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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1010.58759" ID-GBIF-Dataset="991ddda8-cc57-4ef5-8ada-5ea378885925" ID-PMC="PMC7817654" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1010-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="D317557D854C577289AA424187C079D2" ID-PubMed="33531857" ID-ZooBank="45DF30C9AEB448AAAC32BBE77CB7191D" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1010-1" checkinTime="1610662641170" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Albano, Paolo G., Steger, Jan, Bakker, Piet A. J., Bogi, Cesare, Bosnjak, Marija, Guy-Haim, Tamar, Huseyinoglu, Mehmet Fatih, LaFollette, Patrick I., Lubinevsky, Hadas, Mulas, Martina, Stockinger, Martina, Azzarone, Michele &amp; Sabelli, Bruno" docDate="2021" docId="9FC07CBEA1EE558697EA8E9CE09B28FC" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1010: 1-95" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1010" docPubDate="2021-01-13" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1010.58759" docTitle="Scintilla violescens Kuroda &amp; Taki 1961" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="D317557D854C577289AA424187C079D2" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="D317557D854C577289AA424187C079D2" masterDocTitle="Numerous new records of tropical non-indigenous species in the Eastern Mediterranean highlight the challenges of their recognition and identification" masterLastPageNumber="95" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668149698000" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Numerous new records of tropical non-indigenous species in the Eastern Mediterranean highlight the challenges of their recognition and identification</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Albano, Paolo G.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9876-1024</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">pgalbano@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Steger, Jan</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bakker, Piet A. J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333, CR Leiden, The Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bogi, Cesare</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Gruppo Malacologico Livornese, c / o Museo di Storia Naturale del Mediterraneo, via Roma 234, 57127, Livorno, Italy</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bosnjak, Marija</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria &amp; Croatian Natural History Museum, Demetrova 1, Zagreb, Croatia</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Guy-Haim, Tamar</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), Haifa 3108001, Israel</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Huseyinoglu, Mehmet Fatih</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Kyrenia, Karakum, Girne, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>LaFollette, Patrick I.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Malacology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Lubinevsky, Hadas</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), Haifa 3108001, Israel</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Mulas, Martina</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9228-786X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), Haifa 3108001, Israel &amp; The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave., Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Stockinger, Martina</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Azzarone, Michele</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Sabelli, Bruno</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Museo di Zoologia dell'Universita di Bologna, via Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2021-01-13</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>1010</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>95</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1010.58759</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1010.58759</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1010-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">45DF30C9AEB448AAAC32BBE77CB7191D</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">D317557D854C577289AA424187C079D2</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="176584160" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9FC07CBEA1EE558697EA8E9CE09B28FC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9FC07CBEA1EE558697EA8E9CE09B28FC" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName LSID="9FC07CBE-A1EE-5586-97EA-8E9CE09B28FC" authority="Kuroda &amp; Taki, 1961" authorityName="Kuroda &amp; Taki" authorityYear="1961" class="Bivalvia" family="Galeommatidae" genus="Scintilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scintilla violescens" order="Galeommatida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="violescens">Scintilla cf. violescens Kuroda &amp; Taki, 1961</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="F41" captionText="Figure 41. Scintilla cf. violescens Kuroda &amp; Taki, 1961, Haifa, Israel: right (A) and left (B) valve outer views, left (C) and right (D) valve inner views, hinge of left (E, G) and right (F, H) valve. Scale bars: 2 mm (A-D); 0.5 mm (E-H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1010.58759.figure41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496994" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 41</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="new records">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">New records.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Israel • 1 spcm; Haifa; depth 15 m; May 1999; biogenic sediment; B.S. Galil leg.; size: L 6.9 mm, H 5.2 mm.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The single shell found is trapezoid-oval (L:H ratio = 1.33), slightly higher posteriorly than anteriorly, translucid-white, and has a glossy external surface. The valves are narrowly gaping, more widely in their posterior part. The umbones are prosogyrate, pointed and submedian. The commarginal sculpture consists of fine growth lines that are slightly wavy posteriorly, as well as irregular growth marks. Flat radial ribs are present in the posterior part of the shell; they are visible, upon close examination, also on the inside of the valves in the form of shallow markings. The inner surface, particularly of the right valve, is spotted by blister-like markings (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="F41" captionText="Figure 41. Scintilla cf. violescens Kuroda &amp; Taki, 1961, Haifa, Israel: right (A) and left (B) valve outer views, left (C) and right (D) valve inner views, hinge of left (E, G) and right (F, H) valve. Scale bars: 2 mm (A-D); 0.5 mm (E-H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1010.58759.figure41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496994" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">41C, D</figureCitation>
). The hinge of the right valve bears a single cardinal tooth, bent towards the anterior, and an elongated posterior lateral tooth. The left valve has two cardinals, but the anterior one is broken off (Figure
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="F41" captionText="Figure 41. Scintilla cf. violescens Kuroda &amp; Taki, 1961, Haifa, Israel: right (A) and left (B) valve outer views, left (C) and right (D) valve inner views, hinge of left (E, G) and right (F, H) valve. Scale bars: 2 mm (A-D); 0.5 mm (E-H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1010.58759.figure41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496994" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">41G</figureCitation>
); a posterior lateral is present.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1010.58759.figure41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/496994" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 41" startId="F41">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 41.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuroda &amp; Taki" authorityYear="1961" class="Bivalvia" family="Galeommatidae" genus="Scintilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scintilla violescens" order="Galeommatida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="violescens">Scintilla cf. violescens</taxonomicName>
Kuroda &amp; Taki, 1961, Haifa, Israel: right (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
) and left (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
) valve outer views, left (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
) and right (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
) valve inner views, hinge of left (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E, G</emphasis>
) and right (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F, H</emphasis>
) valve. Scale bars: 2 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A-D</emphasis>
); 0.5 mm (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E-H</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Lacking further material and observations on living individuals, which are of great diagnostic importance in galeommatids, we refrained from assigning a definitive specific name to our shell. However, the overall shape, hinge dentition and the presence of radial sculpture match well descriptions of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuroda &amp; Taki" authorityYear="1961" class="Bivalvia" family="Galeommatidae" genus="Scintilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scintilla violescens" order="Galeommatida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="violescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scintilla violescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kuroda &amp; Taki, 1961 (
<bibRefCitation author="Arakawa, KY" journalOrPublisher="Venus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="143 - 146" refId="B25" refString="Arakawa, KY, 1961. A note on the animal of Scintilla violescens collected in Genkai Sea. Venus 21: 143 - 146" title="A note on the animal of Scintilla violescens collected in Genkai Sea." volume="21" year="1961">Arakawa 1961</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Kuroda, T" journalOrPublisher="Venus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="141 - 142" refId="B126" refString="Kuroda, T, Taki, I, 1961. On a new species of Scintilla (Galeommatidae) from Japan. Venus 21: 141 - 142" title="On a new species of Scintilla (Galeommatidae) from Japan." volume="21" year="1961">Kuroda and Taki 1961</bibRefCitation>
), a species recorded from the intertidal and shallow subtidal of Thailand and Japan (
<bibRefCitation author="Huber, M" journalOrPublisher="ConchBooks, Harxheim" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B111" refString="Huber, M, 2015. Compendium of bivalves 2. ConchBooks, Harxheim" title="Compendium of bivalves 2." year="2015">Huber 2015</bibRefCitation>
). In contrast to our shell, however,
<bibRefCitation author="Kuroda, T" journalOrPublisher="Venus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="141 - 142" refId="B126" refString="Kuroda, T, Taki, I, 1961. On a new species of Scintilla (Galeommatidae) from Japan. Venus 21: 141 - 142" title="On a new species of Scintilla (Galeommatidae) from Japan." volume="21" year="1961">Kuroda and Taki (1961)</bibRefCitation>
mention the presence of radial sculpture on the entire surface of the valves of their type material. While our Mediterranean shell is less elongated than the specimens of
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. violescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="violescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. violescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
illustrated by
<bibRefCitation author="Okutani, T" journalOrPublisher="Tokai University Press, Tokyo" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B164" refString="Okutani, T, 2000. Marine mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo" title="Marine mollusks in Japan." year="2000">Okutani (2000)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00168.x" author="Luetzen, J" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="261 - 308" refId="B136" refString="Luetzen, J, Nielsen, C, 2005. Galeommatid bivalves from Phuket, Thailand. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144: 261 - 308, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00168.x" title="Galeommatid bivalves from Phuket, Thailand." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00168.x" volume="144" year="2005">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lützen">Luetzen</normalizedToken>
and Nielsen (2005)
</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation author="Huber, M" journalOrPublisher="ConchBooks, Harxheim" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B111" refString="Huber, M, 2015. Compendium of bivalves 2. ConchBooks, Harxheim" title="Compendium of bivalves 2." year="2015">Huber (2015)</bibRefCitation>
, it is very similar in outline to the shell shown by
<bibRefCitation author="Arakawa, KY" journalOrPublisher="Venus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="143 - 146" refId="B25" refString="Arakawa, KY, 1961. A note on the animal of Scintilla violescens collected in Genkai Sea. Venus 21: 143 - 146" title="A note on the animal of Scintilla violescens collected in Genkai Sea." volume="21" year="1961">Arakawa (1961</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 5B) (which was identified by T. Kuroda and I. Taki).
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuroda &amp; Taki" authorityYear="1961" class="Bivalvia" family="Galeommatidae" genus="Scintilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scintilla violescens" order="Galeommatida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="violescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scintilla violescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be variable also with respect to shell size and coloration: specimens from Thailand (maximum length = 10.5 mm, n = 12 spcms) all were considerably smaller than the&gt; 15 mm-long Japanese type (
<bibRefCitation author="Kuroda, T" journalOrPublisher="Venus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="141 - 142" refId="B126" refString="Kuroda, T, Taki, I, 1961. On a new species of Scintilla (Galeommatidae) from Japan. Venus 21: 141 - 142" title="On a new species of Scintilla (Galeommatidae) from Japan." volume="21" year="1961">Kuroda and Taki 1961</bibRefCitation>
) and had a whitish instead of pale violet color (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00168.x" author="Luetzen, J" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="261 - 308" refId="B136" refString="Luetzen, J, Nielsen, C, 2005. Galeommatid bivalves from Phuket, Thailand. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144: 261 - 308, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00168.x" title="Galeommatid bivalves from Phuket, Thailand." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00168.x" volume="144" year="2005">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lützen">Luetzen</normalizedToken>
and Nielsen 2005
</bibRefCitation>
), like the Israeli shell. Considering this great plasticity in shell characters, and the differences in living animal morphology observed for Thai vs. Japanese specimens of
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. violescens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="violescens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. violescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00168.x" author="Luetzen, J" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="261 - 308" refId="B136" refString="Luetzen, J, Nielsen, C, 2005. Galeommatid bivalves from Phuket, Thailand. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144: 261 - 308, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00168.x" title="Galeommatid bivalves from Phuket, Thailand." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00168.x" volume="144" year="2005">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lützen">Luetzen</normalizedToken>
and Nielsen (2005)
</bibRefCitation>
, the question arises whether more than one biological entity might be involved.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Irrespective of its unresolved specific affinity, the shell presented here clearly differs from all native Mediterranean galeommatids and thus cannot be confused; it can be easily distinguished from the non-indigneous
<taxonomicName authorityName="Luetzen &amp; Nielsen, 2005 (sensu Mifsud and Ovalis" authorityYear="2012" class="Bivalvia" family="Galeommatidae" genus="Nudiscintilla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nudiscintilla glabra" order="Galeommatida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="glabra">Nudiscintilla cf. glabra</taxonomicName>
(see above) by its less elongated shell, smaller L:H-ratio and, most notably, the presence of radial sculpture on the valves. Apart from the present shell, which was found in 1999 in Haifa Bay, we know of no other material.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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