treatments-xml/data/0A/10/03/0A10034B297E0D697DC7FA4A6DC9FD26.xml

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<mods:title id="520C08EF26A925EBCDFF675587E06BFD">Diving into the unknown: fourteen new species of haplosclerid sponges (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) revealed along the Peruvian coast (Southeastern Pacific)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8D7825C2A0F60E700191666129C052F5">Bispo, André</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="12A06E0B423F5F91A0506E542205A7D4">Museu Nacional, Departamento de Invertebrados, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, s / n, CEP 20940 - 040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil &amp; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 4025 - 6839; afelipebispo @ gmail. com</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="5A488BE5E2CE4DE8646803DD1FAD0B72">Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Rue Vautier 29, B- 1000, Bruxelles, Belgium &amp; Université Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Avenue F. D. Roosevelt, 50, B- 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium &amp; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 4127 - 9346; philippe. willenz @ naturalsciences. be</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="0A10034B297E0D697DC7FA4A6DC9FD26" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5824055" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191928479" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5824055" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0A10034B297E0D697DC7FA4A6DC9FD26" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A10034B297E0D697DC7FA4A6DC9FD26" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="236" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">
<subSubSection id="CAA3E1D6297E0D6B7DC7FA4A6E06FA12" box="[151,638,1410,1437]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8206B25D297E0D6B7DC7FA4A6E06FA12" blockId="33.[151,638,1410,1473]" box="[151,638,1410,1437]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">
<heading id="D94E0531297E0D6B7DC7FA4A6E06FA12" bold="true" box="[151,638,1410,1437]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297E0D6B7DC7FA4A6E06FA12" bold="true" box="[151,638,1410,1437]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">
<taxonomicName id="45B9C9DE297E0D6B7DC7FA4A6E61FA12" ID-CoL="8TZ2Y" authority="Bispo &amp; Willenz &amp; Hajdu, 2022" authorityName="Bispo &amp; Willenz &amp; Hajdu" authorityYear="2022" box="[151,537,1410,1437]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="parvuloxea" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Reniera">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297E0D6B7DC7FA4A6D68FA12" bold="true" box="[151,272,1410,1437]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">Haliclona</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297E0D6B7C71FA4B6DF9FA12" bold="true" box="[289,385,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">Reniera</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297E0D6B7CC2FA4A6E61FA12" bold="true" box="[402,537,1410,1437]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">parvuloxea</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="ABFED334297E0D6B7F71FA4B6E06FA12" box="[545,638,1411,1437]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<subSubSection id="CAA3E1D6297E0D6B7DC7FA6F6D0DFA4E" box="[151,373,1447,1473]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" type="description">
<paragraph id="8206B25D297E0D6B7DC7FA6F6D0DFA4E" blockId="33.[151,638,1410,1473]" box="[151,373,1447,1473]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">
(
<figureCitation id="1A82AED8297E0D6B7DCFFA6F6D76FA4E" box="[159,270,1447,1473]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[195,1392,181,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-18@34.[195,1392,181,1870]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 11. Haliclona (Reniera) parvuloxea sp. nov. (MNRJ 13044, holotype). A–B, holotype above water on a mangrove root; C, skeletal architecture in transverse ground section; D, detail of C (sponge surface to the left); E, ectosomal skeleton architecture in tangential ground section; F–G, oxeas. Scale bars:A, 5 cm; B, 2 cm; C, 200 μm; D–E, 100 μm; F–G, 20 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5824045" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5824045/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">Figure 11</figureCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="CF3B87E6297E0D6B7C49FA6F6D14FA4E" box="[281,364,1447,1473]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,239,504,530]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 3. Comparative data on external morphology, anatomy, spicule length x width, and known distribution for Chalinula spp., Haliclona spp. Niphates spp. and Pachychalina spp. occurring along the Eastern Pacific and in transitional areas between the Pacific and Atlantic (Beagle Channel and Strait of Magellan). (Ecto. = ectosome; Choano. = choanosome). Sources: Wilson (1904); Thiele (1905); de Laubenfels (1926, 1930, 1932); Dickinson (1945); Sarà (1978); Desqueyroux-Faúndez (1990); Desqueyroux-Faúndez &amp; van Soest (1997); Gómez et al. (2002); Cruz-Barraza &amp; Carballo (2006, 2008); van Soest (2017); Gastaldi et al. (2018); Sim-Smith et al. (2021); present study." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D6C6E2D529570D427DC7FE306B77FDF1" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" tableUuid="D6C6E2D529570D427DC7FE306B77FDF1">Table 3</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="CAA3E1D6297E0D6B7DC7FA206DEFF9C5" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8206B25D297E0D6B7DC7FA206DEFF9C5" blockId="33.[151,1437,1512,2043]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">
<materialsCitation id="32D1B800297E0D6B7DC7FA206DEFF9C5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3427684317" accessionNumber="POR 13044" collectingDate="2009-11-27" collectionCode="MNRJ, MHNG" collectorName="Y. Hooker &amp; Ph. Willenz &amp; K. M. Pretell Monzon" latitude="-3.4014723" location="Tumbes, Tumbes Region" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-80.305" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" specimenCode="MNRJ 13044, RBINS-IG 32241, MHNG 85832" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tumbes, Tumbes Region" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297E0D6B7DC7FA206D73F98D" bold="true" box="[151,267,1512,1538]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">
<typeStatus id="5D020CFF297E0D6B7DC7FA206D7EF98D" box="[151,262,1512,1538]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="D21F1A26297E0D6B7C41FA216DDFF98D" box="[273,423,1512,1539]" collectionCode="MNRJ" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">MNRJ 13044</specimenCode>
(Vouchers: 
<specimenCode id="D21F1A26297E0D6B7F7BFA206E97F98D" box="[555,751,1512,1538]" collectionCode="RBINS-IG" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">RBINS-IG 32241</specimenCode>
-POR 13044, 
<specimenCode id="D21F1A26297E0D6B7ED8FA206851F98C" box="[904,1065,1512,1539]" collectionCode="MHNG" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2jyg-xmd2" name="Museum d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" type="Museum">MHNG 85832</specimenCode>
)— 
<collectorName id="2F4CD78B297E0D6B791DFA20688FF98D" box="[1101,1271,1512,1539]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">Punta Capones</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="2F4CD78B297E0D6B7851FA216907F98C" box="[1281,1407,1513,1539]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">Mangroves</collectorName>
of 
<collectingRegion id="407D7CBF297E0D6B7DC7F9C46DD5F9A9" box="[151,429,1548,1574]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">Tumbes, Tumbes Region</collectingRegion>
(
<geoCoordinate id="E78DD49A297E0D6B7CEBF9C46E13F9A9" box="[443,619,1548,1575]" degrees="03" direction="south" minutes="24" orientation="latitude" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" precision="1" seconds="05.30" value="-3.4014723">03°24’05.30” S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="E78DD49A297E0D6B7F27F9C46F4EF9A8" box="[631,822,1548,1575]" degrees="80" direction="west" minutes="18" orientation="longitude" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" precision="1" seconds="18.00" value="-80.305">80°18’ 18.00” W</geoCoordinate>
), intertidal, coll. 
<collectorName id="2F4CD78B297E0D6B7EA1F9C5681DF9A9" box="[1009,1125,1548,1575]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">Y. Hooker</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="2F4CD78B297E0D6B793FF9C46889F9A9" box="[1135,1265,1548,1574]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">Ph. Willenz</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="2F4CD78B297E0D6B7842F9C56C8CF9C5" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">K.M. Pretell Monzón</collectorName>
(
<date id="F607949D297E0D6B7C53F9F86DF3F9C5" box="[259,395,1584,1610]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" value="2009-11-27">
<collectingDate id="E6436D75297E0D6B7C53F9F86DF3F9C5" box="[259,395,1584,1610]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" value="2009-11-27">27/XI/2009</collectingDate>
</date>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CAA3E1D6297E0D6B7D97F99C6EA1F939" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8206B25D297E0D6B7D97F99C6EA1F939" blockId="33.[151,1437,1512,2043]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297E0D6B7D97F99C6D3AF9E1" bold="true" box="[199,322,1620,1646]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
The only 
<taxonomicName id="45B9C9DE297E0D6B7CE3F99C6E5BF9E1" box="[435,547,1620,1646]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297E0D6B7CE3F99C6E5BF9E1" box="[435,547,1620,1646]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">Haliclona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Eastern Pacific with a combination of encrusting habit, presence of blind fistules, lobate projections frequently bifurcating, with an apical oscula, colour alive yellow; isotropic to isodictyal unispicular skeleton, and oxeas 62–91µm in length.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CAA3E1D6297E0D6B7D97F9086D92F875" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" type="description">
<paragraph id="8206B25D297E0D6B7D97F908682AF8AD" blockId="33.[151,1437,1512,2043]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297E0D6B7D97F9086D89F955" bold="true" box="[199,497,1728,1754]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">
Description (
<figureCitation id="1A82AED8297E0D6B7C0FF9086D99F955" box="[351,481,1728,1754]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[195,1392,181,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-18@34.[195,1392,181,1870]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 11. Haliclona (Reniera) parvuloxea sp. nov. (MNRJ 13044, holotype). A–B, holotype above water on a mangrove root; C, skeletal architecture in transverse ground section; D, detail of C (sponge surface to the left); E, ectosomal skeleton architecture in tangential ground section; F–G, oxeas. Scale bars:A, 5 cm; B, 2 cm; C, 200 μm; D–E, 100 μm; F–G, 20 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5824045" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5824045/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">Fig. 11A, B</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Encrusting, with abundant, short, up to 
<quantity id="45411FB8297E0D6B7EF4F9086F9BF954" box="[932,995,1728,1755]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
high, cylindrical or irregular, frequently bifurcate, lobate projections; several blind fistules present; often with small, circular, apical oscula, 
<quantity id="45411FB8297E0D6B79A8F92C6907F970" box="[1272,1407,1764,1791]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="13.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" unit="mm" value="0.85" valueMax="1.3" valueMin="0.4">0.4–1.3 mm</quantity>
in diameter. Surface smooth, shiny out of water. Consistency soft. Colour in life yellow.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8206B25D297E0D6B7D97F8E46DC2F83C" blockId="33.[151,1437,1512,2043]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297E0D6B7D97F8E46DA9F8C9" bold="true" box="[199,465,1836,1862]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">
Skeleton (
<figureCitation id="1A82AED8297E0D6B7C6CF8E46DBBF8C9" box="[316,451,1836,1862]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[195,1392,181,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-18@34.[195,1392,181,1870]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 11. Haliclona (Reniera) parvuloxea sp. nov. (MNRJ 13044, holotype). A–B, holotype above water on a mangrove root; C, skeletal architecture in transverse ground section; D, detail of C (sponge surface to the left); E, ectosomal skeleton architecture in tangential ground section; F–G, oxeas. Scale bars:A, 5 cm; B, 2 cm; C, 200 μm; D–E, 100 μm; F–G, 20 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5824045" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5824045/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">Fig. 11C–E</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Ectosome an isodictyal to isotropic, unispicular reticulation. Choanosome an isotropic, unispicular reticulation, more regular in some parts, isodictyal; in others somewhat disorganized. Mesohyl heavily pigmented, rendering a brownish colour that even hampers skeleton observation. Spongin scarce, at the nodes of the reticulation when present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8206B25D297E0D6B7D97F8746D92F875" blockId="33.[151,1437,1512,2043]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297E0D6B7D97F8746DAEF859" bold="true" box="[199,470,1980,2006]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">
Spicules (
<figureCitation id="1A82AED8297E0D6B7C6CF8746DB0F859" box="[316,456,1980,2006]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1894,1918]" captionTargetBox="[195,1392,181,1870]" captionTargetId="figure-18@34.[195,1392,181,1870]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 11. Haliclona (Reniera) parvuloxea sp. nov. (MNRJ 13044, holotype). A–B, holotype above water on a mangrove root; C, skeletal architecture in transverse ground section; D, detail of C (sponge surface to the left); E, ectosomal skeleton architecture in tangential ground section; F–G, oxeas. Scale bars:A, 5 cm; B, 2 cm; C, 200 μm; D–E, 100 μm; F–G, 20 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5824045" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5824045/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">Fig. 11F, G</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Oxeas, slender, subtly bent at centre, short acerate points, dimensions 62– 
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297E0D6B786EF8746922F859" box="[1342,1370,1980,2006]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">80</emphasis>
–91 x 1.0– 
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297E0D6B7D98F8286C93F875" box="[200,235,2016,2042]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">2.5</emphasis>
–4.0 µm (n = 40 x 20).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="D6C6E2D5297D0D687DC7F8AE690FF835" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5824045" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5824045" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5824045/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="235" startId="34.[151,250,1894,1918]" targetBox="[195,1392,181,1870]" targetPageId="34">
<paragraph id="8206B25D297D0D687DC7F8AE690FF835" blockId="34.[151,1436,1894,1978]" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297D0D687DC7F8AE6F9AF8F1" bold="true" box="[151,994,1894,1919]" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">
FIGURE 11. 
<taxonomicName id="45B9C9DE297D0D687C75F8AE6E0BF8F1" authority="Bispo &amp; Willenz &amp; Hajdu, 2022" authorityName="Bispo &amp; Willenz &amp; Hajdu" authorityYear="2022" box="[293,627,1894,1919]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="34" pageNumber="235" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="parvuloxea" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Reniera">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297D0D687C75F8AE6E0BF8F1" bold="true" box="[293,627,1894,1919]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">Haliclona (Reniera) parvuloxea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ABFED334297D0D687F29F8AF6EB2F8F0" box="[633,714,1895,1919]" pageId="34" pageNumber="235" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(MNRJ 13044, holotype).
</emphasis>
A–B, holotype above water on a mangrove root; C, skeletal architecture in transverse ground section; D, detail of C (sponge surface to the left); E, ectosomal skeleton architecture in tangential ground section; F–G, oxeas. Scale bars:A, 5 cm; B, 2 cm; C, 200 μm; D–E, 100 μm; F–G, 20 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="CAA3E1D6297C0D697D97FF5F6FC7FF3E" box="[199,959,151,177]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8206B25D297C0D697D97FF5F6FC7FF3E" blockId="35.[151,1437,151,681]" box="[199,959,151,177]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697D97FF5F6D54FF3E" bold="true" box="[199,300,151,177]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Ecology.</emphasis>
Intertidal, epibiotic over unidentified mangrove tree roots.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CAA3E1D6297C0D697D97FF72697DFF5A" box="[199,1285,186,213]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8206B25D297C0D697D97FF72697DFF5A" blockId="35.[151,1437,151,681]" box="[199,1285,186,213]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697D97FF726DA9FF5B" bold="true" box="[199,465,186,212]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">
Distribution (
<figureCitation id="1A82AED8297C0D697C38FF726DBBFF5B" box="[360,451,186,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1807,1831]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,563,1778]" captionTargetId="figure-185@7.[155,1432,561,1783]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Map showing the geographic distribution of Peruvian haplosclerids. A, distribution of Chalinula chelysa sp. nov.; B, distribution of Chalinula ramiculosa sp. nov. and Haliclona (G.) concreta sp nov.; C, distribution of H. (Halich.) arequipaensis sp. nov., H. (Halich.) multiosculata sp. nov. and H. (Halich.) marcoriosi sp. nov.; D, distribution of H. (Halich.) paracas sp. nov., H. (Halich.) pellucida sp. nov. and (Reniera) parvuloxea sp. nov.; E, distribution of H. (Rhizoniera) spp. nov.; F, distribution of Niphates ruthecitae sp. nov. and Pachychalina lupusapia sp. nov." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5824023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5824023/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Only known from its 
<typeStatus id="5D020CFF297C0D697F99FF736E81FF5A" box="[713,761,187,213]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">type</typeStatus>
locality, in the mangroves of 
<collectingRegion id="407D7CBF297C0D697916FF7368DAFF5A" box="[1094,1186,187,213]" country="Peru" name="Tumbes" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Tumbes</collectingRegion>
, in 
<collectingCountry id="FAAEF2CD297C0D69799AFF736979FF5A" box="[1226,1281,187,213]" name="Peru" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Peru</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CAA3E1D6297C0D697D97FF176FE3FE92" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8206B25D297C0D697D97FF176FE3FE92" blockId="35.[151,1437,151,681]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697D97FF176D36FF76" bold="true" box="[199,334,223,249]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Etymology.</emphasis>
The epithet comes from the L. 
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697FFBFF176F75FF76" box="[683,781,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">parvulus</emphasis>
(= very little), in reference to the overall small dimensions of oxeas in this species, smaller than in other Peruvian haplosclerids.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CAA3E1D6297C0D697D97FEEF6DC9FD26" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8206B25D297C0D697D97FEEF68DDFE7A" blockId="35.[151,1437,151,681]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697D97FEEF6D43FECE" bold="true" box="[199,315,295,321]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Remarks.</emphasis>
Little is known of the sponge biodiversity in mangroves along the Tropical Eastern Pacific (
<bibRefCitation id="E628CFAC297C0D697867FEEF6C8EFEEA" author="Cortes, J. &amp; van Der Hal, N. &amp; van Soest, R. W. M." pageId="35" pageNumber="236" pagination="137 - 142" refId="ref35182" refString="Cortes, J., van Der Hal, N. &amp; van Soest, R. W. M. (2009) Sponges. In: Wehrtmann, I. S. &amp; Cortes, J. (Eds.), Marine Biodiversity of Costa Rica, Central America. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp. 137 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 8278 - 8 _ 9" type="book chapter" year="2009">
Cortés 
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D6978D8FEEF6CCCFEEA" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
). Unsurprisingly, this is the only yellow 
<taxonomicName id="45B9C9DE297C0D697FFEFE836F66FEEA" box="[686,798,331,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697FFEFE836F66FEEA" box="[686,798,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Haliclona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with small oxeas, from mangrove habitats in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Other congeners from the tropical sector of the Peruvian coast include 
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D69793AFEA768FEFE07" box="[1130,1158,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">H.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D6979C6FEA76892FE06" box="[1174,1258,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Halich.</emphasis>
) 
<taxonomicName id="45B9C9DE297C0D6979AAFEA7690CFE07" authority="Bispo &amp; Willenz &amp; Hajdu, 2022" authorityName="Bispo &amp; Willenz &amp; Hajdu" authorityYear="2022" box="[1274,1396,367,392]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="marcoriosi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D6979AAFEA7690CFE07" box="[1274,1396,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">marcoriosi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D69782BFEA76CB0FE22" bold="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ABFED334297C0D69782BFEA76CB0FE22" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697DABFE5B6D6FFE23" box="[251,279,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">H.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697C75FE5B6D00FE22" box="[293,376,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Halich.</emphasis>
) 
<taxonomicName id="45B9C9DE297C0D697CD6FE5B6E66FE22" authority="Bispo &amp; Willenz &amp; Hajdu, 2022" authorityName="Bispo &amp; Willenz &amp; Hajdu" authorityYear="2022" box="[390,542,403,429]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="multiosculata" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697CD6FE5B6E66FE22" box="[390,542,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">multiosculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697F74FE5B6E04FE22" bold="true" box="[548,636,403,429]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ABFED334297C0D697F74FE5B6E04FE22" box="[548,636,403,429]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<tableCitation id="CF3B87E6297C0D697FD8FE5B6EA4FE22" box="[648,732,403,429]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,239,504,530]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 3. Comparative data on external morphology, anatomy, spicule length x width, and known distribution for Chalinula spp., Haliclona spp. Niphates spp. and Pachychalina spp. occurring along the Eastern Pacific and in transitional areas between the Pacific and Atlantic (Beagle Channel and Strait of Magellan). (Ecto. = ectosome; Choano. = choanosome). Sources: Wilson (1904); Thiele (1905); de Laubenfels (1926, 1930, 1932); Dickinson (1945); Sarà (1978); Desqueyroux-Faúndez (1990); Desqueyroux-Faúndez &amp; van Soest (1997); Gómez et al. (2002); Cruz-Barraza &amp; Carballo (2006, 2008); van Soest (2017); Gastaldi et al. (2018); Sim-Smith et al. (2021); present study." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D6C6E2D529570D427DC7FE306B77FDF1" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" tableUuid="D6C6E2D529570D427DC7FE306B77FDF1">Table 3</tableCitation>
), albeit their dissimilarities in colour, shape, spicule dimensions and habitat differentiate these species from 
<taxonomicName id="45B9C9DE297C0D697F28FE7F6F2DFE5E" authority="Bispo &amp; Willenz &amp; Hajdu, 2022" authorityName="Bispo &amp; Willenz &amp; Hajdu" authorityYear="2022" box="[632,853,439,465]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="parvuloxea" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Re.">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697F28FE7F6EECFE5F" box="[632,660,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">H.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697FF3FE7F6EB0FE5F" box="[675,712,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Re.</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697F87FE7F6F2DFE5E" box="[727,853,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">parvuloxea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697E0AFE7F6FCBFE5E" bold="true" box="[858,947,439,465]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ABFED334297C0D697E0AFE7F6FCBFE5E" box="[858,947,439,465]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Comparison with 
<taxonomicName id="45B9C9DE297C0D69792FFE7F690DFE5E" authority="Bispo &amp; Willenz &amp; Hajdu, 2022" authorityName="Bispo &amp; Willenz &amp; Hajdu" authorityYear="2022" box="[1151,1397,439,465]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="manglarensis" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Rhizoniera">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D69792FFE7F68E3FE5F" box="[1151,1179,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">H.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D6979FAFE7F68A8FE5E" box="[1194,1232,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Rh.</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D69798FFE7F690DFE5E" box="[1247,1397,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">manglarensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D69782BFE7F6CB0FE7A" bold="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ABFED334297C0D69782BFE7F6CBBFE7A" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" rank="species">sp. nov</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
</emphasis>
also occurring in the 
<collectingRegion id="407D7CBF297C0D697CEBFE136E6CFE7A" box="[443,532,475,501]" country="Peru" name="Tumbes" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Tumbes</collectingRegion>
mangrove, is made in the Remarks section of that species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8206B25D297C0D697D97FE376DC9FD26" blockId="35.[151,1437,151,681]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">
Yellowish-coloured 
<taxonomicName id="45B9C9DE297C0D697CE4FE376E19FD96" box="[436,609,511,537]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697CE4FE376E50FD96" box="[436,552,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Haliclona</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
in the Eastern or Central Pacific are 
<taxonomicName id="45B9C9DE297C0D697970FE3768A3FD97" authorityName="Encrusting" baseAuthorityName="Thiele" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[1056,1243,511,537]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="anceps" subGenus="Rhizoniera">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697970FE376845FD97" box="[1056,1085,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">H.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697900FE37680FFD96" box="[1104,1143,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Rh.</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D6979DBFE3768A3FD97" box="[1163,1243,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">anceps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="45B9C9DE297C0D6979BCFE3769EDFD96" baseAuthorityName="Thiele" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[1260,1429,511,537]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="auletta" subGenus="Soestella">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D6979BCFE376970FD97" box="[1260,1288,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">H.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D69784BFE376949FD96" box="[1307,1329,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">S.</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697815FE3769EDFD96" box="[1349,1429,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">auletta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697DC7FDEB6CCCFDB3" box="[151,180,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">H.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697D95FDEB6D6DFDB2" box="[197,277,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Halicl.</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697C77FDEB6DDAFDB3" box="[295,418,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">macropora</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697CE1FDEB6DB5FDB3" box="[433,461,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">H.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697C8DFDEB6E49FDB2" box="[477,561,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Halich.</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697F11FDEB6EC4FDB2" box="[577,700,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">mokuoloea</emphasis>
(de Laubenfels, 1950), 
<taxonomicName id="45B9C9DE297C0D697E9BFDEB6975FDB2" authority="(Thiele, 1905)" baseAuthorityName="Thiele" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[971,1293,546,573]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="siphonella">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697E9BFDEB681BFDB2" box="[971,1123,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">H. siphonella</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E628CFAC297C0D697922FDEB697DFDB2" author="Thiele, J." box="[1138,1285,546,573]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" pagination="407 - 496" refId="ref38628" refString="Thiele, J. (1905) Die Kiesel- und Hornschwamme der Sammlung Plate. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Supplement 6 (Fauna Chilensis III), 407 - 496." type="journal article" year="1905">Thiele, 1905</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D69784AFDEB694DFDB3" box="[1306,1333,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">H.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697816FDEB69EBFDB2" box="[1350,1427,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Halicl.</emphasis>
) 
<taxonomicName id="45B9C9DE297C0D697DC7FD8F6D71FDEE" authorityName="Tubular" baseAuthorityName="Thiele" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[151,265,583,609]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="spinosella">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697DC7FD8F6D71FDEE" box="[151,265,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">spinosella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="45B9C9DE297C0D697C15FD8F6D9EFDEE" authorityName="Desqueyroux-Faundez" authorityYear="1990" box="[325,486,583,609]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="translucida">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697C15FD8F6D9EFDEE" box="[325,486,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">H. translucida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="CF3B87E6297C0D697CA4FD8F6E32FDEE" box="[500,586,583,609]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,239,504,530]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 3. Comparative data on external morphology, anatomy, spicule length x width, and known distribution for Chalinula spp., Haliclona spp. Niphates spp. and Pachychalina spp. occurring along the Eastern Pacific and in transitional areas between the Pacific and Atlantic (Beagle Channel and Strait of Magellan). (Ecto. = ectosome; Choano. = choanosome). Sources: Wilson (1904); Thiele (1905); de Laubenfels (1926, 1930, 1932); Dickinson (1945); Sarà (1978); Desqueyroux-Faúndez (1990); Desqueyroux-Faúndez &amp; van Soest (1997); Gómez et al. (2002); Cruz-Barraza &amp; Carballo (2006, 2008); van Soest (2017); Gastaldi et al. (2018); Sim-Smith et al. (2021); present study." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D6C6E2D529570D427DC7FE306B77FDF1" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" tableUuid="D6C6E2D529570D427DC7FE306B77FDF1">Table 3</tableCitation>
). They all are readily distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="45B9C9DE297C0D697945FD8F688AFDEE" authority="Bispo &amp; Willenz &amp; Hajdu, 2022" authorityName="Bispo &amp; Willenz &amp; Hajdu" authorityYear="2022" box="[1045,1266,583,609]" class="Demospongiae" family="Chalinidae" genus="Haliclona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="parvuloxea" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Re.">
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697945FD8F6849FDEF" box="[1045,1073,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">H.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697910FD8F681DFDEF" box="[1088,1125,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Re.</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D697924FD8F688AFDEE" box="[1140,1266,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">parvuloxea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B0CD6E4F297C0D6979A9FD8F6929FDEE" bold="true" box="[1273,1361,583,609]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="ABFED334297C0D6979A9FD8F6929FDEE" box="[1273,1361,583,609]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
due to the latter’s small-sized oxeas, 62–91 µm long, in addition to several differences in the habit of these species (
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; 
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).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>