treatments-xml/data/97/7C/CE/977CCE47FFBBFFDF6283FC1FBB185CBA.xml

<document id="D5B0FDF30A481172800A694678D58839" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4144.3.3" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4144.3.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f4c9adb0-020a-45ad-aa93-c9e39f65b099" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="257395" ID-ZooBank="49EEFB6F-B9B1-4B69-9AD3-F768062D5358" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1469687123468" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel &amp; Last, Peter R." docDate="2016" docId="977CCE47FFBBFFDF6283FC1FBB185CBA" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4144.3.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4144 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Maculabatis bineeshi Manjaji-Matsumoto &amp; Last, 2016, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="352" masterDocId="6B45B63FFFB2FFCE6214FF94BE45581C" masterDocTitle="Two new whiprays, Maculabatis arabica sp. nov. and M. bineeshi sp. nov. (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae), from the northern Indian Ocean" masterLastPageNumber="353" masterPageNumber="335" pageNumber="344" updateTime="1698366421983" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="CA7289F224F1336A673EE811A95F7D6D">Two new whiprays, Maculabatis arabica sp. nov. and M. bineeshi sp. nov. (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae), from the northern Indian Ocean</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EF3877FAB066C755BD8BF42ECB413071">Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D2BD7F0FE98DC02917FFC50D1912D2E8">Last, Peter R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="4826D9B4F4E005285B125F1C70E9F791">2016</mods:date>
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<treatment id="977CCE47FFBBFFDF6283FC1FBB185CBA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6057858" ID-GBIF-Taxon="123208098" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6057858" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:977CCE47FFBBFFDF6283FC1FBB185CBA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/977CCE47FFBBFFDF6283FC1FBB185CBA" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="352" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
<subSubSection id="57CF2CDAFFBBFFC76283FC1FBFC45BDB" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBBFFC76283FC1FBFBB5BBA" blockId="9.[151,510,907,967]" box="[151,510,907,934]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
<heading id="4422C83DFFBBFFC76283FC1FBFBB5BBA" bold="true" box="[151,510,907,934]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" reason="1">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBBFFC76283FC1FBFBB5BBA" bold="true" box="[151,510,907,934]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFBBFFC76283FC1FBFDC5BB9" ID-CoL="3XDNK" box="[151,409,907,933]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBBFFC76283FC1FBFDC5BB9" bold="true" box="[151,409,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">Maculabatis bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="36921E38FFBBFFC763B4FC18BFBB5BBA" box="[416,510,908,934]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBBFFC76283FC3ABFC45BDB" blockId="9.[151,510,907,967]" box="[151,385,942,967]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
(
<figureCitation id="87EE63D4FFBBFFC7628BFC3ABF5C5BDB" box="[159,281,942,967]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 7" captionStart-1="FIGURE 8" captionStart-2="FIGURE 9" captionStart-3="FIGURE 10" captionStart-4="FIGURE 11" captionStart-5="FIGURE 12" captionStart-6="FIGURE 13" captionStart-7="FIGURE 14" captionStartId-0="10.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionStartId-1="11.[151,250,1885,1907]" captionStartId-2="12.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionStartId-3="13.[151,250,1066,1088]" captionStartId-4="13.[151,250,1980,2002]" captionStartId-5="14.[151,250,369,391]" captionStartId-6="14.[151,250,974,996]" captionStartId-7="16.[151,250,1096,1118]" captionTargetBox-0="[258,1285,237,1862]" captionTargetBox-1="[272,1365,224,1795]" captionTargetBox-2="[313,1272,219,1890]" captionTargetBox-3="[200,1386,193,1040]" captionTargetBox-4="[199,1386,1168,1960]" captionTargetBox-5="[151,1436,202,338]" captionTargetBox-6="[164,1428,503,927]" captionTargetBox-7="[226,1360,193,1074]" captionTargetId-0="figure@10.[193,1393,193,1932]" captionTargetId-1="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1863]" captionTargetId-2="figure@12.[250,1337,193,1932]" captionTargetId-3="figure@13.[200,1387,193,1040]" captionTargetId-4="figure@13.[199,1386,1168,1960]" captionTargetId-5="figure@14.[151,1436,193,348]" captionTargetId-6="figure@14.[151,1436,472,953]" captionTargetId-7="figure@16.[226,1360,193,1075]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionTargetPageId-3="13" captionTargetPageId-4="13" captionTargetPageId-5="14" captionTargetPageId-6="14" captionTargetPageId-7="16" captionText-0="FIGURE 7. Holotype of Maculabatis bineeshi sp. nov., juvenile male 241 mm DW (LACM 38131 - 43, preserved), from Karachi, Pakistan: (A) Dorsal view; (B) Ventral view." captionText-1="FIGURE 8. Fresh coloration of non-type of Maculabatis bineeshi sp. nov., small juvenile male 222 mm DW (IN- 52, not retained), from Odisha, India, Bay of Bengal: (A) Dorsal view; (B) Ventral view." captionText-2="FIGURE 9. Fresh dorsal coloration of non-types of Maculabatis bineeshi sp. nov. from Odisha, India, Bay of Bengal: (A) immature female 390 mm DW (IN- 35, not retained); (B) adult male 660 mm DW (IN- 55, not retained)." captionText-3="FIGURE 10. Oronasal region the holotype of Maculabatis bineeshi sp. nov., juvenile male 241 mm DW (LACM 38131 - 43, preserved), from Karachi, Pakistan." captionText-4="FIGURE 11. Squamation of the mid-disc of the holotype of Maculabatis bineeshi sp. nov., juvenile male 241 mm DW (LACM 38131 - 43, preserved), from Karachi, Pakistan." captionText-5="FIGURE 12. Lateral view of tail (at caudal sting) of the holotype of Maculabatis bineeshi sp. nov., juvenile male 241 mm DW (LACM 38131 - 43, preserved), from Karachi, Pakistan." captionText-6="FIGURE 13. Post caudal-sting tail the holotype of Maculabatis bineeshi sp. nov., juvenile male 241 mm DW (LACM 38131 - 43, preserved), from Karachi, Pakistan. A. Dorsal view; B. Lateral view; C. Ventral view." captionText-7="FIGURE 14. Map showing specimen locations of Maculabatis arabica sp. nov. (red) and Maculabatis bineeshi sp. nov. (yellow). Stars denote primary types (holotypes), solid circles secondary types and non-type material." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/257402/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/257403/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/257404/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/257405/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/257406/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/257407/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/257408/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/257409/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">Figs. 7–14</figureCitation>
; Table 1)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="57CF2CDAFFBBFFC76283FC6CBCAB5CD8" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" type="description">
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBBFFC76283FC6CBF265C37" blockId="9.[151,1436,1014,1221]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFBBFFC76283FC6CBF7B5C10" box="[151,318,1014,1037]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uarnak">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBBFFC76283FC6CBF7B5C10" box="[151,318,1014,1037]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">Dasyatis uarnak</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(not Forsskål): 
<bibRefCitation id="7B4402A0FFBBFFC763F5FC63BC995C10" author="Jones" box="[481,732,1014,1036]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" refString="Jones, S. &amp; Kumaran, M. (1970) New records of fishes from the seas around India. Part 6. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 10 (2), 321 - 331." type="journal article" year="1970">Jones &amp; Kumaran, 1970</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 16, two specimens 425 and 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBBFFC76639FC62BAC45C10" box="[1069,1153,1014,1036]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" unit="mm" value="480.0">480 mm</quantity>
DW (compiled distribution partly in error).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBBFFC76283FBA0BF9D5C74" blockId="9.[151,1436,1014,1221]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
? 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFBBFFC762BFFBA1BF3C5C56" box="[171,377,1076,1098]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gerrardi">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBBFFC762BFFBA1BF3C5C56" box="[171,377,1076,1098]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">Himantura gerrardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(not Gray): 
<bibRefCitation id="7B4402A0FFBBFFC763EAFBA0BC885C56" author="Ishihara" box="[510,717,1076,1098]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" refString="Ishihara, H., Taniuchi, T., Tanaka, S. &amp; Srivastava, M. P. (1998) Investigation of the freshwater elasmobranchs in the River Ganges. In: Tanaka, S. (Ed.), Adaptability and Conservation of Freshwater Elasmobranchs. Report of Research Project, Grant-in-Aid for International Scientific Research (Field Research) in the financial year of 1996 and 1997. Report Prepared for Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Japan, pp. 41 - 55." type="journal article" year="1998">
Ishihara 
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBBFFC7604DFBA1BCCA5C56" box="[601,655,1076,1098]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">et al.</emphasis>
1998
</bibRefCitation>
, 44, pl. 3, brief description of two specimens, MTUF 30005 figured (misidentification, in part).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBBFFC76283FBE6BCA55C9B" blockId="9.[151,1436,1014,1221]" box="[151,736,1137,1159]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFBBFFC76283FBE6BF435C9B" box="[151,262,1138,1159]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBBFFC76283FBE6BF435C9B" box="[151,262,1138,1159]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">Himantura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. D: 
<bibRefCitation id="7B4402A0FFBBFFC7635BFBE5BF9A5C9B" author="Manjaji" box="[335,479,1137,1159]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" refString="Manjaji, B. M. (2004) Taxonomy and phylogenetic systematic of the stingray genus Himantura (Family Dasyatidae). Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Tasmania." type="book" year="2004">Manjaji, 2004</bibRefCitation>
, 5.152–159, figs (thesis).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBBFFC76283FB05BC9B5CBA" blockId="9.[151,1436,1014,1221]" box="[151,734,1168,1190]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFBBFFC76283FB05BF435CBA" box="[151,262,1169,1190]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBBFFC76283FB05BF435CBA" box="[151,262,1169,1190]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">Himantura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 3: 
<bibRefCitation id="7B4402A0FFBBFFC7635DFB05BFAB5CBA" author="Last" box="[329,494,1168,1190]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" refString="Last, P. R, Naylor, G. J. P. &amp; Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. M. (2016) A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa, 4139 (3), 345 - 368. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4139.3.2" type="journal article" year="2016">
Last 
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBBFFC7636FFB05BFEB5CBA" box="[379,430,1168,1190]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">et al.</emphasis>
, 2016
</bibRefCitation>
(molecular tree, fig. 3).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBBFFC76283FB3ABCAB5CD8" blockId="9.[151,1436,1014,1221]" box="[151,750,1198,1221]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFBBFFC76283FB3ABF535CD8" box="[151,278,1198,1220]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBBFFC76283FB3ABF535CD8" box="[151,278,1198,1220]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">Maculabatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 3: 
<bibRefCitation id="7B4402A0FFBBFFC7634DFB3BBFB85CD8" author="Last" box="[345,509,1198,1221]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" refString="Last, P. R, Naylor, G. J. P. &amp; Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. M. (2016) A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa, 4139 (3), 345 - 368. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4139.3.2" type="journal article" year="2016">
Last 
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBBFFC7639FFB24BFFB5CD8" box="[395,446,1198,1221]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">et al.</emphasis>
, 2016
</bibRefCitation>
(molecular tree, fig. 5).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="57CF2CDAFFBBFFC76283FB65BDA65E37" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBBFFC76283FB65BC175D32" blockId="9.[151,1437,1265,2011]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
<materialsCitation id="AFBD750CFFBBFFC76283FB65BC175D32" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1288188083" collectingDate="1978-04-25" collectionCode="LACM" country="Pakistan" location="Hajambro Creek" municipality="Arabian Sea" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" specimenCode="LACM 38131-43" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sind" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBBFFC76283FB65BF4E5D15" bold="true" box="[151,267,1265,1289]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
<typeStatus id="C06EC1F3FFBBFFC76283FB65BF435D15" box="[151,262,1265,1289]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="4F73D72AFFBBFFC76302FB66BFA55D16" box="[278,480,1266,1290]" collectionCode="LACM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
<collectionCode id="79C4E794FFBBFFC76302FB66BF225D16" box="[278,359,1266,1290]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">LACM</collectionCode>
38131-43
</specimenCode>
, immature male 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBBFFC760BCFB66BD4C5D15" box="[680,777,1266,1290]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.41" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" unit="mm" value="241.0">241 mm</quantity>
DW, 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBBFFC76146FB65BDEE5D16" box="[850,939,1265,1290]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" unit="km" value="7.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="6.0">6–8 km</quantity>
south of 
<location id="1A0A298AFFBBFFC76634FB65BAA75D16" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:977CCE47FFBBFFDF6283FC1FBB185CBA:1A0A298AFFBBFFC76634FB65BAA75D16" box="[1056,1250,1265,1290]" country="Pakistan" municipality="Arabian Sea" name="Hajambro Creek" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" stateProvince="Sind">Hajambro Creek</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="DD11B1B3FFBBFFC766E4FB65BB635D16" box="[1264,1318,1265,1290]" country="Pakistan" name="Sindh" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">Sind</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="67C23FC1FFBBFFC76722FB65BBDD5D16" box="[1334,1432,1265,1290]" name="Pakistan" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="FF0EE52BFFBBFFC76283FA81BF665D32" box="[151,291,1301,1326]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">Arabian Sea</collectingMunicipality>
, near coast, 
<collectingDate id="7B2FA079FFBBFFC763B9FA81BC085D32" box="[429,589,1301,1326]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="1978-04-25">
<date id="6B6B5991FFBBFFC763B9FA81BC085D32" box="[429,589,1301,1326]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="1978-04-25">25 April 1978</date>
</collectingDate>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBBFFC762D3FAADBDD85DA2" blockId="9.[151,1437,1265,2011]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
<materialsCitation id="AFBD750CFFBBFFC762D3FAADBD745D6A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1288188069" collectingDate="1978-04-25" collectionCode="CSIRO, LACM" country="Pakistan" elevation="18" location="Hajambro Creek" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" specimenCode="LACM 38130-47" specimenCount="4" stateProvince="Sind" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBBFFC762D3FAADBF035D4D" bold="true" box="[199,326,1337,1361]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
<typeStatus id="C06EC1F3FFBBFFC762D3FAADBF045D4D" box="[199,321,1337,1361]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="09D3B4D8FFBBFFC76344FAAEBFA55D4E" box="[336,480,1337,1362]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
. 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFBBFFC763FAFAAEBC045D4E" box="[494,577,1338,1362]" class="Insecta" family="Tenebrionidae" genus="Csiro" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="353" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<collectionCode id="79C4E794FFBBFFC763FAFAAEBC045D4E" box="[494,577,1338,1362]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0k2v-y6wz" name="Australian National Fish Collection" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">CSIRO</collectionCode>
</taxonomicName>
H 7998-01 (formerly part of 
<specimenCode id="4F73D72AFFBBFFC76189FAAEBA2D5D4E" box="[925,1128,1338,1362]" collectionCode="LACM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
<collectionCode id="79C4E794FFBBFFC76189FAAEBDAB5D4E" box="[925,1006,1338,1362]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">LACM</collectionCode>
38130-47
</specimenCode>
), female 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBBFFC766C1FAADBB705D4D" box="[1237,1333,1337,1362]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" unit="mm" value="250.0">250 mm</quantity>
DW, off 
<location id="1A0A298AFFBBFFC76283FAC9BF135D6A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:977CCE47FFBBFFDF6283FC1FBB185CBA:1A0A298AFFBBFFC76283FAC9BF135D6A" box="[151,342,1373,1398]" country="Pakistan" name="Hajambro Creek" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" stateProvince="Sind">Hajambro Creek</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="DD11B1B3FFBBFFC76370FAC9BFDF5D6A" box="[356,410,1373,1398]" country="Pakistan" name="Sindh" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">Sind</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="67C23FC1FFBBFFC763B3FAC9BC4C5D6A" box="[423,521,1373,1398]" name="Pakistan" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
, 
<elevation id="94F89862FFBBFFC76003FACABC3B5D69" box="[535,638,1374,1398]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" unit="m" value="17.5" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="13.0">
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBBFFC76003FACABC3B5D69" box="[535,638,1374,1398]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" unit="m" value="17.5" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="13.0">13–22 m</quantity>
</elevation>
, 
<collectingDate id="7B2FA079FFBBFFC76098FAC9BD745D6A" box="[652,817,1373,1398]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="1978-04-25">
<date id="6B6B5991FFBBFFC76098FAC9BD745D6A" box="[652,817,1373,1398]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="1978-04-25">25 April 1978</date>
</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
; LACM 38130-47 (2 specimens), immature male 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBBFFC76766FACABE865D85" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.41" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" unit="mm" value="241.0">241 mm</quantity>
DW, immature male 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBBFFC763A0FA16BC545D85" box="[436,529,1410,1434]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.98" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" unit="mm" value="198.0">198 mm</quantity>
DW, collected with specimen above; 
<materialsCitation id="AFBD750CFFBBFFC761AEFA16BDDC5DA2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1288188067" collectingDate="1978-04-26" collectionCode="LACM" country="Pakistan" elevation="22" location="Turshian Creek" municipality="Arabian Sea" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" specimenCode="LACM 38133-75" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sind" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="4F73D72AFFBBFFC761AEFA16BA3A5D86" box="[954,1151,1409,1434]" collectionCode="LACM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
<collectionCode id="79C4E794FFBBFFC761AEFA16BA4E5D86" box="[954,1035,1410,1434]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34802" name="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">LACM</collectionCode>
38133-75
</specimenCode>
, female 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBBFFC766CAFA16BB7E5D85" box="[1246,1339,1410,1434]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.48" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" unit="mm" value="248.0">248 mm</quantity>
DW, off 
<location id="1A0A298AFFBBFFC76283FA31BF035DA2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:977CCE47FFBBFFDF6283FC1FBB185CBA:1A0A298AFFBBFFC76283FA31BF035DA2" box="[151,326,1445,1470]" country="Pakistan" municipality="Arabian Sea" name="Turshian Creek" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" stateProvince="Sind">Turshian Creek</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="DD11B1B3FFBBFFC76345FA31BFC25DA2" box="[337,391,1445,1470]" country="Pakistan" name="Sindh" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">Sind</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="67C23FC1FFBBFFC76387FA31BFB05DA2" box="[403,501,1445,1470]" name="Pakistan" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="FF0EE52BFFBBFFC763EBFA31BCC95DA2" box="[511,652,1445,1470]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">Arabian Sea</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<elevation id="94F89862FFBBFFC76083FA31BCB95DA1" box="[663,764,1445,1470]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" unit="m" value="22.0" valueMax="29.0" valueMin="15.0">
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBBFFC76083FA31BCB95DA1" box="[663,764,1445,1470]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" unit="m" value="22.0" valueMax="29.0" valueMin="15.0">15–29 m</quantity>
</elevation>
, 
<collectingDate id="7B2FA079FFBBFFC7611CFA31BDDC5DA2" box="[776,921,1445,1470]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="1978-04-26">
<date id="6B6B5991FFBBFFC7611CFA31BDDC5DA2" box="[776,921,1445,1470]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="1978-04-26">26 Apr 1978</date>
</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBBFFC762D3FA5DBDA65E37" blockId="9.[151,1437,1265,2011]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBBFFC762D3FA5DBFC45DFE" bold="true" box="[199,385,1481,1506]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">Other material.</emphasis>
8 specimens (Cestode database, http://tapewormdb.uconn.edu/). Photographic images (IN-35, IN-36, IN-52, IN-55) and tissues only, DNA reference codes GN 13965, 13966, 13968, 13981, 13982, 13998, 14001, 14006, 222– 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBBFFC76363F986BF915E36" box="[375,468,1554,1579]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" unit="mm" value="660.0">660 mm</quantity>
DW, Odisha, India, Bay of Bengal, 
<date id="6B6B5991FFBBFFC7617DF987BD9A5E37" box="[873,991,1555,1579]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="2013-06">June 2013</date>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="57CF2CDAFFBBFFC762D3F9A2BFB55FC7" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBBFFC762D3F9A2BFB55FC7" blockId="9.[151,1437,1265,2011]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBBFFC762D3F9A2BF045E53" bold="true" box="[199,321,1590,1615]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
A species of 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFBBFFC763C9F9A2BC2C5E52" box="[477,617,1590,1614]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBBFFC763C9F9A2BC2C5E52" box="[477,617,1590,1614]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">Maculabatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(to at least 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBBFFC760FBF9A2BD705E52" box="[751,821,1590,1615]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" unit="cm" value="66.0">66 cm</quantity>
DW) distinguished by a combination of the following characters: disc weakly rhomboidal to suboval, length 93–98% DW; snout moderately elongate with weak apical lobe, snout angle 116–121°; pectoral-fin apices broadly rounded; orbits small to medium-sized, barely protruding; mouth relatively narrow, width 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBBFFC763EDF937BC2F5EA7" box="[505,618,1698,1723]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.175" metricValueMax="3.302" metricValueMin="3.048" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" unit="in" value="1.25" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="1.2">1.2–1.3 in</quantity>
internasal width; distance between first gill slits 2.2–2.5 times internasal distance; distance between fifth gill slits 1.4–1.6 times internasal distance, 28–30% of ventral head length; pelvicfin base broad, 14–15% DW; main suprascapular denticle large, yellowish, broadly ovate, usually followed by smaller subtriangular denticle; secondary denticles developing rapidly, forming broad band extending from interorbit to tail base by 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBBFFC763A0F8A7BFB95F56" box="[436,508,1843,1867]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" unit="cm" value="24.0">24 cm</quantity>
DW; dorsal disc uniformly light brown, without white spots; pale ventrally with broad, faint and slightly darker lateral margins; tail dark brown to blackish dorsally and white ventrally forward of caudal sting; plain blackish posteriorly or with weak, irregular pale dorsal banding (in young); pectoral-fin radials 127–131; total vertebral count, including synarcual centra 108–114, monospondylous centra 44–46, pre-sting diplospondylous centra 64–69.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="4BAA2FD9FFB8FFC46283F835BCF25FCA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/257402/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="345" targetBox="[258,1285,237,1862]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFB8FFC46283F835BCF25FCA" blockId="10.[151,1435,1953,2006]" pageId="10" pageNumber="345">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFB8FFC46283F835BF555FAB" bold="true" box="[151,272,1953,1975]" pageId="10" pageNumber="345">FIGURE 7</emphasis>
. Holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFB8FFC463BCF835BCC05FAB" box="[424,645,1953,1975]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="345" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFB8FFC463BCF835BCC05FAB" box="[424,645,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="345">Maculabatis bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="36921E38FFB8FFC4609BF836BCA65FAB" box="[655,739,1954,1975]" pageId="10" pageNumber="345" rank="species">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFB8FFC4609BF836BCA65FAB" bold="true" box="[655,739,1954,1975]" pageId="10" pageNumber="345">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, juvenile male 241 mm DW (LACM 38131-43, preserved), from Karachi, Pakistan: (A) Dorsal view; (B) Ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="4BAA2FD9FFB9FFC56283F8C9BD8F5F8E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/257403/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="346" targetBox="[272,1365,224,1795]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFB9FFC56283F8C9BD8F5F8E" blockId="11.[151,1435,1885,1938]" pageId="11" pageNumber="346">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFB9FFC56283F8C9BF555F6E" bold="true" box="[151,272,1885,1907]" pageId="11" pageNumber="346">FIGURE 8</emphasis>
. Fresh coloration of non-type of 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFB9FFC56066F8C9BD0B5F6F" box="[626,846,1885,1907]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="346" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFB9FFC56066F8C9BD0B5F6F" box="[626,846,1885,1907]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="346">Maculabatis bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFB9FFC5614CF8C9BDE95F6E" bold="true" box="[856,940,1885,1906]" pageId="11" pageNumber="346">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="36921E38FFB9FFC5614CF8C9BDE95F6E" box="[856,940,1885,1906]" pageId="11" pageNumber="346" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, small juvenile male 222 mm DW (IN-52, not retained), from Odisha, India, Bay of Bengal: (A) Dorsal view; (B) Ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="4BAA2FD9FFBEFFC26283F835BAF55FCA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/257404/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="347" targetBox="[313,1272,219,1890]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBEFFC26283F835BAF55FCA" blockId="12.[151,1435,1953,2006]" pageId="12" pageNumber="347">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBEFFC26283F835BF4A5FAA" bold="true" box="[151,271,1953,1975]" pageId="12" pageNumber="347">FIGURE 9</emphasis>
. Fresh dorsal coloration of non-types of 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFBEFFC260A9F835BDDC5FAB" box="[701,921,1953,1975]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="347" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBEFFC260A9F835BDDC5FAB" box="[701,921,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="347">Maculabatis bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBEFFC261B6F836BDB05FAB" bold="true" box="[930,1013,1954,1975]" pageId="12" pageNumber="347">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="36921E38FFBEFFC261B6F836BDB05FAB" box="[930,1013,1954,1975]" pageId="12" pageNumber="347" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from Odisha, India, Bay of Bengal: (A) immature female 390 mm DW (IN-35, not retained); (B) adult male 660 mm DW (IN-55, not retained).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="4BAA2FD9FFBFFFC36283FBBEBC455C43" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/257405/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="348" targetBox="[200,1386,193,1040]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBFFFC36283FBBEBC455C43" blockId="13.[151,1436,1066,1119]" pageId="13" pageNumber="348">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBFFFC36283FBBEBF5F5C23" bold="true" box="[151,282,1066,1088]" pageId="13" pageNumber="348">FIGURE 10</emphasis>
. Oronasal region the holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFBFFFC3606CFBBEBD175C5C" box="[632,850,1066,1088]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="348" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBFFFC3606CFBBEBD175C5C" box="[632,850,1066,1088]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="348">Maculabatis bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBFFFC3614EFBBEBDE95C23" bold="true" box="[858,940,1066,1087]" pageId="13" pageNumber="348">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="36921E38FFBFFFC3614EFBBEBDE95C23" box="[858,940,1066,1087]" pageId="13" pageNumber="348" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, juvenile male 241 mm DW (LACM 38131-43, preserved), from Karachi, Pakistan.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="4BAA2FD9FFBFFFC36283F828BC285FED" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/257406/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="348" targetBox="[199,1386,1168,1960]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBFFFC36283F828BC285FED" blockId="13.[151,1436,1980,2033]" pageId="13" pageNumber="348">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBFFFC36283F828BF525FCD" bold="true" box="[151,279,1980,2002]" pageId="13" pageNumber="348">FIGURE 11</emphasis>
. Squamation of the mid-disc of the holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFBFFFC360ECF828BD945FCE" box="[760,977,1980,2002]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="348" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBFFFC360ECF828BD945FCE" box="[760,977,1980,2002]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="348">Maculabatis bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="36921E38FFBFFFC361C3F829BA625FCE" box="[983,1063,1981,2002]" pageId="13" pageNumber="348" rank="species">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBFFFC361C3F829BA625FCE" bold="true" box="[983,1063,1981,2002]" pageId="13" pageNumber="348">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, juvenile male 241 mm DW (LACM 38131-43, preserved), from Karachi, Pakistan.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="4BAA2FD9FFBCFFC06283FEE5BC8059BA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/257407/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="349" targetBox="[151,1436,202,338]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBCFFC06283FEE5BC8059BA" blockId="14.[151,1436,369,422]" pageId="14" pageNumber="349">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBCFFC06283FEE5BF5D599A" bold="true" box="[151,280,369,391]" pageId="14" pageNumber="349">FIGURE 12</emphasis>
. Lateral view of tail (at caudal sting) of the holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFBCFFC06159FEE5BA63599B" box="[845,1062,369,391]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="349" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBCFFC06159FEE5BA63599B" box="[845,1062,369,391]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="349">Maculabatis bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBCFFC06638FEE6BA38599B" bold="true" box="[1068,1149,370,391]" pageId="14" pageNumber="349">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="36921E38FFBCFFC06638FEE6BA38599B" box="[1068,1149,370,391]" pageId="14" pageNumber="349" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, juvenile male 241 mm DW (LACM 38131-43, preserved), from Karachi, Pakistan.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="4BAA2FD9FFBCFFC06283FC5ABA655C1E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/257408/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="349" targetBox="[164,1428,503,927]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBCFFC06283FC5ABA655C1E" blockId="14.[151,1436,974,1026]" pageId="14" pageNumber="349">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBCFFC06283FC5ABF5C5BFF" bold="true" box="[151,281,974,996]" pageId="14" pageNumber="349">FIGURE 13</emphasis>
. Post caudal-sting tail the holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFBCFFC060B6FC5ABD3E5BF8" box="[674,891,974,996]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="349" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBCFFC060B6FC5ABD3E5BF8" box="[674,891,974,996]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="349">Maculabatis bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBCFFC06196FC5ABD965BFF" bold="true" box="[898,979,974,995]" pageId="14" pageNumber="349">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="36921E38FFBCFFC06196FC5ABD965BFF" box="[898,979,974,995]" pageId="14" pageNumber="349" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, juvenile male 241 mm DW (LACM 38131- 43, preserved), from Karachi, Pakistan. A. Dorsal view; B. Lateral view; C. Ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="57CF2CDAFFBCFFC162D3FBBDBC135F7F" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="350" pageId="14" pageNumber="349" type="description">
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBCFFC062D3FBBDBC435D5D" blockId="14.[151,1437,1065,2030]" pageId="14" pageNumber="349">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBCFFC062D3FBBDBF1C5C5E" bold="true" box="[199,345,1065,1090]" pageId="14" pageNumber="349">Description.</emphasis>
Disc weakly rhomboidal to suboval, width 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBCFFC0617CFBBEBDF95C5F" box="[872,956,1066,1091]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7178" pageId="14" pageNumber="349" unit="in" value="1.07">1.07 in</quantity>
<typeStatus id="C06EC1F3FFBCFFC061DCFBBEBA6F5C5F" box="[968,1066,1066,1091]" pageId="14" pageNumber="349" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBCFFC0662AFBBEBA975C5F" box="[1086,1234,1066,1091]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.667" metricValueMax="2.7432" metricValueMin="2.5908" pageId="14" pageNumber="349" unit="in" value="1.05" valueMax="1.08" valueMin="1.02">1.02–1.08 in</quantity>
<typeStatus id="C06EC1F3FFBCFFC066CAFBBEBB0E5C5E" box="[1246,1355,1066,1090]" pageId="14" pageNumber="349" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
) times length; robust, strongly raised in midscapular region, maximum thickness 0.12 (0.11–0.13) in DW; snout with a weak apical lobe, angle 121 0 (116–121 0); anterior disc margin almost straight, lateral apices broadly rounded, posterior margin broadly convex, free rear tip relatively broadly rounded. Pelvic fins moderately small, 18.6% (18.4–19.7%) DW; width across base 14.7% (14.3–15.0%) DW; largely concealed by disc. Mature male specimens unavailable for examination of clasper structure. Tail slender and whip-like, tapering gently and evenly toward caudal sting and beyond, length 2.44 (2.43–2.55) times DW; base depressed oval in cross-section, width 1.58 (1.49–1.87) times height at base.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBCFFC062D3FAD9BFD65FD6" blockId="14.[151,1437,1065,2030]" pageId="14" pageNumber="349">Snout moderately elongate, depressed; preoral length 3.05 (2.88–3.10) times mouth width, 2.31 (2.24–2.60) times internarial distance, 21.4% (20.5–23.3%) DW; direct snout length 1.60 (1.62–1.75) times interorbital length, distance from snout tip to axis of maximum disc width 42% (39–41%) DW; interorbital space flat to weakly convex; eye moderately large, diameter 1.52 (1.62–2.32) in spiracle length; orbits very slightly protruded, diameter 0.85 (0.92–1.14) in spiracle length, interorbital distance 1.87 (1.82–2.23) times orbit. Spiracles subrectangular, large, situated dorsolaterally. Nostrils moderately large, slit-like, oblique; outer margin weakly double concave, length 2.01 (2.09–2.21) in internasal distance; internasal distance 1.73 (1.72–1.92) in prenasal length. Nasal curtain skirt-shaped (diverging slightly posteriorly), relatively broad, width 1.60 (1.70–1.98) times length; lateral margin straight, smooth edged; posterolateral corner lobe-like, recessible within broad groove; posterior margin very finely fringed, concave. Mouth arched weakly to prominently, oronasal groove prominent; skin on ventral surface of lower jaw moderately well-corrugated, confined to narrow strip around lips. Mouth with 4 well-developed oral papillae; medial pair simple, rounded distally, longitudinally flattened, sub-equal in size and much larger than outer pair; medial papillae much closer to each other than to outer papilla; outer papillae located at each corner of mouth. Teeth small, subequal in upper and lower jaws; cone-shaped with blunt peaks, with prominent horizontal groove. Gill opening margins smooth, straight; length of first gill slit 1.49 (1.47–1.53) times length of fifth, 2.39 (2.19– 2.56) in mouth width; distance between first gill slits 2.23 (2.23–2.50) times internasal distance, 0.46 (0.43–0.48) of ventral head length; distance between fifth gill slits 1.41 (1.45–1.56) times internasal distance, 0.29 (0.28–0.30) of ventral head length.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBCFFC162D3F840BC2058C9" blockId="14.[151,1437,1065,2030]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1437,151,2034]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="350" pageId="14" pageNumber="349">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBCFFC062D3F840BF1A5FF1" bold="true" box="[199,351,2004,2029]" pageId="14" pageNumber="349">Squamation.</emphasis>
Ontogenetic stages with size ranges broadly overlapping; rate of denticle development rapid, secondary denticle band well-developed by 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBDFFC1609CFF0CBCA258B3" box="[648,743,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="15" pageNumber="350" unit="mm" value="240.0">240 mm</quantity>
DW. Stages 3, 5 and 6 not applicable for this species. Single elongate caudal sting present in all 
<typeStatus id="C06EC1F3FFBDFFC16036FF29BC2558C9" box="[546,608,189,213]" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">types</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBDFFC162D3FF74BC9E595C" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">
Stages 0–1: from birth (probably ~ 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBDFFC1605CFF4BBC9858EB" box="[584,733,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="350" unit="mm" value="160.0" valueMax="170.0" valueMin="150.0">150–170 mm</quantity>
DW), no representative specimens available for study, but disc of newborns most likely entirely smooth or with 1–3 suprascapular denticles, and possibly a median primary denticle series that become inconspicuous with age.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBDFFC162D3FED8BFC15A04" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">
Stage 2: ~ 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBDFFC1632BFED8BF9F5978" box="[319,474,332,357]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="15" pageNumber="350" unit="mm" value="220.0" valueMax="250.0" valueMin="190.0">190–250 mm</quantity>
DW, initial stage for development of secondary denticle band; smallest specimen (LACM 38130-47(2 of 3), 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBDFFC163DBFEE4BC6B599B" box="[463,558,368,392]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.98" pageId="15" pageNumber="350" unit="mm" value="198.0">198 mm</quantity>
DW) with marginal denticles of scapular region still embedded within skin; minute spinulose denticles developing on dorsal surface of tail beyond caudal sting. Primary denticle band inconspicuous. Main suprascapular denticle large, yellowish and broadly ovate (
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBDFFC16621FE23BA8559D3" box="[1077,1216,439,464]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.15" metricValueMax="4.7" metricValueMin="3.6" pageId="15" pageNumber="350" unit="mm" value="4.15" valueMax="4.7" valueMin="3.6">3.6–4.7 mm</quantity>
in length); usually followed (and occasionally preceded) by smaller subtriangular denticle (distinctly larger than surrounding secondary denticles).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBDFFC162D3FDB0BB2A5B41" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">
Stage 4:&gt; 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBDFFC16328FDB0BFD85A20" box="[316,413,548,572]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="15" pageNumber="350" unit="mm" value="240.0">240 mm</quantity>
DW, secondary denticle band with sharply-defined margin; band continuous along trunk from interorbital region almost to pectoral-fin insertion (LACM 38130-47(1 of 3), 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBDFFC16678FDDCBA8B5A43" box="[1132,1230,584,608]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.41" pageId="15" pageNumber="350" unit="mm" value="241.0">241 mm</quantity>
DW). In another slightly larger 
<typeStatus id="C06EC1F3FFBDFFC1632EFDF9BFDF5A99" box="[314,410,621,645]" pageId="15" pageNumber="350" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
(LACM 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBDFFC16017FDF8BC9F5A98" box="[515,730,620,645]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.66905" metricValueMax="7.5248" metricValueMin="3.8133" pageId="15" pageNumber="350" unit="mm" value="56690.5" valueMax="75248.0" valueMin="38133.0">38133-75, 248 mm</quantity>
DW), denticle band extends forward onto preorbital region. In larger specimens (e.g. non-types IN-35 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBDFFC16046FD04BCEA5ABB" box="[594,687,656,680]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="15" pageNumber="350" unit="mm" value="390.0">390 mm</quantity>
DW), band extends across mid-dorsal surface well onto tail before caudal sting; anterior margin extending well forward of orbits (naked part of snout ~63% snout length). In largest available specimen, an adult male (IN- 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBDFFC16048FD43BCAD5AF3" box="[604,744,727,752]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.566" pageId="15" pageNumber="350" unit="mm" value="55660.0">55, 660 mm</quantity>
DW), denticle band very broad (width at level of spiracles exceeding twice interspiracular width); its anterior margin broadly rounded, convex beside eyes, converging slightly posteriorly, almost truncate at pectoral-fin insertion. Skin outside denticle band, skin smooth, without denticles. Denticles in band, closely set; subequal in size, only slightly smaller along margins than at mid-disc.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBDFFC162D3FCF3BFA45BF0" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBDFFC162D3FCF3BF795B9C" bold="true" box="[199,316,871,896]" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">Meristics.</emphasis>
Total pectoral-fin radial counts (for 
<typeStatus id="C06EC1F3FFBDFFC160CEFCFCBD5D5B9C" box="[730,792,872,896]" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">types</typeStatus>
, n=5) 130–131 (127–131); propterygium 50–52 (50–52), mesopterygium 19–20 (17–21), metapterygium 60 (57–61). Pelvic-fin radials 25–26 (23–30). Vertebral centra (including synarcual) 112 (108–114); monospondylous 46 (44–45), pre-sting diplospondylous 65 (64–69); and post-sting diplospondylous 0.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBDFFC162D3FC63BDC55CF9" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBDFFC162D3FC63BF655C0C" bold="true" box="[199,288,1015,1040]" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">Colour.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBDFFC1633DFC6CBC5F5C0C" box="[297,538,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">
<typeStatus id="C06EC1F3FFBDFFC1633DFC6CBFD55C0C" box="[297,400,1016,1040]" pageId="15" pageNumber="350" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
(preserved)
</emphasis>
: Disc uniform medium brown, plain without any white spots; ventral surface uniformly pale brown (probably artefactual from preservation) with faint, slightly darker yellowish brown margins; marginal markings beginning near lateral apices of pectorals, continuing to posterior tip of pectorals, and including posterior margins of pelvic fins. Tail dark brownish to blackish dorsally and pale ventrally forward of caudal sting; white spots on dorsolateral margin very few or more typically absent; white banding behind sting inconspicuous, very weak (narrow and irregular) or absent even in juveniles, width of black bands 2–7 times width of white (pale) bands; ventral tail beyond caudal sting plain dark greyish to black.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBDFFC162D3FB64BF1E5ECA" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBDFFC162D3FB64BFBC5D14" box="[199,505,1264,1288]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">Fresh images of non-types.</emphasis>
IN-52 (GN 13998), immature male 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBDFFC16183FB64BDB05D14" box="[919,1013,1264,1288]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2199999999999998" pageId="15" pageNumber="350" unit="mm" value="222.0">222 mm</quantity>
DW: Dorsal disc plain dark greenish brown, slightly paler towards outer disc margins; dorsal tail greenish brown to caudal sting, then becoming dark greyish or black with a few, narrow and irregularly spaced white bands anteriorly; ventral disc white with narrow, sharply defined greyish brown margins extending from forward of pectoral-fin apices to its insertions, symmetric patch of irregular submarginal blotches beside mid-anterior margins; ventral tail white forward of caudal sting, then becoming dark greyish to black distally. IN-35 (GN 13981), female 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBDFFC161C9FA36BA795DA5" box="[989,1084,1442,1466]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="15" pageNumber="350" unit="mm" value="390.0">390 mm</quantity>
DW: Dorsal disc and tail base greenish brown, reddish along outer disc margin (probably due to damage); posterior tail darker greyish but without distinct bands; ventral surface of disc whitish with dusky (or bluish) outer margins, no patches of darker blotches beside anterior margins; ventral tail white forward of caudal sting, then becoming dark greyish to black distally, possibly weakly blotched medially. IN-55 (GN 14001), adult male 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBDFFC1661FF9BBBA295E5B" box="[1035,1132,1583,1608]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" pageId="15" pageNumber="350" unit="mm" value="660.0">660 mm</quantity>
DW: Dorsal disc and tail brownish, tail beyond caudal sting weakly mottled brown and white; clasper blackish apically; ventral surface white with prominent, narrow, greyish brown marginal band (its mesial edge sharply defined), patches of dark blotches present beside anterior margins; ventral tail faintly mottled brown and white (much paler than smaller specimen above).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBDFFC162D3F974BC135F7F" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBDFFC162D3F974BEBB5EE5" bold="true" box="[199,254,1760,1785]" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">Size.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="C06EC1F3FFBDFFC16313F975BF0C5EE5" box="[263,329,1761,1785]" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">Types</typeStatus>
based on immature individuals. Largest specimen, an adult male, was 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBDFFC1666EF974BA845EE4" box="[1146,1217,1760,1785]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" pageId="15" pageNumber="350" unit="cm" value="66.0">66 cm</quantity>
DW and ~ 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBDFFC16757F975BB345EE4" box="[1347,1393,1761,1785]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="350" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
TL (IN-55, Caira &amp; Jensen, 2013). The claspers of the next largest known male (IN-36, 51 cm DW) were not expanded. Smallest specimen (LACM 38130-47 (2 of 3), immature male 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBDFFC161EAF8BCBA0D5F5C" box="[1022,1096,1832,1856]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="350" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
DW) is postnatal; birth size unknown, probably ~ 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBDFFC16392F8DFBC595F7F" box="[390,540,1867,1892]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="350" unit="mm" value="160.0" valueMax="170.0" valueMin="150.0">150–170 mm</quantity>
DW.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="57CF2CDAFFBDFFC162D3F8FABD9A5FED" pageId="15" pageNumber="350" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFBDFFC162D3F8FABD9A5FED" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2034]" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBDFFC162D3F8FABF255F9B" bold="true" box="[199,352,1902,1927]" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="67C23FC1FFBDFFC16373F8FABF835F9B" box="[359,454,1902,1927]" name="Pakistan" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
and off 
<collectingCountry id="67C23FC1FFBDFFC16030F8FABC255F9B" box="[548,608,1902,1927]" name="India" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">India</collectingCountry>
, in the western Bay of Bengal; probably more widely distributed between but its occurrence may be strongly habitat dependent. In 
<collectingCountry id="67C23FC1FFBDFFC1610FF806BD385FB7" box="[795,893,1938,1963]" name="Pakistan" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
, off 
<collectingRegion id="DD11B1B3FFBDFFC161A5F806BDA25FB7" box="[945,999,1938,1963]" country="Pakistan" name="Sindh" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">Sind</collectingRegion>
, south of Karachi, from coastal waters to offshore in 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFBDFFC16323F822BFC85FD1" box="[311,397,1974,1998]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="0.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="350" unit="m" value="12.0" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="2.0">2–22 m</quantity>
depth. Bay of Bengal, off 
<collectingRegion id="DD11B1B3FFBDFFC160A9F821BD495FD2" box="[701,780,1973,1998]" country="India" name="Odisha" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">Odisha</collectingRegion>
(Talasari to Digha). Possibly in 
<collectingRegion id="DD11B1B3FFBDFFC16669F822BB4E5FD2" box="[1149,1291,1973,1998]" country="India" name="West Bengal" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">
<collectingRegion id="DD11B1B3FFBDFFC16669F822BAF15FD1" box="[1149,1204,1974,1997]" country="Tanzania" name="Mjini Magharibi" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">West</collectingRegion>
Bengal
</collectingRegion>
Province, in Diamond Harbour and as far north in Farakka, 
<collectingCountry id="67C23FC1FFBDFFC160B1F84DBC9A5FEE" box="[677,735,2009,2034]" name="India" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">India</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7B4402A0FFBDFFC160F9F84DBD975FED" author="Ishihara" box="[749,978,2009,2034]" pageId="15" pageNumber="350" refString="Ishihara, H., Taniuchi, T., Tanaka, S. &amp; Srivastava, M. P. (1998) Investigation of the freshwater elasmobranchs in the River Ganges. In: Tanaka, S. (Ed.), Adaptability and Conservation of Freshwater Elasmobranchs. Report of Research Project, Grant-in-Aid for International Scientific Research (Field Research) in the financial year of 1996 and 1997. Report Prepared for Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Japan, pp. 41 - 55." type="journal article" year="1998">
Ishihara 
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFBDFFC16144F84EBDCD5FED" box="[848,904,2009,2033]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="350">et al.</emphasis>
, 1998
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="4BAA2FD9FFA2FFDE6283FBDCBAD95C61" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/257409/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" targetBox="[226,1360,193,1074]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFA2FFDE6283FBDCBAD95C61" blockId="16.[151,1435,1096,1149]" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE6283FBDCBF595C41" bold="true" box="[151,284,1096,1118]" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">FIGURE 14</emphasis>
. Map showing specimen locations of 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA2FFDE60A1FBDCBDC95C42" box="[693,908,1096,1118]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arabica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE60A1FBDCBDC95C42" box="[693,908,1096,1118]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">Maculabatis arabica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE6182FBDDBDAE5C42" bold="true" box="[918,1003,1097,1118]" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="36921E38FFA2FFDE6182FBDDBDAE5C42" box="[918,1003,1097,1118]" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(red) and 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA2FFDE6674FBDCBB785C42" box="[1120,1341,1096,1118]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE6674FBDCBB785C42" box="[1120,1341,1096,1118]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">Maculabatis bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="36921E38FFA2FFDE6753FBDDBBDE5C42" box="[1351,1435,1097,1118]" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" rank="species">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE6753FBDDBBDE5C42" bold="true" box="[1351,1435,1097,1118]" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(yellow). Stars denote primary types (holotypes), solid circles secondary types and non-type material.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="57CF2CDAFFA2FFDE62D3FB3EBD115D16" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFA2FFDE62D3FB3EBD115D16" blockId="16.[151,1436,1193,2010]" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE62D3FB3EBF0B5CDE" bold="true" box="[199,334,1194,1218]" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">Etymology.</emphasis>
Patronym recognising the research efforts of Indian biologist K.K. Bineesh, who has worked closely with local Indian colleagues to build a better understanding of the shark and ray fauna of the northern Indian Ocean. Vernacular: Short-tail Whipray (
<bibRefCitation id="7B4402A0FFA2FFDE60B0FB65BD0D5D16" author="Manjaji" box="[676,840,1265,1290]" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" refString="Manjaji, B. M. (2004) Taxonomy and phylogenetic systematic of the stingray genus Himantura (Family Dasyatidae). Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Tasmania." type="book" year="2004">Manjaji, 2004</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="57CF2CDAFFA2FFDF62D3FA82BC3F5C0A" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="352" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFA2FFDE62D3FA82BA2F5DA2" blockId="16.[151,1436,1193,2010]" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE62D3FA82BF7E5D32" bold="true" box="[199,315,1302,1326]" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">Remarks.</emphasis>
The five type specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA2FFDE6093FA82BD3F5D32" box="[647,890,1302,1326]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE6093FA82BD3F5D32" box="[647,890,1302,1326]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">Maculabatis bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="36921E38FFA2FFDE6190FA82BDA55D32" box="[900,992,1302,1326]" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" rank="species">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE6190FA82BDA55D32" bold="true" box="[900,992,1302,1326]" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, all collected from Pakistan (Sind and near Karachi), were previously identified as 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA2FFDE6098FAAEBD4A5D4E" box="[652,783,1338,1362]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gerrardi">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE6098FAAEBD4A5D4E" box="[652,783,1338,1362]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">M. gerrardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA2FFDE612AFAAEBA5A5D4E" box="[830,1055,1338,1362]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gerrardi">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE612AFAAEBA5A5D4E" box="[830,1055,1338,1362]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">Himantura gerrardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The only images available to us of fresh material of 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA2FFDE6363FACBBFBF5D6A" box="[375,506,1374,1398]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE6363FACBBFBF5D6A" box="[375,506,1374,1398]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">M. bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were obtained through a global assessment of cestode parasites of elasmobranchs, led by Janine Caira and Kirsten Jensen. None of these specimens was retained, but images of them provide important information on coloration and denticle band development in the host species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFA2FFDE62D3FA5DBA1B5EA6" blockId="16.[151,1436,1193,2010]" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">
Other specimens, tentatively assigned to this taxon by 
<bibRefCitation id="7B4402A0FFA2FFDE6131FA5DBD8B5DFE" author="Manjaji" box="[805,974,1481,1506]" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" refString="Manjaji, B. M. (2004) Taxonomy and phylogenetic systematic of the stingray genus Himantura (Family Dasyatidae). Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Tasmania." type="book" year="2004">Manjaji (2004)</bibRefCitation>
from 
<collectingCountry id="67C23FC1FFA2FFDE6605FA5DBA0E5DFE" box="[1041,1099,1481,1506]" name="India" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">India</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="67C23FC1FFA2FFDE6694FA5DBB435DFE" box="[1152,1286,1481,1506]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
, MTUF 3000 (Farakka, 
<collectingCountry id="67C23FC1FFA2FFDE6318FA79BF025E1A" box="[268,327,1517,1542]" name="India" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">India</collectingCountry>
) and CAS 
<date id="6B6B5991FFA2FFDE63D8FA7ABC655E1A" box="[460,544,1518,1542]" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" value="48-10-14">141048</date>
(Megna River, 
<collectingCountry id="67C23FC1FFA2FFDE60CEFA79BD245E1A" box="[730,865,1517,1542]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
), need further investigation as they may be other species of 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA2FFDE6307F986BFDA5E36" box="[275,415,1554,1578]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE6307F986BFDA5E36" box="[275,415,1554,1578]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">Maculabatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Both specimens have a blackish tail with weak alternating bands, and a slight marbled appearance behind the caudal sting, especially on the ventral surface. The Indian specimen, figured by 
<bibRefCitation id="7B4402A0FFA2FFDE6756F9A1BF675E6E" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" refString="Ishihara, H., Taniuchi, T., Tanaka, S. &amp; Srivastava, M. P. (1998) Investigation of the freshwater elasmobranchs in the River Ganges. In: Tanaka, S. (Ed.), Adaptability and Conservation of Freshwater Elasmobranchs. Report of Research Project, Grant-in-Aid for International Scientific Research (Field Research) in the financial year of 1996 and 1997. Report Prepared for Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture, Japan, pp. 41 - 55." type="journal article">
Ishihara 
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE6283F9CEBE8A5E6E" box="[151,207,1626,1650]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">et.al.</emphasis>
(1998)
</bibRefCitation>
with disc width given as 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFA2FFDE605AF9CDBCEB5E6D" box="[590,686,1625,1650]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.76" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" unit="mm" value="676.0">676 mm</quantity>
(subsequently remeasured by MM as 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFA2FFDE6672F9CEBA805E6D" box="[1126,1221,1626,1650]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.21" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" unit="mm" value="421.0">421 mm</quantity>
DW), resembles a large 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA2FFDE62CAF9EBBFE25E8A" box="[222,423,1662,1686]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pastinacoides">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE62CAF9EBBFE25E8A" box="[222,423,1662,1686]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">M. pastinacoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, except for its shorter and weakly banded tail (not banded in 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA2FFDE66D6F9EBBBCE5E8A" box="[1218,1419,1662,1686]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pastinacoides">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE66D6F9EBBBCE5E8A" box="[1218,1419,1662,1686]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">M. pastinacoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); morphometric and meristic data for 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA2FFDE603EF936BCE85EA6" box="[554,685,1698,1722]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE603EF936BCE85EA6" box="[554,685,1698,1722]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">M. bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA2FFDE60F7F936BDE75EA6" box="[739,930,1698,1722]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pastinacoides">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE60F7F936BDE75EA6" box="[739,930,1698,1722]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">M. pastinacoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
overlap slightly.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFA2FFDF62D3F951BDE85A7F" blockId="16.[151,1436,1193,2010]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1436,151,1190]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="352" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE62D3F951BF285EC2" bold="true" box="[199,365,1733,1758]" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">Comparisons.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA2FFDE6360F952BC1B5EC2" box="[372,606,1734,1758]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arabica" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE6360F952BC1B5EC2" box="[372,606,1734,1758]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">Maculabatis arabica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="36921E38FFA2FFDE6071F952BCFA5EC2" box="[613,703,1734,1758]" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" rank="species">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE6071F952BCFA5EC2" bold="true" box="[613,703,1734,1758]" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
belongs to a subgroup of plain-coloured species consisting of 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA2FFDE6769F953BFAD5F1E" authority="Bleeker, 1852" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1852" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pastinacoides">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE6769F953BF745F1E" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">M. pastinacoides</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7B4402A0FFA2FFDE6354F97DBFA55F1E" author="Bleeker" box="[320,480,1769,1794]" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" refString="Bleeker, P. (1852) Bijdrage tot de kennis der Plagiostomen van den Indischen Archipel. Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, 24 (12), 1 - 92." type="journal article" year="1852">Bleeker, 1852</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
from the Indo–Malay region, and 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA2FFDE6165F97EBBDE5F1E" authority="Last, Manjaji-Matsumoto &amp; Moore" authorityName="Last, Manjaji-Matsumoto &amp; Moore" box="[881,1435,1769,1794]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="randalli">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE6165F97EBDB45F1E" box="[881,1009,1770,1794]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">M. randalli</emphasis>
(Last, Manjaji-Matsumoto &amp; Moore)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA2FFDE62DDF89BBF0B5F3A" box="[201,334,1806,1830]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE62DDF89BBF0B5F3A" box="[201,334,1806,1830]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">M. bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="36921E38FFA2FFDE634CF89ABFF05F3A" box="[344,437,1806,1830]" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" rank="species">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE634CF89ABFF05F3A" bold="true" box="[344,437,1806,1830]" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
from the Indian Ocean. It is also sympatric in the Arabian Sea with a more common, white-spotted species 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA2FFDE639BF8A6BD5E5F56" authority="Gray, 1851" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1851" box="[399,795,1841,1866]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gerrardi">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE639BF8A6BCC45F56" box="[399,641,1842,1866]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">Maculabatis gerrardi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7B4402A0FFA2FFDE6084F8A6BD575F56" author="Gray" box="[656,786,1841,1866]" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" refString="Gray, J. E. (1851) List of the specimens of fish in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. - Chondropterygii. London, 160 pp." type="book" year="1851">Gray, 1851</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Molecular data suggests that 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA2FFDE667BF8A6BAA95F56" box="[1135,1260,1842,1866]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arabica">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE667BF8A6BAA95F56" box="[1135,1260,1842,1866]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">M. arabica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA2FFDE6311F8C3BFC15F72" box="[261,388,1878,1902]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="randalli">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE6311F8C3BFC15F72" box="[261,388,1878,1902]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">M. randalli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with which it is also sympatric in the Arabian Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="7B4402A0FFA2FFDE61D6F8C2BA395F72" author="Last" box="[962,1148,1877,1902]" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" refString="Last, P. R, Naylor, G. J. P. &amp; Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. M. (2016) A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa, 4139 (3), 345 - 368. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4139.3.2" type="journal article" year="2016">
Last 
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE61EEF8C3BA775F72" box="[1018,1074,1878,1902]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">et al.</emphasis>
, 2016
</bibRefCitation>
). Based on data available, 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA2FFDE6283F8EEBFC25F8E" box="[151,391,1914,1938]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arabica">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE6283F8EEBFC25F8E" box="[151,391,1914,1938]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">Maculabatis arabica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguishable from other plain-coloured Indian Ocean species by a combination of characters, i.e. disc more distinctly broader than long (width 1.08–1.13 
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE61F5F80BBA455FAA" box="[993,1024,1951,1974]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">vs.</emphasis>
1.02–1.08 times length in both 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA2FFDE6769F80BBEB45FC6" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="randalli">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE6769F80BBEB45FC6" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">M. randalli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA2FFDE633DF856BFE95FC6" box="[297,428,1986,2010]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE633DF856BFE95FC6" box="[297,428,1986,2010]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">M. bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), interorbital space narrower (width 11.2–12.1% DW 
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE6606F856BA755FC5" box="[1042,1072,1986,2009]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">vs.</emphasis>
12.8–15.0% DW in 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA2FFDE6708F856BBD95FC6" box="[1308,1436,1986,2010]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="randalli">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA2FFDE6708F856BBD95FC6" box="[1308,1436,1986,2010]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="351">M. randalli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 12.6–13.8% DW in 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF63BEFF0DBC6858AC" box="[426,557,152,176]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF63BEFF0DBC6858AC" box="[426,557,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">M. bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), interspiracular space narrower (width 16.4–18.0% DW vs. 17.5–18.9% DW in 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF62A0FF29BF7058C8" box="[180,309,188,212]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="randalli">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF62A0FF29BF7058C8" box="[180,309,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">M. randalli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 18.8–19.2% DW in 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF6044FF29BC9658C8" box="[592,723,188,212]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF6044FF29BC9658C8" box="[592,723,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">M. bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), tail base more depressed (height 4.0–4.5% DW vs. 4.4–5.5% DW in 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF62FEFF75BF2F58E4" box="[234,362,224,248]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="randalli">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF62FEFF75BF2F58E4" box="[234,362,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">M. randalli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 4.4–5.3% DW in 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF607CFF75BCAE58E4" box="[616,747,224,248]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF607CFF75BCAE58E4" box="[616,747,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">M. bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), precloacal length typically shorter (length 73–77% DW vs. 77–82% DW in 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF6358FE91BF8F5900" box="[332,458,260,284]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="randalli">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF6358FE91BF8F5900" box="[332,458,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">M. randalli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 76–82% DW in 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF60A0FE91BD735900" box="[692,822,260,284]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF60A0FE91BD735900" box="[692,822,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">M. bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and pelvic-fin base narrower (length 11.7–12.8% DW vs. 13.3–16.8% DW in 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF63B7FEBDBC66595C" box="[419,547,296,320]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="randalli">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF63B7FEBDBC66595C" box="[419,547,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">M. randalli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 14.3–15.0% DW in 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF6154FEBDBD86595C" box="[832,963,296,320]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF6154FEBDBD86595C" box="[832,963,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">M. bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Compared to 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF6663FEBDBABF595C" box="[1143,1274,296,320]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF6663FEBDBABF595C" box="[1143,1274,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">M. bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, mid-scapular denticles of 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF6333FED9BFED5978" box="[295,424,332,356]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arabica">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF6333FED9BFED5978" box="[295,424,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">M. arabica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are smaller seed to heart-shaped (larger and ovate and triangular), the rate of denticle development of the dorsal band is slower (similar to 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF60F8FEE5BD355994" box="[748,880,368,392]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gerrardi">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF60F8FEE5BD355994" box="[748,880,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">M. gerrardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), denticles in the band are smaller, and the tail is more prominently banded (especially so in juveniles but less so with increasing size) rather than weakly banded dorsally (dark bands 2–7 times wider than white rings) with an almost entirely black rear portion in 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF6705FE2DBBD059CC" box="[1297,1429,440,464]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF6705FE2DBBD059CC" box="[1297,1429,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">M. bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Other morphometric differences between 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF607EFE49BCA259E8" box="[618,743,476,500]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arabica">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF607EFE49BCA259E8" box="[618,743,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">M. arabica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF6109FE49BDD959E8" box="[797,924,476,500]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="randalli">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF6109FE49BDD959E8" box="[797,924,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">M. randalli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
include a relatively longer total length (when tail undamaged) in 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF6361FD95BFB15A04" box="[373,500,512,536]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arabica">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF6361FD95BFB15A04" box="[373,500,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">M. arabica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(length 3–3.4 times DW vs. 2.5–3.2% DW), shorter prenasal length (15.7–16.5% DW vs. 16.5–17.4% DW), broader internasal width (8.4–8.9% DW vs. 7.9–8.1% DW) and narrower interspace between the 1st gill slits (width 18.9–19.9% DW vs. 19.9–21.3% DW).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFA3FFDF62D3FDFABC915AEA" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,1190]" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">
Differences between 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF63A3FDE4BC715A9B" box="[439,564,623,647]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arabica">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF63A3FDE4BC715A9B" box="[439,564,623,647]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">M. arabica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF6079FDE4BCB45A9B" box="[621,753,623,647]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF6079FDE4BCB45A9B" box="[621,753,623,647]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">M. bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
include a marginally shorter disc in 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF6680FDE4BB575A9B" box="[1172,1298,623,647]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arabica">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF6680FDE4BB575A9B" box="[1172,1298,623,647]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">M. arabica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(length 89– 93% DW vs. 93–98% DW), narrower tail at base of caudal sting (width 2.1–2.4% DW vs. 2.6–2.8% DW), narrower nasal curtain (width 9.5–10.7% DW vs. 10.7–11.2% DW), and narrower interspace between the 1st gill slits (width 18.9–19.9% DW vs. 20.3–21.9% DW).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFA3FFDF62D3FC95BCE85B7E" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,1190]" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">
Additional differences between 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF6024FC96BCF65B05" box="[560,691,769,793]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF6024FC96BCF65B05" box="[560,691,769,793]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">M. bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF60F8FC96BD285B05" box="[748,877,769,793]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="randalli">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF60F8FC96BD285B05" box="[748,877,769,793]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">M. randalli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
include a larger orbit in 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF669CFC96BB4E5B05" box="[1160,1291,769,793]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF669CFC96BB4E5B05" box="[1160,1291,769,793]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">M. bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(length 6.2– 6.9% DW vs. 4.6–5.7% DW), broader tail base (width 7.0–8.8% DW vs. 5.9–6.9% DW), and broader internasal space (width 8.8–9.4% DW vs. 7.9–8.1% DW).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFA3FFDF62D3FCF9BC3F5C0A" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,1190]" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">
The two new species described here differ other than in morphometrics. 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF61FBFCF9BA9A5B99" box="[1007,1247,877,901]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF61FBFCF9BA9A5B99" box="[1007,1247,877,901]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">Maculabatis bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a longer and more broadly rounded disc than 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF601CFC06BCC05BB5" box="[520,645,913,937]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arabica">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF601CFC06BCC05BB5" box="[520,645,913,937]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">M. arabica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, midscapular denticles differ in shape and are associated with a more rapid denticle band development, the posterior tail is darker and feebly banded even in juveniles (
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF6703FC22BB705BD1" box="[1303,1333,950,973]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">vs.</emphasis>
strongly banded in juveniles but bands indiscernible in adults), and 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF615BFC4EBD935BED" box="[847,982,985,1009]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bineeshi">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF615BFC4EBD935BED" box="[847,982,985,1009]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">M. bineeshi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has marginally more vertebrae (centra including synarcual 108–114 vs. 102–111).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="57CF2CDAFFA3FFDF62D3FBB5BB185CBA" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="1F6A7F51FFA3FFDF62D3FBB5BB185CBA" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,1190]" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">
<materialsCitation id="AFBD750CFFA3FFDF62D3FBB5BF2C5C42" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1288188077" collectionCode="CSIRO" country="Kuwait" location="Comparative" municipality="Persian Gulf" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF62D3FBB5BF9E5C26" bold="true" box="[199,475,1057,1082]" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">
<location id="1A0A298AFFA3FFDF62D3FBB5BF215C26" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:977CCE47FFBBFFDF6283FC1FBB185CBA:1A0A298AFFA3FFDF62D3FBB5BF215C26" box="[199,356,1057,1082]" country="Kuwait" municipality="Persian Gulf" name="Comparative" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">Comparative</location>
material.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF63F1FBB5BC935C25" box="[485,726,1057,1081]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Maculabatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="randalli">
<emphasis id="2DA1A343FFA3FFDF63F1FBB5BC935C25" box="[485,726,1057,1081]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">Maculabatis randalli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF60FDFBB6BD7E5C26" box="[745,827,1058,1082]" class="Insecta" family="Tenebrionidae" genus="Csiro" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="353" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<collectionCode id="79C4E794FFA3FFDF60FDFBB6BD7E5C26" box="[745,827,1058,1082]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0k2v-y6wz" name="Australian National Fish Collection" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">CSIRO</collectionCode>
</taxonomicName>
H 7254–01, adult male 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFA3FFDF6648FBB6BAF85C25" box="[1116,1213,1058,1082]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.12" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" unit="mm" value="412.0">412 mm</quantity>
DW, 
<collectingMunicipality id="FF0EE52BFFA3FFDF6711FBB5BBDD5C26" box="[1285,1432,1057,1082]" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">Persian Gulf</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCountry id="67C23FC1FFA3FFDF6283FBD1BEAF5C42" box="[151,234,1093,1118]" name="Kuwait" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">Kuwait</collectingCountry>
(
<typeStatus id="C06EC1F3FFA3FFDF62EDFBD1BF245C42" box="[249,353,1093,1118]" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="AFBD750CFFA3FFDF6361FBD2BF5D5C9E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1288188068" collectionCode="BPBM" country="Kuwait" location="Persian Gulf" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" specimenCode="BPBM 33201" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="4F73D72AFFA3FFDF6361FBD2BC545C42" box="[373,529,1094,1118]" collectionCode="BPBM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">
<collectionCode id="79C4E794FFA3FFDF6361FBD2BF865C41" box="[373,451,1094,1117]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">BPBM</collectionCode>
33201
</specimenCode>
(
<specimenCount id="09D3B4D8FFA3FFDF6035FBD2BCF45C42" box="[545,689,1093,1118]" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
), female 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFA3FFDF610DFBD1BD325C41" box="[793,887,1093,1118]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.51" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" unit="mm" value="151.0">151 mm</quantity>
DW, female 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFA3FFDF6619FBD1BA2E5C41" box="[1037,1131,1093,1118]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" unit="mm" value="245.0">245 mm</quantity>
DW, 
<location id="1A0A298AFFA3FFDF66B9FBD1BB7B5C42" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:977CCE47FFBBFFDF6283FC1FBB185CBA:1A0A298AFFA3FFDF66B9FBD1BB7B5C42" box="[1197,1342,1093,1118]" country="Kuwait" name="Persian Gulf" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">Persian Gulf</location>
, 
<collectingCountry id="67C23FC1FFA3FFDF675EFBD1BBD95C42" box="[1354,1436,1093,1118]" name="Kuwait" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">Kuwait</collectingCountry>
(
<typeStatus id="C06EC1F3FFA3FFDF628BFBFEBF545C9E" box="[159,273,1130,1154]" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="AFBD750CFFA3FFDF6331FBFEBA235C9E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1288188074" box="[293,1126,1129,1154]" collectionCode="BPBM" country="Bahrain" location="Persian Gulf" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" specimenCode="BPBM 29480" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="4F73D72AFFA3FFDF6331FBFEBF815C9E" box="[293,452,1130,1154]" collectionCode="BPBM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">
<collectionCode id="79C4E794FFA3FFDF6331FBFEBF365C9D" box="[293,371,1130,1153]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">BPBM</collectionCode>
29480
</specimenCode>
, early adolescent male 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFA3FFDF60D9FBFDBD6E5C9D" box="[717,811,1129,1154]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" unit="mm" value="325.0">325 mm</quantity>
DW, 
<location id="1A0A298AFFA3FFDF6179FBFDBDBB5C9E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:977CCE47FFBBFFDF6283FC1FBB185CBA:1A0A298AFFA3FFDF6179FBFDBDBB5C9E" box="[877,1022,1129,1154]" country="Bahrain" name="Persian Gulf" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">Persian Gulf</location>
, 
<collectingCountry id="67C23FC1FFA3FFDF661EFBFDBA235C9E" box="[1034,1126,1129,1154]" name="Bahrain" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">Bahrain</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="AFBD750CFFA3FFDF6667FBFEBC4B5CBA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1288188086" collectionCode="MTUF" country="Bahrain" location="Persian Gulf" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" specimenCode="MTUF 20642" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCode id="4F73D72AFFA3FFDF6667FBFEBB575C9E" box="[1139,1298,1129,1154]" collectionCode="MTUF" country="Japan" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2idd-j3vt" name="University Museum, Tokyo University of Fisheries" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">
<collectionCode id="79C4E794FFA3FFDF6667FBFEBA845C9D" box="[1139,1217,1130,1153]" country="Japan" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2idd-j3vt" name="University Museum, Tokyo University of Fisheries" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">MTUF</collectionCode>
20642
</specimenCode>
, female 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFA3FFDF6766FBFEBE865CB9" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.14" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" unit="mm" value="414.0">414 mm</quantity>
DW, 
<location id="1A0A298AFFA3FFDF6310FB19BFD55CBA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:977CCE47FFBBFFDF6283FC1FBB185CBA:1A0A298AFFA3FFDF6310FB19BFD55CBA" box="[260,400,1165,1190]" country="Bahrain" name="Persian Gulf" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">Persian Gulf</location>
(
<typeStatus id="C06EC1F3FFA3FFDF638BFB1ABC435CBA" box="[415,518,1166,1190]" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="AFBD750CFFA3FFDF600DFB1ABB1C5CBA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1288188078" box="[537,1369,1165,1190]" collectionCode="CSIRO" country="Kuwait" location="Persian Gulf" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<taxonomicName id="D8D504D2FFA3FFDF600DFB1ABC295CBA" box="[537,620,1166,1190]" class="Insecta" family="Tenebrionidae" genus="Csiro" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="353" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<collectionCode id="79C4E794FFA3FFDF600DFB1ABC295CBA" box="[537,620,1166,1190]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/0k2v-y6wz" name="Australian National Fish Collection" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">CSIRO</collectionCode>
</taxonomicName>
H 7296–01, female 
<quantity id="D82DD2B4FFA3FFDF6145FB19BDEB5CB9" box="[849,942,1165,1190]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.51" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" unit="mm" value="251.0">251 mm</quantity>
DW, 
<location id="1A0A298AFFA3FFDF61FBFB19BA3B5CBA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:977CCE47FFBBFFDF6283FC1FBB185CBA:1A0A298AFFA3FFDF61FBFB19BA3B5CBA" box="[1007,1150,1165,1190]" country="Kuwait" name="Persian Gulf" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">Persian Gulf</location>
, 
<collectingCountry id="67C23FC1FFA3FFDF669DFB19BA9E5CBA" box="[1161,1243,1165,1190]" name="Kuwait" pageId="17" pageNumber="352">Kuwait</collectingCountry>
(
<typeStatus id="C06EC1F3FFA3FFDF66FFFB1ABB175CBA" box="[1259,1362,1166,1190]" pageId="17" pageNumber="352" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>