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<mods:title id="BDFA3AC5F5CFC3B4C7A11F30071DB0FC">First records of Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) from one island of the Comoros Archipelago</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="4EC4746145EBE9730E981BE6F666A718">2018</mods:date>
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<paragraph id="173C327AFFA9CC2AFE08FE98B68EFEB7" blockId="7.[491,919,350,378]" box="[491,919,350,378]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">
<heading id="4C748516FFA9CC2AFE08FE98B68EFEB7" bold="true" box="[491,919,350,378]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" reason="6">
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<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFE08FE98B68EFEB7" bold="true" box="[491,919,350,378]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFE08FE98B60FFEB7" bold="true" box="[491,790,350,378]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Iphiseius degenerans</emphasis>
(Berlese)
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<taxonomicName id="D08349F9FFA9CC2AFE08FE53B65DFE60" authority="(Berlese, 1889)" baseAuthorityName="Berlese" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[491,836,405,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Sejidae" genus="Seius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="degenerans">
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFE08FE53B7B0FE60" box="[491,681,405,429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Seius degenerans</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="73124F8BFFA9CC2AFD50FE53B627FE60" author="Berlese A." box="[691,830,405,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" pagination="7 - 9" refId="ref9566" refString="Berlese A. 1889. Acari, Myriopoda et Scorpiones hucusque in Italia reperta. Tipografia Del Seminario, 6 (54): 7 - 9." type="journal article" year="1889">Berlese, 1889</bibRefCitation>
)
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: 9;
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="37931554FFA9CC2AFE08FE71B138FE02" box="[491,1057,439,463]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">
<treatmentCitation id="9622146BFFA9CC2AFE08FE71B104FE02" author="Muma M. H." box="[491,1053,439,463]" page="288" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" year="1961">
<taxonomicName id="D08349F9FFA9CC2AFE08FE71B104FE02" authority=", Muma, 1961: 288" authorityName="Muma" authorityPageNumber="288" authorityYear="1961" box="[491,1053,439,463]" class="Arachnida" family="Phytoseiidae" genus="Amblyseius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="degenerans" subGenus="Iphiseius">
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFE08FE71B77DFE02" box="[491,612,439,463]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Amblyseius</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFD97FE71B7CDFE02" box="[628,724,439,463]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Iphiseius</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFD00FE71B644FE02" box="[739,861,439,463]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">degenerans</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="73124F8BFFA9CC2AFC88FE7EB104FE02" author="Muma M. H." box="[875,1053,439,463]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" pagination="1 - 39" refId="ref12251" refString="Muma M. H. 1961. Mites associated with citrus in Florida. Fla Agric. Exp. Stat. Bull., 640: 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="1961">Muma, 1961: 288</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<paragraph id="173C327AFFA9CC2AFE08FE1CB6F6FE3F" blockId="7.[491,1492,405,740]" box="[491,1007,474,498]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="37931554FFA9CC2AFE08FE1CB6F6FE3F" box="[491,1007,474,498]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">
<treatmentCitation id="9622146BFFA9CC2AFE08FE1CB6F2FE3F" author="Hirschmann W." box="[491,1003,474,498]" page="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" year="1962">
<taxonomicName id="D08349F9FFA9CC2AFE08FE1CB6F2FE3F" authority=", Hirschmann, 1962: 2" authorityName="Hirschmann" authorityPageNumber="2" authorityYear="1962" box="[491,1003,474,498]" class="Arachnida" family="Phytoseiidae" genus="Typhlodromus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="degenerans">
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFE08FE1CB608FE3F" box="[491,785,474,498]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Typhlodromus degenerans,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="73124F8BFFA9CC2AFCF3FE1CB6F2FE3F" author="Hirschmann W." box="[784,1003,474,498]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" pagination="5 - 6" refId="ref11051" refString="Hirschmann W. 1962. Gangystematik der Parasitiformes. Acarologie Schriftenreihe fur Vergleichende Milbenkunde, Hirschmann-Verlag, Furth / Bay, 5 (5 - 6), 80 pp. + 32 plates." type="book chapter" year="1962">Hirschmann, 1962: 2</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<paragraph id="173C327AFFA9CC2AFE08FE3AB166FDD9" blockId="7.[491,1492,405,740]" box="[491,1151,508,532]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="37931554FFA9CC2AFE08FE3AB166FDD9" box="[491,1151,508,532]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">
<treatmentCitation id="9622146BFFA9CC2AFE08FE3AB162FDD9" author="Pritchard A. E. &amp; Baker E. W." box="[491,1147,508,532]" page="299" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" year="1962">
<taxonomicName id="D08349F9FFA9CC2AFE08FE3AB162FDD9" ID-CoL="3PV9X" authority=", Pritchard &amp; Baker 1962: 299" authorityName="Pritchard &amp; Baker" authorityPageNumber="299" authorityYear="1962" box="[491,1147,508,532]" class="Arachnida" family="Phytoseiidae" genus="Iphiseius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="degenerans" subGenus="Iphiseius">
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFE08FE3AB752FDD9" box="[491,587,508,532]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Iphiseius</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFDB8FE3AB7A2FDD9" box="[603,699,508,532]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Iphiseius</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFD29FE3AB65DFDD9" box="[714,836,508,532]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">degenerans</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="73124F8BFFA9CC2AFCB1FE3AB162FDD9" author="Pritchard A. E. &amp; Baker E. W." box="[850,1147,508,532]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" pagination="205 - 309" refId="ref12596" refString="Pritchard A. E., Baker E. W. 1962. Mites of the family Phytoseiidae from Central Africa, with remarks on genera of the world. Hilgardia, 33: 205 - 309. doi: 10.3733 / hilg. v 33 n 07 p 205" type="journal article" year="1962">Pritchard &amp; Baker 1962: 299</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<paragraph id="173C327AFFA9CC2AFE08FDD9B75AFD94" blockId="7.[491,1492,405,740]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">
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<taxonomicName id="D08349F9FFA9CC2AFE08FDD9B68AFDFA" authority=", Zaher, 1986: 99" authorityName="Zaher" authorityPageNumber="99" authorityYear="1986" box="[491,915,543,567]" class="Arachnida" family="Phytoseiidae" genus="Amblyseius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="degenerans">
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFE08FDD9B7FFFDFA" box="[491,742,543,567]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Amblyseius degenerans</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="73124F8BFFA9CC2AFD16FDD9B68AFDFA" author="Zaher M. A." box="[757,915,543,567]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" refId="ref13691" refString="Zaher M. A. 1986. Survey and ecological studies on phytophagous, predacious and soil mites in Egypt. 11 A: Predacious and non phytophagous mites (Nile Valley and Delta). Fac. Agric., Cairo Univ., 567 pp." type="book" year="1986">Zaher, 1986: 99</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="9622146BFFA9CC2AFC7EFDD9B160FDFA" author="Northcraft P. D." box="[925,1145,543,567]" page="521" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" year="1987">
<bibRefCitation id="73124F8BFFA9CC2AFC7EFDD9B160FDFA" author="Northcraft P. D." box="[925,1145,543,567]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" pagination="521 - 522" refId="ref12402" refString="Northcraft P. D. 1987. First record of three indigenous predacious mites in Zimbabwe. J. Entomol. Soc. S. Afric., 50 (2): 521 - 522." type="journal article" year="1987">Northcraft, 1987: 521</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="73124F8BFFA9CC2AFB66FDD9B0B0FDFA" author="Papadoulis G. Th. &amp; Emmanouel N. G." box="[1157,1449,543,567]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" pagination="35 - 62" refId="ref12548" refString="Papadoulis G. Th., Emmanouel N. G. 1991. The genus Amblyseius (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in Greece, with the description of a new species. Entomologia Hellenica, 9: 35 - 62. doi: 10.12681 / eh. 13990" type="journal article" year="1991">Papadoulis &amp; Emmanouel,</bibRefCitation>
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1991: 36;
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<paragraph id="173C327AFFA9CC2AFE08FDA2B6ABFD52" blockId="7.[491,1492,405,740]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="37931554FFA9CC2AFE08FDA2B6ABFD52" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">
<treatmentCitation id="9622146BFFA9CC2AFE08FDA2B691FDB1" author="Berlese A." box="[491,904,612,636]" page="95" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" year="1921">
<taxonomicName id="D08349F9FFA9CC2AFE08FDA2B691FDB1" ID-CoL="3PV9X" authority=", Berlese, 1921: 95" authorityName=", Berlese" authorityPageNumber="95" authorityYear="1921" box="[491,904,612,636]" class="Arachnida" family="Phytoseiidae" genus="Iphiseius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="degenerans">
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFE08FDA2B7D5FDB1" box="[491,716,612,636]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Iphiseius degenerans</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="73124F8BFFA9CC2AFD3AFDA2B691FDB1" author="Berlese A." box="[729,904,612,636]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" pagination="77 - 105" refId="ref9656" refString="Berlese A. 1921. Acari, Myriopoda et Pseudoscorpiones hucusque in Italia reperta. I. Indice sinonimico dei generi e delle specie illustrate nei fascicoli 1 a 101. Redia, 14 (1 / 2): 77 - 105." type="journal article" year="1921">Berlese, 1921: 95</bibRefCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="9622146BFFA9CC2AFC71FDA3B15DFDB1" author="Evans G. O." box="[914,1092,612,636]" page="518" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" year="1954">
<bibRefCitation id="73124F8BFFA9CC2AFC71FDA3B15DFDB1" author="Evans G. O." box="[914,1092,612,636]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" pagination="517 - 526" refId="ref10863" refString="Evans G. O. 1954. The genus Iphiseius Berlese (Acarina: Laelaptidae). Proceed. Zool. Soc., 124: 517 - 526. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1954. tb 07793. x" type="journal article" year="1954">Evans, 1954: 518</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="9622146BFFA9CC2AFBADFDA3B046FDB1" author="Moraes G. J. de &amp; McMurtry J. A. &amp; Denmark H. A." box="[1102,1375,612,636]" page="61" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" year="1986">
<bibRefCitation id="73124F8BFFA9CC2AFBADFDA3B046FDB1" author="Moraes G. J. de &amp; McMurtry J. A. &amp; Denmark H. A." box="[1102,1375,612,636]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" refId="ref11908" refString="Moraes G. J. de, McMurtry J. A., Denmark H. A. 1986. A catalog of the mite family Phytoseiidae. References to taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and habitat. EMBRAPA - DDT, Brasilia, Brazil, 353 pp." type="book" year="1986">
Moraes
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFB21FDA3B1EEFDB1" box="[1218,1271,612,636]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">et al.</emphasis>
, 1986: 61
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; 2004: 92;
<bibRefCitation id="73124F8BFFA9CC2AFE08FD41B61BFD52" author="Chant D. A. &amp; McMurtry J. A." box="[491,770,647,671]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" pagination="187 - 224" refId="ref10069" refString="Chant D. A., McMurtry J. A. 2005. A review of the subfamily Amblyseiinae Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae): Part V. The tibe Euseiini n. tribe, subtribe Typhlodromalina n. subtribe, Euseiina n. subtribe, and Ricoseiina n. subtribe. Intern. J. Acarol., 31 (3): 187 - 224. doi: 10.1080 / 01647950508684424" type="journal article" year="2005">Chant &amp; McMurtry, 2005</bibRefCitation>
b: 215; 2007: 125;
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="173C327AFFA9CC2AFE08FD6FB63FFD29" blockId="7.[491,1492,405,740]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="37931554FFA9CC2AFE08FD6FB63FFD29" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">
<treatmentCitation id="9622146BFFA9CC2AFE08FD6FB6B8FD0C" author="El-Badry E. A." box="[491,929,681,705]" page="325" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" year="1968">
<taxonomicName id="D08349F9FFA9CC2AFE08FD6FB6B8FD0C" ID-CoL="3PV9Y" authority="El-Badry, 1968: 325" authorityName="El-Badry" authorityPageNumber="325" authorityYear="1968" box="[491,929,681,705]" class="Arachnida" family="Phytoseiidae" genus="Iphiseius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="martigellus">
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFE08FD6FB7D2FD0C" box="[491,715,681,705]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Iphiseius martigellus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="73124F8BFFA9CC2AFD31FD6FB6B8FD0C" author="El-Badry E. A." box="[722,929,681,705]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" pagination="321 - 328" refId="ref10719" refString="El-Badry E. A. 1968. Three new species of phytoseiid mites from western Sudan. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afric., 77: 321 - 328." type="journal article" year="1968">El-Badry, 1968: 325</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
(synonymy according to
<bibRefCitation id="73124F8BFFA9CC2AFB5EFD6FB0C9FD0C" author="Chant D. A. &amp; McMurtry J. A." box="[1213,1488,681,706]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" pagination="187 - 224" refId="ref10069" refString="Chant D. A., McMurtry J. A. 2005. A review of the subfamily Amblyseiinae Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae): Part V. The tibe Euseiini n. tribe, subtribe Typhlodromalina n. subtribe, Euseiina n. subtribe, and Ricoseiina n. subtribe. Intern. J. Acarol., 31 (3): 187 - 224. doi: 10.1080 / 01647950508684424" type="journal article" year="2005">Chant &amp; McMurtry, 2005</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="73124F8BFFA9CC2AFE08FD0AB602FD29" author="El-Banhawy E. M. &amp; Knapp M." box="[491,795,716,740]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" pagination="1 - 176" refId="ref10751" refString="El-Banhawy E. M., Knapp M. 2011 Mites of the family Phytoseiidae Berlese from Kenya (Acari: Mesostigmata). Zootaxa, 2945: 1 - 176." type="journal article" year="2011">El-Banhawy &amp; Knapp, 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5F9961F1FFA9CC2AFDF0FCD7B1C6FAB9" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="173C327AFFA9CC2AFDF0FCD7B65AFB4F" blockId="7.[491,1535,785,1396]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">
The biological characteristics of this Ethiopian species have been well documented because of its use in controlling thrips on various cultivated plants in greenhouses.
<taxonomicName id="D08349F9FFA9CC2AFB1AFCF5B0C4FC86" authorityName=", Berlese" authorityYear="1921" box="[1273,1501,819,843]" class="Arachnida" family="Phytoseiidae" genus="Iphiseius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="degenerans">
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFB1AFCF5B0C4FC86" box="[1273,1501,819,843]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Iphiseius degenerans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a commercially available biological control agent of thrips and spider mites in greenhouse crops. It is able to feed on a variety of foods, but thrips’ larvae and sweet pepper pollen are unfavourable food for immature development. This could compromise the establishment of this biological control agent when used against thrips in sweet pepper crops. According to the classification by
<bibRefCitation id="73124F8BFFA9CC2AFD47FC27B680FC35" author="McMurtry J. A. &amp; Moraes G. J. de &amp; Sourasso N. F." box="[676,921,992,1017]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" pagination="297 - 320" refId="ref11743" refString="McMurtry J. A., Moraes G. J. de, Sourasso N. F. 2013. Revision of the life styles of phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and implications for biological control strategies. Syst. Appl. Acarol., 18: 297 - 320. doi: 10.11158 / saa. 18.4.1" type="journal article" year="2013">
McMurtry
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFCF4FC27B657FC35" box="[791,846,992,1016]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="D08349F9FFA9CC2AFC4EFC27B15AFC35" authorityName=", Berlese" authorityYear="1921" box="[941,1091,992,1016]" class="Arachnida" family="Phytoseiidae" genus="Iphiseius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="degenerans">
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFC4EFC27B15AFC35" box="[941,1091,992,1016]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">I. degenerans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a type-III generalist predator. It is one of the most common native phytoseiid mite species on cassava in southern Africa (
<bibRefCitation id="73124F8BFFA9CC2AFA6CFBC4B0FBFBD7" author="Zannou I. D. &amp; Hanna R. &amp; Moraes G. J. de &amp; Kreiter S. &amp; Phiri G. &amp; Jone A." box="[1423,1506,1026,1050]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" pagination="149 - 164" refId="ref13739" refString="Zannou I. D., Hanna R., Moraes G. J. de, Kreiter S., Phiri G., Jone A. 2005. Mites of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) habitats in Southern Africa. Intern. J. Acarol., 31 (2): 149 - 164. doi: 10.1080 / 01647950508683667" type="journal article" year="2005">Zannou</bibRefCitation>
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFE08FBE0B73BFBF0" box="[491,546,1061,1085]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">et al.</emphasis>
2005) and feeds on
<taxonomicName id="D08349F9FFA9CC2AFCE1FBE3B0AFFBF0" authority="(Bondar) (Nwilene and Nachman 1996)" authorityName="Nwilene and Nachman" authorityYear="1996" baseAuthorityName="Bondar" baseAuthorityYear="1938" box="[770,1462,1061,1085]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetranychidae" genus="Mononychellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prostigmata" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanajoa">
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFCE1FBE3B11CFBF0" box="[770,1029,1061,1085]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Mononychellus tanajoa</emphasis>
(Bondar) (
<bibRefCitation id="73124F8BFFA9CC2AFB9AFBE3B0A9FBF0" author="Nwilene F. E. &amp; Nachman G." box="[1145,1456,1061,1085]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" pagination="259 - 271" refId="ref12486" refString="Nwilene F. E., Nachman G. 1996. Functional responses of Iphiseius degenerans and Neoseiulus teke (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to changes in the density of the cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Acari: Tetranychidae). Exp. Appl. Acarol., 20: 259 - 271. doi: 10.1007 / BF 00052876" type="journal article" year="1996">Nwilene and Nachman 1996</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, a widely distributed neotropical mite pest of cassava in Africa, insect larvae and pollen of many plants (
<bibRefCitation id="73124F8BFFA9CC2AFDD4FBACB621FB4F" author="Vantornhout I. &amp; Minnaert H. L. &amp; Tirry L. &amp; Clercq P." box="[567,824,1130,1154]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" pagination="183 - 195" refId="ref13515" refString="Vantornhout I., Minnaert H. L., Tirry L., Clercq P. 2005. InAuence of diet on life table parameters of Iphiseius degenerans (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Exp. and Appl. Acarol., 35: 183 - 195. doi: 10.1007 / s 10493 - 004 - 3940 - x" type="journal article" year="2005">
Vantornhout
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFD27FBADB7E3FB4F" box="[708,762,1130,1154]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="173C327AFFA9CC2AFDF0FB4BB606FB27" blockId="7.[491,1535,785,1396]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">
Another study concluded that
<taxonomicName id="D08349F9FFA9CC2AFCB7FB48B6F0FB68" authorityName=", Berlese" authorityYear="1921" box="[852,1001,1165,1189]" class="Arachnida" family="Phytoseiidae" genus="Iphiseius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="degenerans">
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFCB7FB48B6F0FB68" box="[852,1001,1165,1189]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">I. degenerans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be considered a suitable biological control candidate based on its preference for
<taxonomicName id="D08349F9FFA9CC2AFC97FB69B164FB0A" baseAuthorityName="Klein" baseAuthorityYear="1936" box="[884,1149,1199,1223]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetranychidae" genus="Eutetranychus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prostigmata" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFC97FB69B164FB0A" box="[884,1149,1199,1223]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Eutetranychus orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nec (Klein) in the Mediterranean region (
<bibRefCitation id="73124F8BFFA9CC2AFDA0FB14B60DFB27" author="Fantinou A. &amp; Baxevani A. &amp; Drizou F. &amp; Labropoulos P. &amp; Perdikis D. &amp; Papadoulis G." box="[579,788,1234,1258]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" refId="ref10907" refString="Fantinou A., Baxevani A., Drizou F., Labropoulos P., Perdikis D., Papadoulis G. 2012. Consumption" type="book" year="2012">
Fantinou
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFD47FB15B7C3FB27" box="[676,730,1234,1258]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="173C327AFFA9CC2AFDF0FB32B1C6FAB9" blockId="7.[491,1535,785,1396]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">
<taxonomicName id="D08349F9FFA9CC2AFDF0FB32B7E0FAC1" authorityName=", Berlese" authorityYear="1921" box="[531,761,1268,1292]" class="Arachnida" family="Phytoseiidae" genus="Iphiseius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="degenerans">
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFDF0FB32B7E0FAC1" box="[531,761,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Iphiseius degenerans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
preys on
<taxonomicName id="D08349F9FFA9CC2AFCBFFB32B07DFAC1" authority="Tuttle, Baker &amp; Abbatiello" authorityName="Tuttle, Baker &amp; Abbatiello" box="[860,1380,1268,1292]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetranychidae" genus="Oligonychus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prostigmata" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perseae">
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFCBFFB32B127FAC1" box="[860,1086,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Oligonychus perseae</emphasis>
Tuttle, Baker &amp; Abbatiello
</taxonomicName>
outside the webbed nests. Although
<taxonomicName id="D08349F9FFA9CC2AFD15FADEB692FAE2" authorityName=", Berlese" authorityYear="1921" box="[758,907,1303,1327]" class="Arachnida" family="Phytoseiidae" genus="Iphiseius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="degenerans">
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFD15FADEB692FAE2" box="[758,907,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">I. degenerans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
contribution to
<taxonomicName id="D08349F9FFA9CC2AFBD1FAD1B1BFFAE2" box="[1074,1190,1303,1327]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetranychidae" genus="Oligonychus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prostigmata" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perseae">
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFBD1FAD1B1BFFAE2" box="[1074,1190,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">O. perseae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
biocontrol can be limited, it needs to be assessed, also taking into account the importance of alternative food source (e.g. Castor oil pollen) for predator population growth (
<bibRefCitation id="73124F8BFFA9CC2AFBE8FA9AB1CDFAB9" author="Zappala L. &amp; Kreiter S. &amp; Russo A. &amp; Tropea Garzia G. &amp; Auger P." box="[1035,1236,1372,1396]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" pagination="1 - 3" refId="ref13864" refString="Zappala L., Kreiter S., Russo A., Tropea Garzia G., Auger P. 2015. First record of the Persea Mite Oligonychus perseae (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Italy with a review of the literature. Intern. J. Acarol., 41 (2): 1 - 3. doi: 10.1080 / 01647954.2015.1014415" type="journal article" year="2015">
Zappala
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFB83FA9BB18FFAB9" box="[1120,1174,1372,1396]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5F9961F1FFA9CC2AFDF0FA67B140FA16" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="173C327AFFA9CC2AFDF0FA67B140FA16" blockId="7.[491,1481,1441,1499]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">
Specimens examined —
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFCFDFA67B64BFA74" bold="true" box="[798,850,1441,1465]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Mdé</emphasis>
, INRAPE (long.
<geoCoordinate id="72B754BDFFA9CC2AFBF4FA67B175FA74" box="[1047,1132,1441,1465]" degrees="11" direction="south" minutes="41" orientation="latitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" precision="925" value="-11.683333">11°41′S</geoCoordinate>
, lat.
<geoCoordinate id="72B754BDFFA9CC2AFB47FA67B1E1FA74" box="[1188,1272,1441,1465]" degrees="43" direction="east" minutes="14" orientation="longitude" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" precision="925" value="43.233334">43°14′E</geoCoordinate>
, alt.
<quantity id="D07B9F9FFFA9CC2AFACCFA67B070FA74" box="[1327,1385,1441,1465]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
),
<specimenCount id="0185F9F3FFA9CC2AFA9EFA64B0AAFA74" box="[1405,1459,1442,1465]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" type="female">7 ♀♀</specimenCount>
+
<specimenCount id="0185F9F3FFA9CC2AFE08FA05B73EFA16" box="[491,551,1475,1499]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" type="male">4 ♂♂</specimenCount>
on
<taxonomicName id="D08349F9FFA9CC2AFDACFA02B60DFA16" box="[591,788,1476,1499]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ricinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="communis">
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFDACFA02B60DFA16" box="[591,788,1476,1499]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Ricinus communis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName id="D08349F9FFA9CC2AFCDEFA05B6FCFA16" box="[829,997,1475,1499]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Euphorbiaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<date id="633D14BAFFA9CC2AFC14FA05B14FFA16" box="[1015,1110,1475,1499]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" value="2017-02-02">2-02-2017</date>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5F9961F1FFA9CC2AFDF0F9CFB0E9F945" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="173C327AFFA9CC2AFDF0F9CFB0E9F945" blockId="7.[491,1520,1544,1672]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">
Previous record — Numerous countries in Northern and Southern Africa (
<bibRefCitation id="73124F8BFFA9CC2AFAA7F9CFB0DAF9ED" author="Demite P. R. &amp; Moraes G. J. de &amp; McMurtry J. A. &amp; Denmark H. A. &amp; Castilho R. C." box="[1348,1475,1544,1569]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" refId="ref10494" refString="Demite P. R., Moraes G. J. de, McMurtry J. A., Denmark H. A., Castilho R. C. 2017. Phytoseiidae Database. Available from: www. lea. esalq. usp. br / phytoseiidae" type="book" year="2017">
Demite
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFA6EF9CCB0DAF9ED" box="[1421,1475,1544,1569]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">et al.</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
2017), in Mediterranean area (
<collectingCountry id="6F9472EAFFA9CC2AFCCDF9EDB664F98E" box="[814,893,1579,1603]" name="Cyprus" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="6F9472EAFFA9CC2AFC6AF9EDB6CEF98E" box="[905,983,1579,1603]" name="Greece" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Greece</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="6F9472EAFFA9CC2AFC00F9EDB10CF98E" box="[995,1045,1579,1603]" name="Italy" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Italy</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="6F9472EAFFA9CC2AFBC2F9EDB19CF98E" box="[1057,1157,1579,1603]" name="Portugal" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Portugal</collectingCountry>
), in Near East or Middle East (
<collectingCountry id="6F9472EAFFA9CC2AFE10F988B723F9AB" box="[499,570,1614,1638]" name="Egypt" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Egypt</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="6F9472EAFFA9CC2AFDA5F988B79DF9AB" box="[582,644,1614,1638]" name="Israel" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Israel</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="6F9472EAFFA9CC2AFD6CF988B7EBF9AB" box="[655,754,1614,1638]" name="Lebanon" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="6F9472EAFFA9CC2AFD1EF988B68CF9AB" box="[765,917,1614,1638]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="6F9472EAFFA9CC2AFC43F988B6C2F9AB" box="[928,987,1614,1638]" name="Syria" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Syria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="6F9472EAFFA9CC2AFC04F988B12DF9AB" box="[999,1076,1614,1638]" name="Turkey" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Turkey</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="6F9472EAFFA9CC2AFBDCF988B197F9AB" box="[1087,1166,1614,1638]" name="Yemen" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Yemen</collectingCountry>
), in Europe (
<collectingCountry id="6F9472EAFFA9CC2AFAF5F988B06FF9AB" box="[1302,1398,1614,1638]" name="Georgia" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Georgia</collectingCountry>
), in South America (
<collectingCountry id="6F9472EAFFA9CC2AFDB7F9B6B781F945" box="[596,664,1648,1672]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Brazil</collectingCountry>
) and in North America (
<collectingCountry id="6F9472EAFFA9CC2AFC7DF9B6B6CCF945" box="[926,981,1648,1672]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">USA</collectingCountry>
in
<collectingRegion id="D547FC98FFA9CC2AFC17F9B6B17AF945" box="[1012,1123,1648,1672]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">California</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="D547FC98FFA9CC2AFB8FF9B6B1D8F945" box="[1132,1217,1648,1672]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Florida</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="D547FC98FFA9CC2AFB28F9B6B030F945" box="[1227,1321,1648,1672]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Georgia</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="D547FC98FFA9CC2AFAD1F9B7B0FDF945" box="[1330,1508,1648,1672]" country="United States of America" name="New Hampshire" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">New Hampshire</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5F9961F1FFA9CC2AFDF0F973B1DEF8DF" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="173C327AFFA9CC2AFDF0F973B1DEF8DF" blockId="7.[491,1520,1717,1810]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">
Remarks (
<tableCitation id="5A0107C1FFA9CC2AFD9CF973B7CEF900" box="[639,727,1717,1741]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="8.[119,178,270,291]" captionText="Table 3 Comparisons of character measurements of female specimens of Iphiseius degenerans collected in different locations (Localities followed by the number of specimens measured between brackets)" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">Tables 3</tableCitation>
and
<tableCitation id="5A0107C1FFA9CC2AFCEDF973B605F900" box="[782,796,1717,1741]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="9.[119,178,301,322]" captionText="Table 4 Comparisons of character measurements of male specimens of Iphiseius degeneranscollectedin different locations (Localities followed by the number of specimens measured between brackets)" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">4</tableCitation>
) — Measurements of the
<specimenCount id="0185F9F3FFA9CC2AFBCDF970B17BF900" box="[1070,1122,1718,1741]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" type="female">7 ♀♀</specimenCount>
+
<specimenCount id="0185F9F3FFA9CC2AFB9FF973B1AEF900" box="[1148,1207,1717,1741]" pageId="7" pageNumber="535" type="male">4 ♂♂</specimenCount>
fit well with measurements of specimens reported in the literature for closest countries, except width of the ventral and the anal shields of the female and
<emphasis id="25F7EE68FFA9CC2AFCCCF93DB641F8DF" box="[815,856,1787,1810]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="535">JV5</emphasis>
which is more than 40 % longer.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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