212 lines
20 KiB
XML
212 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.272951" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e2c88f4c-3ac2-45f9-95e4-99b75561a081" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="272951" ID-ZooBank="6D68A019-6F63-4AA4-A8B3-92D351F1F69B" checkinTime="1484409208030" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Van, Rob W. M." docDate="2017" docId="03A800107760FF96FF14A42E9466FE12" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4217.1.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@5ce3343f" docStyleName="zootaxa.2013.monograph" docTitle="Parahigginsia strongylifera Van Soest, Meesters & Becking 2014" docType="treatment" docVersion="19" lastPageNumber="58" masterDocId="FF9178687757FFACFF83A36B907DFF9A" masterDocTitle="Sponges of the Guyana Shelf" masterLastPageNumber="225" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="56" updateTime="1645784257244" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Sponges of the Guyana Shelf</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Van, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>225</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.272951</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">e2c88f4c-3ac2-45f9-95e4-99b75561a081</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">272951</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">6D68A019-6F63-4AA4-A8B3-92D351F1F69B</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5698606" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127419815" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5698606" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A800107760FF96FF14A42E9466FE12" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107760FF96FF14A42E9466FE12" lastPageId="58" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<subSubSection pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="55.[151,991,1861,1920]" box="[151,991,1861,1887]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<heading bold="true" box="[151,991,1861,1887]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName authority="Van Soest, Meesters & Becking, 2014" authorityName="Van Soest, Meesters & Becking" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,991,1861,1887]" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" genus="Parahigginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="strongylifera">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,991,1861,1887]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,322,1861,1887]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Parahigginsia</emphasis>
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cf.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[366,521,1861,1887]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">strongylifera</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Van" box="[528,991,1861,1887]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M., Meesters, E. H. & Becking, L. E. (2014) Deep-water sponges (Porifera) from Bonaire and Klein Curacao, Southern Caribbean. Zootaxa, 3878 (5), 401 - 443. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3878.5.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Van Soest, Meesters & Becking, 2014</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="55.[151,991,1861,1920]" box="[151,310,1895,1920]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<figureCitation box="[151,269,1895,1920]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1301]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,193,1301]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 37. Parahigginsia cf. strongylifera Van Soest, Meesters & Becking, 2014, a, habitus encrusting Characella poecillastroides, RMNH Por. 9882 (scale bar = 1 cm), b, light microscopic image of the peripheral skeleton, c – d, SEM images of spicules, c, oxea, d, acanthomicroxea, d 1, detail of d." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272988/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Figures 37</figureCitation>
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a–d
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[151,831,1968,1990]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="55.[151,831,1968,1990]" box="[151,831,1968,1990]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<taxonomicName authority="Van Soest et al. 2014: 423" authorityName="Van Soest et al." authorityPageNumber="423" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,706,1968,1990]" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" genus="Parahigginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="strongylifera">
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<emphasis box="[151,432,1968,1990]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Parahigginsia strongylifera</emphasis>
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Van Soest
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<emphasis box="[545,596,1968,1990]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">et al.</emphasis>
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2014: 423
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</taxonomicName>
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, figs 14–15.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272987/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" targetBox="[151,1436,195,1767]" targetPageId="56">
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<paragraph blockId="56.[151,1436,1788,1902]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,287,1788,1810]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">FIGURE 36.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="De Laubenfels, 1934" authorityName="De Laubenfels" authorityYear="1934" box="[293,736,1788,1810]" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" genus="Myrmekioderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="rea">
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<emphasis box="[293,500,1788,1810]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Myrmekioderma rea</emphasis>
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(De Laubenfels, 1934)
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</taxonomicName>
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, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9788 (scale bar = 1 cm), b–e, SEM images of spicules, b, large oxea, b1, detail of b, c, middle oxea, d, smallest oxea, d1, enlarged image of d, e, detail of trichodragma f, habitus of RMNH Por. 9789 (scale bar = 1 cm), g, largest oxea, g1, detail of g, h, middle oxea, i, smallest oxea, i1, enlarged image of i, j, raphides of trichodragma.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272988/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1301]" targetPageId="57">
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<paragraph blockId="57.[151,1436,1322,1405]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,294,1322,1344]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">FIGURE 37.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Van Soest, Meesters & Becking, 2014" authorityName="Van Soest, Meesters & Becking" authorityYear="2014" box="[307,1069,1322,1344]" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" genus="Parahigginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="strongylifera">
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<emphasis box="[307,452,1322,1344]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Parahigginsia</emphasis>
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cf.
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<emphasis box="[505,635,1322,1344]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">strongylifera</emphasis>
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Van Soest, Meesters & Becking, 2014
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</taxonomicName>
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, a, habitus encrusting
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="poecillastroides">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Characella poecillastroides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, RMNH Por. 9882 (scale bar = 1 cm), b, light microscopic image of the peripheral skeleton, c–d, SEM images of spicules, c, oxea, d, acanthomicroxea, d1, detail of d.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="57.[151,1436,1450,2015]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1424726410" collectingDate="1970-08-24" collectionCode="RMNH" country="Suriname" elevation="117" latitude="7.1667" location="Material" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-53.5833" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" specimenCount="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,390,1450,1475]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A800107760FF96FF14A42E9466FE12:8EDEE7DD776EFF95FF14A6C19082FA59" box="[151,255,1450,1475]" country="Suriname" latitude="7.1667" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-53.5833" name="Material" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Material</location>
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examined.
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</emphasis>
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<collectionCode box="[402,486,1451,1474]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">RMNH</collectionCode>
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Por. 9882b,
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<collectingCountry box="[645,755,1450,1475]" name="Suriname" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Suriname</collectingCountry>
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, ‘Luymes’
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<collectingCountry box="[893,980,1451,1475]" name="Guyana" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Guyana</collectingCountry>
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Shelf Expedition, station 1,
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<geoCoordinate box="[1328,1436,1450,1475]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" precision="5" value="7.1667">7.1667°N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate box="[151,279,1486,1511]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" precision="5" value="-53.5833">53.5833°W</geoCoordinate>
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, depth
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<quantity box="[360,489,1487,1511]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.17" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.04" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="117.0" valueMax="130.0" valueMin="104.0">
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<elevation box="[360,489,1487,1511]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.17" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.04" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="117.0" valueMax="130.0" valueMin="104.0">104–130 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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, bottom sandy calcarenite,
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<date box="[795,978,1487,1511]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1970-08-24">
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<collectingDate box="[795,978,1487,1511]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" value="1970-08-24">24 August 1970</collectingDate>
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</date>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="57.[151,1436,1450,2015]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,345,1522,1547]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Description.</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation box="[365,452,1522,1547]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1301]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,193,1301]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 37. Parahigginsia cf. strongylifera Van Soest, Meesters & Becking, 2014, a, habitus encrusting Characella poecillastroides, RMNH Por. 9882 (scale bar = 1 cm), b, light microscopic image of the peripheral skeleton, c – d, SEM images of spicules, c, oxea, d, acanthomicroxea, d 1, detail of d." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272988/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
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a) Pale orange crust (in alcohol) on a specimen of
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<taxonomicName box="[1069,1385,1522,1547]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Characella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="poecillastroides">
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<emphasis box="[1069,1385,1522,1547]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Characella poecillastroides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(cf. below). Surface wavy to microlobate, but otherwise smooth, no apparent oscules (presumably contracted). Overall size 7
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<date box="[222,257,1595,1619]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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x
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<quantity box="[243,257,1595,1619]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="cm" value="4.0">4</quantity>
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</date>
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cm, thickness about
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<quantity box="[493,561,1595,1619]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
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. Consistency soft.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="57.[151,1436,1450,2015]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,309,1630,1655]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Skeleton.</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation box="[329,416,1630,1655]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1301]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,193,1301]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 37. Parahigginsia cf. strongylifera Van Soest, Meesters & Becking, 2014, a, habitus encrusting Characella poecillastroides, RMNH Por. 9882 (scale bar = 1 cm), b, light microscopic image of the peripheral skeleton, c – d, SEM images of spicules, c, oxea, d, acanthomicroxea, d 1, detail of d." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272988/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
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b) An isotropic but confused unispicular to paucispicular reticulation of oxeas. At the surface there is a thin crust of acanthomicroxeas.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="57.[151,1436,1450,2015]" box="[199,754,1702,1727]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,304,1702,1727]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Spicules.</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation box="[319,403,1702,1727]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1301]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,193,1301]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 37. Parahigginsia cf. strongylifera Van Soest, Meesters & Becking, 2014, a, habitus encrusting Characella poecillastroides, RMNH Por. 9882 (scale bar = 1 cm), b, light microscopic image of the peripheral skeleton, c – d, SEM images of spicules, c, oxea, d, acanthomicroxea, d 1, detail of d." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272988/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Figs 37</figureCitation>
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c–d) Oxeas, acanthomicroxeas.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="57.[151,1436,1450,2015]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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Oxeas (
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<figureCitation box="[287,373,1738,1763]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1301]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,193,1301]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 37. Parahigginsia cf. strongylifera Van Soest, Meesters & Becking, 2014, a, habitus encrusting Characella poecillastroides, RMNH Por. 9882 (scale bar = 1 cm), b, light microscopic image of the peripheral skeleton, c – d, SEM images of spicules, c, oxea, d, acanthomicroxea, d 1, detail of d." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272988/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 37</figureCitation>
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c), lightly curved, robust, cigar-shaped, with mucronate apices, occasionally with one of the ends rounded, style-like, 171–
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<emphasis box="[489,531,1774,1799]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">196</emphasis>
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–204
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<date box="[594,628,1775,1799]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">x 9</date>
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–
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<emphasis box="[643,688,1775,1799]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">11.1</emphasis>
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–14 µm.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="57.[151,1436,1450,2015]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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Acanthomicroxeas (
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||
<figureCitation box="[427,520,1810,1835]" captionStart="FIGURE 37" captionStartId="57.[151,250,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1301]" captionTargetId="figure@57.[151,1436,193,1301]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 37. Parahigginsia cf. strongylifera Van Soest, Meesters & Becking, 2014, a, habitus encrusting Characella poecillastroides, RMNH Por. 9882 (scale bar = 1 cm), b, light microscopic image of the peripheral skeleton, c – d, SEM images of spicules, c, oxea, d, acanthomicroxea, d 1, detail of d." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/272988/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Figs 37</figureCitation>
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d,d1), thin, curved or straight, with thin, long, sharp spines, evenly distributed, 74–
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||
<emphasis box="[193,242,1847,1871]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">83.3</emphasis>
|
||
–102 x 0.5–
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||
<emphasis box="[375,410,1847,1871]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">1.1</emphasis>
|
||
–2 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="distribution">
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||
<paragraph blockId="57.[151,1436,1450,2015]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,513,1882,1907]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Distribution and ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[527,614,1883,1907]" name="Guyana" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Guyana</collectingCountry>
|
||
Shelf,
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||
<collectingCountry box="[709,798,1882,1907]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Bonaire</collectingCountry>
|
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(if conspecific), encrusting hard substrates including sponges, at
|
||
<quantity box="[282,409,1919,1943]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.71" metricValueMax="2.38" metricValueMin="1.04" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="171.0" valueMax="238.0" valueMin="104.0">104–238 m</quantity>
|
||
depth.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection lastPageId="58" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="discussion">
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||
<paragraph blockId="57.[151,1436,1450,2015]" lastBlockId="58.[151,1436,151,392]" lastPageId="58" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1424726416" collectionCode="RMNH" country="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" lastPageId="58" lastPageNumber="59" location="There" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,315,1954,1979]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Remarks.</emphasis>
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The identification is made with hesitation.
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A800107760FF96FF14A42E9466FE12:8EDEE7DD776EFF95FCC8A4C993F1F821" box="[843,908,1954,1979]" country="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" name="There" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">There</location>
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||
are differences with the
|
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<typeStatus box="[1216,1264,1955,1979]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">type</typeStatus>
|
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material from
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<collectingCountry box="[151,240,1990,2015]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Bonaire</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
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<collectionCode box="[256,342,1991,2015]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">RMNH</collectionCode>
|
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Por. 9251): the strongyles which are the basis of the species name are replaced by oxeas in the present specimen, which are also shorter than the strongyles of the
|
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<typeStatus box="[919,971,152,176]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">type</typeStatus>
|
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</materialsCitation>
|
||
. The type material consists of small pale blueish patches on deep-water rocks, whereas the present specimen forms a larger sheet encrusting a rough deepwater sponge. However, the preserved fragments of the type material (Van Soest
|
||
<emphasis box="[1098,1158,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014: fig. 14c) and the encrustations reported here are remarkably similar in shape and color. Thinner growth stages of the type are oxealike (Van Soest
|
||
<emphasis box="[327,384,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014: fig. 14d), so it is likely that the strongyles may be considered modified oxeas, the more so as the only other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[495,655,332,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" genus="Parahigginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[495,655,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Parahigginsia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dendy, 1924" authorityName="Dendy" authorityYear="1924" box="[672,993,332,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Heteroxyidae" genus="Parahigginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="phakelloides">
|
||
<emphasis box="[672,841,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">P. phakelloides</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dendy" box="[849,993,332,357]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" refString="Dendy, A. (1924) Porifera. Part I. Non-Antarctic sponges. Natural History Report. British Antarctic (Terra Nova) Expedition, 1910 (Zoology), 6 (3), 269 - 392." type="journal article" year="1924">Dendy, 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) also has oxeas. The acanthomicroxeas of both are similar in size and shape, sharing the characteristic thin sharp spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |