158 lines
34 KiB
XML
158 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="1874242AC0BD97FA830C5363E0844744" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13745824" ID-ZooBank="AFDFAEE4-9B4A-4792-80E7-27DC9ECC23D8" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1726052091569" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Titus, Benjamin M., Bennett-Smith, Morgan F., Chiodo, Tommaso & Rodríguez, Estefanía" docDate="2024" docId="038187876457FFD91BD2FC06FB4D7619" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5506.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5506 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Stichodactyla haddoni " docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="26" masterDocId="FFB8FFFF644EFFC01B45FF9BFFDB7179" masterDocTitle="The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide." masterLastPageNumber="34" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="26" updateTime="1726245086095" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="34B820D472B927C257C43B148AEB2038">The clownfish-hosting sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria): updated nomenclature, biogeography, and practical field guide.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E4CD68DD133324D2A9E257C9D19EF27F">Titus, Benjamin M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2AFB487B49666DE2066B75331D52C28F">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1F060D073FB20EB0FDD75061FC75ECD6">Bennett-Smith, Morgan F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A5D67961C5A591A16AD1C0F6240B6360">Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, USA, 02215</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1D16451170CC8352D9B70DE2D5804D4B">Chiodo, Tommaso</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="36E872BED10753BB8DDCE1147034A55F">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA 35487 & Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, USA 36528</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C27540C7D75AFBB2ED8ED517D84F7316">Rodríguez, Estefanía</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="740F3F31050192F036518E8C60110609">Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="FEC64254AD78175DECB19A915E207642">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="26867F8F05793949CE1B44EF2D686346">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E9BEB7A92DE3D2BD808D18C7062B0918">2024-09-05</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="999DF78B64BD3BA9A1923ED2A890396D">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="900FD555397B4EDF843D242982EF0A70" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5506.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="038187876457FFD91BD2FC06FB4D7619" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13760343" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13760343" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038187876457FFD91BD2FC06FB4D7619" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038187876457FFD91BD2FC06FB4D7619" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<subSubSection id="C332651A6457FFD91BD2FC06FC1B72C1" box="[151,960,925,952]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9736916457FFD91BD2FC06FC1B72C1" blockId="25.[151,960,925,952]" box="[151,960,925,952]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<heading id="D0DF81FD6457FFD91BD2FC06FC1B72C1" bold="true" box="[151,960,925,952]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D126457FFD91BD2FC06FD7F72C1" ID-CoL="52J2B" authority="(Saville-Kent, 1893)" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Saville-Kent" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[151,676,925,952]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haddoni">
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Stichodactyla haddoni (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB94B606457FFD91AF1FC05FD4072C1" author="Saville-Kent, W." box="[436,667,926,952]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="ref17557" refString="Saville-Kent, W. (1893) The Great Barrier Reef of Australia; its Products and Potentialities. W. H. Allen & Co., London, 387 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 58247" type="book" year="1893">Saville-Kent, 1893</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13132A146457FFD919F6FC05FCEB72C1" box="[691,816,926,952]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="26.[152,255,1821,1845]" captionTargetBox="[202,1386,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-22@26.[202,1386,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 16. Representative images of Stichodactyla haddoni encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Tan/olive individual in sandy microhabitat with enlarged exocoelic tentacles (black arrows; Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). B) Exposed upper column revealing pale color and lack of distinctive verrucae (white arrow; Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). C) Macro photograph of striped endocoelic tentacles. Note the rounded globular shape (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). D) Individual in typical microhabitat (Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands). E). Bright yellow individual likely experiencing bleaching stress (Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Benjamin M. Titus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745860" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745860/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure 16</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13132A146457FFD91878FC05FC6C72C1" box="[829,951,926,952]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Representative images of the long-tentacled sea anemone Radianthus doreensis encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation.A) Whole individual in typical sandy microhabitat (Bali, Indonesia). B) Macro photograph of characteristic curling/spiraling tentacle pattern (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Partially retracted individual revealing highly contrasting white verrucae on brown column (arrow; Anilao, Philippines). D) Small purple individual with longitudinally striped tentacles and oral disc (Anilao, Philippines). E) Large individual with longitudinal “zebra-stripe” tentacle and oral disc pattern (Anilao, Philippines). All photographs by Scott and Jeanette Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745840/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure S8</figureCitation>
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)
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C332651A6457FFD91BD2FC7DFB4D7619" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B9736916457FFD91BD2FC7DFE2F74F5" blockId="25.[151,1437,998,1888]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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Haddon’s carpet anemone,
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D126457FFD91A8CFC7DFD1F7579" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Saville-Kent" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[457,708,998,1024]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haddoni">Stichodactyla haddoni</taxonomicName>
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, is a sand dwelling species and the most heavily collected carpet sea anemone in the ornamental aquarium trade (
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<figureCitation id="13132A146457FFD919F4FB91FCF9755D" box="[689,802,1034,1060]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="26.[152,255,1821,1845]" captionTargetBox="[202,1386,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-22@26.[202,1386,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 16. Representative images of Stichodactyla haddoni encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Tan/olive individual in sandy microhabitat with enlarged exocoelic tentacles (black arrows; Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). B) Exposed upper column revealing pale color and lack of distinctive verrucae (white arrow; Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). C) Macro photograph of striped endocoelic tentacles. Note the rounded globular shape (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). D) Individual in typical microhabitat (Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands). E). Bright yellow individual likely experiencing bleaching stress (Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Benjamin M. Titus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745860" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745860/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure 16</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13132A146457FFD9186BFB91FC45755D" box="[814,926,1034,1060]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Representative images of the long-tentacled sea anemone Radianthus doreensis encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation.A) Whole individual in typical sandy microhabitat (Bali, Indonesia). B) Macro photograph of characteristic curling/spiraling tentacle pattern (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Partially retracted individual revealing highly contrasting white verrucae on brown column (arrow; Anilao, Philippines). D) Small purple individual with longitudinally striped tentacles and oral disc (Anilao, Philippines). E) Large individual with longitudinal “zebra-stripe” tentacle and oral disc pattern (Anilao, Philippines). All photographs by Scott and Jeanette Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745840/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure S8</figureCitation>
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). Although not small (potentially reaching up to
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<quantity id="4CD09B746457FFD91BF0FBB5FEC87531" box="[181,275,1070,1096]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="800.0">800 mm</quantity>
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in oral disc diameter), the overall body size of this species is smaller than the other clownfish-hosting species in the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D126457FFD91AC6FBC9FDC07515" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[387,539,1106,1132]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Stichodactyla</taxonomicName>
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, making them more suited for home aquaria than their congenrs. The tentacles of this species are short, rounded, and globular in shape. They are also densely packed, leaving little of the oral disc visible. Endocoelic tentacles are often white, giving the anemone a radially striped pattern (
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<figureCitation id="13132A146457FFD91FA8FB01FA8775CD" box="[1261,1372,1178,1204]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="26.[152,255,1821,1845]" captionTargetBox="[202,1386,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-22@26.[202,1386,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 16. Representative images of Stichodactyla haddoni encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Tan/olive individual in sandy microhabitat with enlarged exocoelic tentacles (black arrows; Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). B) Exposed upper column revealing pale color and lack of distinctive verrucae (white arrow; Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). C) Macro photograph of striped endocoelic tentacles. Note the rounded globular shape (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). D) Individual in typical microhabitat (Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands). E). Bright yellow individual likely experiencing bleaching stress (Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Benjamin M. Titus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745860" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745860/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure 16</figureCitation>
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A-E). This pattern is common in
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D126457FFD91A8AFB25FD9275A1" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Saville-Kent" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[463,585,1214,1240]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haddoni">S. haddoni</taxonomicName>
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, but also seen occasionally in
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D126457FFD918EEFB25FBEA75A1" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[939,1073,1214,1240]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mertensii">S. mertensii</taxonomicName>
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and thus should not be used as a diagnostic character for this species. The most important diagnostic character for
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<taxonomicName id="4C284D126457FFD91F2EFB79FB3C7585" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Saville-Kent" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[1131,1255,1250,1276]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haddoni">S. haddoni</taxonomicName>
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is the enlarged exocoelic tentacles that protrude from the margin of oral disc (
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<figureCitation id="13132A146457FFD91811FA9DFC017459" box="[852,986,1286,1312]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="26.[152,255,1821,1845]" captionTargetBox="[202,1386,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-22@26.[202,1386,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 16. Representative images of Stichodactyla haddoni encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Tan/olive individual in sandy microhabitat with enlarged exocoelic tentacles (black arrows; Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). B) Exposed upper column revealing pale color and lack of distinctive verrucae (white arrow; Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). C) Macro photograph of striped endocoelic tentacles. Note the rounded globular shape (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). D) Individual in typical microhabitat (Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands). E). Bright yellow individual likely experiencing bleaching stress (Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Benjamin M. Titus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745860" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745860/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure 16A</figureCitation>
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). These tentacles are typically 2-3 times longer in total length than endocoelic tentacles. Tentacle color is typically various shades of dull green, tan, and brown, but can also be bright red, blue, or green (
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<figureCitation id="13132A146457FFD9199EFAD5FC947411" box="[731,847,1358,1384]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="26.[152,255,1821,1845]" captionTargetBox="[202,1386,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-22@26.[202,1386,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 16. Representative images of Stichodactyla haddoni encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Tan/olive individual in sandy microhabitat with enlarged exocoelic tentacles (black arrows; Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). B) Exposed upper column revealing pale color and lack of distinctive verrucae (white arrow; Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). C) Macro photograph of striped endocoelic tentacles. Note the rounded globular shape (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). D) Individual in typical microhabitat (Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands). E). Bright yellow individual likely experiencing bleaching stress (Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Benjamin M. Titus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745860" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745860/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure 16</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13132A146457FFD91818FAD5FC0B7411" box="[861,976,1358,1384]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Representative images of the long-tentacled sea anemone Radianthus doreensis encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation.A) Whole individual in typical sandy microhabitat (Bali, Indonesia). B) Macro photograph of characteristic curling/spiraling tentacle pattern (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Partially retracted individual revealing highly contrasting white verrucae on brown column (arrow; Anilao, Philippines). D) Small purple individual with longitudinally striped tentacles and oral disc (Anilao, Philippines). E) Large individual with longitudinal “zebra-stripe” tentacle and oral disc pattern (Anilao, Philippines). All photographs by Scott and Jeanette Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745840/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure S8</figureCitation>
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). The brightest individuals are typically targeted by the aquarium trade.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9736916457FFD91B82FA0DFB38778D" blockId="25.[151,1437,998,1888]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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The oral disc of this species is flared widely and often lays flat over the surrounding sandy substrate (
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<figureCitation id="13132A146457FFD91E14FA0DFF6D74AD" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="26.[152,255,1821,1845]" captionTargetBox="[202,1386,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-22@26.[202,1386,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 16. Representative images of Stichodactyla haddoni encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Tan/olive individual in sandy microhabitat with enlarged exocoelic tentacles (black arrows; Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). B) Exposed upper column revealing pale color and lack of distinctive verrucae (white arrow; Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). C) Macro photograph of striped endocoelic tentacles. Note the rounded globular shape (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). D) Individual in typical microhabitat (Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands). E). Bright yellow individual likely experiencing bleaching stress (Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Benjamin M. Titus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745860" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745860/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure 16</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13132A146457FFD91B87FA21FEE874AD" box="[194,307,1466,1492]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Representative images of the long-tentacled sea anemone Radianthus doreensis encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation.A) Whole individual in typical sandy microhabitat (Bali, Indonesia). B) Macro photograph of characteristic curling/spiraling tentacle pattern (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Partially retracted individual revealing highly contrasting white verrucae on brown column (arrow; Anilao, Philippines). D) Small purple individual with longitudinally striped tentacles and oral disc (Anilao, Philippines). E) Large individual with longitudinal “zebra-stripe” tentacle and oral disc pattern (Anilao, Philippines). All photographs by Scott and Jeanette Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745840/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure S8</figureCitation>
|
||
). This species can also form deep folds in the oral disc similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D126457FFD91F57FA21FB4A74AD" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[1042,1169,1466,1492]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gigantea">S. gigantea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but in general, the oral disc of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D126457FFD91BADFA45FE847481" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Saville-Kent" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[232,351,1502,1528]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haddoni">S. haddoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
is much more circular in shape than those of any other carpet anemone species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13132A146457FFD91F9DFA45FA937481" box="[1240,1352,1502,1528]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="26.[152,255,1821,1845]" captionTargetBox="[202,1386,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-22@26.[202,1386,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 16. Representative images of Stichodactyla haddoni encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Tan/olive individual in sandy microhabitat with enlarged exocoelic tentacles (black arrows; Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). B) Exposed upper column revealing pale color and lack of distinctive verrucae (white arrow; Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). C) Macro photograph of striped endocoelic tentacles. Note the rounded globular shape (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). D) Individual in typical microhabitat (Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands). E). Bright yellow individual likely experiencing bleaching stress (Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Benjamin M. Titus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745860" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745860/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure 16</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13132A146457FFD91E16FA45FF6C7765" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Representative images of the long-tentacled sea anemone Radianthus doreensis encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation.A) Whole individual in typical sandy microhabitat (Bali, Indonesia). B) Macro photograph of characteristic curling/spiraling tentacle pattern (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Partially retracted individual revealing highly contrasting white verrucae on brown column (arrow; Anilao, Philippines). D) Small purple individual with longitudinally striped tentacles and oral disc (Anilao, Philippines). E) Large individual with longitudinal “zebra-stripe” tentacle and oral disc pattern (Anilao, Philippines). All photographs by Scott and Jeanette Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745840/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure S8</figureCitation>
|
||
). The column of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D126457FFD91A38F999FE2C7765" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Saville-Kent" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[381,503,1538,1564]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haddoni">S. haddoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
is smooth, typically pale, and lacks the conspicuous verrucae seen in other carpet anemones (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13132A146457FFD91A52F9BDFE407739" box="[279,411,1574,1600]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="26.[152,255,1821,1845]" captionTargetBox="[202,1386,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-22@26.[202,1386,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 16. Representative images of Stichodactyla haddoni encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Tan/olive individual in sandy microhabitat with enlarged exocoelic tentacles (black arrows; Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). B) Exposed upper column revealing pale color and lack of distinctive verrucae (white arrow; Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). C) Macro photograph of striped endocoelic tentacles. Note the rounded globular shape (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). D) Individual in typical microhabitat (Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands). E). Bright yellow individual likely experiencing bleaching stress (Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Benjamin M. Titus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745860" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745860/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure 16B</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13132A146457FFD91AEDF9BDFD967739" box="[424,589,1574,1600]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Representative images of the long-tentacled sea anemone Radianthus doreensis encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation.A) Whole individual in typical sandy microhabitat (Bali, Indonesia). B) Macro photograph of characteristic curling/spiraling tentacle pattern (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Partially retracted individual revealing highly contrasting white verrucae on brown column (arrow; Anilao, Philippines). D) Small purple individual with longitudinally striped tentacles and oral disc (Anilao, Philippines). E) Large individual with longitudinal “zebra-stripe” tentacle and oral disc pattern (Anilao, Philippines). All photographs by Scott and Jeanette Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745840/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure S8B, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The combination of enlarged exocoelic tentacles and lack of conspicuous verrucae are the two most important characters for identifying
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D126457FFD9181EF9D1FC0F771D" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Saville-Kent" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[859,980,1610,1636]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haddoni">S. haddoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the field. As a sand-dwelling species, the column and pedal disc are burrowed deeply in the sediment and typically obscured from view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13132A146457FFD91F9DF9F5FA9377F1" box="[1240,1352,1646,1672]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="26.[152,255,1821,1845]" captionTargetBox="[202,1386,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-22@26.[202,1386,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 16. Representative images of Stichodactyla haddoni encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation. A) Tan/olive individual in sandy microhabitat with enlarged exocoelic tentacles (black arrows; Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). B) Exposed upper column revealing pale color and lack of distinctive verrucae (white arrow; Saudi Arabia, Red Sea). C) Macro photograph of striped endocoelic tentacles. Note the rounded globular shape (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). D) Individual in typical microhabitat (Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands). E). Bright yellow individual likely experiencing bleaching stress (Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands). Photographs by Morgan Bennett-Smith and Benjamin M. Titus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745860" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745860/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure 16</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13132A146457FFD91E16F9F5FF6C77D5" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[152,255,1822,1846]" captionTargetBox="[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[201,1387,181,1798]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Representative images of the long-tentacled sea anemone Radianthus doreensis encompassing a broad range of geographic and phenotypic variation.A) Whole individual in typical sandy microhabitat (Bali, Indonesia). B) Macro photograph of characteristic curling/spiraling tentacle pattern (Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands). C) Partially retracted individual revealing highly contrasting white verrucae on brown column (arrow; Anilao, Philippines). D) Small purple individual with longitudinally striped tentacles and oral disc (Anilao, Philippines). E) Large individual with longitudinal “zebra-stripe” tentacle and oral disc pattern (Anilao, Philippines). All photographs by Scott and Jeanette Johnson." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745840/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure S8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Upon disturbance, this species can retract entirely into the sand.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D126457FFD918DBF909FB4277D5" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Saville-Kent" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[926,1177,1682,1708]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haddoni">Stichodactyla haddoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
is often found on calm sand flats and seagrass beds away from fore reef habitats, at depth rangin from
|
||
<quantity id="4CD09B746457FFD91F4DF92DFBAB77A9" box="[1032,1136,1718,1745]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.525" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.05" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="m" value="15.25" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="0.5">
|
||
0.5-
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D2EFD186457FFD91F76F92DFBAB77A9" box="[1075,1136,1718,1745]" count="30" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="generic">30 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
. This species is only found as solitary anemones (it does not form aggregations) and it is expected to sexually reproduce only.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9736916457FFD91B82F965FB4D7619" blockId="25.[151,1437,998,1888]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C284D126457FFD91B82F965FE1A7661" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Saville-Kent" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[199,449,1790,1816]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Stichodactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="haddoni">Stichodactyla haddoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widespread throughout the Indo-West Pacific, and ranges from the Red Sea, throughout the Indian ocean, Coral Triangle, and into the Central Pacific at least to the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33F76016457FFD91F55F8B9FB167645" box="[1040,1229,1826,1852]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Marshall Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13132A146457FFD91F9AF8B9FA887645" box="[1247,1363,1826,1852]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="27.[152,255,747,771]" captionTargetBox="[189,1393,181,723]" captionTargetId="figure-17@27.[189,1397,181,723]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 17. Confirmed geographic range of Stichodactyla haddoni in the Indo-West Pacific. Red dots represent species observations from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Blue shaded area represents shallow water habitat (60 m bathymetry)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13745862" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13745862/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figure 17</figureCitation>
|
||
). This species extends north to the Japanese Archipelago, and south to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33F76016457FFD91826F8DDFC117619" box="[867,970,1862,1888]" name="Australia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33F76016457FFD91F45F8DDFB497619" box="[1024,1170,1862,1888]" name="South Africa" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |