1059 lines
117 KiB
XML
1059 lines
117 KiB
XML
<document id="A75A96EDA95BA4E948507B58F3B68A33" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3702.2.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="61cb93e2-ac4b-4ffe-aa44-366e96bfcff7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="224117" ID-ZooBank="E1157350-496E-4FD5-9301-8A67153E4530" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460670484931" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Quattro, Joseph M., Driggers Iii, William B., Grady, James M., Ulrich, Glenn F. & Roberts, Mark A." docDate="2013" docId="03C5B858FFEEF214B2AF1B3C57A2AA2E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03702p178.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3702 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Sphyrna gilberti Quattro, Iii, Grady, Ulrich & Roberts, 2013, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="177" masterDocId="FFFCC020FFE2F206B23818605432A951" masterDocTitle="Sphyrna gilberti sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean" masterLastPageNumber="178" masterPageNumber="159" pageNumber="171" updateTime="1698348201377" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="FB43010EBE34CAE16B51DC8AA5DE5550" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="72272718F5EE8CB414D810871D128AA0">
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<mods:title id="DB768F7F9F8F65E81D177A0F43C965C0">Sphyrna gilberti sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="55C8A87098822C987B0DBD2C1A581CCB" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="15D2E4C1FAA39AA6B7DED2F0A585D506">Quattro, Joseph M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="01C5485D52E5DFFB9EAD1054F3947F35">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="DFDFB91FF5A0E50AA79FDCA50EB50029">Driggers Iii, William B.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="07BB8E258F9BE65FBD2FFB07DBB9306B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="BF49C290F63BC09581751AA4399593CE">Grady, James M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="D133F3EE25CE5B8F8A7FED5A50349659" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="1FBCABD230835E538AA875347F065744">Ulrich, Glenn F.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="EC9114F41A42F3C39CF538C2EE11A3DD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="37D4FB740224CBF4BAC6471B63F06B3A">Roberts, Mark A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="91C51326E1212C7C296E3A1B1532B130">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="4F1047E216AAAFE72EAB88467FA56D7C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="21804A4E4D5D843B288F422AA90AA2A4">
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<mods:date id="2F7A157B387CF63F24E301229A739042">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="D9D30AD9951B1E98B7AEF1FFDCBCDE88" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="E4C6386ED4BF1A778C9E95733B4101AC">3702</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="F6DC81FCCE10791F2EAE9090C90BBC29" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="C0852538A80B6D0395B14C3403988C38">2</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="971FB300653082DF7E0F8F0E4ED8AAA7">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="FF852509CFCFB7756EC3D25120467F33" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3702.2.5</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B0C998DF1E794F663E2377DBBAE282EF" type="GBIF-Dataset">61cb93e2-ac4b-4ffe-aa44-366e96bfcff7</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C4FD4B438630EEBB00E85A18775F2F2C" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="3827953F2A7A645A8A1C0152AA27F1C7" type="Zenodo-Dep">224117</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C5B858FFEEF214B2AF1B3C57A2AA2E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6162983" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119580109" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6162983" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C5B858FFEEF214B2AF1B3C57A2AA2E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C5B858FFEEF214B2AF1B3C57A2AA2E" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="177" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">
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<subSubSection id="C3765AC5FFEEF20AB2AF1B3C57C2AD55" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFEEF20AB2AF1B3C55F2AA26" blockId="12.[151,448,860,920]" box="[151,448,860,887]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">
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<heading id="D09BBE22FFEEF20AB2AF1B3C55F2AA26" bold="true" box="[151,448,860,887]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEEF20AB2AF1B3C55F2AA26" bold="true" box="[151,448,860,887]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFEEF20AB2AF1B3C5569AA27" ID-CoL="6YZYQ" box="[151,347,860,886]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEEF20AB2AF1B3C5569AA27" bold="true" box="[151,347,860,886]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">Sphyrna gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFEEF20AB35A1B3D55F2AA26" box="[354,448,861,887]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFEEF20AB2AF1B1F55BDAAC9" blockId="12.[151,448,860,920]" box="[151,399,895,920]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="135715CBFFEEF20AB2A61B1F5515AAC9" box="[158,295,895,920]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 5" captionStart-1="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="14.[151,250,890,912]" captionStartId-1="14.[151,250,1936,1958]" captionTargetBox-0="[405,1193,492,863]" captionTargetBox-1="[395,1152,1001,1911]" captionTargetId-0="figure@14.[393,1199,477,873]" captionTargetId-1="figure@14.[340,1248,975,1911]" captionTargetPageId-0="14" captionTargetPageId-1="14" captionText-0="FIGURE 5. Holotype of Sphyrna gilberti sp. nov. collected in Bulls Bay, South Carolina, U. S. A. UF 183577, 467 mm STL." captionText-1="FIGURE 6. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of the cephalofoil from the holotype of Sphyrna gilberti sp. nov. collected in Bulls Bay, South Carolina, U. S. A. UF 183577, 467 mm STL. Note that indention in ventral view of the left nacelle is an artifact of preservation." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/224122/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/224123/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">Figures 5–6</figureCitation>
|
||
, Table 1)
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFEEF20AB2AF1BA756F1AAB1" blockId="12.[151,1437,967,2032]" box="[151,707,967,992]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEEF20AB2AF1BA755F1AAB1" bold="true" box="[151,451,967,992]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">Proposed common name.</emphasis>
|
||
Carolina hammerhead
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFEEF20AB2FF1B8C57C2AD55" blockId="12.[151,1437,967,2032]" box="[199,1008,1004,1029]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">
|
||
This name was selected based on the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D7B7ECFFEEF20AB0521B8D56A8AD54" box="[618,666,1005,1029]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFEEF20AB1221B8C57BAAD55" box="[794,904,1004,1028]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEEF20AB1221B8C57BAAD55" box="[794,904,1004,1028]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">S. gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFEEF20AB1A81B8C57DBAD54" box="[912,1001,1004,1029]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEEF20AB1A81B8C57DBAD54" bold="true" box="[912,1001,1004,1029]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3765AC5FFEEF20BB2FF1C6F5095AB68" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="172" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFEEF20AB2FF1C6F574FAD21" blockId="12.[151,1437,967,2032]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEEF20AB2FF1C6F558FAD79" bold="true" box="[199,445,1039,1064]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">Materials examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D7B7ECFFEEF20AB3FE1C7055CCAD79" box="[454,510,1040,1064]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens were collected in the coastal waters of South Carolina (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135715CBFFEEF20AB6C71C6F516DAD79" box="[1279,1375,1039,1064]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,260,996,1021]" captionTargetBox="[157,1433,410,974]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,410,974]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Collection locations of Sphyrna gilberti sp. nov. off the coast of South Carolina, U. S. A .. Black circle indicates sampling location for the holotype (UF 183577) .." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224118/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) and placed in the collection of the Florida Museum of Natural History. In parentheses following each specimen’s identification code is the CR haplotype and the LDHA6 genotype.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFEEF20AB2FF1C1C568AADE9" blockId="12.[151,1437,967,2032]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEEF20AB2FF1C1C5509ADC4" bold="true" box="[199,315,1148,1173]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D7B7ECFFEEF20AB2FF1C1C5504ADC4" box="[199,310,1148,1173]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
UF 183577 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB0151C1C56B9ADC5" box="[557,651,1148,1173]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.67" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="467.0">467 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Bulls Bay, South
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFEEF20AB1CD1C1C5119ADC5" authority="U.S.A. July 2002" authorityName="U.S.A. July" authorityYear="2002" box="[1013,1323,1148,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
Carolina,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B49DEFFEEF20AB65C1C1C5083ADC5" box="[1124,1201,1148,1172]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
|
||
July 2002
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected by W.B. Driggers III, D. Oakley and G.F. Ulrich.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFEEF20AB2FF1CA455D5AC75" blockId="12.[151,1437,967,2032]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEEF20AB2FF1CA45574AD8C" bold="true" box="[199,326,1220,1245]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D7B7ECFFEEF20AB2FF1CA45573AD8C" box="[199,321,1220,1245]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
All from Bulls Bay, South Carolina,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B49DEFFEEF20AB0DD1CA45700AD8D" box="[741,818,1220,1244]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
|
||
and collected by W.B. Driggers III, D. Oakley and G.F. Ulrich. UF 183579 (both 5, 6/6), two males,
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB0A81C875714ADAE" box="[656,806,1255,1280]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.695" metricValueMax="4.71" metricValueMin="4.68" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="469.5" valueMax="471.0" valueMin="468.0">468–471 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB1551C8757ECAC51" box="[877,990,1255,1280]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2001-07">July 2001</date>
|
||
; UF 183578 (both 5, 6/6), two females,
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB2AF1D6C551EAC75" box="[151,300,1292,1317]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.885" metricValueMax="5.06" metricValueMin="4.71" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="488.5" valueMax="506.0" valueMin="471.0">471–506 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB34A1D6C55D6AC75" box="[370,484,1292,1317]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2002-07">July 2002</date>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFEEF20AB2FF1D4F57A1ACC1" blockId="12.[151,1437,967,2032]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEEF20AB2FF1D4F55E5AC19" bold="true" box="[199,471,1327,1352]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">Comparative material.</emphasis>
|
||
All specimens listed below housed at the University of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences, Conservation Genetics Laboratory and collected by W.B. Driggers III, J. M. Grady, D. Oakley and/or G.F. Ulrich in the nearshore waters of South Carolina,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B49DEFFEEF20AB17E1D1857A1ACC1" box="[838,915,1400,1424]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFEEF20BB2FF1DFC5095AB68" blockId="12.[151,1437,967,2032]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,151,2035]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="172" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFEEF20AB2FF1DFC550BACE5" box="[199,313,1436,1460]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEEF20AB2FF1DFC550BACE5" box="[199,313,1436,1460]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">S. gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: JQNSP2 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB0191DFC56B0ACE5" box="[545,642,1436,1460]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.41" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="441.0">441 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB1A51DFC5021ACE5" box="[925,1043,1436,1461]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2001-07">July 2001</date>
|
||
; JQNSP3 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB6CF1DFC516AACE5" box="[1271,1368,1436,1461]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.66" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="466.0">466 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB3551DDF55ECAC89" box="[365,478,1471,1496]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2001-07">July 2001</date>
|
||
; JQNSP4 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB08A1DDF5722AC89" box="[690,784,1471,1496]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.56" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="456.0">456 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB6151DDF50ACAC89" box="[1069,1182,1471,1496]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2001-07">July 2001</date>
|
||
; JQNSP9 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB74A1DA054F1ACAA" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.81" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="481.0">481 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB3F71D835673ACAD" box="[463,577,1507,1532]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2001-07">July 2001</date>
|
||
; JQNSP10 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB1101D8457B4ACAA" box="[808,902,1508,1532]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.81" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="481.0">481 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB6751D83508DACAD" box="[1101,1215,1507,1532]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2001-07">July 2001</date>
|
||
; JQNSP11 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB2AF1E6754CBAF4E" box="[151,249,1543,1567]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="430.0">430 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB0211E6756A2AF4E" box="[537,656,1543,1568]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2001-07">July 2001</date>
|
||
; JQNSP16 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB1BD1E6757D5AF4E" box="[901,999,1543,1567]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.47" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="447.0">447 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB7251E6851A5AF4E" box="[1309,1431,1543,1567]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2002-06">June 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP17 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB3491E4B55FDAF12" box="[369,463,1579,1603]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="430.0">430 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB0E41E4C5760AF12" box="[732,850,1579,1603]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2002-06">June 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP19 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB6011E4B50AAAF12" box="[1081,1176,1579,1604]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.38" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="538.0">538 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB2AF1E2F5518AF36" box="[151,298,1615,1639]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2001-08">August 2001</date>
|
||
; JQNSP20 (7, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB0351E2F5659AF37" box="[525,619,1615,1639]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.21" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="421.0">421 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB1B01E2F502EAF36" box="[904,1052,1615,1639]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2001-08">August 2001</date>
|
||
; JQNSP24 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB6C71E2F516FAF37" box="[1279,1373,1615,1639]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="420.0">420 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB3571E1355D7AFDA" box="[367,485,1651,1675]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2002-05">May 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP25 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB0F21E12571AAFDB" box="[714,808,1650,1675]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.06" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="406.0">406 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB6701E1350F2AFDA" box="[1096,1216,1651,1675]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2002-05">May 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP26 (7, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB2AF1EF754C1AFFF" box="[151,243,1687,1711]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.92" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="392.0">392 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB0351EF756B0AFFE" box="[525,642,1687,1711]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2002-05">May 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP27 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB1591EF6578CAFFF" box="[865,958,1686,1711]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.75" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="675.0">675 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, Charleston Harbor,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB71A1EF751A5AFFE" box="[1314,1431,1687,1711]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2002-06">June 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP28 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB3551ED955F8AF80" box="[365,458,1721,1746]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.62" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="462.0">462 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB0E91EDA5775AF83" box="[721,839,1722,1746]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2002-06">June 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP29 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB6111EDA50B4AF80" box="[1065,1158,1722,1746]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.38" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="438.0">438 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB2AF1EBE553EAFA7" box="[151,268,1758,1782]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2002-06">June 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP30 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB3D61EBD5679AFA4" box="[494,587,1757,1782]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.95" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="495.0">495 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB1501EBD57EBAFA7" box="[872,985,1757,1782]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2002-07">July 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP31 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB6831EBE512AAFA4" box="[1211,1304,1758,1782]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.88" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="488.0">488 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB32C1F6155B4AE4B" box="[276,390,1793,1818]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2002-07">July 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP32 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB0521F6256FAAE48" box="[618,712,1794,1818]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.84" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="484.0">484 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB1D01F615068AE4B" box="[1000,1114,1793,1818]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2002-07">July 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP33 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB7071F6151AFAE48" box="[1343,1437,1793,1818]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.95" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="495.0">495 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB3AF1F45563AAE6C" box="[407,520,1829,1854]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2002-07">July 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP37 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB0D11F455774AE6C" box="[745,838,1829,1854]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.41" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="541.0">541 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB6751F4550D2AE6C" box="[1101,1248,1829,1853]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2002-08">August 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP38 (5, 6/ 6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB2861F28552CAE31" box="[190,286,1864,1889]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.58" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="458.0">458 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female. Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB07E1F2956EEAE30" box="[582,732,1865,1889]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2002-08">August 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP40 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB1FE1F285014AE31" box="[966,1062,1864,1889]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.029999999999999" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="603.0">603 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B49DEFFEEF20AB6F51F295176AE30" box="[1229,1348,1864,1889]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">St. Helena</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sound,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB2AF1F0C5560AED4" box="[151,338,1900,1925]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2002-09">September 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP41 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB0031F0C56A8AED5" box="[571,666,1900,1925]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.29" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="529.0">529 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B49DEFFEEF20AB1121F0D5792AED4" box="[810,928,1900,1925]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">St. Helena</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sound,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB6381F0C508EAED4" box="[1024,1212,1900,1925]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2002-09">September 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP42 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB2AF1FF054C4AEF9" box="[151,246,1936,1961]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.72" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="572.0">572 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B49DEFFEEF20AB3A61FF05626AEF8" box="[414,532,1936,1961]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">St. Helena</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sound,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB04E1FF05701AEF9" box="[630,819,1936,1961]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2002-09">September 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP43 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB6261FF0504FAEF9" box="[1054,1149,1936,1961]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="540.0">540 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B49DEFFEEF20AB71D1FF051A9AEF8" box="[1317,1435,1936,1961]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">St. Helena</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sound,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB2D51FD4559AAE9D" box="[237,424,1972,1997]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2002-09">September 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP44 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB0B71FD456DFAE9D" box="[655,749,1972,1997]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.38" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="538.0">538 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B49DEFFEEF20AB1A91FD45034AE9C" box="[913,1030,1972,1997]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">St. Helena</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sound,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB65D1FD45112AE9D" box="[1125,1312,1972,1997]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2002-09">September 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP46 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB2C21FB7556AAEA1" box="[250,344,2007,2032]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.29" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="529.0">529 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B49DEFFEEF20AB3D01FB8566FAEA1" box="[488,605,2007,2032]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">St. Helena</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sound,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEEF20AB0851FB85760AEA1" box="[701,850,2008,2032]" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" value="2002-08">August 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP50 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEEF20AB6011FB750A5AEA1" box="[1081,1175,2007,2032]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.87" pageId="12" pageNumber="171" unit="mm" value="587.0">587 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B49DEFFEEF20AB71E1FB851AEAEA1" box="[1318,1436,2007,2032]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="12" pageNumber="171">St. Helena</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sound,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB2D518F855B2A9E1" box="[237,384,152,176]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2002-08">August 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP60 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB05C18F756F0A9FE" box="[612,706,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.94" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="694.0">694 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Charleston Harbor,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB67918F750EDA9E1" box="[1089,1247,151,176]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2002-10">October 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP78 (5, 6/ 6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB2F918DC5511A982" box="[193,291,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.91" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="391.0">391 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, coastal South Carolina, 2003; JQNSP79 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB63E18DC505AA982" box="[1030,1128,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="370.0">370 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, coastal South Carolina, 2003; JQNSP81 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB02718BF564EA9A6" box="[543,636,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.06" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="406.0">406 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, coastal South Carolina, 2003; JQNSP82 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB778188051AEA9A6" box="[1344,1436,224,248]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.04" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="404.0">404 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, coastal South Carolina, 2003;JQNSP84 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB1661963578FA84A" box="[862,957,259,283]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.87" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="387.0">387 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, coastal South Carolina, 2003; JQNSP85 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB340194655EBA86E" box="[376,473,294,319]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="375.0">375 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, coastal South Carolina, 2003; JQNSP86 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB68819465123A86E" box="[1200,1297,294,319]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.26" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="326.0">326 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, coastal South Carolina, 2003; JQNSP87 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB084192B572BA833" box="[700,793,331,355]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="370.0">370 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, coastal South Carolina, 2003; JQNSP88 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB2ED190F5504A8D7" box="[213,310,367,391]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="420.0">420 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, coastal South Carolina, 2003; JQNSP89 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB634190F505FA8D7" box="[1036,1133,367,391]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.43" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="443.0">443 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, coastal South Carolina, 2003; JQNSP90 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB02719F2564EA8FB" box="[543,636,402,427]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.15" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="415.0">415 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, coastal South Carolina, 2003; JQNSP91 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB77819F251AEA8FB" box="[1344,1436,402,426]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.09" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="409.0">409 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, coastal South Carolina, 2003; JQNSP93 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB14519D657D2A89F" box="[893,992,438,462]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8899999999999997" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="389.0">389 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB72419D751A5A89F" box="[1308,1431,438,463]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2003-05">May 2003</date>
|
||
; JQNSP94 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB34B19BA55E0A8A0" box="[371,466,474,498]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.77" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="377.0">377 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB0C119BA5743A8A3" box="[761,881,474,498]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2003-05">May 2003</date>
|
||
; JQNSP95 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB66319BA5088A8A0" box="[1115,1210,474,498]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="400.0">400 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB2EA199E557BAB47" box="[210,329,510,534]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2003-05">May 2003</date>
|
||
; JQNSP96 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB009199D56BDAB44" box="[561,655,509,534]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.06" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="406.0">406 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB1A6199E5026AB47" box="[926,1044,510,534]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2003-05">May 2003</date>
|
||
; JQNSP98 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB6C5199E5169AB44" box="[1277,1371,510,534]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="390.0">390 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB3541A4255D0AB68" box="[364,482,545,570]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2003-05">May 2003</date>
|
||
; JQNSP105 (5, 6/6),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB0FF1A415715AB68" box="[711,807,545,570]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.12" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="412.0">412 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB6161A425096AB68" box="[1070,1188,545,570]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2003-05">May 2003</date>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3765AC5FFEFF209B2FF1A2554D0ADCE" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="174" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFEFF20BB2FF1A2556A8ADB1" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFEFF20BB2FF1A255514AB0C" box="[199,294,581,605]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEFF20BB2FF1A255514AB0C" box="[199,294,581,605]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="172">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: JQNSP12 (1, 2/2),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB0311A245654AB0D" box="[521,614,580,605]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.45" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="445.0">445 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB1511A2557ECAB0C" box="[873,990,581,605]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2002-06">June 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP18 (1, 1/2),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB6851A24512BAB0D" box="[1213,1305,580,605]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.25" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="525.0">525 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB32B1A0955BBABD0" box="[275,393,617,641]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2002-06">June 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP21 (1, 1/1),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB0541A0856FBABD1" box="[620,713,616,641]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.36" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="436.0">436 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB1DF1A09506EABD0" box="[999,1116,617,641]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2002-05">May 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP22 (1, 1/2),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB7071A0951AFABD1" box="[1343,1437,617,641]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.37" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="437.0">437 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB3971AED5617ABF4" box="[431,549,653,677]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2002-05">May 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP23 (1, 1/2),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB1311AEC5754ABF5" box="[777,870,652,677]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.76" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="476.0">476 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB6BD1AED50CEABF4" box="[1157,1276,653,677]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2002-05">May 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP34 (1, 2/2),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB2EC1ACF5506AB96" box="[212,308,687,712]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.059999999999999" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="906.0">906 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Charleston Harbor,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB0851ACF5702AB99" box="[701,816,687,712]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2002-07">July 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP35 (1, 2/2),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB6231AD05049AB96" box="[1051,1147,688,712]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.83" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="883.0">883 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Charleston Harbor,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB2CB1AB35556ABBD" box="[243,356,723,748]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2002-07">July 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP36 (1, 1/2),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB07D1AB45690ABBA" box="[581,674,724,748]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.18" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="918.0">918 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Charleston Harbor,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB6271AB350A2ABBD" box="[1055,1168,723,748]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2002-07">July 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP39 (1, 2/2),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB74A1AB354F1AA5E" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6899999999999995" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="469.0">469 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB3E51A98565DAA41" box="[477,623,760,784]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2002-08">August 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP45 (1, 1/2),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB1771A97579EAA5E" box="[847,940,759,784]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="690.0">690 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B49DEFFEFF20BB60D1A98509BAA41" box="[1077,1193,759,784]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="13" pageNumber="172">St. Helena</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sound,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB73D1A9851A5AA41" box="[1285,1431,760,784]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2002-08">August 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP48 (1, 1/2),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB3571B7B55FEAA62" box="[367,460,795,820]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.76" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="676.0">676 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B49DEFFEFF20BB0611B7B56FFAA65" box="[601,717,795,820]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="13" pageNumber="172">St. Helena</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sound,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB1141B7B578DAA62" box="[812,959,795,819]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2002-08">August 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP49 (1, 1/1),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB69C1B7B5133AA62" box="[1188,1281,795,820]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4799999999999995" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="648.0">648 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B49DEFFEFF20BB2AF1B5F5522AA06" box="[151,272,830,855]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="13" pageNumber="172">St. Helena</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sound,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB3401B5F5620AA06" box="[376,530,831,855]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2002-08">August 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP51 (1, 1/1),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB1311B5E575EAA06" box="[777,876,830,855]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.32" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="632.0">632 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B49DEFFEFF20BB6251B5F50A4AA06" box="[1053,1174,830,855]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="13" pageNumber="172">St. Helena</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sound,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB6C71B5F51A5AA06" box="[1279,1431,831,855]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2002-08">August 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP52 (8, 2/2),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB3541B0255FBAA2B" box="[364,457,866,891]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.529999999999999" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="653.0">653 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B49DEFFEFF20BB06B1B0356F5AA2A" box="[595,711,866,891]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="13" pageNumber="172">St. Helena</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sound,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB11B1B035784AA2A" box="[803,950,867,891]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2002-08">August 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP53 (8, 2/2),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB6AF1B0250C6AA2B" box="[1175,1268,866,891]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="690.0">690 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B49DEFFEFF20BB7461B0354D4AACE" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="13" pageNumber="172">St. Helena</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sound,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB3751BE755D4AACE" box="[333,486,903,927]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2002-08">August 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP54 (1, 2/2),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB0E51BE75772AACF" box="[733,832,903,927]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.33" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="733.0">733 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Charleston Harbor,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB6E01BE651A5AACE" box="[1240,1431,902,927]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2002-09">September 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP58 (1, 2/2),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB34A1BCA55E3AA93" box="[370,465,938,963]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.75" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="775.0">775 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Charleston Harbor,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB16F1BCA5026AA93" box="[855,1044,938,963]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2002-09">September 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP59 (1, 2/2),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB6C41BCA5169AA93" box="[1276,1371,938,962]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.39" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="739.0">739 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Charleston Harbor,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB3F31BAD56B7AAB7" box="[459,645,973,998]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2002-09">September 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP61 (1, 1/1),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB15C1BAE57F2AAB7" box="[868,960,974,998]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.29" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="729.0">729 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, Charleston Harbor,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB71C1BAD54E1AD5B" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2002-09">September 2002</date>
|
||
; JQNSP100 (1, 1/2),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB3F01B915614AD58" box="[456,550,1009,1034]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.27" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="527.0">527 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB1721B9257F3AD5B" box="[842,961,1010,1034]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2003-05">May 2003</date>
|
||
; JQNSP101 (1, 2/2),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB68E1B915127AD58" box="[1206,1301,1009,1034]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.85" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="485.0">485 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB32A1C7655B5AD7F" box="[274,391,1046,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2003-05">May 2003</date>
|
||
; JQNSP103 (1, 2/2),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB04F1C7556E6AD7C" box="[631,724,1045,1070]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.52" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="452.0">452 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB1E21C765062AD7F" box="[986,1104,1046,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2003-05">May 2003</date>
|
||
; JQNSP104 (1, 1/1),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB7071C7651AEAD7C" box="[1343,1436,1046,1070]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4399999999999995" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="444.0">444 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, Bulls Bay,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB3AE1C5A563EAD00" box="[406,524,1081,1106]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2003-05">May 2003</date>
|
||
; JQNSP-C (1, 1/2),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB0D51C595779AD00" box="[749,843,1081,1105]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.77" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="877.0">877 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, male, North Edisto,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB64B1C5A50DAAD00" box="[1139,1256,1081,1105]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2003-06">June 2003</date>
|
||
; JQNSP-D,
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB74A1C5954F1AD25" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.26" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="526.0">526 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, North Edisto,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB0381C3D5644AD24" box="[512,630,1117,1141]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2003-06">June 2003</date>
|
||
; JQNSP-E (1, 1/2),
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEFF20BB16D1C3D5780AD25" box="[853,946,1117,1141]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.01" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" unit="mm" value="801.0">801 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, female, Charleston,
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB6E11C3C51A0AD24" box="[1241,1426,1116,1141]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="2002-11">November 2002</date>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEFF20BB2AF1CE05538ADC8" bold="true" box="[151,266,1152,1177]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFEFF20BB3231CE055E6ADC9" box="[283,468,1152,1176]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEFF20BB3231CE055E6ADC9" box="[283,468,1152,1176]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="172">Sphyrna gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFEFF20BB3E61CE05608ADC8" box="[478,570,1152,1177]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEFF20BB3E61CE05608ADC8" bold="true" box="[478,570,1152,1177]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
can be distinguished from congeners by having a head length greater than 20% of STL, cephalofoil with median indentation, inner narial groove present, pelvic fins with straight rear margins, and 91 or fewer precaudal vertebrae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFEFF20BB2FF1C8B51AEAC1A" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEFF20BB2FF1C8B5563AC55" bold="true" box="[199,337,1259,1284]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172">Description</emphasis>
|
||
. Direct measures and counts for the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D7B7ECFFEFF20BB0C81C8B5760AC55" box="[752,850,1259,1284]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFEFF20BB1401C8C57D4AC55" box="[888,998,1260,1284]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEFF20BB1401C8C57D4AC55" box="[888,998,1260,1284]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="172">S. gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFEFF20BB1D61C8B507BAC55" box="[1006,1097,1259,1284]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEFF20BB1D61C8B507BAC55" bold="true" box="[1006,1097,1259,1284]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(UF 183577) are listed below and reported in mm. Values in parentheses represent proportion of each measure as a percentage of STL. Proportions, expressed as percent of STL, of all collected specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFEFF20BB18E1D535016AC1A" box="[950,1060,1331,1355]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEFF20BB18E1D535016AC1A" box="[950,1060,1331,1355]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="172">S. gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFEFF20BB6131D5350B7AC1D" box="[1067,1157,1331,1356]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEFF20BB6131D5350B7AC1D" bold="true" box="[1067,1157,1331,1356]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
are presented in Table 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFEFF20BB2FF1D365549AEA2" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172">
|
||
Female; precaudal length 309 (66); fork length 358 (77); natural total length 454 (97); STL 467; head length 113 (24); pre-first dorsal length 130 (28); pre-second dorsal length 281 (60); prepectoral length 106 (23); prepelvic length 217 (46); preanal length 270 (58); snout-vent length 225 (48); interdorsal space 102 (22); second dorsalcaudal space 26 (6); pectoral-pelvic space 89 (19); pelvic-anal space 33 (7); anal-caudal space 34 (7); pelvic-caudal space 86 (18); vent-caudal length 97 (21); head width 138 (30); median-lateral indentation space 34 (7); lateral indentation-nacelle space 33 (7); head posterior margin 35 (7); snout length 36 (8); nacelle length 47 (10); nacelle height 13 (3); eye length 12 (2); eye height 10 (2); internarial space 65 (14); inner narial groove length 30 (6); nostril length 12 (3); mouth width 34 (7); mouth length 19 (4); dental formula U
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB6701E31509EAF38" box="[1096,1196,1617,1641]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="1913-01-13">13–1–13</date>
|
||
, L
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFEFF20BB6ED1E315104AF38" box="[1237,1334,1617,1641]" pageId="13" pageNumber="172" value="1913-01-13">13-1–13</date>
|
||
; intergill length 28 (6); first gill slit height 15 (3); second gill slit height 16 (3); third gill slit height 18 (4); fourth gill slit height 18 (4); fifth gill slit height 14 (3); pectoral anterior margin 53 (11); pectoral base 25 (5); pectoral inner margin 21 (4)pectoral posterior margin 44 (9); pectoral height 48 (10); first dorsal anterior margin 75 (16); first dorsal base 43 (9); first dorsal inner margin 15 (3); first dorsal posterior margin 60 (13); first dorsal height 60 (13); second dorsal anterior margin 19 (4); second dorsal base 15 (3); second dorsal inner margin 21 (4); second dorsal posterior margin 25 (5); second dorsal height 9 (2); pelvic anterior margin 21 (4); pelvic base 21 (4); pelvic inner margin 16 (3); pelvic posterior margin 27 (6); pelvic height 22 (5); anal anterior margin 20 (4); anal base 21 (4); anal inner margin 18 (4); anal posterior margin 27 (6); anal height 15 (3); dorsal caudal margin 144 (31); preventral caudal margin 49 (10); upper postventral margin 188 (25); lower postventral caudal margin 29 (6); caudal fork length 32 (7); caudal fork width 35 (7); subterminal caudal margin 11 (2); terminal caudal margin 29 (6); 87 precaudal vertebrae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFECF208B2FF18F75157A8FC" blockId="14.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="14" pageNumber="173">Body round to oval in cross section becoming rectangular at the caudal peduncle. Head laterally expanded with median indentation. Head width 25–32% of STL. Lateral indentation present on each side of head approximately equidistant between median indentation and anterior margin of nacelle. Inner narial groove extends from nostril to lateral indentation. Nacelle well defined and eye height usually greater than 50% nacelle height. Nictitating eyelid present. Posterior orbit on perpendicular with symphysis of upper jaw. Snout length approximately equal to mouth width. Corners of mouth even with posterior margin of head. Labial furrows small and inconspicuous. Head length approximately equal to interdorsal space. Third gill slit height approximately equal to anal fin height. Fourth gill slit near pectoral fin origin. Fifth gill slit height shorter than other gill slits and posterior to pectoral fin origin.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1359C6FFECF208B2AF1B1A51B7AAC1" box="[151,1413,890,912]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224122/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="173" targetBox="[405,1193,492,863]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFECF208B2AF1B1A51B7AAC1" blockId="14.[151,1413,890,912]" box="[151,1413,890,912]" pageId="14" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFECF208B2AF1B1A5520AADE" bold="true" box="[151,274,890,912]" pageId="14" pageNumber="173">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFECF208B3A11B1A560FAAC1" box="[409,573,890,912]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFECF208B3A11B1A560FAAC1" box="[409,573,890,912]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="173">Sphyrna gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFECF208B07C1B1A56A6AADE" box="[580,660,890,911]" pageId="14" pageNumber="173" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFECF208B07C1B1A56A6AADE" bold="true" box="[580,660,890,911]" pageId="14" pageNumber="173">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
collected in Bulls Bay, South Carolina, U.S.A. UF 183577, 467 mm STL.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF1359C6FFECF208B2AF1FF05505AEB5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224123/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="173" targetBox="[395,1152,1001,1911]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFECF208B2AF1FF05505AEB5" blockId="14.[151,1436,1936,2020]" pageId="14" pageNumber="173">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFECF208B2AF1FF05526AEF4" bold="true" box="[151,276,1936,1958]" pageId="14" pageNumber="173">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of the cephalofoil from the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFECF208B6221FF050F0AEF7" box="[1050,1218,1936,1958]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFECF208B6221FF050F0AEF7" box="[1050,1218,1936,1958]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="173">Sphyrna gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFECF208B6F11FF1512EAEF7" box="[1225,1308,1937,1958]" pageId="14" pageNumber="173" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFECF208B6F11FF1512EAEF7" bold="true" box="[1225,1308,1937,1958]" pageId="14" pageNumber="173">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
collected in Bulls Bay, South Carolina, U.S.A. UF 183577, 467 mm STL. Note that indention in ventral view of the left nacelle is an artifact of preservation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFEDF209B2FF18F7514DAB46" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">Pectoral fin relatively small and its height approximately equal to the pectoral fin posterior margin. Pectoral fin anterior margin. Pectoral fin anterior margin less than 50% of head width. Apex of pectoral fin rounded and posterior margin relatively straight with rounded free rear tip. First dorsal fin origin ranges from above pectoral fin insertion to above pectoral fin inner margin. First dorsal fin anterior margin straight with apex slightly rounded. First dorsal fin posterior margin straight to slightly concave and its height approximately equal to pectoral anterior margin. Length of first dorsal fin inner margin and pelvic fin inner margin approximately equal. Interdorsal ridge absent in life but can appear present in preserved specimens. Second dorsal fin origin posterior to anal fin origin. Second dorsal fin small and its height equal to or less than 20% of first dorsal fin height. Second dorsal fin inner margin length at least twice as long as second dorsal fin height. Origin of pelvic fin posterior to first dorsal fin free rear tip. Pelvic fin posterior margin straight. Anal fin base broad and equal to or less than anal fin height. Upper and lower precaudal pits present. Caudal fin deeply forked and greater than 25% of STL. Subterminal notch present.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFEDF209B2FF1A4457D1AAD1" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">Dental formula U 11 to 15–0 to 2–11 to 15, L 11 to 14–0 to 2–11 to 14 (dental formula should be considered preliminary as jaws were not removed from specimens and small posterior teeth could have gone unnoticed resulting in lower counts than actual number of teeth present). All teeth unicuspidate. Symphysial teeth smaller than adjacent anterior teeth, crown well differentiated from base, smooth edged to weakly serrated, and symmetrical. Upper anterior, lateral and posterior teeth with cusp at an oblique angle that becomes progressively greater moving from the symphysis toward the rear of the palatoquadrate. Mesial edge of upper anterior, lateral and posterior teeth smooth to weakly serrated. Distal edge of upper anterior, lateral and posterior teeth with a central notch and ranging from smooth to serrated from the tip of the cusp toward the base. Lower anterior teeth adjacent to the symphysis erect, symmetrical, smooth to weakly serrated and differentiated from base. Lower lateral and posterior teeth similar in shape to upper anterior, lateral and posterior teeth.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFEDF209B2FF1BEC51B5AAF4" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" box="[199,1415,908,933]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">Number of precaudal vertebrae range from 83 to 91. One individual had greater than 87 precaudal vertebrae.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFEDF209B2FF1BCF508FAD41" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B2FF1BCF5538AA99" bold="true" box="[199,266,943,968]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">Color</emphasis>
|
||
. Live specimens with grey to brown dorsal coloration fading to white ventrally. Ventral pectoral fin apex variably white to dusky (60% of specimens with dusky-tipped pectoral fins). Lower lobe of caudal fin with dusky to black tip. Frozen specimens retain similar, yet not as distinct, colorations to live individuals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFEDF209B2FF1C7C54D0ADCE" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B2FF1C7C54C5AD64" bold="true" box="[199,247,1052,1077]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">Size</emphasis>
|
||
. Maximum size is unknown; however, the mean size of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFEDF209B1551C7C57E9AD65" box="[877,987,1052,1076]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B1551C7C57E9AD65" box="[877,987,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">S. gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFEDF209B1D11C7C5071AD64" box="[1001,1091,1052,1077]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B1D11C7C5071AD64" bold="true" box="[1001,1091,1052,1077]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFEDF209B6411C7C50EAAD65" box="[1145,1240,1052,1076]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B6411C7C50EAAD65" box="[1145,1240,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
neonates with an open umbilicus collected during this study was
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEDF209B0921C205735AD06" box="[682,775,1088,1112]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.97" pageId="15" pageNumber="174" unit="mm" value="397.0">397 mm</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="4C94A4ABFFEDF209B1051C5F57A8AD06" box="[829,922,1087,1112]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.51" pageId="15" pageNumber="174" unit="mm" value="451.0">451 mm</quantity>
|
||
STL, respectively. Therefore, assuming equal brood size, lower size at birth for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFEDF209B02C1C0456B1AD2D" box="[532,643,1124,1148]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B02C1C0456B1AD2D" box="[532,643,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">S. gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFEDF209B0B21C0456D6AD2C" box="[650,740,1124,1149]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B0B21C0456D6AD2C" bold="true" box="[650,740,1124,1149]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
could indicate that it reaches a smaller maximum size than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFEDF209B7BF1C0454E9ADF1" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B7BF1C0454E9ADF1" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3765AC5FFEDF209B2FF1CCC509FAC5D" pageId="15" pageNumber="174" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFEDF209B2FF1CCC509FAC5D" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B2FF1CCC5575AD94" bold="true" box="[199,327,1196,1221]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
. Named in honor of ichthyologist Carter R. Gilbert, who first reported (Gilbert 1967) an anomalous specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFEDF209B3091CB055A5ADB9" box="[305,407,1232,1256]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B3091CB055A5ADB9" box="[305,407,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected off Charleston, SC (USNM 25180). Based on vertebral count and collection location, the anomalous specimen is likely the first recorded individual of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFEDF209B1EF1C945077AC5D" box="[983,1093,1268,1292]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B1EF1C945077AC5D" box="[983,1093,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">S. gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFEDF209B6741C945094AC5C" box="[1100,1190,1268,1293]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B6741C945094AC5C" bold="true" box="[1100,1190,1268,1293]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3765AC5FFEDF209B2FF1D775774AC90" pageId="15" pageNumber="174" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFEDF209B2FF1D775774AC90" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B2FF1D77556BAC61" bold="true" box="[199,345,1303,1328]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
. All specimens reported herein and those examined by Quattro
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B61E1D79506DAC61" box="[1062,1119,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006) were captured in the western North Atlantic Ocean. However, data presented by Pinhal
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B1B21D5D5789AC05" box="[906,955,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2012) indicate a presence in the western South Atlantic Ocean. Based on the rarity of samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFEDF209B12B1D0057B3AC29" box="[787,897,1376,1400]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B12B1D0057B3AC29" box="[787,897,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">S. gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFEDF209B1B11D3F57D1AC29" box="[905,995,1375,1400]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B1B11D3F57EEAC29" bold="true" box="[905,988,1375,1400]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">sp. nov</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
relative to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFEDF209B65B1D0050F1AC29" box="[1123,1219,1376,1400]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B65B1D0050F1AC29" box="[1123,1219,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the absence of morphological attributes for field identification, no definitive information is available on geographic distribution and more data will be required to determine its precise range.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3765AC5FFEDF214B2FF1DAC57A2AA2E" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="177" pageId="15" pageNumber="174" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFEDF209B2FF1DAC5786AFC9" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B2FF1DAC5506ACB4" bold="true" box="[199,308,1484,1509]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
. Concordant partitions among independent character sets are reliable indicators of both evolutionary divergence and speciation (Avise & Ball 1990; Grady & Quattro 1999). Based on extensive geographic sampling, mitochondrial gene trees recovered a deep divergence within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFEDF209B1631E74578CAF7D" box="[859,958,1556,1580]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B1631E74578CAF7D" box="[859,958,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that was repeated in independent nuclear genes (Abercrombie
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B3BD1E59558DAF01" box="[389,447,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005; Quattro
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B0551E595695AF01" box="[621,679,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006; Zemlak
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B16E1E5957BDAF01" box="[854,911,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009; Naylor
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B60F1E595043AF01" box="[1079,1137,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012; Pinhal
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B7291E595179AF01" box="[1297,1355,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012). Although morphometric attributes did not delineate groups among nominal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFEDF209B1C01E3C5068AF25" box="[1016,1114,1628,1652]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B1C01E3C5068AF25" box="[1016,1114,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, meristic characters defined two morphological groups that are consistent with the genetic lineages.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFEDF209B2FF1EC45722AEC4" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">
|
||
Analyses of the 67 measurements taken on 54
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFEDF209B0E21EC45778AFED" box="[730,842,1700,1724]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B0E21EC45778AFED" box="[730,842,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">S. gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFEDF209B1691EC4579CAFEC" box="[849,942,1700,1725]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B1691EC4579CAFEC" bold="true" box="[849,942,1700,1725]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and 26
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFEDF209B6331EC4505EAFED" box="[1035,1132,1700,1724]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B6331EC4505EAFED" box="[1035,1132,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens failed to reveal any external character useful in differentiating the two species. While significant differences were found in mean or median values for specific characters between species, the range of each measure overlapped. Gilbert (1967) suggested that chondrocranium structure and the distribution of ampullae on the ventral side of the head are taxonomically valuable for sphyrnids. Comparisons of radiographs of the heads of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFEDF209B60E1F545097AE1D" box="[1078,1189,1844,1868]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B60E1F545097AE1D" box="[1078,1189,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">S. gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFEDF209B6941F545137AE1C" box="[1196,1285,1844,1869]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B6941F545137AE1C" bold="true" box="[1196,1285,1844,1869]" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFEDF209B7041F5451AEAE1D" box="[1340,1436,1844,1868]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFEDF209B7041F5451AEAE1D" box="[1340,1436,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
failed to reveal any structural differences (Figure 7). Visual comparisons of the distribution of ampullae also failed to reveal differences between the two species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135715CBFFEDF209B0A71F1C5730AEC4" box="[671,770,1916,1941]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1936,1958]" captionTargetBox="[395,1152,1001,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[340,1248,975,1911]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of the cephalofoil from the holotype of Sphyrna gilberti sp. nov. collected in Bulls Bay, South Carolina, U. S. A. UF 183577, 467 mm STL. Note that indention in ventral view of the left nacelle is an artifact of preservation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224123/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="174">Figure 6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFF2F216B2AF1CDB5524AC5F" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">
|
||
<table id="F96CFBEEFFF20DF9B2AF1CDB51AEAC5F" box="[151,1436,1211,1294]" gridcols="4" gridrows="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">
|
||
<tr id="355C0B0CFFF20DF9B2AF1CDB51AEAD80" box="[151,1436,1211,1233]" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">
|
||
<th id="768D6270FFF20DF9B2AF1CDB558BAD80" box="[151,441,1211,1233]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF2F216B2AF1CDB5524AD81" bold="true" box="[151,278,1211,1233]" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Radiograph of
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="768D6270FFF20DF9B3F81CDB5654AD80" box="[448,614,1211,1233]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">chondrocranium</th>
|
||
<th id="768D6270FFF20DF9B0551CDB5048AD80" box="[621,1146,1211,1233]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">
|
||
from A.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF2F216B0F61CDB574AAD80" box="[718,888,1211,1233]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF2F216B0F61CDB574AAD80" box="[718,888,1211,1233]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">Sphyrna gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFF2F216B1BA1CDB57E4AD81" box="[898,982,1211,1232]" pageId="16" pageNumber="175" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF2F216B1BA1CDB57E4AD81" bold="true" box="[898,982,1211,1232]" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
collected from
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="768D6270FFF20DF9B6B91CDB51AEAD80" box="[1153,1436,1211,1233]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">Bulls Bay, South Carolina,</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0B0CFFF20DF9B2AF1CBA51AEADA1" box="[151,1436,1242,1264]" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">
|
||
<th id="768D6270FFF20DF9B2AF1CBA558BADA1" box="[151,441,1242,1264]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">U.S.A. UF 183578, 471 mm</th>
|
||
<td id="768D6270FFF20DF9B3F81CBA5654ADA1" box="[448,614,1242,1264]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">STL female and</td>
|
||
<td id="768D6270FFF20DF9B0551CBA5048ADA1" box="[621,1146,1242,1264]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">
|
||
B.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF2F216B0B41CBA56D6ADA1" box="[652,740,1242,1264]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF2F216B0B41CBA56D6ADA1" box="[652,740,1242,1264]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected in Bulls Bay, South Carolina,
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="768D6270FFF20DF9B6B91CBA51AEADA1" box="[1153,1436,1242,1264]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">U.S.A. JQNSP 23, 476 mm</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="355C0B0CFFF20DF9B2AF1C9851AEAC5F" box="[151,1436,1272,1294]" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="175" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="768D6270FFF20DF9B2AF1C98558BAC5F" box="[151,441,1272,1294]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">STL female.</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFF2F216B2FF1D5556F1AFAF" blockId="16.[151,1436,1333,2006]" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">
|
||
Consistency across characters would otherwise support Quattro
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF2F216B1AD1D5757FFAC1F" box="[917,973,1334,1358]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
’s (2006) suggestion of cryptic speciation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF2F216B28D1D3A5525AC23" box="[181,279,1370,1394]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF2F216B28D1D3A5525AC23" box="[181,279,1370,1394]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but for the reliance on meristic attributes for morphological separation of the genetic groups. Among meristic attributes, only the number of precaudal vertebrae separates
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF2F216B19B1D1E5020ACC7" box="[931,1042,1406,1430]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF2F216B19B1D1E5020ACC7" box="[931,1042,1406,1430]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">S. gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFF2F216B6221D1D5046ACC7" box="[1050,1140,1405,1430]" pageId="16" pageNumber="175" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF2F216B6221D1D5046ACC7" bold="true" box="[1050,1140,1405,1430]" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF2F216B6821D1E5129ACC7" box="[1210,1307,1406,1430]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF2F216B6821D1E5129ACC7" box="[1210,1307,1406,1430]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="135715CBFFF2F216B7131D1D51BFACC7" box="[1323,1421,1405,1430]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[151,250,873,895]" captionTargetBox="[193,1317,274,832]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[188,1322,265,842]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Box and whisker plot for number of precaudal vertebrae for Sphyrna gilberti sp. nov. (n = 54) and S. lewini (n = 26) specimens examined in this study. Bars represent minimum and maximum observed values, grey box represents lower and upper quantiles, + indicates the mean, center line represents the median and the notch indicates the 95 % confidence interval around the median." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224124/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">Figure 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). While meristic characteristics, in particular vertebral counts, are subject to environmental influence in fishes, a phenomenon discussed as early as
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37B49DEFFF2F216B0091DA5564EAC8F" box="[561,636,1477,1502]" name="Jordan" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(1891), the taxonomic efficacy of vertebral counts in differentiating shark species was noted by Springer & Garrick (1964), who stated “of the genera containing two or more species, almost half include at least one species distinguishable on vertebral counts.” For example,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF2F216B6DF1E6E55CBAF1B" authority="Richardson 1836" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1836" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Rhizoprionodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="terraenovae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF2F216B6DF1E6E552CAF18" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">Rhizoprionodon terraenovae</emphasis>
|
||
(Richardson 1836)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF2F216B00B1E52570CAF1B" authority="Poey 1861" authorityName="Poey" authorityYear="1861" box="[563,830,1585,1610]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Rhizoprionodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="porosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF2F216B00B1E525698AF18" box="[563,682,1586,1609]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">R. porosus</emphasis>
|
||
(Poey 1861)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are two species of small sharks in the western North Atlantic Ocean recognized as distinct based on overlapping number of precaudal vertebrae (Springer 1964). Other examples of subspecies or species whose proper identification rely on vertebral counts include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF2F216B6C91E1A55A8AFE7" authority="Mitchell 1815" authorityName="Mitchell" authorityYear="1815" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Triakidae" genus="Mustelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="canis" subSpecies="canis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF2F216B6C91E1A54E0AFE7" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">Mustelus canis canis</emphasis>
|
||
(Mitchell 1815)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF2F216B3E01EFF5079AFE7" authority="Heemstra 1997 (Heemstra 1997)" authorityName="Heemstra 1997 (Heemstra" authorityYear="1997" box="[472,1099,1694,1718]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Triakidae" genus="Mustelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="canis" subSpecies="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF2F216B3E01EFF5680AFE7" box="[472,690,1694,1718]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">M. canis insularis</emphasis>
|
||
Heemstra 1997 (Heemstra 1997)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF2F216B6671EFE55F1AF8B" authority="Snodgrass & Heller 1905" authorityName="Snodgrass & Heller" authorityYear="1905" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="galapagensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF2F216B6671EFE51AEAFE7" box="[1119,1436,1694,1718]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">Carcharhinus galapagensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Snodgrass & Heller 1905)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF2F216B3C81EA257E6AF8B" authority="(Lesueur 1818) (Garrick 1982)" authorityName="(Lesueur 1818) (Garrick" authorityYear="1982" box="[496,980,1729,1754]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF2F216B3C81EA25644AF8B" box="[496,630,1730,1754]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">C. obscurus</emphasis>
|
||
(Lesueur 1818) (Garrick 1982)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF2F216B6321EA25147AF8B" authority="Valenciennes 1839" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1839" box="[1034,1397,1729,1754]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limbatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF2F216B6321EA250B8AF8B" box="[1034,1162,1730,1754]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">C. limbatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Valenciennes 1839)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF2F216B2AF1E86568CAFAF" authority="(Whitley 1950) (Last & Stevens 1994)" authorityName="(Whitley 1950) (Last & Stevens" authorityYear="1994" box="[151,702,1765,1790]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tilstoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF2F216B2AF1E865537AFAF" box="[151,261,1766,1790]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">C. tilstoni</emphasis>
|
||
(Whitley 1950) (Last & Stevens 1994)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFF2F217B2FF1F6956ABA984" blockId="16.[151,1436,1333,2006]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="176" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">
|
||
The paucity of diagnostic features for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF2F216B0B81F6A56C3AE73" box="[640,753,1802,1826]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF2F216B0B81F6A56C3AE73" box="[640,753,1802,1826]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">S. gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFF2F216B0C21F695764AE73" box="[762,854,1801,1826]" pageId="16" pageNumber="175" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF2F216B0C21F695764AE73" bold="true" box="[762,854,1801,1826]" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
could be related to the use of neonates and young juveniles in morphological comparisons. Adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF2F216B0951F4E572EAE17" box="[685,796,1838,1862]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF2F216B0951F4E572EAE17" box="[685,796,1838,1862]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">S. gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFF2F216B11B1F4D574FAE17" box="[803,893,1837,1862]" pageId="16" pageNumber="175" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF2F216B11B1F4D574FAE17" bold="true" box="[803,893,1837,1862]" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF2F216B18C1F4E5027AE17" box="[948,1045,1838,1862]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="175" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF2F216B18C1F4E5027AE17" box="[948,1045,1838,1862]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="175">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens might reveal additional diagnostic morphological characters, assuming that the effect of allometry on characters is removed. Gilbert (1967) reported significant ontogenetic changes in head morphology, fin shape and fin coloration, but noted that other characters, such as chondrocranium structure and ampullae pore patterns, are reliably stable. Among the 67 morphometric attributes examined in this study, 22 were correlated with body length when standardizing each measure by STL. Therefore, morphological characters intended as taxonomic keys for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B66418F850F8A9E1" box="[1116,1226,152,176]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B66418F850F8A9E1" box="[1116,1226,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFF3F217B6E918F75118A9E1" box="[1233,1322,151,176]" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B6E918F75118A9E1" bold="true" box="[1233,1322,151,176]" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
should be carefully evaluated for developmental effects.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1359C6FFF3F217B2AF1B095569AA8A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/224124/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" targetBox="[193,1317,274,832]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFF3F217B2AF1B095569AA8A" blockId="17.[151,1436,873,987]" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B2AF1B095521AA2F" bold="true" box="[151,275,873,895]" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Box and whisker plot for number of precaudal vertebrae for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B1BE1B09501FAA2E" box="[902,1069,873,895]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B1BE1B09501FAA2E" box="[902,1069,873,895]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">Sphyrna gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFF3F217B60B1B0950B7AA2F" box="[1075,1157,873,894]" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B60B1B0950B7AA2F" bold="true" box="[1075,1157,873,894]" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(n = 54) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B72A1B0A5158AA2E" box="[1298,1386,873,895]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B72A1B0A5158AA2E" box="[1298,1386,873,895]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(n = 26) specimens examined in this study. Bars represent minimum and maximum observed values, grey box represents lower and upper quantiles, + indicates the mean, center line represents the median and the notch indicates the 95% confidence interval around the median.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFF3F217B2FF1C67571FAFF9" blockId="17.[151,1436,1031,2028]" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">
|
||
Recently, Castro (2011) suggested that the cryptic species proposed by Quattro
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B64F1C695086AD71" box="[1143,1204,1032,1056]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006) could be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B7BF1C6855AAAD15" authority="Cadenat 1950" authorityName="Cadenat" authorityYear="1950" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="couardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B7BF1C6854DFAD15" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. couardi</emphasis>
|
||
Cadenat 1950
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a species described from within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B1271C4C5072AD15" authority="Springer 1941" authorityName="Springer" authorityYear="1941" box="[799,1088,1067,1092]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B1271C4C57A1AD15" box="[799,915,1068,1092]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. diplana</emphasis>
|
||
Springer 1941
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B6551C4C50E2AD15" box="[1133,1232,1068,1092]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B6551C4C50E2AD15" box="[1133,1232,1068,1092]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Cadenat (1950) briefly described what he considered a shark closely resembling
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B1B11C3057CFAD39" box="[905,1021,1104,1128]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B1B11C3057CFAD39" box="[905,1021,1104,1128]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. diplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, except the unknown species had a “longer and narrower” head and the ventral sides of the pectoral fins were entirely white. Subsequent addition of diagnostic characters separating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B02C1CF856BEADE1" box="[532,652,1176,1200]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="couardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B02C1CF856BEADE1" box="[532,652,1176,1200]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. couardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B0E31CF85773ADE1" box="[731,833,1176,1200]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B0E31CF85773ADE1" box="[731,833,1176,1200]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including ampullae pore patterns (Cadenat 1960), chondrocranium structure (Gilbert 1967) and position of first dorsal fin origin relative to the pectoral fin insertion (Compagno 1984), were thoroughly discussed by McEachran & Seret (1987). Based on examination of two heads placed in the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle and Cadenat’s personal collections of jaws, a single skin sample, notes and photographs, McEachran & Seret (1987) concluded that none of the proposed diagnostic characters were valid and could be attributed to intraspecific variability with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B67B1D2C5099AC35" box="[1091,1195,1356,1380]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B67B1D2C5099AC35" box="[1091,1195,1356,1380]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For example, after examining Cadenat’s personal photographs, McEachran & Seret (1987) discovered that several
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B71A1D1051AEACD9" box="[1314,1436,1392,1416]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="couardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B71A1D1051AEACD9" box="[1314,1436,1392,1416]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. couardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens had pectoral apices with dusky coloration. The above factors, in addition to the lack of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D7B7ECFFF3F217B6D71DF4512DACFD" box="[1263,1311,1428,1452]" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens upon which to base comparisons, led McEachran & Seret (1987) to designate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B1C61DD85042AC81" box="[1022,1136,1464,1488]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="couardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B1C61DD85042AC81" box="[1022,1136,1464,1488]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. couardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a junior synonym for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B7BF1DD854E9ACA5" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B7BF1DD854E9ACA5" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; a status it tentatively retains in Compagno (2005). Our data indicate that the head shape and variability in ventral pectoral fin coloration are highly variable among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B12D1E6057B1AF49" box="[789,899,1536,1560]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B12D1E6057B1AF49" box="[789,899,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFF3F217B1B21D9F57D1AF49" box="[906,995,1535,1560]" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B1B21D9F57D1AF49" bold="true" box="[906,995,1535,1560]" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B6211E60504AAF49" box="[1049,1144,1536,1560]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B6211E60504AAF49" box="[1049,1144,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For example, head width ranged from 25.78–31.66 % STL for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B06D1E4456F5AF6D" box="[597,711,1572,1596]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B06D1E4456F5AF6D" box="[597,711,1572,1596]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFF3F217B0EB1E435703AF6D" box="[723,817,1571,1596]" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B0EB1E435703AF6D" bold="true" box="[723,817,1571,1596]" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and 25.09–30.06 for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B60D1E4450A8AF6D" box="[1077,1178,1572,1596]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B60D1E4450A8AF6D" box="[1077,1178,1572,1596]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and coloration of the pectoral fins was variable with some individuals of both species having entirely white ventral pectoral apices and others having dusky apices. Based on our data and the conclusions of McEachran & Seret (1987), there is no reason to consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B3211EF055B5AFF9" box="[281,391,1680,1704]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B3211EF055B5AFF9" box="[281,391,1680,1704]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFF3F217B3B71EEF55DAAFF9" box="[399,488,1679,1704]" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B3B71EEF55DAAFF9" bold="true" box="[399,488,1679,1704]" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B0271EF056A3AFF9" box="[543,657,1680,1704]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="couardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B0271EF056A3AFF9" box="[543,657,1680,1704]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. couardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
synonymous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFF3F217B2FF1ED451AEAEBA" blockId="17.[151,1436,1031,2028]" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">
|
||
In his description of a new species of hammerhead shark,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B16F1ED450B8AF9D" authority="Springer (1941)" authorityName="Springer" authorityYear="1941" box="[855,1162,1715,1740]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B16F1ED457FBAF9D" box="[855,969,1716,1740]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. diplana</emphasis>
|
||
, Springer (1941)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
noted specimens of this taxon collected off the coast of the Carolinas, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas, thus a comparison between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B33F1E9C55B7AE45" box="[263,389,1788,1812]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B33F1E9C55B7AE45" box="[263,389,1788,1812]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. diplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the species described herein is warranted. In the first major work examining chondrichthyan fauna in the western North Atlantic Ocean, Bigelow & Schroeder (1948) documented four species of sphyrnids, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B3981F245623AE0D" box="[416,529,1860,1884]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B3981F245623AE0D" box="[416,529,1860,1884]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. diplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, that occurred in the region. However, Bigelow & Schroeder (1948) noted that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B7BF1F2454DFAED1" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B7BF1F2454DFAED1" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. diplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is “represented in the tropical-subtropical waters of the eastern and western Indo-Pacific by a form (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B7BF1F0855B3AEF5" authority="Griffith, 1834" authorityName="Griffith" authorityYear="1834" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B7BF1F0854EEAEF5" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
Griffith, 1834
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) closely resembling
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B0561FEC56F9AEF5" box="[622,715,1932,1956]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B0561FEC56F5AEF5" box="[622,711,1932,1956]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplana">diplana</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”. Nonetheless, the authors regarded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B6561FEC50E2AEF5" box="[1134,1232,1932,1956]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B6561FEC50E2AEF5" box="[1134,1232,1932,1956]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B7311FEC514EAEF5" box="[1289,1404,1932,1956]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B7311FEC514EAEF5" box="[1289,1404,1932,1956]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. diplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as distinct taxa due to possible differences in dentition. The validity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B1961FD05010AE99" box="[942,1058,1968,1992]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B1961FD05010AE99" box="[942,1058,1968,1992]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. diplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was subsequently questioned by Tortonese (1950) and Fraser-Brunner (1950), with the latter considering
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B1F41FB4500DAEBD" box="[972,1087,2004,2028]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B1F41FB4500DAEBD" box="[972,1087,2004,2028]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. diplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF3F217B70C1FB451A6AEBD" box="[1332,1428,2004,2028]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="176" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF3F217B70C1FB451A6AEBD" box="[1332,1428,2004,2028]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="176">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD3094EFFF0F214B2AF18F857A2AA2E" blockId="18.[151,1436,151,896]" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">
|
||
Fraser-Brunner (1950) reasoned that Springer (1941) had not considered a circumtropical distribution for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B70318F851AEA9E1" box="[1339,1436,152,176]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B70318F851AEA9E1" box="[1339,1436,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and based comparisons of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B3D918DC5668A985" box="[481,602,188,212]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B3D918DC5668A985" box="[481,602,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. diplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B0B718DC56CAA985" box="[655,760,188,212]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B0B718DC56CAA985" box="[655,760,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on a single specimen that was most likely incorrectly identified. Subsequently, others (e.g. Gilbert 1967, Compagno 1984, Castro 2011, Ebert & Stehmann 2013) continue to relegate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B341196455D8A84D" box="[377,490,260,284]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B341196455D8A84D" box="[377,490,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. diplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to a junior synonym for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B0C419645769A84D" box="[764,859,260,284]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B0C419645769A84D" box="[764,859,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Despite the current taxonomic status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B71C196451A6A84D" box="[1316,1428,260,284]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B71C196451A6A84D" box="[1316,1428,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. diplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it could be suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B3F119485609A811" box="[457,571,296,320]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B3F119485609A811" box="[457,571,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFF0F214B07D19475693A811" box="[581,673,295,320]" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B07D19475693A811" bold="true" box="[581,673,295,320]" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B0E619485761A811" box="[734,851,296,320]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B0E619485761A811" box="[734,851,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. diplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are, in fact, synonymous. Unfortunately, extensive morphological comparisons between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B073192C56F3A835" box="[587,705,332,356]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B073192C56F3A835" box="[587,705,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. diplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other members of the genus are hampered by a lack of comparative material as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D7B7ECFFF0F214B3E11910563BA8D9" box="[473,521,368,392]" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B043191056DFA8D9" box="[635,749,368,392]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B043191056DFA8D9" box="[635,749,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. diplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
consists of a male
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D7B7ECFFF0F214B1F4190F501CA8D9" box="[972,1070,367,392]" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(USNM 108451) and
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D7B7ECFFF0F214B709191051AEA8D9" box="[1329,1436,368,392]" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
comprising a single head (USMN 108452) and two dry jaws (USNM
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFF0F214B1EF19F45018A8FC" box="[983,1066,404,429]" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" value="96-11-02">110296</date>
|
||
and USNM
|
||
<date id="FFD22F8EFFF0F214B6FE19F45129A8FD" box="[1222,1307,404,428]" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" value="97-11-02">110297</date>
|
||
) (Howe & Springer 1993). Fortunately, Springer (1941) reports vertebral counts for seven
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B61119D850AEA881" box="[1065,1180,440,464]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B61119D850AEA881" box="[1065,1180,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. diplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(without comment on specific location); however, it is not clear if counts were obtained from any of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D7B7ECFFF0F214B60119BD505BA8A4" box="[1081,1129,477,501]" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens. The number of total vertebrae for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B35D1A6055E7AB49" box="[357,469,512,536]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B35D1A6055E7AB49" box="[357,469,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. diplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reported by Springer (1941) range from 196–204 and he stated that roughly half of the total vertebrae occur after the precaudal pit. Given this, we suggest that precaudual vertebrae counts of 98–102 are consistent with Springer’s data. Clearly, Springer’s precaudal vertebrae counts for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B6741A2850F2AB31" box="[1100,1216,584,608]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B6741A2850F2AB31" box="[1100,1216,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. diplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(98–102) are most similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B3281A0C5541ABD5" box="[272,371,620,644]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B3281A0C5541ABD5" box="[272,371,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(92–99) and greater than those we report for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B1AA1A0C5036ABD5" box="[914,1028,620,644]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B1AA1A0C5036ABD5" box="[914,1028,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFF0F214B6371A0C505EABD4" box="[1039,1132,620,645]" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B6371A0C505EABD4" bold="true" box="[1039,1132,620,645]" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(83–91). Furthermore, we obtained radiographs of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D7B7ECFFF0F214B3EB1AEF5607ABF9" box="[467,565,655,680]" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
from the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, and counted 94 precadual vertebral for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B3121AD455AEAB9D" box="[298,412,692,716]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B3121AD455AEAB9D" box="[298,412,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. diplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The precaudal vertebrae count for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B1091AD45796AB9D" box="[817,932,692,716]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B1091AD45796AB9D" box="[817,932,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. diplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(94) is within the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B6E21AD45109AB9D" box="[1242,1339,692,716]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B6E21AD45109AB9D" box="[1242,1339,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(92–99) and greater than those we report for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B0131AB856AAABA1" box="[555,664,728,752]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B0131AB856AAABA1" box="[555,664,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFF0F214B0A71AB756CAABA1" box="[671,760,727,752]" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B0A71AB756CAABA1" bold="true" box="[671,760,727,752]" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(83–91), suggesting a clear distinction of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B6F61AB8510EABA1" box="[1230,1340,728,752]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B6F61AB8510EABA1" box="[1230,1340,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFF0F214B77B1AB751AEABA1" box="[1347,1436,727,752]" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B77B1AB751AEABA1" bold="true" box="[1347,1436,727,752]" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B2E21A9C5563AA45" box="[218,337,764,788]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B2E21A9C5563AA45" box="[218,337,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. diplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but consistent with no distinction between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B1641A9C57E1AA45" box="[860,979,764,788]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B1641A9C57E1AA45" box="[860,979,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. diplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B62C1A9C5048AA45" box="[1044,1146,764,788]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B62C1A9C5048AA45" box="[1044,1146,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Of note, Gilbert (1967) reported total vertebrae counts for eight
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B0591B4056F1AA69" box="[609,707,800,824]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B0591B4056F1AA69" box="[609,707,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. lewini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to range from 192–204, consistent with Springer’s counts for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B7BF1B4054DEAA0D" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B7BF1B4054DEAA0D" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. diplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. One animal studied by Gilbert (1967) had an ‘unusually low’ total vertebrae count of 174; we suggest that this aberrant animal represents the first report of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6C72CDFFF0F214B0821B08571BAAD1" box="[698,809,872,896]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Sphyrnidae" genus="Sphyrna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gilberti" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B0821B08571BAAD1" box="[698,809,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">S. gilberti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B6827FFF0F214B1081B0757BBAAD1" box="[816,905,871,896]" pageId="18" pageNumber="177" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B918D55CFFF0F214B1081B0757BBAAD1" bold="true" box="[816,905,871,896]" pageId="18" pageNumber="177">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |