168 lines
21 KiB
XML
168 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3791600" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2bb0a745-07bd-4df6-99e7-4d8a6b242aa5" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163977046" ID-ISSN="1313–2970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3791600" ID-ZooBank="DB5973A9-8CF6-400B-87C4-7A4521BD3117" checkinTime="1587971617180" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Dunlop, Jason & Mitov, Plamen" docDate="2009" docId="0392774B78401075B6DD57AEFDBEFE3C" docLanguage="en" docName="ZK_article_2024.pdf" docOrigin="ZooKeys 16" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@18c8ecf5" docStyleName="zookeys.2008.journal_article" docTitle="Lacinius erinaceus Starega 1966" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="368" masterDocId="FFAB0F3378551063B6515743FFCCFF8B" masterDocTitle="Fossil harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) from Bitterfeld amber" masterLastPageNumber="375" masterPageNumber="347" pageId="21" pageNumber="368" updateTime="1643568438625" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Fossil harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) from Bitterfeld amber</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Dunlop, Jason</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Berlin, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mitov, Plamen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Sofia, Sofia ,, Bulgaria</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2009-07-29</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>16</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>347</mods:start>
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<mods:end>375</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.16.224</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">2bb0a745-07bd-4df6-99e7-4d8a6b242aa5</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1313–2970</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576490</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">DB5973A9-8CF6-400B-87C4-7A4521BD3117</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3791600" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163977046" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3791600" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0392774B78401075B6DD57AEFDBEFE3C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0392774B78401075B6DD57AEFDBEFE3C" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="368" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">
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<subSubSection box="[140,540,236,264]" pageId="21" pageNumber="368" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[140,540,236,298]" box="[140,540,236,264]" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">
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<heading box="[140,540,236,264]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="368" reason="3">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,540,236,264]" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">
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¡
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<taxonomicName authority="Starega, 1966" authorityName="Starega" authorityYear="1966" box="[150,540,236,263]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="21" pageNumber="368" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erinaceus">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[150,371,237,263]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">Lacinius erinaceus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Starega" box="[378,540,236,263]" firstAuthor="Starega" pageId="21" pageNumber="368" pagination="387 - 411" refId="ref11714" refString="Starega W (1966) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Weberknecht-Fauna (Opiliones) der Kaukasuslan- der. Annales Zoologici 23: 387 - 411." type="journal article" year="1966">Staręga, 1966</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[140,304,272,298]" pageId="21" pageNumber="368" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[140,540,236,298]" box="[140,304,272,298]" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">
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<figureCitation box="[140,224,272,298]" captionStart="Figures 27-30. 27" captionStartId="23.[139,221,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1538]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[136,1109,165,1539]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figures 27-30. 27 Fossil?Lacinius erinaceus Staręga, 1966, MB.A. 1661, from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene) 28-29 Recent male Lacinius erinaceus Staręga, 1966 (Holotype) in dorsal and lateral view for comparison, revealing an almost identical morphology to the amber fossil 30 Leiobunum longipes Menge, 1854 from Bitterfeld amber, MB.A. 1662. Scale bars equal 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814848" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814848/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">Figs 27</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[236,304,272,298]" captionStart="Figures 31-33" captionStartId="24.[140,222,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[185,1080,177,1537]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[139,1108,165,1541]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figures 31-33. Camera lucida drawings of the specimens shown in 27 and 30. 31?Lacinius erinaceus Staręga, 1966, MB.A. 1661 32 the same detail of ocularium and its spination 33 Leiobunum longipes Menge, 1854, MB.A. 1662. Both from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene). Scale bars equal 1.0 mm (31, 33)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814850" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814850/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">31-32</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="368" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[140,1108,342,1672]" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,249,342,368]" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">
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<emphasis box="[140,244,342,368]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="368" reason="1">Material</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2610756305" collectionCode="MB" country="Germany" county="Bitterfeld" location="Bitterfeld" municipality="Mine" pageId="21" pageNumber="368" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sachsen-Anhalt">
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<collectionCode box="[255,303,343,369]" country="Portugal" name="Universidade de Lisboa, Museu Bocage" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">MB</collectionCode>
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.A. 1661 (also bears the label “Ser. 12/12”), from
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0392774B78401075B6DD57AEFDBEFE3C:8EE4908678401076B5005614FC70FEFA" box="[849,956,343,369]" country="Germany" county="Bitterfeld" municipality="Mine" name="Bitterfeld" pageId="21" pageNumber="368" stateProvince="Sachsen-Anhalt">Bitterfeld</location>
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amber, probably from the site of the
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0392774B78401075B6DD57AEFDBEFE3C:8EE4908678401076B7E65639FDD7FE1F" box="[439,539,378,404]" country="Germany" county="Bitterfeld" municipality="Mine" name="Goitsche" pageId="21" pageNumber="368" stateProvince="Sachsen-Anhalt">Goitsche</location>
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open-cast
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<collectingMunicipality box="[668,729,378,404]" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">Mine</collectingMunicipality>
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near
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<collectingCounty box="[800,910,378,404]" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">Bitterfeld</collectingCounty>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[925,1104,378,404]" country="Germany" name="Sachsen-Anhalt" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">Sachsen-Anhalt</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[140,249,413,439]" name="Germany" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">Germany</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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; Palaeogene (Oligocene: Chattian).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="368" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[140,1108,342,1672]" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,335,448,474]" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">
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<emphasis box="[185,330,448,474]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="368" reason="1">Description</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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An almost complete, juvenile specimen (
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<figureCitation box="[808,895,448,474]" captionStart="Figures 27-30. 27" captionStartId="23.[139,221,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1538]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[136,1109,165,1539]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figures 27-30. 27 Fossil?Lacinius erinaceus Staręga, 1966, MB.A. 1661, from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene) 28-29 Recent male Lacinius erinaceus Staręga, 1966 (Holotype) in dorsal and lateral view for comparison, revealing an almost identical morphology to the amber fossil 30 Leiobunum longipes Menge, 1854 from Bitterfeld amber, MB.A. 1662. Scale bars equal 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814848" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814848/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">Figs 27</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[909,978,448,474]" captionStart="Figures 31-33" captionStartId="24.[140,222,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[185,1080,177,1537]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[139,1108,165,1541]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figures 31-33. Camera lucida drawings of the specimens shown in 27 and 30. 31?Lacinius erinaceus Staręga, 1966, MB.A. 1661 32 the same detail of ocularium and its spination 33 Leiobunum longipes Menge, 1854, MB.A. 1662. Both from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene). Scale bars equal 1.0 mm (31, 33)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814850" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814850/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">31-32</figureCitation>
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) in anterolateral view, obscured in places by bubbles within the matrix. Body compact, length c.
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<quantity box="[168,278,518,545]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="21" pageNumber="368" unit="mm" value="1.75">1.75 mm</quantity>
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, maximum width of prosoma 1.20, of opisthosoma 1.25. Division into pro- and opisthosoma, and any sclerites making up the prosomal dorsal shield, poorly resolved. Ocular tubercle pronounced, width
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<quantity box="[663,772,589,616]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="21" pageNumber="368" unit="mm" value="0.33">0.33 mm</quantity>
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, bearing seven spines; immediately in front of it three fairly prominent spines present. Further, generally smaller, spines located behind the ocular tubercle. Anterior margin of prosomal dorsal shield slightly recurved to accommodate the chelicerae. Proximal article only of chelicerae preserved, lacking details. Pedipalps short and robust, again proximal articles only preserved. Right (?)patella of pedipalp with at least three denticle-like spines. Legs relatively short. Femur, patella and tibia quite robust, compared to the more slender distal articles, and heavily ornamented with rows of thorns. Each row can be up to ten thorns on the tibiae. Thorns take the form of conical, sometimes slightly curving, tubercles, length c.
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<quantity box="[249,344,906,932]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="368" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
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; typically ending in a short bristle or seta. Metatarsus with one to three thorns proximally, but distal region generally bearing setae only. Legs most complete on right side, but leg 2 here missing, apart from a proximal stub (?trochanter). Metatarsal–tarsal division in leg 3 unclear; tarsus distally subdivided. Leg 4 well preserved with podomere lengths (in mm): patella, 0.41; tibia, 0.76; metatarsus, 1.12; tarsus, 1.21. Tarsus divided into one long and nine shorter elements, ending distally in a single, curved claw. Opisthosoma lacks clear segmentation, but is ornamented, like the legs, with conical spines, longest towards the posterior margin of the opisthosoma. The microsculture is granulated. The spines on the body do not appear to form any sort of regular pattern. Ventral surface largely covered by emulsion, but ventrally directed spines also observed here on the leg coxae and opisthosoma.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="369" pageId="21" pageNumber="368" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[140,1108,342,1672]" lastBlockId="22.[140,1108,167,439]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="369" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,298,1293,1319]" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">
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<emphasis box="[185,293,1293,1319]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="368" reason="1">Remarks</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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This remarkable, spiny fossil is clearly something new for the European amber fauna. Two features (cf.
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<bibRefCitation author="Martens" box="[498,661,1328,1355]" firstAuthor="Martens" pageId="21" pageNumber="368" refId="ref11085" refString="Martens J (1978) Spinnentiere, Arachnida, Weberknechte, Opiliones. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands. 64. Teil. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 464 pp." type="book" year="1978">Martens 1978</bibRefCitation>
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) – the stout thorns ending in setae on the legs (and to a lesser extent the body) and the presence of three prominent spines in front of the eyes (
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<figureCitation box="[375,457,1399,1425]" captionStart="Figures 31-33" captionStartId="24.[140,222,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[185,1080,177,1537]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[139,1108,165,1541]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Figures 31-33. Camera lucida drawings of the specimens shown in 27 and 30. 31?Lacinius erinaceus Staręga, 1966, MB.A. 1661 32 the same detail of ocularium and its spination 33 Leiobunum longipes Menge, 1854, MB.A. 1662. Both from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene). Scale bars equal 1.0 mm (31, 33)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814850" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814850/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
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) – indicate the extant genus
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<taxonomicName authority="Thorell, 1876" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[792,1052,1399,1425]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="21" pageNumber="368" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[792,884,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">Lacinius</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Thorell" box="[893,1052,1399,1425]" firstAuthor="Thorell" pageId="21" pageNumber="368" pagination="452 - 508" refId="ref12043" refString="Thorell T (1876) Sopra alcuni Opilioni (Phalangidea) d'Europa e dell'Asia occidentale, con un quadro dei generi europei di quest'Ordine. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genova 8: 452 - 508." type="journal article" year="1876">Thorell, 1876</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The original hand-written note from Manfred Moritz provisionally assigned it to this genus. The probably closely-related
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<taxonomicName authority="Roewer, 1923" authorityName="Roewer" authorityYear="1923" box="[536,799,1469,1496]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Odiellus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="21" pageNumber="368" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[536,626,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">Odiellus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Roewer" box="[638,799,1469,1496]" firstAuthor="Roewer" pageId="21" pageNumber="368" refId="ref11276" refString="Roewer C-F (1923) Die Weberknechte der Erde. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1116 pp." type="book" year="1923">Roewer, 1923</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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lacks such well-developed thorns on the legs. Three Recent species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[638,730,1505,1530]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="21" pageNumber="368" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[638,730,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">Lacinius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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occur in
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<collectingCountry box="[842,948,1504,1530]" name="Germany" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">Germany</collectingCountry>
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today. All are distributed throughout much of the country, although somewhat rarer in the north (
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<bibRefCitation author="Blick and Komposch" box="[147,469,1575,1601]" firstAuthor="Blick" pageId="21" pageNumber="368" refId="ref10361" refString="Blick T, Komposch C (2004) Checklist of the harvestmen of Central and Northern Europe. (Arachnida: Opiliones). Version 27. December 2004. http: // AraGes. de / checklist. html 2004 _ Opiliones" type="url" year="2004">Blick and Komposch 2004</bibRefCitation>
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). Interestingly, the extant central European species are notably less spiny than this Bitterfeld fossil. In gross morphology the new find is rather more like some extant species from the Mediterranean region (e.g.
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<taxonomicName authority="Roewer, 1923" authorityName="Roewer" authorityYear="1923" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="369" order="Opiliones" pageId="21" pageNumber="368" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insularis">
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<emphasis box="[915,1107,1645,1671]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="368">Lacinius insularis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Roewer" box="[140,300,167,193]" firstAuthor="Roewer" pageId="22" pageNumber="369" refId="ref11276" refString="Roewer C-F (1923) Die Weberknechte der Erde. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1116 pp." type="book" year="1923">Roewer, 1923</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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), and especially
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<taxonomicName authority="Starega, 1966" authorityName="Starega" authorityYear="1966" box="[483,842,167,193]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="22" pageNumber="369" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erinaceus">
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<emphasis box="[483,680,167,192]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="369">Lacinius erinaceus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Starega" box="[688,842,167,193]" firstAuthor="Starega" pageId="22" pageNumber="369" pagination="387 - 411" refId="ref11714" refString="Starega W (1966) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Weberknecht-Fauna (Opiliones) der Kaukasuslan- der. Annales Zoologici 23: 387 - 411." type="journal article" year="1966">Staręga, 1966</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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from the Caucasus. Indeed we were unable to recognise any reliable or non-trivial characters – other than age – which could distinguish MB.A. 166 from
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Starega" authorityYear="1966" box="[634,762,238,263]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="22" pageNumber="369" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erinaceus">
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<emphasis box="[634,762,238,263]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="369">L. erinaceus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation box="[776,902,237,263]" captionStart="Figures 27-30. 27" captionStartId="23.[139,221,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[140,1108,165,1538]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[136,1109,165,1539]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figures 27-30. 27 Fossil?Lacinius erinaceus Staręga, 1966, MB.A. 1661, from Bitterfeld amber (Palaeogene: Oligocene) 28-29 Recent male Lacinius erinaceus Staręga, 1966 (Holotype) in dorsal and lateral view for comparison, revealing an almost identical morphology to the amber fossil 30 Leiobunum longipes Menge, 1854 from Bitterfeld amber, MB.A. 1662. Scale bars equal 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3814848" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3814848/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="369">Figs 28-29</figureCitation>
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). We concede that assigning older fossils to living species is controversial, but note again the precedent from the slightly younger
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<collectingCountry box="[435,674,307,333]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="22" pageNumber="369">Dominican Republic</collectingCountry>
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amber (see Age of the inclusions) and tentatively refer this new Bitterfeld harvestman to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Starega" authorityYear="1966" box="[707,836,343,368]" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="22" pageNumber="369" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erinaceus">
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<emphasis box="[707,836,343,368]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="369">L. erinaceus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The highly spinose
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" class="Arachnida" family="Phalangiidae" genus="Lacinius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="22" pageNumber="369" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="369">Lacinius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
morphs were clearly more widely distributed during the Oligocene and occurred further north than their distribution today.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |