155 lines
21 KiB
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155 lines
21 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="DE8802D2222657C77B7C4789F01E87BC">New Genera, Species and Occurrences of Deep-Sea Asteroidea (Valvatacea, Forcipulatacea, Echinodermata) collected from the North Pacific Ocean by the CAPSTONE Expedition</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C674F8B9202E952EBF948DBFE00FB34" ID-CoL="7NZZ4" authority="Fisher 1906" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1906" box="[151,452,1230,1257]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B913E81A9202E952EBF948DBFE00FB34" bold="true" box="[151,452,1230,1257]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B913E81A9202E952EBF948DBFEEFFB35" bold="true" box="[151,299,1230,1257]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Evoplosoma</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF649F99202E952EA5D48DBFE00FB34" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[307,452,1230,1256]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="987 - 1130" refId="ref46178" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1906) The starfishes of the Hawaiian islands. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 23, 987 - 1130." type="journal article" year="1906">Fisher 1906</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD834089202E952EBF94906FDC9FA96" blockId="41.[151,1436,1299,1354]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF649F99202E952EBF94906FE97FAF7" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[151,339,1299,1323]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="987 - 1130" refId="ref46178" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1906) The starfishes of the Hawaiian islands. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 23, 987 - 1130." type="journal article" year="1906">Fisher 1906: 1065</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF649F99202E952EA304906FDD6FAF7" author="Koehler, R." box="[350,530,1299,1323]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="115 - 131" refId="ref47009" refString="Koehler, R. (1909) An account of the deep-sea Asteroidea collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator. Echinoderma of the Indian Museum, Part 5, 115 - 131." type="book chapter" year="1909">Koehler 1909: 96</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF649F99202E952E9734906FCD7FAF7" author="Spencer, W. K. & Wright, C. W." box="[541,787,1299,1323]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="107" refId="ref48970" refString="Spencer, W. K. & Wright, C. W. (1966) Asterozoans, Part U: Echinodermata. In: Moore, R. C. (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. 3 (1). University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. U 4 - U 107." type="book chapter" year="1966">Spencer & Wright 1966</bibRefCitation>
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: U58;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF649F99202E952E8384906FBB1FAF7" author="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E." box="[854,1141,1299,1324]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref45928" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey 1992: 241</bibRefCitation>
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; A.M.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF649F99202E952EFD54906FAA7FAF7" author="Clark, A. M." box="[1211,1379,1299,1323]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref45834" refString="Clark, A. M. (1993) An index of names of recent Asteroidea - Part 2: Valvatida. E chinoderm Studies, 4,187 - 366." type="book" year="1993">Clark 1993: 253</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF649F99202E952EE004906FEB4FA96" author="Mah, C. L. & Nizinski, M. & Lundsten, L." pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="266 - 301" refId="ref48172" refString="Mah, C. L., Nizinski, M. & Lundsten, L. (2010) Phylogenetic Revision of the Hippasterinae (Goniasteridae; Asteroidea): Systematics of Deep Sea Corallivores, including one new genus and three new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 160, 266 - 301. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00638. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
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Mah
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<emphasis id="B913E81A9202E952EBA94926FF30FA96" box="[199,244,1330,1354]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
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., 2010: 278
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF649F99202E952EA144927FDCDFA96" author="Mah, C. L." box="[378,521,1330,1354]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref47518" refString="Mah, C. L. (2015 a) A new Atlantic species of Evoplosoma with taxonomic summary and in situ observations of Atlantic deep-sea corallivorous Goniasteridae (Valvatida; Asteroidea) Marine Biodiversity Records, 8 (e 5), 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267214001407" type="book chapter" year="2015">Mah 2015a: 2</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37D67839202E951EBF9496DFDE0FEB9" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BD834089202E952EBF9496DFCE4FA6A" blockId="41.[151,1437,1400,2039]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B913E81A9202E952EBF9496DFECEFA4E" bold="true" box="[151,266,1400,1426]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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(from
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF649F99202E952EA37496DFE21FA4F" author="Mah, C. L." box="[345,485,1400,1427]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref47518" refString="Mah, C. L. (2015 a) A new Atlantic species of Evoplosoma with taxonomic summary and in situ observations of Atlantic deep-sea corallivorous Goniasteridae (Valvatida; Asteroidea) Marine Biodiversity Records, 8 (e 5), 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267214001407" type="book chapter" year="2015">Mah, 2015a</bibRefCitation>
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). Body strongly stellate. Arm narrow, elongated. R/r ranges from 2.3–4.11 (most between 3.0–4.0). Interradial arcs straight to weakly curved.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD834089202E952EBA949D5FB16F952" blockId="41.[151,1437,1400,2039]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Abactinal plates, flat and platform-like. Carinal series poorly distinguished. Abactinal plates tightly articulated. Body covered by tissue layer with pulpy texture that overlies plates and spines (seen more clearly in wet specimens). Prominent spines on abactinal, superomarginal, inferomarginal and actinal plates in most species. Spine morphology variable from blunt conical to pointed, to cylindrical or small and spinelet-like. Granules with spiny tips in most species, with some having rounded surfaces. Granules present but with variable abundance among species. Tonglike pedicellariae with serrated valves present or absent on abactinal, marginal or actinal surface.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD834089202E952EBA94A8DFD30F856" blockId="41.[151,1437,1400,2039]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Marginal plates generally quadrate in shape, some showing direct 1:1 superomarginal/inferomarginal correspondence but others being more offset. Marginals relatively numerous ranging in number from 30–70 per interradius. Some species with bare marginal plate surface, but most with even to dense granule covering. Granules varying from having rounded surface to pointed or prismatic edges. Large prominent spine or spines known in all but one species. Large single spines observed as a linear series in several species. Spinelets or multiple shorter spines observed on marginal plate surfaces of other species. Pedicellariae variably present on either supero or inferomarginal series.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD834089202E952EBA94B81FB59F82A" blockId="41.[151,1437,1400,2039]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Actinal intermediate regions relatively small with fewer than six rows present (three or four present in most species). Actinal plate boundaries obscured by pulpy tissue layer and/or granulation. Granules round or with spiny edges present on all species. Primary spines present on actinal plate surface in most species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD834089201E951EBA94C82FADEFEC1" blockId="42.[151,1436,151,789]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Furrow spines varying in number from 2–3, to 7–12. Spines generally compressed, quadrate to polygonal in cross section. Tips varying from smooth and blunt to jagged with furrowed tips. Subambulacral spination variable but a felipedal (clamp-like bivalve) pedicellariae present among the subambulacrals in most species. Subambulacrals varying but spination ranging from blunt spines, pointed spinelets to pointed or rounded granules.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD834089201E951EBA94D32FDE0FEB9" blockId="42.[151,1436,151,789]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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Based on
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<taxonomicName id="4C674F8B9201E951EA594D32FDD7FE9D" authority="observations" authorityName="Observations" box="[311,531,295,321]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Iconaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="42" pageNumber="9" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="situ">
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<emphasis id="B913E81A9201E951EA594D32FEB9FE9C" box="[311,381,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">in situ</emphasis>
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observations
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</taxonomicName>
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herein and from prior accounts (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF649F99201E951E8D94D32FBABFE9D" author="Mah, C. L. & Nizinski, M. & Lundsten, L." box="[951,1135,295,321]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="266 - 301" refId="ref48172" refString="Mah, C. L., Nizinski, M. & Lundsten, L. (2010) Phylogenetic Revision of the Hippasterinae (Goniasteridae; Asteroidea): Systematics of Deep Sea Corallivores, including one new genus and three new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 160, 266 - 301. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00638. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
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Mah
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<emphasis id="B913E81A9201E951E89C4D32FBE0FE9D" box="[1010,1060,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al</emphasis>
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. 2010
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</bibRefCitation>
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), the color of most species ranges from yellow to deep orange.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37D67839201E951EBA94D7BFCF4FCC9" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BD834089201E951EBA94D7BFDD2FD59" blockId="42.[151,1436,151,789]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<emphasis id="B913E81A9201E951EBA94D7BFE8BFE54" bold="true" box="[199,335,366,392]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Comments.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C674F8B9201E951EA364D7AFE26FE55" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1906" box="[344,482,367,393]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B913E81A9201E951EA364D7AFE26FE55" box="[344,482,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Evoplosoma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a genus of nine species, including five in the Pacific, three Atlantic and a single species from the Indian Ocean, all from deep-sea settings (approximately
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<quantity id="4C9F99ED9201E951E88C4D87FBAAFE71" box="[994,1134,402,429]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.675" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="0.75" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="m" value="1675.0" valueMax="2600.0" valueMin="750.0">750–2600m</quantity>
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). Although described from the early 20th Century (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF649F99201E951EAF04DA2FDE1FE0D" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[414,549,439,465]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="987 - 1130" refId="ref46178" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1906) The starfishes of the Hawaiian islands. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 23, 987 - 1130." type="journal article" year="1906">Fisher 1906</bibRefCitation>
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) the ecology of these species, including their role as deep-sea corallivores preying upon octocorals, particularly those in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C674F8B9201E951E9E04DCEFD2EFE29" box="[654,746,475,501]" class="Anthozoa" family="Isididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Isididae</taxonomicName>
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, had only become known more recently as deep-sea video has become more widespread (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF649F99201E951EAA44DEAFD4CFDC5" author="Mah, C. L. & Nizinski, M. & Lundsten, L." box="[458,648,511,537]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="266 - 301" refId="ref48172" refString="Mah, C. L., Nizinski, M. & Lundsten, L. (2010) Phylogenetic Revision of the Hippasterinae (Goniasteridae; Asteroidea): Systematics of Deep Sea Corallivores, including one new genus and three new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 160, 266 - 301. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00638. x" type="journal article" year="2010">
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Mah
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<emphasis id="B913E81A9201E951E9674DEAFDF8FDC5" box="[521,572,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al</emphasis>
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. 2010
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF649F99201E951E9FB4DEAFCDFFDC5" author="Mah, C. L." box="[661,795,510,537]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref47518" refString="Mah, C. L. (2015 a) A new Atlantic species of Evoplosoma with taxonomic summary and in situ observations of Atlantic deep-sea corallivorous Goniasteridae (Valvatida; Asteroidea) Marine Biodiversity Records, 8 (e 5), 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267214001407" type="book chapter" year="2015">Mah 2015a</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName id="4C674F8B9201E951E8414DEAFC7DFDC5" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1906" box="[815,953,511,537]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B913E81A9201E951E8414DEAFC7DFDC5" box="[815,953,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Evoplosoma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C674F8B9201E951E89A4DEAFBBEFDC4" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[1012,1146,511,536]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Hippasteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B913E81A9201E951E89A4DEAFBBEFDC4" box="[1012,1146,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Hippasteria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are both members of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C674F8B9201E951EBF94E36FEF1FDE1" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" box="[151,309,547,573]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="42" pageNumber="69" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hippasterinae">Hippasterinae</taxonomicName>
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, a subfamily within the
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<taxonomicName id="4C674F8B9201E951E9514E36FD1AFDE1" authorityName="Forbes" authorityYear="1841" box="[575,734,547,573]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Goniasteridae</taxonomicName>
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. Although all species within these genera have yet to have been identified as corallivores most observations have shown them to be predators of either octocorals or other colonial cnidarians, such as antipatharians.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD834089201E951EBA94E9AFCF4FCC9" blockId="42.[151,1436,151,789]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674F8B9201E951EBA94E9AFE95FD75" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1906" box="[199,337,655,681]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913E81A9201E951EBA94E9AFE95FD75" box="[199,337,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Evoplosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was identified based on the presence of its elongate, triangular arms, the sharp, conical spines present on the marginal plates, and the pulpy granular surface. Two species were identified,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674F8B9201E951EFE54EA6FA52FD11" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1906" box="[1163,1430,691,717]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="forcipifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913E81A9201E951EFE54EA6FA52FD11" box="[1163,1430,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Evoplosoma forcipifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which was originally described from the Hawaiian Islands and a newly discovered species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C674F8B9201E951EFFE4EC2FA93FD2D" authority="Mah, 2022" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2022" box="[1168,1367,727,753]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Evoplosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="nuku" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B913E81A9201E951EFFE4EC2FA93FD2D" box="[1168,1367,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Evoplosoma nuku</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B913E81A9201E951EE304EC2FA58FD2D" bold="true" box="[1374,1436,727,753]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22055619201E951EE304EC2FA58FD2D" box="[1374,1436,727,753]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Both species were observed feeding on colonial octocorals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |