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<document id="572F8E23D70CF60DC5C1D4B1EDBE70A8" ID-CLB-Dataset="30923" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4375.3.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5c7ac685-cee2-4349-b56f-bb16ea34bc8c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1158980" ID-ZooBank="10892E3E-B6E5-4118-8E15-CA1B10ADCCA9" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1516867473417" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Marek, Paul E., Means, Jackson C. &amp; Hennen, Derek A." docDate="2018" docId="03C587E8FFC5FFD3EF914708FC64F816" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4375.3.7.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4375 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Apheloria polychroma Marek &amp; Means &amp; Hennen 2018, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="420" masterDocId="FFFCFF90FFC2FFD8EF064563FFCBFFE7" masterDocTitle="Apheloria polychroma, a new species of millipede from the Cumberland Mountains (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae)" masterLastPageNumber="425" masterPageNumber="409" pageNumber="416" updateTime="1698517128395" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="64F7E3E793654B6C1E235822388FFAB0">Apheloria polychroma, a new species of millipede from the Cumberland Mountains (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2D30082F771CF96DB9B5C7E3C9E03521">Marek, Paul E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F4789DD999AB0983A91E4FB8E64A8EAC">Means, Jackson C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C458741985578E1CA03E08D72B01C351">Hennen, Derek A.</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="C3766575FFC5FFDFEF914708FF34FD2C" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD336FEFFC5FFDFEF914708FD8FFD61" blockId="7.[151,726,619,715]" box="[151,580,619,646]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">
<heading id="D09B8192FFC5FFDFEF914708FD8FFD61" bold="true" box="[151,580,619,646]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC5FFDFEF914708FE6DFD62" ID-CoL="8RVV4" authority="Marek &amp; Means &amp; Hennen, 2018" authorityName="Marek &amp; Means &amp; Hennen" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,422,619,645]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polychroma" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC5FFDFEF914708FE6DFD62" bold="true" box="[151,422,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Apheloria polychroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
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</emphasis>
</heading>
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<paragraph id="8BD336FEFFC5FFDFEF9147EDFF34FD2C" blockId="7.[151,726,619,715]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">
Vernacular name: “The Colorful Cherry Millipede” 
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFC5FFDFEF9147D1FF30FD2C" box="[151,251,690,715]" captionStart-0="FIGURE1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="8.[151,250,1643,1665]" captionStartId-1="10.[151,250,1098,1120]" captionStartId-2="10.[151,250,1937,1959]" captionStartId-3="11.[151,250,1711,1733]" captionStartId-4="12.[151,250,926,948]" captionStartId-5="12.[151,250,1766,1788]" captionTargetBox-0="[162,1420,273,1607]" captionTargetBox-1="[156,1431,196,1074]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1433,1387,1912]" captionTargetBox-3="[335,1250,194,1687]" captionTargetBox-4="[154,1431,198,899]" captionTargetBox-5="[151,1437,1090,1744]" captionTargetId-0="figure@8.[151,1437,265,1621]" captionTargetId-1="figure@10.[152,1435,193,1077]" captionTargetId-2="figure@10.[150,1436,1385,1916]" captionTargetId-3="figure@11.[334,1252,193,1689]" captionTargetId-4="figure@12.[151,1436,195,904]" captionTargetId-5="figure@12.[151,1437,1090,1744]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-3="11" captionTargetPageId-4="12" captionTargetPageId-5="12" captionText-0="FIGURE1. Population phylogeny of Apheloria polychroma n. sp. Colored circles denotecolor morphs.Legend (bottomright) illustrates the millipede’s ninth body ring for each color morph. Tree rooted with Apheloria tigana Chamberlin, 1939 and Apheloria montana (Bollman, 1887) (their branches omitted). Scale bar: 0.2 expected substitutions per site. Asterisks indicate posterior probability ≥ 0.95. Inset, Apheloria species tree from Means and Marek (2017)." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Apheloria polychroma n. sp. color morphs. A: Four-spotted yellow morph with red legs, dorsal view; B: same, lateral view; C: same body color as A, but yellow legs, yellow collum, dorsal view; D: same as C, lateral view; E: Four-spotted orange morph with orange legs and entirely orange collum, dorsal view; F: same as E, lateral view; G: Striped yellow morph, dorsal view; H: same as G, lateral view; I: Three-spotted white morph with red legs, dorsal view; J: same as I, lateral view; K: Three-spotted light yellow morph with orange/yellow legs dorsal view; L: same as K, lateral view; M: Striped/four-spotted yellow mixed morph, dorsal view; N: same as M, lateral view; O: Four-spotted yellow morph with a hourglass shape medially on the collum, dorsal view; P: same as O, lateral view; Q: Two-spotted yellow morph, dorsal view; R: same as Q, lateral view; S: Two-spotted yellow morph, with small median spots, dorsal view; T: same as S, lateral view. Not to scale." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Apheloria polychroma n. sp. holotype ♂ left gonopod (FMNH-INS60792). A: Anterior view, arrow = prefemoral process; B: Posterior view, bottom arrow = cannula, top arrow = prostatic groove at acropodite base; C: Medial view, arrow = point at prefemur where acropodite bends 90° posteriorly.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Apheloria montana (Bollman, 1887) (VTEC SPC000134), Apheloria tigana Chamberlin, 1939 (VTEC SPC000312), and Apheloria virginiensis corrugata (Wood, 1864) (VTEC MPE00770) left gonopod. A: A. montana anterior view; B: same as A, medial views; C: A. tigana anterior view, arrow = acropodite elbow; D: same as C, medial view; E: A. v. corrugata anterior view; F: same as E, medial view, arrow = prefemoral process. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Müllerian mimicry between Apheloria polychroma n. sp. and Brachoria mendota Keeton, 1959 at Natural Tunnel State Park, Scott County, Virginia. The resemblance between the model species (A. polychroma n. sp.) and the mimic species (B. mendota) is one of the most accurate instances of ‘impressionistic’ imitation in the Appalachian xystodesmid mimicry system." captionText-5="FIGURE 6. Distribution map of Apheloria polychroma n. sp. collection localities in the Cumberland Mountain Thrust region. Inset: continental location of the distribution of A. polychroma n. sp. (black-filled outline) in the eastern U.S. encompassed by the Central Appalachians (green fill) and Ridge and Valley Ecoregions (yellow fill) (Level III, Omernik (1987))." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/1158982/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1158984/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/1158986/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/1158988/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/1158990/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/1158992/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Figs 1–6</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3766575FFC5FFDFEF914799FDEDFCF7" box="[151,550,762,784]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD336FEFFC5FFDFEF914799FDEDFCF7" blockId="7.[151,814,762,846]" box="[151,550,762,784]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC5FFDFEF914799FF37FCF7" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1921" box="[151,252,762,784]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC5FFDFEF914799FF37FCF7" box="[151,252,762,784]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Apheloria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
“flavissima” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD4B0FFFC5FFDFEE884799FDD1FCF7" author="Hobson" box="[398,538,762,784]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" refString="Hobson, C. S. (2010) Powell Mountain Karst Preserve: biological inventory of vegetation communities, vascular plants, and selected animal groups. Natural Heritage Technical Report 10 - 12. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage, Richmond, Virginia, 30 pp., appendices. [unpublished report submitted to The Cave Conservancy of the Virginias, April 2010]" type="book" year="2010">Hobson 2010</bibRefCitation>
),
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3766575FFC5FFDFEF91467AFD96FCA9" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BD336FEFFC5FFDFEF91467AFD96FCA9" blockId="7.[151,814,762,846]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC5FFDFEF91467AFF37FCC8" ID-CoL="7NPD2" authority="Stone" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1921" box="[151,252,793,815]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC5FFDFEF91467AFF37FCC8" box="[151,252,793,815]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Apheloria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
“Stone” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD4B0FFFC5FFDFEE59467AFDFDFCC8" author="Marek" box="[351,566,793,815]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" refString="Marek, P. E. &amp; Bond, J. E. (2007) A reassessment of apheloriine millipede phylogeny: additional taxa, Bayesian inference, and direct optimization (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). Zootaxa, 1610, 27 - 39." type="journal article" year="2007">Marek &amp; Bond 2007</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD4B0FFFC5FFDFED464679FCE9FCC8" author="Means" box="[576,802,793,815]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" refString="Means, J. C. &amp; Marek, P. E. (2017) Is geography an accurate predictor of evolutionary history in the millipede family Xystodesmidae? PeerJ, 5, e 3854. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 3854" type="journal article" year="2017">Means &amp; Marek 2017</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC5FFDFEF91465BFF37FCA9" ID-CoL="7NPD2" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1921" box="[151,252,824,846]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC5FFDFEF91465BFF37FCA9" box="[151,252,824,846]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Apheloria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
“Clade A” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD4B0FFFC5FFDFEE7F465BFD9AFCA9" author="Marek" box="[377,593,824,846]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" refString="Marek, P. E. &amp; Bond, J. E. (2009) A Mullerian mimicry ring in Appalachian millipedes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 9755 - 9760. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0810408106" type="journal article" year="2009">Marek &amp; Bond 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3766575FFC5FFDFEF914619FC7CFC18" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD336FEFFC5FFDFEF914619FC7CFC18" blockId="7.[151,1437,890,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC5FFDFEF914619FEB3FC74" bold="true" box="[151,376,890,915]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Material examined</emphasis>
: Type specimens. ♂ holotype (FMNH-INS60792), 1 ♀ paratype (FMNH-INS71228), 3 ♂, 3 ♀ paratypes (VTEC, MMC0309, 310, 313, 305, 306, 308), 1 ♂, 
<materialsCitation id="3B043CA3FFC5FFDFEC7146FCFC7CFC18" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1805284712" collectingDate="2006-09-28" collectionCode="VMNH" collectorName="Elev. &amp; Colls &amp; P. and B. Marek &amp; Non-type" elevation="436" latitude="36.65624" location="Virginia" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-83.20165" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" specimenCode="MMC0314, 312" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Virginia" typeStatus="paratype">
<specimenCount id="9D6AFD77FFC5FFDFEC7146FCFC6DFC51" box="[887,934,927,951]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
<typeStatus id="54D7885CFFC5FFDFECB746FCFBD6FC50" box="[945,1053,927,951]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
(
<collectionCode id="ED7DAE3BFFC5FFDFEB2946FCFB42FC50" box="[1071,1161,927,951]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zxpe-c0as" name="Virginia Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">VMNH</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBCA9E85FFC5FFDFEB9F46FCFAD3FC50" box="[1177,1304,927,951]" collectionCode="MMC" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">MMC0314</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBCA9E85FFC5FFDFEA2146FCFA99FC50" box="[1319,1362,927,951]" collectionCode="MMC" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">312</specimenCode>
) from 
<collectingRegion id="49A8F81CFFC5FFDFEF9146A1FF3EFC3C" box="[151,245,962,987]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Virginia</collectingRegion>
, Lee County, The Cedars, CR-738 (
<geoCoordinate id="EE585039FFC5FFDFED8946A1FCD7FC3C" box="[655,796,962,987]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" precision="1" value="36.65624">36.65624°N</geoCoordinate>
, - 
<geoCoordinate id="EE585039FFC5FFDFEC3646A1FC0AFC3C" box="[816,961,962,987]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" precision="1" value="-83.20165">83.20165°W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<collectorName id="26995328FFC5FFDFECCB46A1FBCCFC3C" box="[973,1031,962,987]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Elev.</collectorName>
<elevation id="0041D1CDFFC5FFDFEB0946A1FB91FC3C" box="[1039,1114,962,987]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.36" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" unit="m" value="436.0">
<quantity id="4C949B1BFFC5FFDFEB0946A1FB91FC3C" box="[1039,1114,962,987]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.36" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" unit="m" value="436.0">436 m</quantity>
</elevation>
), 
<collectingDate id="EF96E9D6FFC5FFDFEB7646A0FA9BFC3C" box="[1136,1360,962,987]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" value="2006-09-28">
<date id="FFD2103EFFC5FFDFEB7646A0FA9BFC3C" box="[1136,1360,962,987]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" value="2006-09-28">28 September 2006</date>
</collectingDate>
, 16:00 (
<collectorName id="26995328FFC5FFDFEF994685FF14FC18" box="[159,223,998,1023]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Colls</collectorName>
: 
<collectorName id="26995328FFC5FFDFEFEC4684FE68FC18" box="[234,419,998,1023]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">P. and B. Marek</collectorName>
). 
<collectorName id="26995328FFC5FFDFEEB34684FDD4FC18" box="[437,543,999,1023]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Non-type</collectorName>
material examined listed in 
<tableCitation id="C6EE0345FFC5FFDFEC5B4685FC7AFC18" box="[861,945,998,1023]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,476,499]" captionText="TABLE 1. Material examined. Asterisks denote typespecimens.NCBIrefers to GenBank accession numbers." pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3766575FFC5FFDFEFC14169FA41FA10" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BD336FEFFC5FFDFEFC14169FEC3FA80" blockId="7.[151,1437,890,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC5FFDFEFC14169FEF1FBC4" bold="true" box="[199,314,1034,1059]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Adult males of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC5FFDFEEFB4168FD6FFBC4" authorityName="Marek &amp; Means &amp; Hennen" authorityYear="2018" box="[509,676,1035,1059]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polychroma">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC5FFDFEEFB4168FD6FFBC4" box="[509,676,1035,1059]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">A. polychroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are distinct from other apheloriine species based on the following combination of characters: 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC5FFDFEECB414DFDDBFBA0" bold="true" box="[461,528,1070,1095]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Color</emphasis>
. Tergites usually with 4 yellow spots (i.e. 1 metatergal, 1 prozonal, 2 paranotal spots, 
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFC5FFDFEFE24131FE67FB8C" box="[228,428,1106,1131]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1098,1120]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,196,1074]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[152,1435,193,1077]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 2. Apheloria polychroma n. sp. color morphs. A: Four-spotted yellow morph with red legs, dorsal view; B: same, lateral view; C: same body color as A, but yellow legs, yellow collum, dorsal view; D: same as C, lateral view; E: Four-spotted orange morph with orange legs and entirely orange collum, dorsal view; F: same as E, lateral view; G: Striped yellow morph, dorsal view; H: same as G, lateral view; I: Three-spotted white morph with red legs, dorsal view; J: same as I, lateral view; K: Three-spotted light yellow morph with orange/yellow legs dorsal view; L: same as K, lateral view; M: Striped/four-spotted yellow mixed morph, dorsal view; N: same as M, lateral view; O: Four-spotted yellow morph with a hourglass shape medially on the collum, dorsal view; P: same as O, lateral view; Q: Two-spotted yellow morph, dorsal view; R: same as Q, lateral view; S: Two-spotted yellow morph, with small median spots, dorsal view; T: same as S, lateral view. Not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158984/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Figs 2A–F, M–P</figureCitation>
). Collum usually uniformly yellow (1.25Y 7/14). Jet-black background (N 0.5–0.75). 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC5FFDFEF914115FEDBFB68" bold="true" box="[151,272,1142,1167]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Gonopods</emphasis>
. Gonopodal acropodite smoothly circular, O-shaped (
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFC5FFDFEC694115FC21FB68" box="[879,1002,1142,1167]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1937,1959]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,1387,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[150,1436,1385,1916]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Apheloria polychroma n. sp. holotype ♂ left gonopod (FMNH-INS60792). A: Anterior view, arrow = prefemoral process; B: Posterior view, bottom arrow = cannula, top arrow = prostatic groove at acropodite base; C: Medial view, arrow = point at prefemur where acropodite bends 90° posteriorly.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158986/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Figs 3A, B</figureCitation>
)—without elbow as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC5FFDFEBF14114FA94FB69" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1939" box="[1271,1375,1143,1166]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tigana">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC5FFDFEBF14114FA94FB69" box="[1271,1375,1143,1166]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">A. tigana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFC5FFDFEA684115FF71FB54" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1711,1733]" captionTargetBox="[335,1250,194,1687]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[334,1252,193,1689]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Apheloria montana (Bollman, 1887) (VTEC SPC000134), Apheloria tigana Chamberlin, 1939 (VTEC SPC000312), and Apheloria virginiensis corrugata (Wood, 1864) (VTEC MPE00770) left gonopod. A: A. montana anterior view; B: same as A, medial views; C: A. tigana anterior view, arrow = acropodite elbow; D: same as C, medial view; E: A. v. corrugata anterior view; F: same as E, medial view, arrow = prefemoral process. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158988/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
, arrow). Acropodite narrow, half width of tibia on leg pair 9, of uniform width throughout. Acropodite gradually tapered to curved acuminate J-shaped apex, not L-shaped and abruptly twisted as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC5FFDFEB7541DCFB3CFB31" baseAuthorityName="Bollman" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[1139,1271,1215,1238]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montana">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC5FFDFEB7541DCFB3CFB31" box="[1139,1271,1215,1238]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">A. montana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC5FFDFEA0E41DCFAB9FB31" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1939" box="[1288,1394,1215,1238]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tigana">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC5FFDFEA0E41DCFAB9FB31" box="[1288,1394,1215,1238]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">A. tigana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC5FFDFEA8241DCFE59FB1D" baseAuthorityName="Wood" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="virginiensis" subSpecies="corrugata">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC5FFDFEA8241DCFE59FB1D" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">A. virginiensis corrugata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFC5FFDFEEA44181FDCAFB1C" box="[418,513,1250,1275]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1937,1959]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,1387,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[150,1436,1385,1916]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Apheloria polychroma n. sp. holotype ♂ left gonopod (FMNH-INS60792). A: Anterior view, arrow = prefemoral process; B: Posterior view, bottom arrow = cannula, top arrow = prostatic groove at acropodite base; C: Medial view, arrow = point at prefemur where acropodite bends 90° posteriorly.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158986/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Figs 3C</figureCitation>
; 4B, D, F). Acropodite shaft without cingulum (midlength transverse groove) or preapical teeth or projections as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC5FFDFED234065FD53FAF9" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1939" box="[549,664,1286,1310]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Brachoria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC5FFDFED234065FD53FAF9" box="[549,664,1286,1310]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Brachoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Prefemur with a thin sharp prefemoral process, one-ninth length of acropodite (
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFC5FFDFEE184049FEBCFAA4" box="[286,375,1322,1347]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1937,1959]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,1387,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[150,1436,1385,1916]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Apheloria polychroma n. sp. holotype ♂ left gonopod (FMNH-INS60792). A: Anterior view, arrow = prefemoral process; B: Posterior view, bottom arrow = cannula, top arrow = prostatic groove at acropodite base; C: Medial view, arrow = point at prefemur where acropodite bends 90° posteriorly.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158986/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
, arrow), not long and scythe-like as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC5FFDFEC304048FC72FAA5" baseAuthorityName="Bollman" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[822,953,1323,1346]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montana">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC5FFDFEC304048FC72FAA5" box="[822,953,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">A. montana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC5FFDFECCE4048FBFAFAA5" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1939" box="[968,1073,1323,1346]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tigana">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC5FFDFECCE4048FBFAFAA5" box="[968,1073,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">A. tigana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC5FFDFEB464048FA91FAA5" baseAuthorityName="Wood" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[1088,1370,1323,1346]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="virginiensis" subSpecies="corrugata">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC5FFDFEB464048FA91FAA5" box="[1088,1370,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">A. virginiensis corrugata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFC5FFDFEA6C4049FF30FA80" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1711,1733]" captionTargetBox="[335,1250,194,1687]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[334,1252,193,1689]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 4. Apheloria montana (Bollman, 1887) (VTEC SPC000134), Apheloria tigana Chamberlin, 1939 (VTEC SPC000312), and Apheloria virginiensis corrugata (Wood, 1864) (VTEC MPE00770) left gonopod. A: A. montana anterior view; B: same as A, medial views; C: A. tigana anterior view, arrow = acropodite elbow; D: same as C, medial view; E: A. v. corrugata anterior view; F: same as E, medial view, arrow = prefemoral process. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158988/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Figs 4B, D, F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD336FEFFC5FFDFEFC14011FA41FA10" blockId="7.[151,1437,890,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC5FFDFEFC14011FF34FA6C" bold="true" box="[199,255,1394,1419]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Note</emphasis>
: The 4-spotted yellow color morph with a uniformly yellow collum unambiguously diagnoses 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC5FFDFEA824010FED7FA49" authorityName="Marek &amp; Means &amp; Hennen" authorityYear="2018" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polychroma">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC5FFDFEA824010FED7FA49" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">A. polychroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFC5FFDFEE2D40F5FE0FFA48" box="[299,452,1430,1455]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1098,1120]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,196,1074]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[152,1435,193,1077]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 2. Apheloria polychroma n. sp. color morphs. A: Four-spotted yellow morph with red legs, dorsal view; B: same, lateral view; C: same body color as A, but yellow legs, yellow collum, dorsal view; D: same as C, lateral view; E: Four-spotted orange morph with orange legs and entirely orange collum, dorsal view; F: same as E, lateral view; G: Striped yellow morph, dorsal view; H: same as G, lateral view; I: Three-spotted white morph with red legs, dorsal view; J: same as I, lateral view; K: Three-spotted light yellow morph with orange/yellow legs dorsal view; L: same as K, lateral view; M: Striped/four-spotted yellow mixed morph, dorsal view; N: same as M, lateral view; O: Four-spotted yellow morph with a hourglass shape medially on the collum, dorsal view; P: same as O, lateral view; Q: Two-spotted yellow morph, dorsal view; R: same as Q, lateral view; S: Two-spotted yellow morph, with small median spots, dorsal view; T: same as S, lateral view. Not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158984/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Fig. 2A, C, E</figureCitation>
). However, there are at least 6 color morphs of the species with a substantial continuum of hues and patterns among them (
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFC5FFDFED2740D9FDA0FA34" box="[545,619,1466,1491]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1098,1120]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,196,1074]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[152,1435,193,1077]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 2. Apheloria polychroma n. sp. color morphs. A: Four-spotted yellow morph with red legs, dorsal view; B: same, lateral view; C: same body color as A, but yellow legs, yellow collum, dorsal view; D: same as C, lateral view; E: Four-spotted orange morph with orange legs and entirely orange collum, dorsal view; F: same as E, lateral view; G: Striped yellow morph, dorsal view; H: same as G, lateral view; I: Three-spotted white morph with red legs, dorsal view; J: same as I, lateral view; K: Three-spotted light yellow morph with orange/yellow legs dorsal view; L: same as K, lateral view; M: Striped/four-spotted yellow mixed morph, dorsal view; N: same as M, lateral view; O: Four-spotted yellow morph with a hourglass shape medially on the collum, dorsal view; P: same as O, lateral view; Q: Two-spotted yellow morph, dorsal view; R: same as Q, lateral view; S: Two-spotted yellow morph, with small median spots, dorsal view; T: same as S, lateral view. Not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158984/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Figs 2</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFC5FFDFED7E40D9FD43FA34" box="[632,648,1466,1491]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,926,948]" captionTargetBox="[154,1431,198,899]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,195,904]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Müllerian mimicry between Apheloria polychroma n. sp. and Brachoria mendota Keeton, 1959 at Natural Tunnel State Park, Scott County, Virginia. The resemblance between the model species (A. polychroma n. sp.) and the mimic species (B. mendota) is one of the most accurate instances of ‘impressionistic’ imitation in the Appalachian xystodesmid mimicry system." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158990/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">5</figureCitation>
). There are frequently several color morphs of the species at a single locality, and as color varies considerably, it should be used with caution as a diagnostic character for this species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3766575FFC5FFD1EFC14361FA8EFA76" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="418" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD336FEFFC5FFDFEFC14361FC8AF9FC" blockId="7.[151,1437,890,2034]" box="[199,833,1538,1563]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC5FFDFEFC14361FE9AF9FC" bold="true" box="[199,337,1538,1563]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Description</emphasis>
. Based on 
<typeStatus id="54D7885CFFC5FFDFEEC84361FDFDF9FC" box="[462,566,1538,1563]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
(
<specimenCount id="9D6AFD77FFC5FFDFED404360FD97F9FC" box="[582,604,1539,1563]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
) FMNH-INS60792.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD336FEFFC5FFDFEFC14345FB20F9D8" blockId="7.[151,1437,890,2034]" box="[199,1259,1574,1599]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC5FFDFEFC14345FEBDF9D8" bold="true" box="[199,374,1574,1599]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Measurements</emphasis>
: BL = 48.70, CW = 7.50, IW = 4.10, ISW = 1.00, B11W = 9.50, B11H = 5.40.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD336FEFFC5FFDFEFC14329FE69F8FD" blockId="7.[151,1437,890,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC5FFDFEFC14329FECCF984" bold="true" box="[199,263,1610,1635]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Head</emphasis>
: Antennae extending posteriorly to anterior margin of 3rd tergite, relative antennomere lengths 2&gt;5&gt;3&gt;4&gt;6&gt;1&gt;7. Antennae with 4 sensillum 
<typeStatus id="54D7885CFFC5FFDFEDA7430CFD14F960" box="[673,735,1647,1671]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">types</typeStatus>
, sensillum shafts smooth without barbules. Four apical cones (
<collectingCountry id="F37B766EFFC5FFDFEF9943F0FF0EF94C" box="[159,197,1683,1707]" name="American Samoa" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">AS</collectingCountry>
) in square cluster on 7th antennomere. Chaetiform sensilla (CS) on antennomeres 5–7. Antennomeres 1–4 smooth with sparse vestiture of CS. Trichoid sensilla (TS) on antennomeres 1–7, coronally encircling apex. Spiniform basiconic sensilla (Bs2) in clusters of 15 on apical dorsal (retrolateral) surface of antennomeres 5, 6; Bs2 shaft 1/10 length of CS.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD336FEFFC5FFD0EFC14246FCE8FF32" blockId="7.[151,1437,890,2034]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="417" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC5FFDFEFC14246FEE4F8D9" bold="true" box="[199,303,1829,1854]" pageId="7" pageNumber="416">Tergites:</emphasis>
Collum with straight cephalic edge, abruptly tapering laterally. Collum with carina present on anterolateral margins, absent medially. Caudolateral corners of paranota rounded cephalically on body rings 1–4; acute, projecting caudally on body rings 5–19. Caudolateral corners of paranota 7–19 with small posteriorprojecting nubbin. Paranota dorsal surface loosely wrinkled, appearing leathery. Ozopores oriented dorsolaterally. Pore formula normal: 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15–19. Paranota with anterodorsal region scooped out. Gonapophyses cylindrical apically. Pleural tubercle absent, with slight swelling between paranotal base and spiracle. Sterna without posteriorly projecting spines, with slightly curved caudal margin. Sterna 2–11 sparsely setose (ca. 10 setae), sterna 12–18 lacking setae, ventral surface smooth.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF136676FFCAFFD0EF914308FBD5F93B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158982/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="417" targetBox="[162,1420,273,1607]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BD336FEFFCAFFD0EF914308FBD5F93B" blockId="8.[151,1436,1643,1756]" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCAFFD0EF914308FEC7F966" bold="true" box="[151,268,1643,1665]" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
. Population phylogeny of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFCAFFD0ED1E4308FD30F966" authority="Marek &amp; Means &amp; Hennen, 2018" authorityName="Marek &amp; Means &amp; Hennen" authorityYear="2018" box="[536,763,1643,1665]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="417" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polychroma" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCAFFD0ED1E4308FD30F966" box="[536,763,1643,1665]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">Apheloria polychroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B5797FFCAFFD0EC074308FCF1F966" box="[769,826,1643,1665]" pageId="8" pageNumber="417" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCAFFD0EC074308FCF1F966" bold="true" box="[769,826,1643,1665]" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
Colored circles denote color morphs. Legend (bottom right) illustrates the millipede’s ninth body ring for each color morph. Tree rooted with 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFCAFFD0ECFC43EAFAA5F978" authority="Chamberlin, 1939" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1939" box="[1018,1390,1673,1695]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="417" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tigana">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCAFFD0ECFC43EAFB61F978" box="[1018,1194,1673,1695]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">Apheloria tigana</emphasis>
Chamberlin, 1939
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFCAFFD0EF9143CBFDC1F959" authority="(Bollman, 1887)" authorityName="Bollman" authorityYear="1887" baseAuthorityName="Bollman" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[151,522,1704,1726]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="417" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montana">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCAFFD0EF9143CBFE97F959" box="[151,348,1704,1726]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">Apheloria montana</emphasis>
(Bollman, 1887)
</taxonomicName>
(their branches omitted). Scale bar: 0.2 expected substitutions per site. Asterisks indicate posterior probability ≥ 0.95. Inset, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFCAFFD0EEF143A5FD97F93B" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1921" box="[503,604,1734,1756]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="8" pageNumber="417" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCAFFD0EEF143A5FD97F93B" box="[503,604,1734,1756]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">Apheloria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species tree from Means and Marek (2017).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD336FEFFCAFFD1EFC14267FCACFE4B" blockId="8.[151,1436,1796,2037]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,2028]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="418" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCAFFD0EFC14267FE8BF8FA" bold="true" box="[199,320,1796,1821]" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">Gonopods</emphasis>
: In situ configuration—Acropodite base projected posteroventrally, curved anteromedially in smooth O-shaped form (
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFCAFFD0EEB0424BFDF2F8A7" box="[438,569,1832,1857]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1937,1959]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,1387,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[150,1436,1385,1916]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Apheloria polychroma n. sp. holotype ♂ left gonopod (FMNH-INS60792). A: Anterior view, arrow = prefemoral process; B: Posterior view, bottom arrow = cannula, top arrow = prostatic groove at acropodite base; C: Medial view, arrow = point at prefemur where acropodite bends 90° posteriorly.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158986/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
). Terminal arc of acropodite oriented ventrolaterally. O-shaped arc nearly closed, gap 1/8 length of circumference between prefemoral process and apex (
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFCAFFD0EB14422FFB47F882" box="[1042,1164,1868,1893]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1937,1959]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,1387,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[150,1436,1385,1916]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Apheloria polychroma n. sp. holotype ♂ left gonopod (FMNH-INS60792). A: Anterior view, arrow = prefemoral process; B: Posterior view, bottom arrow = cannula, top arrow = prostatic groove at acropodite base; C: Medial view, arrow = point at prefemur where acropodite bends 90° posteriorly.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158986/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
). Right, left acropodites crossed midlength, appearing intertwined. Gonocoxae with conical protuberance apically, telopodites arising subapically. Telopodites—Prefemur with thin sharp prefemoral process, one-ninth length of acropodite, with apex tapered to sharp curved point, sickle-shaped, width at base 1/4 its length (
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFCAFFD0ECE842DBFB82F837" box="[1006,1097,1976,2001]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1937,1959]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,1387,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[150,1436,1385,1916]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Apheloria polychroma n. sp. holotype ♂ left gonopod (FMNH-INS60792). A: Anterior view, arrow = prefemoral process; B: Posterior view, bottom arrow = cannula, top arrow = prostatic groove at acropodite base; C: Medial view, arrow = point at prefemur where acropodite bends 90° posteriorly.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158986/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
, arrow). Acropodite bent 90° posteriorly at prefemur (
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFCAFFD0EEB342BFFDDAF812" box="[437,529,2012,2037]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1937,1959]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,1387,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[150,1436,1385,1916]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Apheloria polychroma n. sp. holotype ♂ left gonopod (FMNH-INS60792). A: Anterior view, arrow = prefemoral process; B: Posterior view, bottom arrow = cannula, top arrow = prostatic groove at acropodite base; C: Medial view, arrow = point at prefemur where acropodite bends 90° posteriorly.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158986/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
, arrow), prostatic groove arcs 90° from cannula to acropodite base (
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFCAFFD0EA3A42BFFA5CF812" box="[1340,1431,2012,2037]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1937,1959]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,1387,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[150,1436,1385,1916]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Apheloria polychroma n. sp. holotype ♂ left gonopod (FMNH-INS60792). A: Anterior view, arrow = prefemoral process; B: Posterior view, bottom arrow = cannula, top arrow = prostatic groove at acropodite base; C: Medial view, arrow = point at prefemur where acropodite bends 90° posteriorly.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158986/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="417">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
, arrows). Gonopodal acropodite narrow, half width of tibia on leg pair 9, tapered to curved acuminate apex. Acropodite with ventrobasal surface facing anterolaterally. Acropodite base without spines on dorsal surface. Acropodal basal and apical ventral surfaces not coplanar, apical surface facing ventrolaterally; anterior twist absent (
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFCBFFD1EF994467FF3CFEFB" box="[159,247,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1937,1959]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,1387,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[150,1436,1385,1916]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Apheloria polychroma n. sp. holotype ♂ left gonopod (FMNH-INS60792). A: Anterior view, arrow = prefemoral process; B: Posterior view, bottom arrow = cannula, top arrow = prostatic groove at acropodite base; C: Medial view, arrow = point at prefemur where acropodite bends 90° posteriorly.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158986/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
). Acropodal ventral surface flat, not swollen, smooth. Acropodite without midlength transverse groove, or cingulum. Acropodite shaft of uniform width, tapered to acuminate apex distal to region with setae. Acropodite elliptical in cross-section, tapered acuminate apex thinner, transparent. Acropodite margin rounded, lacking sharp edge; marginal teeth absent. Apical 1/9 of acropodite recurved, J-shaped, projecting cephalically (
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFCBFFD1EA36440CFA44FE6F" box="[1328,1423,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1937,1959]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,1387,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[150,1436,1385,1916]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Apheloria polychroma n. sp. holotype ♂ left gonopod (FMNH-INS60792). A: Anterior view, arrow = prefemoral process; B: Posterior view, bottom arrow = cannula, top arrow = prostatic groove at acropodite base; C: Medial view, arrow = point at prefemur where acropodite bends 90° posteriorly.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158986/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
). Acropodite region with setae about 1/3 its total length (
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFCBFFD1EC0444F7FC92FE4B" box="[770,857,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1937,1959]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,1387,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[150,1436,1385,1916]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Apheloria polychroma n. sp. holotype ♂ left gonopod (FMNH-INS60792). A: Anterior view, arrow = prefemoral process; B: Posterior view, bottom arrow = cannula, top arrow = prostatic groove at acropodite base; C: Medial view, arrow = point at prefemur where acropodite bends 90° posteriorly.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158986/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD336FEFFCBFFD1EFC144DBFEB7FE13" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Paratype (♀) FMNH-INS71228—Measurements: BL = 50.30, CW = 8.00, IW = 4.80, ISW = 1.40, B10W = 11.81, B10H = 7.10.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD336FEFFCBFFD1EFC1449CFB8EFD87" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCBFFD1EFC1449CFE85FDFF" bold="true" box="[199,334,511,536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Cyphopods</emphasis>
: Cyphopod receptacle (at its greatest breadth) equal in width to prefemur length. Receptacle heartshaped, pointed end facing medially. Cyphopodal valves symmetric, anterior valve slightly more convex. Cyphopods with valvular suture facing laterally, without midlength ramp-like swell.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD336FEFFCBFFD1EFC1470FFA8EFA76" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCBFFD1EFC1470FFEFEFD62" bold="true" box="[199,309,620,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Variation</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFCBFFD1EE4A470FFD85FD63" authorityName="Marek &amp; Means &amp; Hennen" authorityYear="2018" box="[332,590,620,644]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polychroma">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCBFFD1EE4A470FFD85FD63" box="[332,590,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Apheloria polychroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from the Cumberland Mountain Thrust Block region at the confluence of southwestern 
<collectingRegion id="49A8F81CFFCBFFD1EED647ECFDE5FD4F" box="[464,558,655,680]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Virginia</collectingRegion>
, northeastern 
<collectingRegion id="49A8F81CFFCBFFD1EDCF47F3FCF4FD40" box="[713,831,656,679]" country="United States of America" name="Tennessee" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Tennessee</collectingRegion>
, and southeastern 
<collectingRegion id="49A8F81CFFCBFFD1EB0C47ECFBBCFD4F" box="[1034,1143,655,680]" country="United States of America" name="Kentucky" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Kentucky</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFCBFFD1EB8047ECFB02FD4F" box="[1158,1225,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1766,1788]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,1090,1744]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1437,1090,1744]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Distribution map of Apheloria polychroma n. sp. collection localities in the Cumberland Mountain Thrust region. Inset: continental location of the distribution of A. polychroma n. sp. (black-filled outline) in the eastern U.S. encompassed by the Central Appalachians (green fill) and Ridge and Valley Ecoregions (yellow fill) (Level III, Omernik (1987))." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158992/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). There are at least six color morphs with substantial variation in coloration between them: (1) four-spotted, with yellow to orange paranotal, metatergal, prozonal and collum spots, and legs and collum often completely yellow and sometimes with red legs (
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFCBFFD1EE06479AFE03FCF5" box="[256,456,761,786]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1098,1120]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,196,1074]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[152,1435,193,1077]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 2. Apheloria polychroma n. sp. color morphs. A: Four-spotted yellow morph with red legs, dorsal view; B: same, lateral view; C: same body color as A, but yellow legs, yellow collum, dorsal view; D: same as C, lateral view; E: Four-spotted orange morph with orange legs and entirely orange collum, dorsal view; F: same as E, lateral view; G: Striped yellow morph, dorsal view; H: same as G, lateral view; I: Three-spotted white morph with red legs, dorsal view; J: same as I, lateral view; K: Three-spotted light yellow morph with orange/yellow legs dorsal view; L: same as K, lateral view; M: Striped/four-spotted yellow mixed morph, dorsal view; N: same as M, lateral view; O: Four-spotted yellow morph with a hourglass shape medially on the collum, dorsal view; P: same as O, lateral view; Q: Two-spotted yellow morph, dorsal view; R: same as Q, lateral view; S: Two-spotted yellow morph, with small median spots, dorsal view; T: same as S, lateral view. Not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158984/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Figs 2A–F, M–O</figureCitation>
); (2) striped, with yellow metatergal, paranotal, anterior collum stripes, and legs (
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFCBFFD1EA6C479AFF16FCD1" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1098,1120]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,196,1074]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[152,1435,193,1077]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 2. Apheloria polychroma n. sp. color morphs. A: Four-spotted yellow morph with red legs, dorsal view; B: same, lateral view; C: same body color as A, but yellow legs, yellow collum, dorsal view; D: same as C, lateral view; E: Four-spotted orange morph with orange legs and entirely orange collum, dorsal view; F: same as E, lateral view; G: Striped yellow morph, dorsal view; H: same as G, lateral view; I: Three-spotted white morph with red legs, dorsal view; J: same as I, lateral view; K: Three-spotted light yellow morph with orange/yellow legs dorsal view; L: same as K, lateral view; M: Striped/four-spotted yellow mixed morph, dorsal view; N: same as M, lateral view; O: Four-spotted yellow morph with a hourglass shape medially on the collum, dorsal view; P: same as O, lateral view; Q: Two-spotted yellow morph, dorsal view; R: same as Q, lateral view; S: Two-spotted yellow morph, with small median spots, dorsal view; T: same as S, lateral view. Not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158984/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Figs 2G, H</figureCitation>
); (3) three-spotted, with creamy white paranotal, metatergal and collum spots, and red legs (
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFCBFFD1EBF1467EFAAFFCD1" box="[1271,1380,797,822]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1098,1120]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,196,1074]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[152,1435,193,1077]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 2. Apheloria polychroma n. sp. color morphs. A: Four-spotted yellow morph with red legs, dorsal view; B: same, lateral view; C: same body color as A, but yellow legs, yellow collum, dorsal view; D: same as C, lateral view; E: Four-spotted orange morph with orange legs and entirely orange collum, dorsal view; F: same as E, lateral view; G: Striped yellow morph, dorsal view; H: same as G, lateral view; I: Three-spotted white morph with red legs, dorsal view; J: same as I, lateral view; K: Three-spotted light yellow morph with orange/yellow legs dorsal view; L: same as K, lateral view; M: Striped/four-spotted yellow mixed morph, dorsal view; N: same as M, lateral view; O: Four-spotted yellow morph with a hourglass shape medially on the collum, dorsal view; P: same as O, lateral view; Q: Two-spotted yellow morph, dorsal view; R: same as Q, lateral view; S: Two-spotted yellow morph, with small median spots, dorsal view; T: same as S, lateral view. Not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158984/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">
Figs 
<date id="FFD2103EFFCBFFD1EA37467DFA81FCD1" box="[1329,1354,798,822]" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">2I</date>
, J
</figureCitation>
); (4) three-spotted, with yellow paranotal, metatergal and collum spots, and red or yellow legs (
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFCBFFD1EB924623FAD9FCBF" box="[1172,1298,832,857]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1098,1120]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,196,1074]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[152,1435,193,1077]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 2. Apheloria polychroma n. sp. color morphs. A: Four-spotted yellow morph with red legs, dorsal view; B: same, lateral view; C: same body color as A, but yellow legs, yellow collum, dorsal view; D: same as C, lateral view; E: Four-spotted orange morph with orange legs and entirely orange collum, dorsal view; F: same as E, lateral view; G: Striped yellow morph, dorsal view; H: same as G, lateral view; I: Three-spotted white morph with red legs, dorsal view; J: same as I, lateral view; K: Three-spotted light yellow morph with orange/yellow legs dorsal view; L: same as K, lateral view; M: Striped/four-spotted yellow mixed morph, dorsal view; N: same as M, lateral view; O: Four-spotted yellow morph with a hourglass shape medially on the collum, dorsal view; P: same as O, lateral view; Q: Two-spotted yellow morph, dorsal view; R: same as Q, lateral view; S: Two-spotted yellow morph, with small median spots, dorsal view; T: same as S, lateral view. Not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158984/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Figs 2K, L</figureCitation>
; 5A, B); (5) striped/four-spotted mix, superimposition of striped and four-spotted yellow morphs (
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFCBFFD1EB6A4607FB3DFC9A" box="[1132,1270,868,893]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1098,1120]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,196,1074]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[152,1435,193,1077]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 2. Apheloria polychroma n. sp. color morphs. A: Four-spotted yellow morph with red legs, dorsal view; B: same, lateral view; C: same body color as A, but yellow legs, yellow collum, dorsal view; D: same as C, lateral view; E: Four-spotted orange morph with orange legs and entirely orange collum, dorsal view; F: same as E, lateral view; G: Striped yellow morph, dorsal view; H: same as G, lateral view; I: Three-spotted white morph with red legs, dorsal view; J: same as I, lateral view; K: Three-spotted light yellow morph with orange/yellow legs dorsal view; L: same as K, lateral view; M: Striped/four-spotted yellow mixed morph, dorsal view; N: same as M, lateral view; O: Four-spotted yellow morph with a hourglass shape medially on the collum, dorsal view; P: same as O, lateral view; Q: Two-spotted yellow morph, dorsal view; R: same as Q, lateral view; S: Two-spotted yellow morph, with small median spots, dorsal view; T: same as S, lateral view. Not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158984/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Figs 2M, N</figureCitation>
); and (6) twospotted, with yellow paranotal spots, and red or yellow legs (
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFCBFFD1EC5446E4FC19FC47" box="[850,978,903,928]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1098,1120]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,196,1074]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[152,1435,193,1077]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 2. Apheloria polychroma n. sp. color morphs. A: Four-spotted yellow morph with red legs, dorsal view; B: same, lateral view; C: same body color as A, but yellow legs, yellow collum, dorsal view; D: same as C, lateral view; E: Four-spotted orange morph with orange legs and entirely orange collum, dorsal view; F: same as E, lateral view; G: Striped yellow morph, dorsal view; H: same as G, lateral view; I: Three-spotted white morph with red legs, dorsal view; J: same as I, lateral view; K: Three-spotted light yellow morph with orange/yellow legs dorsal view; L: same as K, lateral view; M: Striped/four-spotted yellow mixed morph, dorsal view; N: same as M, lateral view; O: Four-spotted yellow morph with a hourglass shape medially on the collum, dorsal view; P: same as O, lateral view; Q: Two-spotted yellow morph, dorsal view; R: same as Q, lateral view; S: Two-spotted yellow morph, with small median spots, dorsal view; T: same as S, lateral view. Not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158984/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Figs 2Q–T</figureCitation>
). Some three-spotted yellow individuals possess faint metatergal spots, appearing nearly two-spotted (
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFCBFFD1EC4346C8FC51FC24" box="[837,922,939,964]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1098,1120]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,196,1074]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[152,1435,193,1077]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 2. Apheloria polychroma n. sp. color morphs. A: Four-spotted yellow morph with red legs, dorsal view; B: same, lateral view; C: same body color as A, but yellow legs, yellow collum, dorsal view; D: same as C, lateral view; E: Four-spotted orange morph with orange legs and entirely orange collum, dorsal view; F: same as E, lateral view; G: Striped yellow morph, dorsal view; H: same as G, lateral view; I: Three-spotted white morph with red legs, dorsal view; J: same as I, lateral view; K: Three-spotted light yellow morph with orange/yellow legs dorsal view; L: same as K, lateral view; M: Striped/four-spotted yellow mixed morph, dorsal view; N: same as M, lateral view; O: Four-spotted yellow morph with a hourglass shape medially on the collum, dorsal view; P: same as O, lateral view; Q: Two-spotted yellow morph, dorsal view; R: same as Q, lateral view; S: Two-spotted yellow morph, with small median spots, dorsal view; T: same as S, lateral view. Not to scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158984/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Fig. 2S</figureCitation>
). The dorsal color of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFCBFFD1EB8C46C8FAE5FC24" authorityName="Marek &amp; Means &amp; Hennen" authorityYear="2018" box="[1162,1326,939,963]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polychroma">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCBFFD1EB8C46C8FAE5FC24" box="[1162,1326,939,963]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">A. polychroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is always yellow and black; however, the pattern varies from two, three, or four maculae, to metatergal stripes. The hue consists of variations of yellow: from light cream-white to brilliantly saturated yellow. Based on the molecular phylogeny of populations of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFCBFFD1EEEF4175FD5AFBCA" authorityName="Marek &amp; Means &amp; Hennen" authorityYear="2018" box="[489,657,1045,1069]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polychroma">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCBFFD1EEEF4175FD5AFBCA" box="[489,657,1045,1069]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">A. polychroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFCBFFD1EDA24176FD22FBC9" box="[676,745,1045,1070]" captionStart="FIGURE1" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1643,1665]" captionTargetBox="[162,1420,273,1607]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1437,265,1621]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE1. Population phylogeny of Apheloria polychroma n. sp. Colored circles denotecolor morphs.Legend (bottomright) illustrates the millipede’s ninth body ring for each color morph. Tree rooted with Apheloria tigana Chamberlin, 1939 and Apheloria montana (Bollman, 1887) (their branches omitted). Scale bar: 0.2 expected substitutions per site. Asterisks indicate posterior probability ≥ 0.95. Inset, Apheloria species tree from Means and Marek (2017)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158982/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), some individuals that share a uniform mitochondrial 16S sequence possess three distinct color morphs (morphs 1, 2 and 5 from above). The color morphs lack phylogenetic conservation, whereby individuals sharing the same aposematic appearance are not monophyletic (
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFCBFFD1EA44413FFA40FB92" box="[1346,1419,1116,1141]" captionStart="FIGURE1" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1643,1665]" captionTargetBox="[162,1420,273,1607]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1437,265,1621]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE1. Population phylogeny of Apheloria polychroma n. sp. Colored circles denotecolor morphs.Legend (bottomright) illustrates the millipede’s ninth body ring for each color morph. Tree rooted with Apheloria tigana Chamberlin, 1939 and Apheloria montana (Bollman, 1887) (their branches omitted). Scale bar: 0.2 expected substitutions per site. Asterisks indicate posterior probability ≥ 0.95. Inset, Apheloria species tree from Means and Marek (2017)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158982/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Evolutionary shifts between colors, based on reconstructing color morphs on a phylogeny using parsimony, occurred frequently with ca. 29 changes (
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFCBFFD1ED6A41C0FD65FB5B" box="[620,686,1187,1212]" captionStart="FIGURE1" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1643,1665]" captionTargetBox="[162,1420,273,1607]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1437,265,1621]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE1. Population phylogeny of Apheloria polychroma n. sp. Colored circles denotecolor morphs.Legend (bottomright) illustrates the millipede’s ninth body ring for each color morph. Tree rooted with Apheloria tigana Chamberlin, 1939 and Apheloria montana (Bollman, 1887) (their branches omitted). Scale bar: 0.2 expected substitutions per site. Asterisks indicate posterior probability ≥ 0.95. Inset, Apheloria species tree from Means and Marek (2017)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158982/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFCBFFD1EDC141C0FBFDFB5B" authority="Keeton, 1959" authorityName="Keeton" authorityYear="1959" box="[711,1078,1187,1212]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Brachoria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentata">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCBFFD1EDC141C0FC5DFB5C" box="[711,918,1187,1211]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Brachoria dentata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD4B0FFFCBFFD1EC9841C7FBFDFB5B" author="Keeton" box="[926,1078,1187,1212]" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" refString="Keeton, W. T. (1959) A revision of the millipede genus Brachoria (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 109, 1 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.109 - 3411.1" type="journal article" year="1959">Keeton, 1959</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
mimics 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFCBFFD1EB9E41C7FAF6FB5C" authorityName="Marek &amp; Means &amp; Hennen" authorityYear="2018" box="[1176,1341,1187,1211]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polychroma">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCBFFD1EB9E41C7FAF6FB5C" box="[1176,1341,1187,1211]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">A. polychroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in color and pattern at six of the seven localities where they were found to co-occur. The other five species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFCBFFD1EBF841A4FABAFB38" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1939" box="[1278,1393,1223,1247]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Brachoria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCBFFD1EBF841A4FABAFB38" box="[1278,1393,1223,1247]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Brachoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cooccur at fewer localities. There is typical sexual size dimorphism between males and females, and negligible variation of measurements within sex. Measurements: 
<specimenCount id="9D6AFD77FFCBFFD1EDFF406CFCC5FAC1" box="[761,782,1295,1318]" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
(n = 10) BL = 37.80–49.45 (45.68/3.45). CW = 6.90–8.80 (7.58/0.63). IW = 4.10–5.00 (4.63/0.30). ISW = 1.00–1.40 (1.20/0.13). B10W = 8.80–10.79 (10.11/0.82). B10H = 4.60–6.10 (5.66/0.65). 
<specimenCount id="9D6AFD77FFCBFFD1EE984036FE78FA8B" box="[414,435,1365,1388]" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
(n = 7) BL = 41.60–50.30 (46.67/3.07). CW = 6.60–8.30 (7.63/0.59). IW = 4.70–5.40 (5.01/0.29). ISW = 1.20–1.40 (1.31/0.09). B10W = 9.10–11.81 (10.64/0.96). B10H = 6.10–7.10 (6.4/0.37).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3766575FFCBFFD1EFC140F8FA57F8B9" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BD336FEFFCBFFD1EFC140F8FA57F8B9" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCBFFD1EFC140F8FEEFFA53" bold="true" box="[199,292,1435,1460]" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Ecology</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFCBFFD1EE3A40FFFD89FA53" authorityName="Marek &amp; Means &amp; Hennen" authorityYear="2018" box="[316,578,1436,1460]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polychroma">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCBFFD1EE3A40FFFD89FA53" box="[316,578,1436,1460]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Apheloria polychroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
individuals were collected in mesic broadleaf deciduous forests and occasionally in more xeric glades, for example The Cedars Natural Area Preserve in Lee County, 
<collectingRegion id="49A8F81CFFCBFFD1EA0B40DCFAA3FA3F" box="[1293,1384,1471,1496]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Virginia</collectingRegion>
that consists of karst overlain with a mixed deciduous and 
<collectingRegion id="49A8F81CFFCBFFD1EC344080FC4DFA1D" box="[818,902,1507,1530]" country="American Samoa" name="Eastern" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Eastern</collectingRegion>
Red Cedar forest (
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFCBFFD1EB704080FAADFA1D" box="[1142,1382,1507,1530]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Juniperus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="virginiana">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCBFFD1EB704080FAADFA1D" box="[1142,1382,1507,1530]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Juniperus virginiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.). Individuals were encountered beneath decomposing leaves and walking atop detritus on the forest floor. Individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFCBFFD1EE394349FE2DF9A6" authorityName="Marek &amp; Means &amp; Hennen" authorityYear="2018" box="[319,486,1577,1601]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polychroma">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCBFFD1EE394349FE2DF9A6" box="[319,486,1577,1601]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">A. polychroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were more often exposed to view than other apheloriines, bolder in behavior, and were more likely to thrash when disturbed. When handled, individuals would emit copious amounts of defense secretions. Due to similarity in color patterns and overlap in distribution, 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFCBFFD1ECE44312FB43F96F" authorityName="Marek &amp; Means &amp; Hennen" authorityYear="2018" box="[994,1160,1648,1672]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polychroma">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCBFFD1ECE44312FB43F96F" box="[994,1160,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">A. polychroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be confused in the field with six species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFCBFFD1EEBB43F7FDFBF94B" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1939" box="[445,560,1684,1708]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Brachoria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCBFFD1EEBB43F7FDFBF94B" box="[445,560,1684,1708]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Brachoria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which include 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFCBFFD1EDE943F7FBA7F94A" authority="Keeton, 1959" authorityName="Keeton" authorityYear="1959" box="[751,1132,1684,1709]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Brachoria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentata">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCBFFD1EDE943F7FC0AF94B" box="[751,961,1684,1708]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Brachoria dentata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD4B0FFFCBFFD1ECCB43F6FBA7F94A" author="Keeton" box="[973,1132,1684,1709]" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" refString="Keeton, W. T. (1959) A revision of the millipede genus Brachoria (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 109, 1 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.109 - 3411.1" type="journal article" year="1959">Keeton, 1959</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFCBFFD1EB7D43F7FF18F937" authority="Keeton, 1959" authorityName="Keeton" authorityYear="1959" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Brachoria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cedra">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCBFFD1EB7D43F7FAF2F94B" box="[1147,1337,1684,1708]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Brachoria cedra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD4B0FFFCBFFD1EA4243F6FF18F937" author="Keeton" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" refString="Keeton, W. T. (1959) A revision of the millipede genus Brachoria (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 109, 1 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.109 - 3411.1" type="journal article" year="1959">Keeton, 1959</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFCBFFD1EFD843D4FD94F937" authority="Keeton, 1959" authorityName="Keeton" authorityYear="1959" box="[222,607,1719,1744]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Brachoria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hoffmani">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCBFFD1EFD843D4FE76F928" box="[222,445,1719,1743]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Brachoria hoffmani</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD4B0FFFCBFFD1EEC243DBFD94F937" author="Keeton" box="[452,607,1719,1744]" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" refString="Keeton, W. T. (1959) A revision of the millipede genus Brachoria (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 109, 1 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.109 - 3411.1" type="journal article" year="1959">Keeton, 1959</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFCBFFD1ED6A43D4FC16F937" authority="Keeton, 1959" authorityName="Keeton" authorityYear="1959" box="[620,989,1719,1744]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Brachoria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insolita">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCBFFD1ED6A43D4FCF1F928" box="[620,826,1719,1743]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Brachoria insolita</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD4B0FFFCBFFD1EC4443DBFC16F937" author="Keeton" box="[834,989,1719,1744]" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" refString="Keeton, W. T. (1959) A revision of the millipede genus Brachoria (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 109, 1 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.109 - 3411.1" type="journal article" year="1959">Keeton, 1959</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFCBFFD1ECEF43D4FAA3F937" authority="Keeton, 1959" authorityName="Keeton" authorityYear="1959" box="[1001,1384,1719,1744]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Brachoria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mendota">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCBFFD1ECEF43D4FB0FF928" box="[1001,1220,1719,1743]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Brachoria mendota</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD4B0FFFCBFFD1EBCA43DBFAA3F937" author="Keeton" box="[1228,1384,1719,1744]" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" refString="Keeton, W. T. (1959) A revision of the millipede genus Brachoria (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 109, 1 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.109 - 3411.1" type="journal article" year="1959">Keeton, 1959</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFCBFFD1EF9143B8FE31F914" authority="Marek, 2010" authorityName="Marek" authorityYear="2010" box="[151,506,1755,1780]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Brachoria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sheari">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCBFFD1EF9143B8FE91F914" box="[151,346,1755,1779]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Brachoria sheari</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD4B0FFFCBFFD1EE6243B8FE31F914" author="Marek" box="[356,506,1755,1780]" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" refString="Marek, P. E. (2010) A revision of the Appalachian millipede genus Brachoria Chamberlin, 1939 (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae: Apheloriini). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 159, 817 - 889. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00633. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Marek, 2010</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Mimetic resemblance between individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFCBFFD1EB1143B8FB75F914" authorityName="Marek &amp; Means &amp; Hennen" authorityYear="2018" box="[1047,1214,1755,1779]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polychroma">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCBFFD1EB1143B8FB75F914" box="[1047,1214,1755,1779]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">A. polychroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFCBFFD1EBFD43BFFAB6F914" authorityName="Keeton" authorityYear="1959" box="[1275,1405,1755,1779]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Brachoria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mendota">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCBFFD1EBFD43BFFAB6F914" box="[1275,1405,1755,1779]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">B. mendota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at Natural Tunnel State Park (Scott County, 
<collectingRegion id="49A8F81CFFCBFFD1ED7A439DFD12F8F0" box="[636,729,1790,1815]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Virginia</collectingRegion>
) is one of the most accurate in the mimicry system (
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFCBFFD1EA40439DFA46F8F0" box="[1350,1421,1790,1815]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,926,948]" captionTargetBox="[154,1431,198,899]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,195,904]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Müllerian mimicry between Apheloria polychroma n. sp. and Brachoria mendota Keeton, 1959 at Natural Tunnel State Park, Scott County, Virginia. The resemblance between the model species (A. polychroma n. sp.) and the mimic species (B. mendota) is one of the most accurate instances of ‘impressionistic’ imitation in the Appalachian xystodesmid mimicry system." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158990/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFCBFFD1EF914241FE5FF8DD" authorityName="Marek &amp; Means &amp; Hennen" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,404,1826,1850]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polychroma">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCBFFD1EF914241FE5FF8DD" box="[151,404,1826,1850]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Apheloria polychroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from these taxa in the gonopod morphology, e.g. by the absence of a cingulum, or a midlength transverse groove on the acropodite, and presence of an O-shaped telopodite (
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFCBFFD1EA104226FA45F8B9" box="[1302,1422,1861,1886]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1937,1959]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,1387,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[150,1436,1385,1916]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 3. Apheloria polychroma n. sp. holotype ♂ left gonopod (FMNH-INS60792). A: Anterior view, arrow = prefemoral process; B: Posterior view, bottom arrow = cannula, top arrow = prostatic groove at acropodite base; C: Medial view, arrow = point at prefemur where acropodite bends 90° posteriorly.Scale bar = 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158986/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Fig. 3A, B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3766575FFCBFFD3EFC1420BFF2BF84F" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="420" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BD336FEFFCBFFD1EFC1420BFBC3F80B" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCBFFD1EFC1420BFE92F866" bold="true" box="[199,345,1896,1921]" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Distribution</emphasis>
. Known from southwestern 
<collectingRegion id="49A8F81CFFCBFFD1EDB4420BFCC6F866" box="[690,781,1896,1921]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Virginia</collectingRegion>
(Lee, Scott, Norton, and Wise Counties), southeastern 
<collectingRegion id="49A8F81CFFCBFFD1EF9142EFFECFF842" box="[151,260,1932,1957]" country="United States of America" name="Kentucky" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Kentucky</collectingRegion>
(Bell and Harlan Counties), and northeastern 
<collectingRegion id="49A8F81CFFCBFFD1EC1242EEFC4CF843" box="[788,903,1933,1956]" country="United States of America" name="Tennessee" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Tennessee</collectingRegion>
(Campbell, Claiborne, and Hancock Counties, 
<figureCitation id="13572A7BFFCBFFD1EF9142CCFF11F82F" box="[151,218,1967,1992]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1766,1788]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,1090,1744]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1437,1090,1744]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Distribution map of Apheloria polychroma n. sp. collection localities in the Cumberland Mountain Thrust region. Inset: continental location of the distribution of A. polychroma n. sp. (black-filled outline) in the eastern U.S. encompassed by the Central Appalachians (green fill) and Ridge and Valley Ecoregions (yellow fill) (Level III, Omernik (1987))." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158992/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). The distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFCBFFD1EEC142D3FDA0F82F" authorityName="Marek &amp; Means &amp; Hennen" authorityYear="2018" box="[455,619,1968,1992]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polychroma">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFCBFFD1EEC142D3FDA0F82F" box="[455,619,1968,1992]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="418">A. polychroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is coincident with the boundaries of the High Knob Landform, and more broadly the Cumberland Mountain Thrust Block (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD4B0FFFCBFFD1EDC542B0FCF7F80B" author="Rich" box="[707,828,2003,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" refString="Rich, J. L. (1934) Mechanics of low-angle overthrust faulting as illustrated by Cumberland Thrust Block, Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 18, 1584 - 1596." type="journal article" year="1934">Rich 1934</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD4B0FFFCBFFD1EC4E42B0FC37F80B" author="Browning" box="[840,1020,2003,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="418" refString="Browning, W. (2009) The High Knob Landform. Available from: http: // www. highknoblandform. com (accessed 31 December 2017)" type="journal article" year="2009">Browning 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF136676FFC8FFD2EF914129FB2EFAD0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158984/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="419" targetBox="[156,1431,196,1074]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BD336FEFFC8FFD2EF914129FB2EFAD0" blockId="10.[151,1436,1098,1335]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EF914129FEC5FB87" bold="true" box="[151,270,1098,1120]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC8FFD2EE1A4129FDC9FB87" authority="Marek &amp; Means &amp; Hennen, 2018" authorityName="Marek &amp; Means &amp; Hennen" authorityYear="2018" box="[284,514,1098,1120]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polychroma" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EE1A4129FDC9FB87" box="[284,514,1098,1120]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">Apheloria polychroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B5797FFC8FFD2ED0C4129FD8EFB87" box="[522,581,1098,1120]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2ED0C4129FD8EFB87" bold="true" box="[522,581,1098,1120]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
color morphs. 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EDE24129FD3DFB87" bold="true" box="[740,758,1098,1120]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">A</emphasis>
: Four-spotted yellow morph with red legs, dorsal view; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EA474129FA99FB87" bold="true" box="[1345,1362,1098,1120]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">B</emphasis>
: same, lateral view; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EE1D410AFEE6FB98" bold="true" box="[283,301,1129,1151]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">C</emphasis>
: same body color as A, but yellow legs, yellow collum, dorsal view; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2ECE1410AFC32FB98" bold="true" box="[999,1017,1129,1151]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">D</emphasis>
: same as C, lateral view; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EBFB410AFAC5FB98" bold="true" box="[1277,1294,1129,1151]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">E</emphasis>
: Four-spotted orange morph with orange legs and entirely orange collum, dorsal view; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EC7941E4FC45FB7A" bold="true" box="[895,910,1159,1181]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">F</emphasis>
: same as E, lateral view; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EB9041E4FB61FB7A" bold="true" box="[1174,1194,1159,1181]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">G</emphasis>
: Striped yellow morph, dorsal view; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EE1C41C5FEE5FB5B" bold="true" box="[282,302,1190,1212]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">H</emphasis>
: same as G, lateral view; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2ED3441C5FDF7FB5B" bold="true" box="[562,572,1190,1212]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">I</emphasis>
: Three-spotted white morph with red legs, dorsal view; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EB7141C5FB48FB5B" bold="true" box="[1143,1155,1190,1212]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">J</emphasis>
: same as I, lateral view; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EA8741C5FA5EFB5B" bold="true" box="[1409,1429,1190,1212]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">K</emphasis>
: Three-spotted light yellow morph with orange/yellow legs dorsal view; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EC8241A6FC5EFB3C" bold="true" box="[900,917,1221,1243]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">L</emphasis>
: same as K, lateral view; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EBAF41A6FB0AFB3C" bold="true" box="[1193,1217,1221,1243]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">M</emphasis>
: Striped/four-spotted yellow mixed morph, dorsal view; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EEFD4187FDC6FB1D" bold="true" box="[507,525,1252,1274]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">N</emphasis>
: same as M, lateral view; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EC1F4187FCE6FB1D" bold="true" box="[793,813,1252,1274]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">O</emphasis>
: Four-spotted yellow morph with a hourglass shape medially on the collum, dorsal view; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EEB44061FE0AFAFF" bold="true" box="[434,449,1282,1304]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">P</emphasis>
: same as O, lateral view; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EDC14061FD10FAFF" bold="true" box="[711,731,1282,1304]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">Q</emphasis>
: Two-spotted yellow morph, dorsal view; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EB8C4061FB57FAFF" bold="true" box="[1162,1180,1282,1304]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">R</emphasis>
: same as Q, lateral view; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EF914042FF6EFAD0" bold="true" box="[151,165,1313,1335]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">S</emphasis>
: Two-spotted yellow morph, with small median spots, dorsal view; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EC534042FCAEFAD0" bold="true" box="[853,869,1313,1335]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">T</emphasis>
: same as S, lateral view. Not to scale.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF136676FFC8FFD2EF9142F2FC71F802" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158986/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="419" targetBox="[151,1433,1387,1912]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BD336FEFFC8FFD2EF9142F2FC71F802" blockId="10.[151,1436,1937,2021]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EF9142F2FEC6F840" bold="true" box="[151,269,1937,1959]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC8FFD2EE1C42F2FE35F840" authority="Marek &amp; Means &amp; Hennen, 2018" authorityName="Marek &amp; Means &amp; Hennen" authorityYear="2018" box="[282,510,1937,1959]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="419" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polychroma" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EE1C42F2FE35F840" box="[282,510,1937,1959]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">Apheloria polychroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22B5797FFC8FFD2ED0242F2FDF5F840" box="[516,574,1937,1959]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2ED0242F2FDF5F840" bold="true" box="[516,574,1937,1959]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
holotype ♂ left gonopod (FMNH-INS60792). 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EB1B42F2FBE4F840" bold="true" box="[1053,1071,1937,1959]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">A</emphasis>
: Anterior view, arrow = prefemoral process; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EFF742D3FEC9F821" bold="true" box="[241,258,1968,1990]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">B</emphasis>
: Posterior view, bottom arrow = cannula, top arrow = prostatic groove at acropodite base; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EBA642D3FB79F821" bold="true" box="[1184,1202,1968,1990]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">C</emphasis>
: Medial view, arrow = point at prefemur where acropodite bends 90° posteriorly. 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC8FFD2EDE042ACFC81F802" bold="true" box="[742,842,1999,2021]" pageId="10" pageNumber="419">Scale bar</emphasis>
= 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF136676FFC9FFD3EF9143CCFB6FF8C6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1158988/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="420" targetBox="[335,1250,194,1687]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8BD336FEFFC9FFD3EF9143CCFB6FF8C6" blockId="11.[151,1436,1711,1825]" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC9FFD3EF9143CCFEDDF922" bold="true" box="[151,278,1711,1733]" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC9FFD3EE2A43CCFD72F922" authority="(Bollman, 1887)" authorityName="Bollman" authorityYear="1887" baseAuthorityName="Bollman" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[300,697,1711,1733]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="420" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montana">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC9FFD3EE2A43CCFE31F922" box="[300,506,1711,1733]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">Apheloria montana</emphasis>
(Bollman, 1887)
</taxonomicName>
(VTEC SPC000134), 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC9FFD3ECBA43CCFA89F922" authority="Chamberlin, 1939" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1939" box="[956,1346,1711,1733]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="420" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tigana">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC9FFD3ECBA43CCFBBAF922" box="[956,1137,1711,1733]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">Apheloria tigana</emphasis>
Chamberlin, 1939
</taxonomicName>
(VTEC SPC000312), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC9FFD3EE5243AEFCF0F904" authority="(Wood, 1864)" authorityName="Wood" authorityYear="1864" baseAuthorityName="Wood" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[340,827,1741,1764]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="420" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="virginiensis" subSpecies="corrugata">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC9FFD3EE5243AEFD6FF903" box="[340,676,1741,1764]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">Apheloria virginiensis corrugata</emphasis>
(Wood, 1864)
</taxonomicName>
(VTEC MPE00770) left gonopod. 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC9FFD3EBAA43AEFB75F904" bold="true" box="[1196,1214,1741,1763]" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">A</emphasis>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC9FFD3EBC843ADFA8EF903" baseAuthorityName="Bollman" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[1230,1349,1742,1764]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="420" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montana">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC9FFD3EBC843ADFA8EF903" box="[1230,1349,1742,1764]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">A. montana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
anterior view; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC9FFD3EFD0438FFF2CF8E5" bold="true" box="[214,231,1772,1794]" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">B</emphasis>
: same as A, medial views; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC9FFD3ED07438FFDD8F8E5" bold="true" box="[513,531,1772,1794]" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">C</emphasis>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC9FFD3ED24438EFD4BF8E5" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1939" box="[546,640,1773,1794]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="420" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tigana">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC9FFD3ED24438EFD4BF8E5" box="[546,640,1773,1794]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">A. tigana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
anterior view, arrow = acropodite elbow; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC9FFD3EB29438FFB8AF8E5" bold="true" box="[1071,1089,1772,1794]" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">D</emphasis>
: same as C, medial view; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC9FFD3EA56438FFAAAF8E5" bold="true" box="[1360,1377,1772,1794]" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">E</emphasis>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC9FFD3EA69438EFF37F8C6" baseAuthorityName="Wood" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="420" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="virginiensis" subSpecies="corrugata">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC9FFD3EA69438EFF37F8C6" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">A. v. corrugata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
anterior view; 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC9FFD3EE904268FE6EF8C6" bold="true" box="[406,421,1803,1825]" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">F</emphasis>
: same as E, medial view, arrow = prefemoral process. 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC9FFD3ECD64268FBFFF8C6" bold="true" box="[976,1076,1803,1825]" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">Scale bar</emphasis>
= 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD336FEFFC9FFD3EFC1422BFF2BF84F" blockId="11.[151,1436,1864,2033]" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC9FFD3EFC1422BFEC1F886" bold="true" box="[199,266,1864,1889]" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">Notes</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC9FFD3EE1F422BFDDDF887" authorityName="Marek &amp; Means &amp; Hennen" authorityYear="2018" box="[281,534,1864,1888]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="420" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polychroma">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC9FFD3EE1F422BFDDDF887" box="[281,534,1864,1888]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">Apheloria polychroma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was previously known by the informal names 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC9FFD3EB2C422BFB51F887" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1921" box="[1066,1178,1864,1888]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="420" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC9FFD3EB2C422BFB51F887" box="[1066,1178,1864,1888]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">Apheloria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
“ 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC9FFD3EBA8422BFAEBF887" box="[1198,1312,1864,1888]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">flavissima</emphasis>
” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD4B0FFFC9FFD3EA3A422BFF18F862" author="Hobson" pageId="11" pageNumber="420" refString="Hobson, C. S. (2010) Powell Mountain Karst Preserve: biological inventory of vegetation communities, vascular plants, and selected animal groups. Natural Heritage Technical Report 10 - 12. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage, Richmond, Virginia, 30 pp., appendices. [unpublished report submitted to The Cave Conservancy of the Virginias, April 2010]" type="book" year="2010">Hobson, 2010</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC9FFD3EFE0420FFE9DF863" authority="Stone" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1921" box="[230,342,1900,1924]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="420" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC9FFD3EFE0420FFE9DF863" box="[230,342,1900,1924]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">Apheloria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
“Stone” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD4B0FFFC9FFD3EEC5420FFD7BF862" author="Marek" box="[451,688,1900,1925]" pageId="11" pageNumber="420" refString="Marek, P. E. &amp; Bond, J. E. (2007) A reassessment of apheloriine millipede phylogeny: additional taxa, Bayesian inference, and direct optimization (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). Zootaxa, 1610, 27 - 39." type="journal article" year="2007">Marek &amp; Bond 2007</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD4B0FFFC9FFD3EDBD420EFC7EF862" author="Means" box="[699,949,1900,1925]" pageId="11" pageNumber="420" refString="Means, J. C. &amp; Marek, P. E. (2017) Is geography an accurate predictor of evolutionary history in the millipede family Xystodesmidae? PeerJ, 5, e 3854. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 3854" type="journal article" year="2017">Means &amp; Marek 2017</bibRefCitation>
), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C6C4D7DFFC9FFD3ECF1420FFBACF863" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1921" box="[1015,1127,1900,1924]" class="Diplopoda" family="Xystodesmidae" genus="Apheloria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="11" pageNumber="420" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC9FFD3ECF1420FFBACF863" box="[1015,1127,1900,1924]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">Apheloria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
“Clade A” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFFD4B0FFFC9FFD3EBF7420FFF1FF84F" author="Marek" pageId="11" pageNumber="420" refString="Marek, P. E. &amp; Bond, J. E. (2009) A Mullerian mimicry ring in Appalachian millipedes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 9755 - 9760. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0810408106" type="journal article" year="2009">Marek &amp; Bond 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3766575FFC9FFD3EFC142D7FC64F816" pageId="11" pageNumber="420" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BD336FEFFC9FFD3EFC142D7FC64F816" blockId="11.[151,1436,1864,2033]" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC9FFD3EFC142D7FE8DF82A" bold="true" box="[199,326,1972,1997]" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">Etymology</emphasis>
. This species is named for its extremely variable coloration. The specific name is a noun in apposition derived from the Greek 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC9FFD3ED1942BBFD91F817" box="[543,602,2008,2032]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">polu-</emphasis>
, ‘many’, and 
<emphasis id="B918EAECFFC9FFD3EDF142BBFC87F817" box="[759,844,2008,2032]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="420">khrōma</emphasis>
, ‘color’.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>