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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652" ID-GBIF-Dataset="db99327c-6b14-4d79-9a0c-4b8c941ca1bd" ID-PMC="PMC6160854" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-108-25" ID-Pensoft-UUID="613AFFC18E03FFDEFFA1DB2FFF88FFAE" ID-PubMed="30275733" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1409868" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1314-2003-108-25" ModsDocOrigin="PhytoKeys " ModsDocTitle="Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) sheds light on the necessity of its recircumscription and synopsis of Pontederia L." checkinTime="1553125367062" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Pellegrini, Marco O. O., Horn, Charles N. &amp; Almeida, Rafael F." docDate="2018" docId="7C975BF3D742D0F50C8E503032BC99EC" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 108: 25-83" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 108" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652" docTitle="Pontederia (Pontederia)" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="613AFFC18E03FFDEFFA1DB2FFF88FFAE" lastPageNumber="25" masterDocId="613AFFC18E03FFDEFFA1DB2FFF88FFAE" masterDocTitle="Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) sheds light on the necessity of its recircumscription and synopsis of Pontederia L." masterLastPageNumber="83" masterPageNumber="25" pageNumber="25" updateTime="1668139023691" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) sheds light on the necessity of its recircumscription and synopsis of Pontederia L.</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Pellegrini, Marco O. O.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Horn, Charles N.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Almeida, Rafael F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>108</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>25</mods:start>
<mods:end>83</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-108-25</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">613AFFC18E03FFDEFFA1DB2FFF88FFAE</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1409868</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="154472656" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7C975BF3D742D0F50C8E503032BC99EC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7C975BF3D742D0F50C8E503032BC99EC" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
5.
<taxonomicName LSID="258437E6-A476-5F26-B474-848D85F73A4F" authority="L. subg. Pontederia" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Pontederia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subg." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pontederia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pontederia L. subg. Pontederia</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Pontederia L. subg. Pontederia. A-C habit: A dense population of P. parviflora Alexander B population of P. ovalis Mart. ex Schult. &amp; Schult. f. C habit of P. rotundifolia L. f. D-E petiolate leaves: D blade of P. rotundifolia E blade of P. parviflora F-H inflorescences: F inflorescence of P. cordata L., showing flowers with two yellow nectar guides in the posterior perianth lobes G inflorescence of P. parviflora, showing flowers with a sole yellow nectar guide in the posterior perianth lobes H inflorescence of P. rotudifolia, showing a lilac-flowered form I oblique view of a flower of P. ovalis J-K fruits: J detail of the apex of the infructescence of P. ovalis, showing the anthocarp with sinuate ridges K detail of an achene of P. cordata, showing the toothed ridges. A by C. Willig &amp; L. Nusbaumer B, I, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini C by L. O. A. Teixeira, D, H by R. Aguilar E by M. R. Engels F by Ashitaka-f Studio G by M. V. Lameiras and K by A. Haines." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/225725" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Michelia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Michelia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Michelia</taxonomicName>
Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 201. 1763, nom. illeg. Type species (designated here).
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Pontederia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pontederia cordata" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cordata">Pontederia cordata</taxonomicName>
L.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Adanson" authorityYear="1763" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Narukila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Narukila" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Narukila</taxonomicName>
Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 54. 1763, nom. illeg. Type species (designated here).
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nieuwl" authorityYear="1913" baseAuthorityName="L." class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Narukila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Narukila cordata" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cordata">Narukila cordata</taxonomicName>
(L.) Nieuwl. (≡
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. cordata" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="cordata">P. cordata</taxonomicName>
L.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Pontederaea" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pontederaea" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="genus">Pontederaea</taxonomicName>
Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 718. 1891, orth. var.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Pontederas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pontederas" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pontederas</taxonomicName>
Hoffmanns., Verz. Pfl.: 137. 1824, orth. var.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Reussia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Reussia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Reussia</taxonomicName>
Endl., Gen. Pl.: 139. 1836. Type species (designated by
<bibRefCitation author="Lowden, RM" journalOrPublisher="Rhodora" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" pagination="426 - 487" refId="B64" refString="Lowden, RM, 1973. Revision of the genus Pontederia L. Rhodora 75: 426 - 487" title="Revision of the genus Pontederia L." volume="75" year="1973">Lowden 1973</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Reussia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Reussia triflora" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triflora">Reussia triflora</taxonomicName>
Endl.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">ex</emphasis>
Seub. [≡
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. triflora" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="triflora">P. triflora</taxonomicName>
(Endl.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">ex</emphasis>
Seub.) G.Agostini et al.].
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Unisema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Unisema" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Unisema</taxonomicName>
Raf. Med. Repos. 5: 352. 1808, nom. illeg. Type species.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Raf" authorityYear="1808" baseAuthorityName="Raf" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Unisema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Unisema obtusifolia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obtusifolia">Unisema obtusifolia</taxonomicName>
(Raf.) Raf. (≡
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. cordata" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="cordata">P. cordata</taxonomicName>
L.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1808" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Umsema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Umsema" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Umsema</taxonomicName>
Raf. Med. Repos. 5: 352 1808, orth. var.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Unisemma" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Unisemma" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="genus">Unisemma</taxonomicName>
D.A.Godron, in Orbigny CVD, Dict. Univ. Hist. Nat.: 761. 1848, orth. var.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Herbs</emphasis>
perennial or annual, aquatic to amphibious, erect-emergent or procumbent-emergent.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Rhizome</emphasis>
short and generally inconspicuous.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Stems</emphasis>
erect or trailing, spongy, unbranched to branching only at the base to branched.
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Sessile" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sessile leaves" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="leaves">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Sessile leaves</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
early deciduous.
<taxonomicName genus="Petiolate" lsidName="Petiolate leaves" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="leaves">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Petiolate leaves</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
distichously-alternate, evenly distributed along the stem or congested at the apex of the stem, emergent, ligule truncate, petioles not-inflated, blades cordate to broadly cordate, rarely elliptic to lanceolate or narrowly ovate.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Main florescences (inflorescences)</emphasis>
terminal, sessile or pedunculate; inflorescence leaf without an inflated leaf-sheath; basal bract flat; cincinni alternate, 1-3-flowered, sessile to shortly-pedunculate, internodes contracted.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Flowers</emphasis>
sessile, tristylous, zygomorphic, non-enantiostylous, perianth connate forming a tube, infundibuliform, revolute at post-anthesis, non-deliquescent and loosely enclosing the developing fruit, lobes 3 superior and 3 inferior, rarely 5 superior and 1 inferior, the central superior lobe with a nectar guide, consisting of 2 yellowish-green to green spots, generally surrounded by a dark purple to bluish-purple, rarely white blur, coiling or post-anthesis; stamens dimorphic, filaments free from each other, J-shaped, glandular-pubescent, anthers dorsifixed, rimose; ovary with 1 fertile locule, 1-ovulate, septal nectaries present, style glandular-pubescent or glabrous, stigma truncate or capitate or trilobate.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Achene</emphasis>
ovoid or pyriform; anthocarp hardened, ridged, ridges sinuate, toothed or echinate.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Seeds</emphasis>
curved narrowly ovoid or ovoid, testa smooth.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1409890" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/225725" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Figure 9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="L. subg. Pontederia" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Pontederia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subg." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pontederia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pontederia L. subg. Pontederia</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<normalizedToken originalValue="AC">A-C</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
habit:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">A</emphasis>
dense population of
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. parviflora" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="parviflora">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. parviflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Alexander
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">B</emphasis>
population of
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. ovalis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="ovalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. ovalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Mart.
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">ex</emphasis>
Schult. &amp; Schult.f.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">C</emphasis>
habit of
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. rotundifolia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="rotundifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. rotundifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.f.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<normalizedToken originalValue="DE">D-E</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
petiolate leaves:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">D</emphasis>
blade of
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. rotundifolia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="rotundifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. rotundifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">E</emphasis>
blade of
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. parviflora" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="parviflora">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. parviflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<normalizedToken originalValue="FH">F-H</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
inflorescences:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">F</emphasis>
inflorescence of
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. cordata" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="cordata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. cordata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., showing flowers with two yellow nectar guides in the posterior perianth lobes
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">G</emphasis>
inflorescence of
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. parviflora" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="parviflora">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. parviflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing flowers with a sole yellow nectar guide in the posterior perianth lobes
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">H</emphasis>
inflorescence of
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. rotudifolia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="rotudifolia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. rotudifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing a lilac-flowered form
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">I</emphasis>
oblique view of a flower of
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. ovalis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="ovalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. ovalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<normalizedToken originalValue="JK">J-K</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
fruits:
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">J</emphasis>
detail of the apex of the infructescence of
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. ovalis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="ovalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. ovalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing the anthocarp with sinuate ridges
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">K</emphasis>
detail of an achene of
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. cordata" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="cordata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. cordata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing the toothed ridges.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">A</emphasis>
by C. Willig &amp; L. Nusbaumer
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">B, I, J</emphasis>
by M.O.O. Pellegrini
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">C</emphasis>
by L.O.A. Teixeira,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">D, H</emphasis>
by R. Aguilar
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">E</emphasis>
by M.R. Engels
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">F</emphasis>
by Ashitaka-f Studio
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">G</emphasis>
by M.V. Lameiras and
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">K</emphasis>
by A. Haines.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="circumscription">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Circumscription.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName authority="subg. Pontederia" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Pontederia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subg." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pontederia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pontederia subg. Pontederia</taxonomicName>
is circumscribed by us to comprise eight species. Our concept of
<taxonomicName authority="subg. Pontederia" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="P." infraspecific-rank="subg." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P." order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="genus">P. subg. Pontederia</taxonomicName>
is equivalent to the concept of
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Pontederia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pontederia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Pontederia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
adopted by
<bibRefCitation author="Lowden, RM" journalOrPublisher="Rhodora" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" pagination="426 - 487" refId="B64" refString="Lowden, RM, 1973. Revision of the genus Pontederia L. Rhodora 75: 426 - 487" title="Revision of the genus Pontederia L." volume="75" year="1973">Lowden (1973)</bibRefCitation>
. Nonetheless, we accept
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. triflora" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="triflora">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. triflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as distinct from
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. subovata" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="subovata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. subovata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and increase the number of species in the
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. cordata" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="cordata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. cordata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex by the re-establishment of
<taxonomicName family="Pontederiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. ovalis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="ovalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. ovalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The members of this subgenus are peculiar within
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Pontederia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pontederia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Pontederia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">s.l.</emphasis>
due to their spike-like main florescences, ovaries 1-locular by abortion, fertile locule 1-ovulate, pendulous placentation, fruit an achene, hardened and ornate anthocarps and smooth seeds.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Exclusively Neotropical.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>