181 lines
48 KiB
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181 lines
48 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="1C1EDD1A05C0E70DD9C722B1CB8AD01D">Evolutionary Morphology Of The Primary Male Reproductive System And Spermatozoa Of Goblin Spiders (Oonopidae; Araneae)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03E487E0301721762C95A21C632D7F21" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4632226" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180671190" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4632226" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E487E0301721762C95A21C632D7F21" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E487E0301721762C95A21C632D7F21" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<paragraph id="8BF236F63017216F2C95A21C61BE7FEF" blockId="14.[712,1217,1619,1670]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D753017216F2C95A21C61BE7FEF" ID-CoL="46W2G" authority="Grismado and Ramirez, 2013" authorityName="Grismado and Ramirez" authorityYear="2013" class="Arachnida" family="Oonopidae" genus="Neotrops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pombero">
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43017216F2C95A21C61C57F03" box="[712,923,1619,1642]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Neotrops pombero</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDC4B073017216F2DF9A21C61BE7FEF" author="Grismado, C. J. & M. J. Ramirez" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 150" refId="ref26769" refString="Grismado, C. J., and M. J. Ramirez. 2013. The New World goblin spiders of the genus Neotrops (Araneae: Oonopidae), part I. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 383: 1 - 150." type="journal article" year="2013">Grismado and Ramírez, 2013</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C357657D301721762C87A2E2632D7F21" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF236F63017216F2C87A2E266927FB6" blockId="14.[701,1228,1706,1759]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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SPERM TRANSFER FORM (
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<figureCitation id="13762A733017216F2A75A2E266D77FAB" box="[1064,1161,1706,1730]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[150,188,1513,1532]" captionTargetBox="[193,1181,208,1490]" captionTargetId="figure-52@18.[173,1181,207,1490]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 13. Surface reconstruction of sperm transfer form of Neotrops pombero illustrating the shape and arrangement of all four fused sperm, as well as the arrangement of an individual sperm. Note the very long AV, which is nearly as long as the prcN. Axonemes are not shown in this reconstruction." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612309" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612309/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">figs. 13</figureCitation>
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,
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||
<figureCitation id="13762A733017216F2AC0A2E266E37FAB" box="[1181,1213,1706,1730]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[116,155,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1194,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[93,1194,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 14. Characteristics of synspermia and spermatozoa of Neotrops pombero. A: Within the proximal portion of the deferent duct, synspermia are irregularly formed and embedded in a dense matrix composed of longish, electron-dense secretions, a secretion sheath surrounds the sperm conjugates. B: In contrast, synspermia in the lumen of the ejaculatory duct are oval, the cytoplasm is further condensed and appears electron dense. C: The four fused sperm show a characteristic, irregular chromatin-condensation pattern. The condensed chromatin appears fibrillar and possesses numerous electron-lucent streaks. D: Numerous membrane stacks, as well as a few mitochondria are visible in the periphery of the sperm conjugate. E: The NC in the periphery of the nucleus is located on a distinct projection. F: The posterior portion of the AV is deeply sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus and thus partly surrounded by the latter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612313/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">14</figureCitation>
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): Oval-shaped synspermia (,10 Mm), compris-
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF32667E3016216E2E29A1CF610D7FE3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612299" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4612299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612299/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" startId="15.[116,155,1415,1434]" targetBox="[93,1195,207,1393]" targetPageId="15">
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<paragraph id="8BF236F63016216E2E29A1CF610D7FE3" blockId="15.[93,1193,1415,1674]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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Fig. 10. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D753016216E2C3DA1CF60A17CF2" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1881" box="[608,767,1415,1435]" class="Arachnida" family="Oonopidae" genus="Gamasomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43016216E2C3DA1CF60A17CF2" box="[608,767,1415,1435]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Gamasomorpha</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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cf
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43016216E2D7EA1C061397CF3" box="[803,871,1416,1434]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D753016216E2D7EA1C0613D7CF3" authorityName="Biraben" authorityYear="1954" box="[803,867,1416,1434]" class="Arachnida" family="Oonopidae" genus="Gamasomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vianai">vianai</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43016216E2D32A1CF61DF7CF3" bold="true" box="[879,897,1415,1434]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A</emphasis>
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: The small AV is separated from the nucleus by a distinct electron-dense border; the narrow subacrosomal space contains the AF (inset).
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43016216E2EF6A1F562E57CB9" bold="true" box="[171,187,1469,1488]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">B</emphasis>
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: The chromatin starts condensation selectively in small spots within the nucleus. The very small IF contains only the two centrioles, the Ax, which has a typical 9+3 microtubular pattern (inset), originates from the distal centriole and extends into a flagellar tunnel.
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43016216E2C94A1BA60857F6C" bold="true" box="[713,731,1522,1541]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C</emphasis>
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: A small NC that contains the AF is located in the periphery of the nucleus. The nucleus of all stages of spermiogenesis is surrounded by a singlelayered manchette of microtubules.
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43016216E2F93A26F63BF7F53" bold="true" box="[462,481,1575,1594]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">D</emphasis>
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: Late spermatids show the peculiar chromatin-condensation pattern, which resembles a furled sleeve in longitudinal sections.
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<emphasis id="B939EAE43016216E2CF7A20A60E47F3C" bold="true" box="[682,698,1602,1621]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">E</emphasis>
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: At the end of spermiogenesis, four spermatids entirely fuse to form large sperm conjugates. The NC is empty for the most part; the manchette of microtubules disintegrates during further sperm conjugate development.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
<caption id="DF32667E300921712ECBA7A0605E7D0F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612303" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4612303" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612303/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[150,188,1000,1019]" targetBox="[128,1230,207,977]" targetPageId="16">
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<paragraph id="8BF236F6300921712ECBA7A0605E7D0F" blockId="16.[128,1228,1000,1126]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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Fig. 11. Characteristics of synspermia and spermatozoa of
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<emphasis id="B939EAE4300921712D57A7A161977A92" box="[778,969,1001,1019]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4D4D75300921712D57A7A1619B7A92" authorityName="Grismado and Ramirez" authorityYear="2013" box="[778,965,1001,1019]" class="Arachnida" family="Oonopidae" genus="Neotrops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="poguazu">Neotrops poguazu</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B939EAE4300921712D93A7A061BE7A92" bold="true" box="[974,992,1000,1019]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A</emphasis>
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: Sperm conjugates are surrounded by a thin secretion sheath.
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<emphasis id="B939EAE4300921712C7AA04B60697D7F" bold="true" box="[551,567,1027,1046]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">B</emphasis>
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: The chromatin is irregularly condensed.
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<emphasis id="B939EAE4300921712DA1A04B66507D7F" bold="true" box="[1020,1038,1027,1046]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C</emphasis>
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: The AF extends toward the nucleus and projects into the periphery of the nucleus, surrounded by the NC.
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<emphasis id="B939EAE4300921712A67A05666137D58" bold="true" box="[1082,1101,1054,1073]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">D</emphasis>
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: Within the ejaculatory duct sperm conjugates further differentiate. This includes further condensation of cytoplasm while peripheral constrictions recess.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BF236F6300921712EDDA0FE60227F79" blockId="16.[128,654,1206,1759]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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ing four spermatozoa that are densely packed (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73300921712ED5A09C62BE7D80" box="[136,224,1236,1258]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[150,188,1513,1532]" captionTargetBox="[193,1181,208,1490]" captionTargetId="figure-52@18.[173,1181,207,1490]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 13. Surface reconstruction of sperm transfer form of Neotrops pombero illustrating the shape and arrangement of all four fused sperm, as well as the arrangement of an individual sperm. Note the very long AV, which is nearly as long as the prcN. Axonemes are not shown in this reconstruction." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612309" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612309/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">figs. 13</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13762A73300921712EB1A09C631F7D80" box="[236,321,1236,1257]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[116,155,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1194,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[93,1194,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 14. Characteristics of synspermia and spermatozoa of Neotrops pombero. A: Within the proximal portion of the deferent duct, synspermia are irregularly formed and embedded in a dense matrix composed of longish, electron-dense secretions, a secretion sheath surrounds the sperm conjugates. B: In contrast, synspermia in the lumen of the ejaculatory duct are oval, the cytoplasm is further condensed and appears electron dense. C: The four fused sperm show a characteristic, irregular chromatin-condensation pattern. The condensed chromatin appears fibrillar and possesses numerous electron-lucent streaks. D: Numerous membrane stacks, as well as a few mitochondria are visible in the periphery of the sperm conjugate. E: The NC in the periphery of the nucleus is located on a distinct projection. F: The posterior portion of the AV is deeply sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus and thus partly surrounded by the latter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612313/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">14A, B</figureCitation>
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). Small, irregular membrane stacks, as well as mitochondria, are present in the periphery (
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||
<figureCitation id="13762A73300921712F1DA147638F7C4D" box="[320,465,1295,1317]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[116,155,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1194,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[93,1194,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 14. Characteristics of synspermia and spermatozoa of Neotrops pombero. A: Within the proximal portion of the deferent duct, synspermia are irregularly formed and embedded in a dense matrix composed of longish, electron-dense secretions, a secretion sheath surrounds the sperm conjugates. B: In contrast, synspermia in the lumen of the ejaculatory duct are oval, the cytoplasm is further condensed and appears electron dense. C: The four fused sperm show a characteristic, irregular chromatin-condensation pattern. The condensed chromatin appears fibrillar and possesses numerous electron-lucent streaks. D: Numerous membrane stacks, as well as a few mitochondria are visible in the periphery of the sperm conjugate. E: The NC in the periphery of the nucleus is located on a distinct projection. F: The posterior portion of the AV is deeply sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus and thus partly surrounded by the latter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612313/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">fig. 14C, D</figureCitation>
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). Whereas the cytoplasm is electron lucent within sperm conjugates of the deferent duct (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73300921712C59A10160387C09" box="[516,614,1353,1376]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[116,155,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1194,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[93,1194,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 14. Characteristics of synspermia and spermatozoa of Neotrops pombero. A: Within the proximal portion of the deferent duct, synspermia are irregularly formed and embedded in a dense matrix composed of longish, electron-dense secretions, a secretion sheath surrounds the sperm conjugates. B: In contrast, synspermia in the lumen of the ejaculatory duct are oval, the cytoplasm is further condensed and appears electron dense. C: The four fused sperm show a characteristic, irregular chromatin-condensation pattern. The condensed chromatin appears fibrillar and possesses numerous electron-lucent streaks. D: Numerous membrane stacks, as well as a few mitochondria are visible in the periphery of the sperm conjugate. E: The NC in the periphery of the nucleus is located on a distinct projection. F: The posterior portion of the AV is deeply sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus and thus partly surrounded by the latter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612313/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">fig. 14C</figureCitation>
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), it further condenses, finally appearing electron dense in sperm conjugates located in the ejaculatory duct (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73300921712F3AA1EA63EC7CD1" box="[359,434,1442,1464]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[116,155,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1194,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[93,1194,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 14. Characteristics of synspermia and spermatozoa of Neotrops pombero. A: Within the proximal portion of the deferent duct, synspermia are irregularly formed and embedded in a dense matrix composed of longish, electron-dense secretions, a secretion sheath surrounds the sperm conjugates. B: In contrast, synspermia in the lumen of the ejaculatory duct are oval, the cytoplasm is further condensed and appears electron dense. C: The four fused sperm show a characteristic, irregular chromatin-condensation pattern. The condensed chromatin appears fibrillar and possesses numerous electron-lucent streaks. D: Numerous membrane stacks, as well as a few mitochondria are visible in the periphery of the sperm conjugate. E: The NC in the periphery of the nucleus is located on a distinct projection. F: The posterior portion of the AV is deeply sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus and thus partly surrounded by the latter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612313/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">fig. 14</figureCitation>
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E–F). Sperm are incompletely coiled (
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<figureCitation id="13762A73300921712F2AA1F7639B7CBC" box="[375,453,1471,1493]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[150,188,1513,1532]" captionTargetBox="[193,1181,208,1490]" captionTargetId="figure-52@18.[173,1181,207,1490]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 13. Surface reconstruction of sperm transfer form of Neotrops pombero illustrating the shape and arrangement of all four fused sperm, as well as the arrangement of an individual sperm. Note the very long AV, which is nearly as long as the prcN. Axonemes are not shown in this reconstruction." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612309" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612309/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">fig. 13</figureCitation>
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). A thick (,
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<quantity id="4CB59B13300921712C38A1F762F77C9B" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="nm" value="250.0">250 nm</quantity>
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), homogeneous secretion sheath surrounds the sperm transfer forms (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A73300921712C53A1B260317F79" box="[526,623,1530,1552]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[116,155,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1194,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[93,1194,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 14. Characteristics of synspermia and spermatozoa of Neotrops pombero. A: Within the proximal portion of the deferent duct, synspermia are irregularly formed and embedded in a dense matrix composed of longish, electron-dense secretions, a secretion sheath surrounds the sperm conjugates. B: In contrast, synspermia in the lumen of the ejaculatory duct are oval, the cytoplasm is further condensed and appears electron dense. C: The four fused sperm show a characteristic, irregular chromatin-condensation pattern. The condensed chromatin appears fibrillar and possesses numerous electron-lucent streaks. D: Numerous membrane stacks, as well as a few mitochondria are visible in the periphery of the sperm conjugate. E: The NC in the periphery of the nucleus is located on a distinct projection. F: The posterior portion of the AV is deeply sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus and thus partly surrounded by the latter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612313/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">fig. 14E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236F6300921712EC0A25161697C14" blockId="16.[128,654,1206,1759]" lastBlockId="16.[701,1228,1205,1759]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAE4300921712EC0A251636C7F47" box="[157,306,1561,1582]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Spermatozoa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A73300921712F1DA25063C67F47" box="[320,408,1560,1582]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[150,188,1513,1532]" captionTargetBox="[193,1181,208,1490]" captionTargetId="figure-52@18.[173,1181,207,1490]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 13. Surface reconstruction of sperm transfer form of Neotrops pombero illustrating the shape and arrangement of all four fused sperm, as well as the arrangement of an individual sperm. Note the very long AV, which is nearly as long as the prcN. Axonemes are not shown in this reconstruction." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612309" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612309/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">figs. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A73300921712FFEA251639C7F46" box="[419,450,1561,1583]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[116,155,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1194,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[93,1194,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 14. Characteristics of synspermia and spermatozoa of Neotrops pombero. A: Within the proximal portion of the deferent duct, synspermia are irregularly formed and embedded in a dense matrix composed of longish, electron-dense secretions, a secretion sheath surrounds the sperm conjugates. B: In contrast, synspermia in the lumen of the ejaculatory duct are oval, the cytoplasm is further condensed and appears electron dense. C: The four fused sperm show a characteristic, irregular chromatin-condensation pattern. The condensed chromatin appears fibrillar and possesses numerous electron-lucent streaks. D: Numerous membrane stacks, as well as a few mitochondria are visible in the periphery of the sperm conjugate. E: The NC in the periphery of the nucleus is located on a distinct projection. F: The posterior portion of the AV is deeply sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus and thus partly surrounded by the latter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612313/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">14</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAE4300921712F8BA25062E97F22" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Acrosomal complex:</emphasis>
|
||
AV conical, long (,9.8 Mm); widened subacrosomal space (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A73300921712FDFA21B63BB7F00" box="[386,485,1619,1641]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[116,155,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1194,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[93,1194,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 14. Characteristics of synspermia and spermatozoa of Neotrops pombero. A: Within the proximal portion of the deferent duct, synspermia are irregularly formed and embedded in a dense matrix composed of longish, electron-dense secretions, a secretion sheath surrounds the sperm conjugates. B: In contrast, synspermia in the lumen of the ejaculatory duct are oval, the cytoplasm is further condensed and appears electron dense. C: The four fused sperm show a characteristic, irregular chromatin-condensation pattern. The condensed chromatin appears fibrillar and possesses numerous electron-lucent streaks. D: Numerous membrane stacks, as well as a few mitochondria are visible in the periphery of the sperm conjugate. E: The NC in the periphery of the nucleus is located on a distinct projection. F: The posterior portion of the AV is deeply sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus and thus partly surrounded by the latter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612313/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">fig. 14A</figureCitation>
|
||
), sunken into the prcN (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A73300921712F59A239630F7FEE" box="[260,337,1649,1671]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[150,188,1513,1532]" captionTargetBox="[193,1181,208,1490]" captionTargetId="figure-52@18.[173,1181,207,1490]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 13. Surface reconstruction of sperm transfer form of Neotrops pombero illustrating the shape and arrangement of all four fused sperm, as well as the arrangement of an individual sperm. Note the very long AV, which is nearly as long as the prcN. Axonemes are not shown in this reconstruction." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612309" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612309/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
). AF originates from the subacrosomal space, extends into the NC, ends clearly before axonemal base.
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAE4300921712C71A2E460D07FA8" bold="true" box="[556,654,1708,1729]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Nucleus:</emphasis>
|
||
prcN deeply indented at its anterior pole, compact (,11.7 Mm) but irregularly shaped (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A73300921712C98A09C61437D80" box="[709,797,1236,1258]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[150,188,1513,1532]" captionTargetBox="[193,1181,208,1490]" captionTargetId="figure-52@18.[173,1181,207,1490]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 13. Surface reconstruction of sperm transfer form of Neotrops pombero illustrating the shape and arrangement of all four fused sperm, as well as the arrangement of an individual sperm. Note the very long AV, which is nearly as long as the prcN. Axonemes are not shown in this reconstruction." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612309" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612309/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">figs. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A73300921712D71A09C61017D83" box="[812,863,1236,1258]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[116,155,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1194,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[93,1194,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 14. Characteristics of synspermia and spermatozoa of Neotrops pombero. A: Within the proximal portion of the deferent duct, synspermia are irregularly formed and embedded in a dense matrix composed of longish, electron-dense secretions, a secretion sheath surrounds the sperm conjugates. B: In contrast, synspermia in the lumen of the ejaculatory duct are oval, the cytoplasm is further condensed and appears electron dense. C: The four fused sperm show a characteristic, irregular chromatin-condensation pattern. The condensed chromatin appears fibrillar and possesses numerous electron-lucent streaks. D: Numerous membrane stacks, as well as a few mitochondria are visible in the periphery of the sperm conjugate. E: The NC in the periphery of the nucleus is located on a distinct projection. F: The posterior portion of the AV is deeply sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus and thus partly surrounded by the latter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612313/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">14C</figureCitation>
|
||
), chromatin is irregularly condensed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A73300921712D7CA0B961F97C6E" box="[801,935,1265,1287]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[116,155,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1194,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[93,1194,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 14. Characteristics of synspermia and spermatozoa of Neotrops pombero. A: Within the proximal portion of the deferent duct, synspermia are irregularly formed and embedded in a dense matrix composed of longish, electron-dense secretions, a secretion sheath surrounds the sperm conjugates. B: In contrast, synspermia in the lumen of the ejaculatory duct are oval, the cytoplasm is further condensed and appears electron dense. C: The four fused sperm show a characteristic, irregular chromatin-condensation pattern. The condensed chromatin appears fibrillar and possesses numerous electron-lucent streaks. D: Numerous membrane stacks, as well as a few mitochondria are visible in the periphery of the sperm conjugate. E: The NC in the periphery of the nucleus is located on a distinct projection. F: The posterior portion of the AV is deeply sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus and thus partly surrounded by the latter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612313/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">fig. 14C, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). peN small (,5.4 Mm), flattened (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A73300921712D64A14761D87C4C" box="[825,902,1295,1317]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[150,188,1513,1532]" captionTargetBox="[193,1181,208,1490]" captionTargetId="figure-52@18.[173,1181,207,1490]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 13. Surface reconstruction of sperm transfer form of Neotrops pombero illustrating the shape and arrangement of all four fused sperm, as well as the arrangement of an individual sperm. Note the very long AV, which is nearly as long as the prcN. Axonemes are not shown in this reconstruction." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612309" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612309/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
). NC peripheral (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A73300921712A3BA14760887C28" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[116,155,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1194,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[93,1194,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 14. Characteristics of synspermia and spermatozoa of Neotrops pombero. A: Within the proximal portion of the deferent duct, synspermia are irregularly formed and embedded in a dense matrix composed of longish, electron-dense secretions, a secretion sheath surrounds the sperm conjugates. B: In contrast, synspermia in the lumen of the ejaculatory duct are oval, the cytoplasm is further condensed and appears electron dense. C: The four fused sperm show a characteristic, irregular chromatin-condensation pattern. The condensed chromatin appears fibrillar and possesses numerous electron-lucent streaks. D: Numerous membrane stacks, as well as a few mitochondria are visible in the periphery of the sperm conjugate. E: The NC in the periphery of the nucleus is located on a distinct projection. F: The posterior portion of the AV is deeply sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus and thus partly surrounded by the latter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612313/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">fig. 14C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B939EAE4300921712CB0A16461017C28" bold="true" box="[749,863,1324,1345]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Axoneme:</emphasis>
|
||
proximal centriole longer than distal centriole. 9+3 microtubular pattern (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A73300921712C98A12F61747C14" box="[709,810,1383,1405]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[116,155,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox="[93,1194,207,1392]" captionTargetId="figure-0@19.[93,1194,207,1392]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 14. Characteristics of synspermia and spermatozoa of Neotrops pombero. A: Within the proximal portion of the deferent duct, synspermia are irregularly formed and embedded in a dense matrix composed of longish, electron-dense secretions, a secretion sheath surrounds the sperm conjugates. B: In contrast, synspermia in the lumen of the ejaculatory duct are oval, the cytoplasm is further condensed and appears electron dense. C: The four fused sperm show a characteristic, irregular chromatin-condensation pattern. The condensed chromatin appears fibrillar and possesses numerous electron-lucent streaks. D: Numerous membrane stacks, as well as a few mitochondria are visible in the periphery of the sperm conjugate. E: The NC in the periphery of the nucleus is located on a distinct projection. F: The posterior portion of the AV is deeply sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus and thus partly surrounded by the latter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612313/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">fig. 14D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF236F6300921762C87A1CB632D7F21" blockId="16.[701,1228,1205,1759]" lastBlockId="23.[93,619,1349,1608]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
NOTES ON SPERMIOGENESIS (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A73300921712A1DA1CB66CF7CF2" box="[1088,1169,1411,1435]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[150,188,1388,1407]" captionTargetBox="[128,1230,207,1365]" captionTargetId="figure-0@20.[128,1230,207,1365]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 15. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Neotrops pombero. A: The posterior portion of AV is already sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus in early spermatids; the AF is thin, the subacrosomal space is widened (inset). Note distinct electron-dense spots (arrow) that occur at the anterior pole of the nucleus. B: The chromatin appears fibrillar and starts condensation in the center of the nucleus. C: The elongating AV is accompanied by electron-dense secretions (magnified in inset). D: The proximal centriole is enlarged and nearly twice as long as the distal centriole; the base of the axoneme is surrounded by few electron-dense secretions (inset). E: At the end of spermiogenesis, the main sperm cell components coil within the cell membrane, while the spermatids are still connected with each other via cellular bridges (asterisk). Finally four spermatids fuse and form oval synspermia. Note mitochondria within the cytoplasm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612317" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612317/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
): All stages of spermiogenesis are present in the testis. Spermatids of the same developmental stage are arranged in cysts. Early spermatids are characterized by a large AV that is accompanied by a collar of electron-dense secretions and secretion droplets (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A73300921712A1AA27E66957F22" box="[1095,1227,1590,1612]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[150,188,1388,1407]" captionTargetBox="[128,1230,207,1365]" captionTargetId="figure-0@20.[128,1230,207,1365]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 15. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Neotrops pombero. A: The posterior portion of AV is already sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus in early spermatids; the AF is thin, the subacrosomal space is widened (inset). Note distinct electron-dense spots (arrow) that occur at the anterior pole of the nucleus. B: The chromatin appears fibrillar and starts condensation in the center of the nucleus. C: The elongating AV is accompanied by electron-dense secretions (magnified in inset). D: The proximal centriole is enlarged and nearly twice as long as the distal centriole; the base of the axoneme is surrounded by few electron-dense secretions (inset). E: At the end of spermiogenesis, the main sperm cell components coil within the cell membrane, while the spermatids are still connected with each other via cellular bridges (asterisk). Finally four spermatids fuse and form oval synspermia. Note mitochondria within the cytoplasm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612317" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612317/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">fig. 15A, A</figureCitation>
|
||
inset, B). Proximal portion of AV is deeply sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A73300921712C98A2C661067FCD" box="[709,856,1678,1700]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[150,188,1388,1407]" captionTargetBox="[128,1230,207,1365]" captionTargetId="figure-0@20.[128,1230,207,1365]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 15. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Neotrops pombero. A: The posterior portion of AV is already sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus in early spermatids; the AF is thin, the subacrosomal space is widened (inset). Note distinct electron-dense spots (arrow) that occur at the anterior pole of the nucleus. B: The chromatin appears fibrillar and starts condensation in the center of the nucleus. C: The elongating AV is accompanied by electron-dense secretions (magnified in inset). D: The proximal centriole is enlarged and nearly twice as long as the distal centriole; the base of the axoneme is surrounded by few electron-dense secretions (inset). E: At the end of spermiogenesis, the main sperm cell components coil within the cell membrane, while the spermatids are still connected with each other via cellular bridges (asterisk). Finally four spermatids fuse and form oval synspermia. Note mitochondria within the cytoplasm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612317" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612317/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">figs. 15B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The AF originates from the subacrosomal space (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A73300921712DEEA2E4664D7FA8" box="[947,1043,1707,1730]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[150,188,1388,1407]" captionTargetBox="[128,1230,207,1365]" captionTargetId="figure-0@20.[128,1230,207,1365]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 15. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Neotrops pombero. A: The posterior portion of AV is already sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus in early spermatids; the AF is thin, the subacrosomal space is widened (inset). Note distinct electron-dense spots (arrow) that occur at the anterior pole of the nucleus. B: The chromatin appears fibrillar and starts condensation in the center of the nucleus. C: The elongating AV is accompanied by electron-dense secretions (magnified in inset). D: The proximal centriole is enlarged and nearly twice as long as the distal centriole; the base of the axoneme is surrounded by few electron-dense secretions (inset). E: At the end of spermiogenesis, the main sperm cell components coil within the cell membrane, while the spermatids are still connected with each other via cellular bridges (asterisk). Finally four spermatids fuse and form oval synspermia. Note mitochondria within the cytoplasm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612317" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612317/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">fig. 15B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The nucleus is surrounded by a manchette of microtubules. The chromatin appears fibrillar in mid spermatids, although it condenses irregularly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A73300B21732ED5A2E362B67FA8" box="[136,232,1707,1729]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[150,188,1388,1407]" captionTargetBox="[128,1230,207,1365]" captionTargetId="figure-0@20.[128,1230,207,1365]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 15. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Neotrops pombero. A: The posterior portion of AV is already sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus in early spermatids; the AF is thin, the subacrosomal space is widened (inset). Note distinct electron-dense spots (arrow) that occur at the anterior pole of the nucleus. B: The chromatin appears fibrillar and starts condensation in the center of the nucleus. C: The elongating AV is accompanied by electron-dense secretions (magnified in inset). D: The proximal centriole is enlarged and nearly twice as long as the distal centriole; the base of the axoneme is surrounded by few electron-dense secretions (inset). E: At the end of spermiogenesis, the main sperm cell components coil within the cell membrane, while the spermatids are still connected with each other via cellular bridges (asterisk). Finally four spermatids fuse and form oval synspermia. Note mitochondria within the cytoplasm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612317" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612317/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">fig. 15B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Late spermatids retain this irregular condensation pattern (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A73300B21732F9AA281604F7FB6" box="[455,529,1737,1759]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[150,188,1388,1407]" captionTargetBox="[128,1230,207,1365]" captionTargetId="figure-0@20.[128,1230,207,1365]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 15. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Neotrops pombero. A: The posterior portion of AV is already sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus in early spermatids; the AF is thin, the subacrosomal space is widened (inset). Note distinct electron-dense spots (arrow) that occur at the anterior pole of the nucleus. B: The chromatin appears fibrillar and starts condensation in the center of the nucleus. C: The elongating AV is accompanied by electron-dense secretions (magnified in inset). D: The proximal centriole is enlarged and nearly twice as long as the distal centriole; the base of the axoneme is surrounded by few electron-dense secretions (inset). E: At the end of spermiogenesis, the main sperm cell components coil within the cell membrane, while the spermatids are still connected with each other via cellular bridges (asterisk). Finally four spermatids fuse and form oval synspermia. Note mitochondria within the cytoplasm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612317" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612317/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
C–E). The small implantation fossa is composed of two parts, a spherical portion that contains a small amount of secretions (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A73300B21732A76A2E366D37FA8" box="[1067,1165,1707,1729]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[150,188,1388,1407]" captionTargetBox="[128,1230,207,1365]" captionTargetId="figure-0@20.[128,1230,207,1365]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 15. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Neotrops pombero. A: The posterior portion of AV is already sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus in early spermatids; the AF is thin, the subacrosomal space is widened (inset). Note distinct electron-dense spots (arrow) that occur at the anterior pole of the nucleus. B: The chromatin appears fibrillar and starts condensation in the center of the nucleus. C: The elongating AV is accompanied by electron-dense secretions (magnified in inset). D: The proximal centriole is enlarged and nearly twice as long as the distal centriole; the base of the axoneme is surrounded by few electron-dense secretions (inset). E: At the end of spermiogenesis, the main sperm cell components coil within the cell membrane, while the spermatids are still connected with each other via cellular bridges (asterisk). Finally four spermatids fuse and form oval synspermia. Note mitochondria within the cytoplasm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612317" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612317/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">fig. 15D</figureCitation>
|
||
) and a narrow, tubelike portion where the cen- trioles are located (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A73300E21762F17A10D63EE7C32" box="[330,432,1349,1371]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[150,188,1388,1407]" captionTargetBox="[128,1230,207,1365]" captionTargetId="figure-0@20.[128,1230,207,1365]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 15. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Neotrops pombero. A: The posterior portion of AV is already sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus in early spermatids; the AF is thin, the subacrosomal space is widened (inset). Note distinct electron-dense spots (arrow) that occur at the anterior pole of the nucleus. B: The chromatin appears fibrillar and starts condensation in the center of the nucleus. C: The elongating AV is accompanied by electron-dense secretions (magnified in inset). D: The proximal centriole is enlarged and nearly twice as long as the distal centriole; the base of the axoneme is surrounded by few electron-dense secretions (inset). E: At the end of spermiogenesis, the main sperm cell components coil within the cell membrane, while the spermatids are still connected with each other via cellular bridges (asterisk). Finally four spermatids fuse and form oval synspermia. Note mitochondria within the cytoplasm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612317" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612317/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">fig. 15D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The proximal centriole is nearly twice as long as the distal centriole (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A73300E21762F42A1C863DA7CFF" box="[287,388,1408,1430]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[150,188,1388,1407]" captionTargetBox="[128,1230,207,1365]" captionTargetId="figure-0@20.[128,1230,207,1365]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 15. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Neotrops pombero. A: The posterior portion of AV is already sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus in early spermatids; the AF is thin, the subacrosomal space is widened (inset). Note distinct electron-dense spots (arrow) that occur at the anterior pole of the nucleus. B: The chromatin appears fibrillar and starts condensation in the center of the nucleus. C: The elongating AV is accompanied by electron-dense secretions (magnified in inset). D: The proximal centriole is enlarged and nearly twice as long as the distal centriole; the base of the axoneme is surrounded by few electron-dense secretions (inset). E: At the end of spermiogenesis, the main sperm cell components coil within the cell membrane, while the spermatids are still connected with each other via cellular bridges (asterisk). Finally four spermatids fuse and form oval synspermia. Note mitochondria within the cytoplasm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612317" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612317/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">fig. 15D</figureCitation>
|
||
). A small collar of electron-dense, platelike secretions surrounds the base of the axoneme. At the end of spermiogenesis late spermatids that remained connected via cellular bridges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13762A73300E21762F95A1BE607B7F65" box="[456,549,1526,1548]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="20.[150,188,1388,1407]" captionTargetBox="[128,1230,207,1365]" captionTargetId="figure-0@20.[128,1230,207,1365]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Fig. 15. Characteristics of spermiogenesis of Neotrops pombero. A: The posterior portion of AV is already sunken into the anterior pole of the nucleus in early spermatids; the AF is thin, the subacrosomal space is widened (inset). Note distinct electron-dense spots (arrow) that occur at the anterior pole of the nucleus. B: The chromatin appears fibrillar and starts condensation in the center of the nucleus. C: The elongating AV is accompanied by electron-dense secretions (magnified in inset). D: The proximal centriole is enlarged and nearly twice as long as the distal centriole; the base of the axoneme is surrounded by few electron-dense secretions (inset). E: At the end of spermiogenesis, the main sperm cell components coil within the cell membrane, while the spermatids are still connected with each other via cellular bridges (asterisk). Finally four spermatids fuse and form oval synspermia. Note mitochondria within the cytoplasm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612317" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4612317/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">fig. 15E</figureCitation>
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) start to fuse along their entire length, finally resulting in synspermia.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |