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<document id="4A2662D298DA19ACB2D500392D644369" ID-CLB-Dataset="298375" ID-DOI="10.1515/bot-2023-0002" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b57e6c7c-0db9-46f1-9887-7f0fc0bea187" ID-ISSN="1437-4323" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11360276" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1716848111618" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Burel, Thomas, Helias, Mathieu &amp; Duff, Michel Le" docDate="2023" docId="038887F96438FFE995F7FA42FDBB3708" docLanguage="en" docName="BotMar.66.3.151-164.pdf" docOrigin="Botanica Marina (Warsaw, Poland) 66 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2023-0002" docStyle="DocumentStyle:9102D1D0F376D6FBA22A1B5DFA71D3A3.2:BotMar.2015-.journal_article.closed" docStyleId="9102D1D0F376D6FBA22A1B5DFA71D3A3" docStyleName="BotMar.2015-.journal_article.closed" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Antithamnion hubbsii E. Y. Dawson 1962" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="153" masterDocId="FFB1FF81643AFFEA957FFFFBFFD83107" masterDocTitle="Range expansion of some non-indigenous seaweeds along the coasts of Brittany - English Channel" masterLastPageNumber="164" masterPageNumber="151" pageNumber="153" updateTime="1718129961382" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="38CC3A65340104F06409B47B0EC6A9B2">Range expansion of some non-indigenous seaweeds along the coasts of Brittany - English Channel</mods:title>
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<treatment id="038887F96438FFE995F7FA42FDBB3708" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11582092" ID-GBIF-Taxon="232730410" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11582092" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038887F96438FFE995F7FA42FDBB3708" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887F96438FFE995F7FA42FDBB3708" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="153" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">
<subSubSection id="C33B65646438FFE895F7FA42FD1334D1" box="[136,715,1464,1494]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9E36EF6438FFE895F7FA42FD1334D1" blockId="2.[136,715,1464,1494]" box="[136,715,1464,1494]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">
<heading id="D0D681836438FFE895F7FA42FD1334D1" box="[136,715,1464,1494]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B955EAFD6438FFE895F7FA42FD1334D1" bold="true" box="[136,715,1464,1494]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">
3.1
<taxonomicName id="4C214D6C6438FFE895C1FA43FD1334D1" authority="E. Y. Dawson 1962" authorityName="E. Y. Dawson" authorityYear="1962" box="[190,715,1464,1494]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Ceramiaceae" genus="Antithamnion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="hubbsii">
<emphasis id="B955EAFD6438FFE895C1FA43FE0D34D1" bold="true" box="[190,469,1464,1494]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">Antithamnion hubbsii</emphasis>
E.Y. Dawson 1962
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33B65646438FFE995F7F9FFFDBB3708" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="154" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9E36EF6438FFE995F7F9FFFDBB3708" blockId="2.[136,764,1540,1941]" lastBlockId="3.[166,794,1355,1552]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="154" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">
The filamentous
<taxonomicName id="4C214D6C6438FFE89439F9FFFDF7371E" authorityName="E. Y. Dawson" authorityYear="1962" box="[326,559,1540,1561]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Ceramiaceae" genus="Antithamnion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="hubbsii">
<emphasis id="B955EAFD6438FFE89439F9FFFDF7371E" box="[326,559,1540,1561]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">Antithamnion hubbsii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a
<taxonomicName id="4C214D6C6438FFE8970BF9FFFD23371D" authorityName="Dumortier" authorityYear="1822" box="[628,763,1540,1562]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Ceramiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="family">Ceramiaceae</taxonomicName>
originating from the Pacific Ocean. This species has been the subject of nomenclatural and typification problems and the
<typeStatus id="549A884D6438FFE895CCF997FF383786" box="[179,224,1644,1665]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">type</typeStatus>
locality is still discussed between
<collectingCountry id="F336767F6438FFE89727F997FD4C3786" box="[600,660,1644,1665]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">Japan</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingRegion id="49E5F80D6438FFE897B1F990FF2B37A3" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">Baja California</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F336767F6438FFE8947FF975FE9437A3" box="[256,332,1678,1700]" name="Mexico" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B1E6438FFE89422F975FDC737A3" author="Athanasiadis, A." box="[349,543,1678,1700]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" refId="ref7522" refString="Athanasiadis, A. (2016). Phycologia Europaea Rhodophyta, Vol. 2. Gothenburg, Thessaloniki: Published and distributed by the author." type="book" year="2016">Athanasiadis 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B1E6438FFE89752F975FD0A37A3" author="Cho, T. O. &amp; Won, B. Y. &amp; Fredericq, S." box="[557,722,1677,1700]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" pagination="323 - 335" refId="ref8370" refString="Cho, T. O., Won, B. Y., and Fredericq, S. (2005). Antithamnion nipponicum (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta), incorrectly known as A. pectinatum in western Europe, is a recent introduction along the North Carolina and Pacific coasts of North America. Eur. J. Phycol. 40: 323 - 335." type="journal article" year="2005">Cho et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
). In Europe,
<taxonomicName id="4C214D6C6438FFE895A0F94AFE9D37C2" authorityName="E. Y. Dawson" authorityYear="1962" box="[223,325,1712,1734]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Ceramiaceae" genus="Antithamnion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="hubbsii">
<emphasis id="B955EAFD6438FFE895A0F94AFF3637C1" box="[223,238,1713,1734]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B955EAFD6438FFE89585F94BFE9D37C2" box="[250,325,1712,1733]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">hubbsii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was first found in the Mediterranean Sea in
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the Thau Lagoon,
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, as
<taxonomicName id="4C214D6C6438FFE89714F928FE0A360C" authority="Yamada et Inagaki" authorityName="Yamada et Inagaki" class="Florideophyceae" family="Ceramiaceae" genus="Antithamnion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="nipponicum">
<emphasis id="B955EAFD6438FFE89714F928FEDB360C" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">Antithamnion nipponicum</emphasis>
Yamada
<emphasis id="B955EAFD6438FFE89418F90DFEA2360C" box="[359,378,1782,1803]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">et</emphasis>
Inagaki
</taxonomicName>
, and then in
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Venice Lagoon,
<collectingCountry id="F336767F6438FFE89596F8E3FEC23629" box="[233,282,1816,1838]" name="Italy" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">Italy</collectingCountry>
, as
<taxonomicName id="4C214D6C6438FFE8942DF8E3FD00362A" authority="(Montagne) Brauner" authorityName="Brauner" baseAuthorityName="Montagne" box="[338,728,1816,1838]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Ceramiaceae" genus="Antithamnion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="pectinatum">
<emphasis id="B955EAFD6438FFE8942DF8E3FEB9362A" box="[338,353,1816,1837]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B955EAFD6438FFE8940AF8E2FE323629" box="[373,490,1817,1838]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">pectinatum</emphasis>
(Montagne) Brauner
</taxonomicName>
in Athanasiadis
<emphasis id="B955EAFD6438FFE89466F8C0FEF43657" box="[281,300,1851,1872]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">et</emphasis>
Tittley (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B1E6438FFE894F8F8C1FD983657" author="Curiel, D. &amp; Marzocchi, M. &amp; Bellemo, G." box="[391,576,1850,1872]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" pagination="19 - 22" refId="ref8610" refString="Curiel, D., Marzocchi, M., and Bellemo, G. (1996). First report of fertile Antithamnion pectinatum (Ceramiales, Rhodophyceae) in the north Adriatic Sea (lagoon of Venice, Italy). Bot. Mar. 39: 19 - 22." type="journal article" year="1996">Curiel et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
). It was probably introduced
<emphasis id="B955EAFD6438FFE89478F8A5FEFE3674" box="[263,294,1886,1907]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">via</emphasis>
oysters transfers, as already reported for many seaweed species in both lagoons (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B1E6438FFE8973DF884FC9435BA" author="Sfriso, A. &amp; Curiel, D." box="[578,844,1192,1941]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" pagination="22 - 58" refId="ref11369" refString="Sfriso, A. and Curiel, D. (2007). Check-list of seaweeds recorded in the last 20 years in Venice lagoon, and a comparison with the previous records. Bot. Mar. 50: 22 - 58." type="journal article" year="2007">Sfriso and Curiel 2007</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B1E6438FFE8962AFB53FC3535B9" author="Verlaque, M." box="[853,1005,1192,1214]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" pagination="29 - 49" refId="ref11604" refString="Verlaque, M. (2001). Checklist of the macroalgae of Thau Lagoon (Herault, France), a hot spot of marine species introduction in Europe. Oceanol. Acta 24: 29 - 49." type="journal article" year="2001">Verlaque 2001</bibRefCitation>
). It was then reported as
<taxonomicName id="4C214D6C6438FFE89188FB52FA5535B9" box="[1271,1421,1193,1214]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Ceramiaceae" genus="Antithamnion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="nipponicum">
<emphasis id="B955EAFD6438FFE89188FB52FADE35B9" box="[1271,1286,1193,1214]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B955EAFD6438FFE8906DFB52FA5535B9" box="[1298,1421,1193,1214]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">nipponicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Atlantic Ocean, firstly in
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the South Basque country (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B1E6438FFE89606FB16FBF53403" author="Secilla, A. &amp; Santolaria, A. &amp; Gorostiaga, J. M." box="[889,1069,1261,1284]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" pagination="22 - 23" refId="ref11327" refString="Secilla, A., Santolaria, A., and Gorostiaga, J. M. (2007). Antithamnion nipponicum (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) nueva cita para la Peninsula Iberica. Algas 38: 22 - 23." type="journal article" year="2007">Secilla et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
), and secondly in
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<collectingCountry id="F336767F6438FFE89046FB15FA553404" box="[1337,1421,1262,1283]" name="Norway" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">Norway</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B1E6438FFE8965EFAEBFC2D3421" author="Rueness, J. &amp; HeggOy, E. &amp; Husa, V. &amp; SjOtun, K." box="[801,1013,1296,1318]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" pagination="431 - 434" refId="ref11149" refString="Rueness, J., HeggOy, E., Husa, V., and SjOtun, K. (2007). First report of the Japanese red alga Antithamnion nipponicum (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) in Norway, an invasive species new to northern Europe. Aquat. Invasions 2: 431 - 434." type="journal article" year="2007">Rueness et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
). The first specimen on the coasts of
<collectingCountry id="F336767F6438FFE89665FAC8FCBA344F" box="[794,866,1331,1352]" name="France" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">France</collectingCountry>
was found in
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the North Basque country, probably arriving
<emphasis id="B955EAFD6438FFE8969EFAADFBD8346C" box="[993,1024,1366,1387]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">via</emphasis>
marginal colonization (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B1E6438FFE8907AFAAEFC1F3489" author="Barbara, I. &amp; Diaz-Tapia, P." pageId="2" pageNumber="153" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref7607" refString="Barbara, I. and Diaz-Tapia, P. (2012). New records and additions to the seaweeds of France. Mar. Biodiv. Rec. 5: 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="2012">Bárbara and DÍaz-Tapia 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Its finding on pontoons in the Gulf of Morbihan,
<collectingRegion id="49E5F80D6438FFE896EAFA61FC3434B7" box="[917,1004,1434,1456]" country="France" name="Bretagne" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">Brittany</collectingRegion>
in 2017 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B1E6438FFE89124FA61FB2E34B7" author="Le Roux, A." box="[1115,1270,1434,1456]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" pagination="37 - 60" refId="ref10161" refString="Le Roux, A. (2018). Additions a la liste des especes marines introduites dans le golfe du Morbihan. Penn ar Bed 230: 37 - 60." type="journal article" year="2018">Le Roux 2018</bibRefCitation>
), then in the marinas of Brest in 2018, of Bénodet and Concarneau in 2020 and of Perros-Guirec in 2022 (this study), rather suggests a mode of propagation
<emphasis id="B955EAFD6438FFE8917EF9F9FBF83710" box="[1025,1056,1538,1559]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">via</emphasis>
maritime traffic. Fouling has also been suspected to explain the progression of the species in the English Channel and its probable spread northward (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B1E6438FFE8965FF992FC683778" author="Baldock, L." box="[800,944,1641,1663]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" pagination="18" refId="ref7585" refString="Baldock, L. (2020). Non-native Antithamnion at Portland, Dorset, England. Phycologist 99: 18." type="journal article" year="2020">Baldock 2020</bibRefCitation>
). Specimens sampled during this study were only found attached to floating pontoons mainly during spring and summer, or epiphytic on various red macroalgae,
<taxonomicName id="4C214D6C6438FFE89665F929FC5237E1" box="[794,906,1745,1767]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Fucaceae" genus="Fucus" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fucales" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B955EAFD6438FFE89665F929FC8F37E0" box="[794,855,1746,1767]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">Fucus</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C214D6C6438FFE896BDF92AFBFD37E1" box="[962,1061,1745,1766]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Ulvaceae" genus="Ulva" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ulvales" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B955EAFD6438FFE896BDF92AFC2A37E1" box="[962,1010,1745,1766]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">Ulva</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
Like other
<taxonomicName id="4C214D6C6438FFE891DBF92AFA5237E0" box="[1188,1418,1745,1767]" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">
<emphasis id="B955EAFD6438FFE891DBF92AFAEC37E1" box="[1188,1332,1745,1766]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">Antithamnion</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, thalli of
<taxonomicName id="4C214D6C6438FFE89611F90FFC0A360F" authorityName="E. Y. Dawson" authorityYear="1962" box="[878,978,1779,1801]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Ceramiaceae" genus="Antithamnion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="hubbsii">
<emphasis id="B955EAFD6438FFE89611F90FFC0A360F" box="[878,978,1779,1801]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">A. hubbsii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are characterized by uniseriate, ecorticate filaments with typical opposite ramifications and secondary ramification (
<figureCitation id="131A2A6A6438FFE896D3F8C2FBCA3648" box="[940,1042,1849,1871]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[1018,1076,1678,1697]" captionTargetBox="[138,986,1369,1979]" captionTargetId="figure-3630@4.[136,988,1366,1984]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3: Antithamnion hubbsii from Brittany: (a) dried specimen from Brest marina (herbarium of the European Institute for Marine Studies); (b) general habit; (c) characteristic segment showing a cell of the main axis, the opposite distichous branching and the opposite branchlets bearing glandular cells; (d) portion of axis with tetrasporangia; (e) branches and branchlets bearing glandular cells (arrowheads). Scale bars: (a) 5 mm; (b) 2 mm; (ce) 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11360286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11360286/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">Figure 3c</figureCitation>
). The larger specimens were up to
<quantity id="4CD99B0A6438FFE89665F8A0FC823675" box="[794,858,1883,1906]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
high (
<figureCitation id="131A2A6A6438FFE896E3F8A7FBD83675" box="[924,1024,1884,1906]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[1018,1076,1678,1697]" captionTargetBox="[138,986,1369,1979]" captionTargetId="figure-3630@4.[136,988,1366,1984]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3: Antithamnion hubbsii from Brittany: (a) dried specimen from Brest marina (herbarium of the European Institute for Marine Studies); (b) general habit; (c) characteristic segment showing a cell of the main axis, the opposite distichous branching and the opposite branchlets bearing glandular cells; (d) portion of axis with tetrasporangia; (e) branches and branchlets bearing glandular cells (arrowheads). Scale bars: (a) 5 mm; (b) 2 mm; (ce) 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11360286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11360286/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">Figure 3a</figureCitation>
), but usually around
<quantity id="4CD99B0A6438FFE8919EF8A7FAC83675" box="[1249,1296,1884,1906]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="153" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="131A2A6A6438FFE89063F8A7FA593675" box="[1308,1409,1884,1906]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[1018,1076,1678,1697]" captionTargetBox="[138,986,1369,1979]" captionTargetId="figure-3630@4.[136,988,1366,1984]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3: Antithamnion hubbsii from Brittany: (a) dried specimen from Brest marina (herbarium of the European Institute for Marine Studies); (b) general habit; (c) characteristic segment showing a cell of the main axis, the opposite distichous branching and the opposite branchlets bearing glandular cells; (d) portion of axis with tetrasporangia; (e) branches and branchlets bearing glandular cells (arrowheads). Scale bars: (a) 5 mm; (b) 2 mm; (ce) 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11360286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11360286/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="153">Figure 3b</figureCitation>
). Specimens grow characteristic refringent glandular cells on basal cells of the lateral branches (
<figureCitation id="131A2A6A6439FFE99760FAB0FD5B3466" box="[543,643,1355,1377]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[1018,1076,1678,1697]" captionTargetBox="[138,986,1369,1979]" captionTargetId="figure-3630@4.[136,988,1366,1984]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3: Antithamnion hubbsii from Brittany: (a) dried specimen from Brest marina (herbarium of the European Institute for Marine Studies); (b) general habit; (c) characteristic segment showing a cell of the main axis, the opposite distichous branching and the opposite branchlets bearing glandular cells; (d) portion of axis with tetrasporangia; (e) branches and branchlets bearing glandular cells (arrowheads). Scale bars: (a) 5 mm; (b) 2 mm; (ce) 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11360286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11360286/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Figure 3e</figureCitation>
). Fertile thalli were observed in the Marina of Brest, developing tetrasporangia replacing adaxial branchlets (5570 µm × 4055 µm,
<figureCitation id="131A2A6A6439FFE995D9FA4FFED534CD" box="[166,269,1460,1482]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[1018,1076,1678,1697]" captionTargetBox="[138,986,1369,1979]" captionTargetId="figure-3630@4.[136,988,1366,1984]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3: Antithamnion hubbsii from Brittany: (a) dried specimen from Brest marina (herbarium of the European Institute for Marine Studies); (b) general habit; (c) characteristic segment showing a cell of the main axis, the opposite distichous branching and the opposite branchlets bearing glandular cells; (d) portion of axis with tetrasporangia; (e) branches and branchlets bearing glandular cells (arrowheads). Scale bars: (a) 5 mm; (b) 2 mm; (ce) 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11360286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11360286/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Figure 3d</figureCitation>
). As it can be easily confused with other
<taxonomicName id="4C214D6C6439FFE997ACFA4FFEFE34EB" class="Florideophyceae" family="Ceramiaceae" genus="Antithamnion" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="154" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B955EAFD6439FFE997ACFA4FFF2C34EA" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Antithamnion</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
, a diagram of the branching patterns of the five
<taxonomicName id="4C214D6C6439FFE995D9FA01FE5C3717" box="[166,388,1530,1552]" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">
<emphasis id="B955EAFD6439FFE995D9FA01FEEC3708" box="[166,308,1530,1551]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="154">Antithamnion</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
is shown in Figure 4.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>