one rib on base; pseudumbilicus narrow, perforated; surface with satin sheen, microstriae weak or absent. Operculum weakly calcified, no internal ridge. Penis with distal glandular pad, slender filament. Western
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<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F1936017F9CDCFCDFE65EFC49" box="[1195,1392,890,912]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">Karnataka State</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1936017F9B4DFC65E7BEFA83" blockId="31.[826,1441,960,1349]" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">
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<emphasis id="B957EAFF1936017F9B4DFC65E77EFC10" box="[826,1104,960,982]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">
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Shell (
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<figureCitation id="13182A681936017F9BFEFC64E0CAFC10" box="[905,996,961,982]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="12.[144,223,1558,1577]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-0@12.[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 4. Microsculpture of Cremnoconchus species (viewed by SEM). A, C. dwarakii, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. B, C. syhadrensis, Matheran, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra. C, C. syhadrensis, Khandala, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. D, C. conicus, 44 km west of Bhor, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. E, C. conicus, 6 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra. F, C. globulus, Lesser Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka. G, C. cingulatus, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. H, C. agumbensis, Agumbe, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. I, C. canaliculatus, 10 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra. J, C. canaliculatus, Dongarwadi, Tamhini, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. K, C. canaliculatus, 5 km south of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra. L, C. castanea, Belkal Thirtha Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. M, C. castanea, Arasinagundi Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. N, C. hanumani, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka. O, C. hanumani, Hanuman Gundi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292283/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">Figs 4G</figureCitation>
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||
, 11Q–U):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Shell H
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B081936017F9CB4FC65E665FC10" box="[1219,1355,960,982]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" metricValueMax="6.7" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="31" pageNumber="124" unit="mm" value="5.1" valueMax="6.7" valueMin="3.5">3.5–6.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Shape (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6A103561936017F9B36FC7AE0BAFC33" box="[833,916,991,1013]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[144,208,198,217]" captionText="Table 1. Indices of shell shape of populations of Cremnoconchus species; see Supporting Table S1 for full locality details" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">Table 1</tableCitation>
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||
) globular; whorls rounded; a weak rib close to suture outlines the flattened sutural area, but rib becomes obsolete on largest shells; suture impressed; peripheral angle absent; apex eroded; base slightly swollen, with thick rib at one-third radius. Columella narrow, wider at base. Pseudumbilicus narrow,
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||
<quantity id="4CDB9B081936017F9D06FBDDE0BFFB6A" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="124" unit="mm" value="0.4" valueMax="0.6" valueMin="0.2">0.2– 0.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
, perforated. Surface with satin sheen; spiral striae indistinct or absent, weakly present on base (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A681936017F9B35FB71E0B4FB2C" box="[834,922,1236,1258]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="12.[144,223,1558,1577]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-0@12.[144,1425,195,1528]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 4. Microsculpture of Cremnoconchus species (viewed by SEM). A, C. dwarakii, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. B, C. syhadrensis, Matheran, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra. C, C. syhadrensis, Khandala, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. D, C. conicus, 44 km west of Bhor, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. E, C. conicus, 6 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra. F, C. globulus, Lesser Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka. G, C. cingulatus, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. H, C. agumbensis, Agumbe, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. I, C. canaliculatus, 10 km west of Mahabaleshwar, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra. J, C. canaliculatus, Dongarwadi, Tamhini, Pune Dist., Maharashtra. K, C. canaliculatus, 5 km south of Mahabaleshwar, Satara Dist., Maharashtra. L, C. castanea, Belkal Thirtha Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. M, C. castanea, Arasinagundi Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka. N, C. hanumani, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka. O, C. hanumani, Hanuman Gundi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292283/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">Fig. 4G</figureCitation>
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||
). Colour: reddish brown, three indistinct darker brown bands at suture, above periphery and at middle of base; aperture and columella purple-brown, with bands showing through.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1936017F9B4DFAD3E71AF959" blockId="31.[826,1442,1398,1695]" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1936017F9B4DFAD3E0B8FA4D" box="[826,918,1398,1419]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">Animal:</emphasis>
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||
Head and tentacles dark grey to black, tip of snout paler; body and sides of foot black. Gills: up to 35 leaflets; black. Operculum (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6A103561936017F9CC7FA16E62AFA0E" box="[1200,1284,1459,1481]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[144,208,198,217]" captionText="Table 1. Indices of shell shape of populations of Cremnoconchus species; see Supporting Table S1 for full locality details" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
; Fig. 5O, P): opercular ratio
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502A1936017F9B9DFA77E707FA21" box="[1002,1065,1490,1511]" degrees="0.334" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="124" precision="55" value="0.334">0.334</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE17502A1936017F9C5FFA77E758FA21" box="[1064,1142,1490,1511]" degrees="0.472" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="124" precision="55" value="-0.472">–0.472</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; weakly calcified, concave, no internal ridge. Penis (Fig. 14D–I): base lightly pigmented, wrinkled, solid, with large glandular pad on left of reverse side; invagination about half length of base in ethanol-fixed specimens; filament slender, protruding in ethanol-fixed specimens. Pallial oviduct: as for genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1936017F9DF9F968E1E5F8A8" blockId="31.[164,1441,1741,1902]" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">
|
||
›
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1936017F98D3F940E237F93E" bold="true" box="[164,281,1765,1784]" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">Figure 14.</emphasis>
|
||
Anatomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1936017F99D1F940E1E3F93E" box="[422,717,1765,1784]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="124" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="agumbensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1936017F99D1F940E1E3F93E" box="[422,717,1765,1784]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">Cremnoconchus agumbensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(A–C) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1936017F9B3FF943E0FDF93E" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[840,979,1765,1785]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="31" pageNumber="124" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1936017F9B3FF943E0FDF93E" box="[840,979,1765,1785]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">C. cingulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(D–I), all to same magnification. A, B, D–I, penes (all fixed in ethanol); G–I are abaxial, sectioned and adaxial views of same penis. C, pallial oviduct, with transverse sections in three positions. A–C, Agumbe, Udupi Dist.,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F1936017F9B55F885E0BAF8F5" box="[802,916,1824,1843]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
(ZSI/WGRS; shell H: A =
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B081936017F9CB6F885E63CF8F5" box="[1217,1298,1824,1843]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="31" pageNumber="124" unit="mm" value="9.5">9.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; B =
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B081936017F9D3AF885E6B0F8F5" box="[1357,1438,1824,1843]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.8" pageId="31" pageNumber="124" unit="mm" value="8.8">8.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
; C =
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B081936017F98BAF898E231F896" box="[205,287,1853,1872]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.1" pageId="31" pageNumber="124" unit="mm" value="9.1">9.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
). D–I, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist.,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F1936017F9AD3F898E038F896" box="[676,790,1853,1872]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
(ZSI/WGRS; shell H: D =
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B081936017F9C4CF898E7A2F897" box="[1083,1164,1853,1873]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="31" pageNumber="124" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; E =
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B081936017F9CB3F898E63BF897" box="[1220,1301,1853,1873]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="31" pageNumber="124" unit="mm" value="4.6">4.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
; F =
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B081936017F9D3AF898E6B0F897" box="[1357,1438,1853,1873]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="31" pageNumber="124" unit="mm" value="3.7">3.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
; G–I =
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B081936017F9893F8FEE218F8A8" box="[228,310,1883,1902]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="31" pageNumber="124" unit="mm" value="4.4">4.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Shading conventions as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A681936017F9A1BF8FEE1E8F8A8" box="[620,710,1883,1902]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="15.[164,243,1358,1377]" captionTargetBox="[167,1442,202,1325]" captionTargetId="figure-84@15.[164,1444,194,1328]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 6. Anatomy of Cremnoconchus syhadrensis. A, B, D–G, penes (A, E–F, fixed in ethanol; B, D, live). E–G are three views of single penis, external (E), with base sectioned (F), and with coiled penial vas deferens displaced to the right to show retractor muscle and with filament sectioned to show continuation of vas deferens to its tip (G). C, pallial oviduct and egg removed from straight section. A, Matheran, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra (BMNH 20120035; shell H = 7.4 mm). B, C, E–G, Matheran, Raigad Dist., Maharashtra (ZSI/WGRS; shell H: B = 7.2 mm; C = 7.2 mm; D = 5.8 mm; E–G = 7.5 mm). D, Khandala, Pune Dist., Maharashtra (ZSI/WGRS). Abbreviations and shading conventions: b, copulatory bursa (dashed outline, visible by transparency); c, cavity surrounding penial vas deferens and retractor muscle (black); d, distal to this point the penial vas deferens is tightly bound to the sheath of the retractor muscle; e.g. egg groove visible by transparency (thick line); f, penial filament; g, opaque glandular region of penial base (medium stipple); gc, firm gelatinous coating of mature egg; i, invagination of penial base (shaded); o, position of terminal opening of pallial oviduct into mantle cavity; oag, opaque part of albumen gland (dense stipple); ov, ovum; pvd, penial vas deferens; rm, retractor muscle of penial filament; ss, straight section of pallial oviduct; tag, translucent region of albumen gland (sparse stipple)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292287" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292287/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="124">Figure 6</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1908014198D3FF63E100FE55" blockId="33.[164,779,198,403]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1908014198D3FF63E28DFF1D" box="[164,419,198,219]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">
|
||
Radula (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A68190801419978FF63E2B8FF1D" box="[271,406,198,219]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="30.[144,223,1768,1787]" captionTargetBox="[208,1360,195,1738]" captionTargetId="figure-0@30.[208,1360,195,1738]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 13. Radulae of Cremnoconchus species (two views of each radula, flat and at 45°). A, B, C. globulus, Lesser Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 7.4 mm). C, D, C. agumbensis, Agumbe, Udupi Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 9.5 mm). E, F, C. cingulatus, Hulikal Ghat, Udupi Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 5.7 mm). G, H, C. castanea, Arasinagundi Falls, Udupi Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 8.5 mm). Scale bars = 50 Mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292299/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Fig. 13E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Relative radula length 1.93– 2.09. Rachidian: length/width 1.10–1.13; 5 cusps (+ 1 outer denticle on either side). Lateral: 5 cusps (sometimes + 1 inner denticle). Inner marginal: 5 cusps. Outer marginal: 4–5 cusps. Major cusp of each of 5 central teeth triangular with rounded and slightly papillose tip; other cusps pointed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1908014198D3FE1EE21CFD8D" blockId="33.[164,779,443,587]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1908014198D3FE1EE27AFE16" box="[164,340,443,464]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">
|
||
Range (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A68190801419973FE1EE26BFE16" box="[260,325,443,464]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[164,243,1821,1840]" captionTargetBox="[196,1411,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure-0@17.[194,1412,193,1791]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Distribution of Cremnoconchus species (solid circles). Two or more species names (e.g. syhadrensis + canaliculatus) indicate sympatric occurrence. See Supporting Table S1 for locality details. The shaded area is the Western Ghats region as defined by Irfan-Ullah & Davande (2008). Cities indicated by asterisks." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292293" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292293/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B4B3CB0190801419912FE1EE200FD8D" collectionCode="ZSI, WGRS" country="India" county="Udupi District" location="Western" municipality="Hulikal Ghat" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Karnataka">
|
||
<location id="8EFC6036190801419912FE1EE2EDFE16" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87FB193601419B09FE17E122FB2A:8EFC6036190801419912FE1EE2EDFE16" box="[357,451,443,464]" country="India" county="Udupi District" municipality="Hulikal Ghat" name="Western" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" stateProvince="Karnataka">Western</location>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F1908014199A4FE1EE1B1FE16" box="[467,671,443,465]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Karnataka State</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8EFC6036190801419AC4FE1EE3F3FE29" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87FB193601419B09FE17E122FB2A:8EFC6036190801419AC4FE1EE3F3FE29" country="India" county="Udupi District" municipality="Hulikal Ghat" name="Hulikal Ghat" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" stateProvince="Karnataka">Hulikal Ghat</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B08190801419898FE7CE218FE29" box="[239,310,473,495]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" unit="km" value="95.0">95 km</quantity>
|
||
north-northeast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F334767D190801419A69FE7CE1B2FE29" box="[542,668,473,495]" name="India" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Mangalore</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
<location id="8EFC6036190801419AC6FE7CE025FE29" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87FB193601419B09FE17E122FB2A:8EFC6036190801419AC6FE7CE025FE29" box="[689,779,473,495]" country="India" county="Udupi District" municipality="Hulikal Ghat" name="Records" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" stateProvince="Karnataka">Records</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<location id="8EFC60361908014198DCFE5DE205FDC8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87FB193601419B09FE17E122FB2A:8EFC60361908014198DCFE5DE205FDC8" box="[171,299,504,526]" country="India" county="Udupi District" municipality="Hulikal Ghat" name="Supporting" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" stateProvince="Karnataka">Supporting</location>
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6A10356190801419936FE5DE28AFDC8" box="[321,420,504,526]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[144,208,198,217]" captionText="Table 1. Indices of shell shape of populations of Cremnoconchus species; see Supporting Table S1 for full locality details" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F1908014199BEFE5DE1B4FDCB" box="[457,666,504,526]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Karnataka State</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF8AC97190801419AC3FE5DE3CEFDEA" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Hulikal Ghat</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62FD4E61190801419898FDB3E2B9FDEA" box="[239,407,534,556]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Udupi District</collectingCounty>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED32AE281908014199DEFDB3E2FCFDEA" box="[425,466,534,556]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">ZSI</collectionCode>
|
||
/
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED32AE281908014199ADFDB3E107FDEA" box="[474,553,534,556]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/z6tk-8dmw" name="Western Ghat Regional Station of the Zoological Survey of India at Calicut" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">WGRS</collectionCode>
|
||
/IR.INV-2316, 2317, 2318, 2319)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1908014198D3FDD7E1F5FD03" blockId="33.[164,778,626,710]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1908014198D3FDD7E2BAFD41" box="[164,404,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Habitat and ecology:</emphasis>
|
||
In rushing stream on rock face and sides of boulders, in fast-flowing water and spray, partly shaded by trees (Fig. 2C). Altitude
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D25FD64190801419AF9FD0AE1F5FD03" box="[654,731,687,709]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B08190801419AF9FD0AE1F9FD03" box="[654,727,687,709]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" unit="m" value="475.0">475 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1908014198D3FD48E2AAFC1E" blockId="33.[164,779,749,1260]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1908014198D3FD48E221FCC4" box="[164,271,749,770]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
The conspicuous rib on the base, narrow but deep pseudumbilicus, and concave, weakly calcified operculum are the distinguishing features of the shell of this species. Except for the basal rib, these characters resemble
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1908014199E2FCC2E138FCBA" box="[405,534,871,892]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="globulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1908014199E2FCC2E138FCBA" box="[405,534,871,892]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">C. globulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but their respective penes are diagnostic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A681908014199ECFC23E10AFC5D" box="[411,548,902,924]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="27.[164,243,1143,1162]" captionTargetBox="[164,1444,197,1099]" captionTargetId="figure-211@27.[164,1444,197,1113]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 12. Anatomy of Cremnoconchus hanumani (A–G) and C. globulus (H–L), all to same magnification. A–L, penes (all fixed in ethanol); F, G are intact and sectioned views of same penis. A–C, Hanuman Gundi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H: A = 4.9 mm; B = 3.5 mm; C = 3.3 mm). D–G, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H: D = 3.9 mm; E = 4.0 mm; F, G = 5.0 mm). H–K, Lesser Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H: H = 7.0 mm; I = 6.0 mm; J = 7.0 mm; K = 6.3 mm). L, Greater Kadambi Falls, Chikmagalur Dist., Karnataka (ZSI/WGRS; shell H = 7.9 mm). Shading conventions as in Figure 6." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5292297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5292297/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Figs 12H–L</figureCitation>
|
||
, 14D–I). Characters of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E190801419899FC01E2D4FC7C" box="[238,506,932,954]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF190801419899FC01E28FFC7F" box="[238,417,932,953]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Cremnoconchus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E7F80F190801419A57FC01E1B2FC7C" box="[544,668,932,954]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
|
||
are summarized in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6A1035619080141995CFC66E2AFFC1E" box="[299,385,963,985]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="29.[144,208,643,664]" captionText="Table 4. Diagnostic features of Cremnoconchus dwarakii, C. agumbensis, C. castanea, C. cingulatus, C. globulus, and C. hanumani in western Karnataka" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1908014198CBFC44E180FB95" blockId="33.[164,779,749,1260]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">
|
||
There appears to be sexual dimorphism: shells of males are smaller (males: mean ± sample SD = 3.840 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B08190801419889FBBBE25EFBF2" box="[254,368,1054,1076]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1899999999999995" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" unit="mm" value="0.619">0.619 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1908014199F7FBBAE2BAFBF2" box="[384,404,1055,1076]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 4; females: 5.575 ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B08190801419AE3FBBBE028FBF2" box="[660,774,1054,1076]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.97" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" unit="mm" value="0.697">0.697 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1908014198D3FB9BE396FB95" box="[164,184,1086,1107]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 12) and the aperture is slightly enlarged.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36ED1908014198CBFBF9E122FB2A" blockId="33.[164,779,749,1260]" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">
|
||
At Hulikal Ghat it was found together with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E190801419AC4FBF9E3F5FB49" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dwarakii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF190801419AC4FBF9E3F5FB49" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">C. dwarakii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the two occupied different microhabitats.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1908014198D3FB3CE2CAFB68" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[164,484,1177,1198]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cingulatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1908014198D3FB3CE2CAFB68" box="[164,484,1177,1198]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">Cremnoconchus cingulatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurred on rocks in rushing water, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D6E1908014199E0FB1DE130FB0A" authorityName="Reid & Aravind & Madhyastha" authorityYear="2013" box="[407,542,1207,1229]" class="Gastropoda" family="Littorinidae" genus="Cremnoconchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="33" pageNumber="126" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dwarakii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAFF1908014199E0FB1DE130FB0A" box="[407,542,1207,1229]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="126">C. dwarakii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found on mossy rocks dampened only by spray.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |