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<document id="112CBA80F1CEBD08A07A4049529C3FA7" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.2561.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5304193" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629687123877" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Monniot, Françoise" docDate="2010" docId="03DB1648FFAF37278B82F996FB89C5F7" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02561p029.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2561 (1)" docSource="https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2561.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Microcosmus exasperatus Heller 1878" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="27" masterDocId="FFE26E30FFB7373D8B15FFF0FFD9C21F" masterDocTitle="Some new data on tropical western Pacific Ascidians" masterLastPageNumber="29" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="25" updateTime="1699096324674" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="EEB17CB2757A5AF02B24F27291A92F89">Some new data on tropical western Pacific Ascidians</mods:title>
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<mods:identifier id="6908C3FEAC2343AE19E46E1197DB1D8D" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03DB1648FFAF37278B82F996FB89C5F7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5311248" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5311248" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DB1648FFAF37278B82F996FB89C5F7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DB1648FFAF37278B82F996FB89C5F7" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<subSubSection id="C368F4D5FFAF37258B82F996FDB5C49F" box="[151,620,1638,1664]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BCDA75EFFAF37258B82F996FDB5C49F" blockId="24.[151,620,1638,1699]" box="[151,620,1638,1664]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<heading id="D0851032FFAF37258B82F996FDB5C49F" bold="true" box="[151,620,1638,1664]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C72DCDDFFAF37258B82F996FDB5C49F" ID-CoL="73FRT" authority="Heller, 1878" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1878" box="[151,620,1638,1664]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Microcosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exasperatus">
<emphasis id="B9067B4CFFAF37258B82F996FDB5C49F" bold="true" box="[151,620,1638,1664]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B9067B4CFFAF37258B82F996FE09C49F" bold="true" box="[151,464,1638,1664]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Microcosmus exasperatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE3DAAFFFAF37258AC2F996FDB5C49F" author="Heller, C." box="[471,620,1638,1664]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="17" refId="ref10730" refString="Heller, C. (1878) Beitrage zur nahern Kenntnis der Tunicaten. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien, 37 (1), 17." type="journal article" year="1878">Heller, 1878</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C368F4D5FFAF37258B82F979FE71C4BC" box="[151,424,1673,1699]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BCDA75EFFAF37258B82F979FE71C4BC" blockId="24.[151,620,1638,1699]" box="[151,424,1673,1699]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
(
<figureCitation id="1349BBDBFFAF37258B8AF979FEECC4BC" box="[159,309,1673,1699]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="19.[151,259,1951,1975]" captionTargetBox="[240,1375,556,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-174@19.[222,1393,533,1934]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 20. A: Amphicarpa duploplicata. B: Polycarpa argentata. C: Polycarpa mytiligera. D: Microcosmus exasperatus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5368873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5368873/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figures 20D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1349BBDBFFAF37258A54F979FEADC4BC" box="[321,372,1673,1699]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="24.[151,255,971,995]" captionTargetBox="[263,1322,184,956]" captionTargetId="figure-369@24.[252,1334,172,966]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 25. Siphonal spinules: A: Pyura arenosa. B: Microcosmus exasperatus. Scale bars 10µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5368879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5368879/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">25B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="1349BBDBFFAF37258A95F979FE46C4BC" box="[384,415,1673,1699]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="26.[151,255,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[279,1314,208,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-54@26.[258,1335,194,1850]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 27. Microcosmus exasperatus: A: branchial sac, B: body." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5368881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5368881/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">27</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C368F4D5FFAF37258B82F923FD8EC515" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BCDA75EFFAF37258B82F923FD8EC515" blockId="24.[151,1436,1747,1802]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB628070FFAF37258B82F923FD8EC515" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<treatmentCitation id="0AD3814FFFAF37258B82F923FDB9C4F5" author="Heller, C." box="[151,608,1747,1770]" page="17" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" year="1878">
<taxonomicName id="4C72DCDDFFAF37258B82F923FDB9C4F5" ID-CoL="73FRT" authority="Heller, 1878: 17" authorityName="Heller" authorityPageNumber="17" authorityYear="1878" box="[151,608,1747,1770]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Microcosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exasperatus">
<emphasis id="B9067B4CFFAF37258B82F923FE74C4F5" box="[151,429,1747,1770]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Microcosmus exasperatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE3DAAFFFAF37258AA0F923FDB9C4F5" author="Heller, C." box="[437,608,1747,1770]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="17" refId="ref10730" refString="Heller, C. (1878) Beitrage zur nahern Kenntnis der Tunicaten. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien, 37 (1), 17." type="journal article" year="1878">Heller, 1878:17</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
. Cole &amp; Vorontsova:1998: 1
<figureCitation id="1349BBDBFFAF3725888AF923FC00C4F5" box="[927,985,1747,1770]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1959,1983]" captionTargetBox="[261,1322,528,1926]" captionTargetId="figure-107@2.[253,1333,522,1938]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. A:Trididemnum cyclops. B: Trididemnum lanugineum n. sp. C: Trididemnum biglutinum from New Guinea. D: Trididemnum biglutinum from Palau." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5304195" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5304195/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig.2</figureCitation>
,
<collectingCountry id="F365E7CEFFAF372588F3F923FB8BC4F5" box="[998,1106,1747,1770]" name="Vietnam" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Viet Nam</collectingCountry>
. Rocha, Moreno, Metri: 2005: 470, with synonymy and distribution.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C368F4D5FFAF37278B82F8C8FB89C5F7" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BCDA75EFFAF37258B82F8C8FCE2C567" blockId="24.[151,1436,1848,2024]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B9067B4CFFAF37258B82F8C8FED2C54D" bold="true" box="[151,267,1848,1874]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B1AAD03FFAF37258A07F8C9FCEFC567" collectingDate="2008-07-23" collectionCode="MNHN" collectorName="Coll. N. J. Pilcher &amp; Da Trang" country="Vietnam" elevation="5" latitude="8.6571665" location="Con Dao Isl." longLatPrecision="13" longitude="106.60616" municipality="Con Son isl." pageId="24" pageNumber="25" specimenCode="S2, MIC 193" specimenCount="1">
<collectorName id="2687C288FFAF37258A07F8C9FE04C54C" box="[274,477,1849,1875]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Coll. N.J. Pilcher</collectorName>
et al.,
<emphasis id="B9067B4CFFAF37258931F8C8FD7AC54D" bold="true" box="[548,675,1848,1874]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<collectingCountry id="F365E7CEFFAF37258931F8C8FD44C54D" box="[548,669,1848,1874]" name="Vietnam" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Viet Nam</collectingCountry>
,
</emphasis>
<location id="8EADF185FFAF372589BCF8C9FCE6C54C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DB1648FFAF37278B82F996FB89C5F7:8EADF185FFAF372589BCF8C9FCE6C54C" box="[681,831,1849,1875]" country="Vietnam" latitude="8.6571665" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="106.60616" municipality="Con Son isl." name="Con Dao Isl." pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Con Dao Isl.</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA93D24FFAF37258859F8C9FC04C54C" box="[844,989,1849,1875]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Con Son isl.</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectorName id="2687C288FFAF372588FFF8C9FB85C54C" box="[1002,1116,1849,1875]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Da Trang</collectorName>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE46C199FFAF37258F72F8C9FB28C54C" box="[1127,1265,1849,1875]" degrees="08" direction="north" minutes="39.43" orientation="latitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" precision="9" value="8.6571665">08°39.43’N</geoCoordinate>
–
<geoCoordinate id="EE46C199FFAF37258E17F8C9FA4EC54C" box="[1282,1431,1849,1875]" degrees="106" direction="east" minutes="36.37" orientation="longitude" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" precision="9" value="106.60616">106°36.37’E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4C8A0ABBFFAF37258B82F8AEFF66C567" box="[151,191,1886,1912]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="5.0">
<elevation id="005F406DFFAF37258B82F8AEFF66C567" box="[151,191,1886,1912]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="m" value="5.0">5m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="FFCC819EFFAF37258BDEF8AEFE86C567" box="[203,351,1886,1912]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2008-07-23">
<collectingDate id="EF887876FFAF37258BDEF8AEFE86C567" box="[203,351,1886,1912]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2008-07-23">23/VII/2008</collectingDate>
</date>
, 0PHG 1603 bis
<emphasis id="B9067B4CFFAF37258933F8AEFCEFC567" bold="true" box="[550,822,1886,1912]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
(
<collectionCode id="ED633F9BFFAF3725893BF8AEFD54C567" box="[558,653,1886,1912]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">MNHN</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="DBD40F25FFAF37258981F8AEFD6AC567" box="[660,691,1886,1912]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">S2</specimenCode>
<specimenCode id="DBD40F25FFAF372589AEF8AEFCF4C567" box="[699,813,1886,1912]" collectionCode="MIC" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/is9g-wzwv" name="Mar Ivanios College (Zoology museum)" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">MIC 193</specimenCode>
)
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
<emphasis id="B9067B4CFFAF37258820F8AEFCE2C567" bold="true" box="[821,827,1886,1912]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCDA75EFFAF37258BD3F873FDC0C5F7" blockId="24.[151,1436,1848,2024]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
A single specimen (
<figureCitation id="1349BBDBFFAF37258AABF873FDE9C582" box="[446,560,1923,1949]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="19.[151,259,1951,1975]" captionTargetBox="[240,1375,556,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-174@19.[222,1393,533,1934]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 20. A: Amphicarpa duploplicata. B: Polycarpa argentata. C: Polycarpa mytiligera. D: Microcosmus exasperatus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5368873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5368873/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 20D</figureCitation>
),
<quantity id="4C8A0ABBFFAF3725895FF873FD4DC582" box="[586,660,1923,1949]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="35.0">35mm</quantity>
long, with a red tunic covered with epibionts was attached to
<taxonomicName id="4C72DCDDFFAF37258B82F859FE56C5DD" box="[151,399,1961,1986]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Polycarpa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="argentata">
<emphasis id="B9067B4CFFAF37258B82F859FE56C5DD" box="[151,399,1961,1986]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Polycarpa argentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The branchial sac (
<figureCitation id="1349BBDBFFAF37258993F859FD2DC5DC" box="[646,756,1961,1987]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="26.[151,255,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[279,1314,208,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-54@26.[258,1335,194,1850]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 27. Microcosmus exasperatus: A: branchial sac, B: body." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5368881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5368881/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 27A</figureCitation>
) has 9 folds on the right side and 8 on the left side. The branchial formula on the right is:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCDA75EFFAE37248BD0FF68FCA8C2AD" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,327]" box="[197,881,151,178]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
E-1-
<emphasis id="B9067B4CFFAE37248BECFF67FECFC2AE" bold="true" box="[249,278,151,177]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">14</emphasis>
- 2-
<emphasis id="B9067B4CFFAE37248A55FF67FE84C2AE" bold="true" box="[320,349,151,177]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">18</emphasis>
-3-
<emphasis id="B9067B4CFFAE37248A93FF67FE7AC2AE" bold="true" box="[390,419,151,177]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">17</emphasis>
-4-
<emphasis id="B9067B4CFFAE37248AD3FF67FE3AC2AE" bold="true" box="[454,483,151,177]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">18</emphasis>
-4-
<emphasis id="B9067B4CFFAE37248910FF67FDFBC2AE" bold="true" box="[517,546,151,177]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">22</emphasis>
-5-
<emphasis id="B9067B4CFFAE37248950FF67FDBBC2AE" bold="true" box="[581,610,151,177]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">22</emphasis>
-3-
<emphasis id="B9067B4CFFAE37248991FF67FD78C2AE" bold="true" box="[644,673,151,177]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">24</emphasis>
-3-
<emphasis id="B9067B4CFFAE372489D1FF67FD38C2AE" bold="true" box="[708,737,151,177]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">21</emphasis>
-3-
<emphasis id="B9067B4CFFAE37248816FF67FCF9C2AE" bold="true" box="[771,800,151,177]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">14</emphasis>
-2-DL.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCDA75EFFAE37248BD0FF4DFDF6C2E3" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,327]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
The digestive loop occupies a large part of the left body side. The left gonad crosses the intestine. The right gonad has 3 lobes (
<figureCitation id="1349BBDBFFAE37248AA3FF12FDC4C2E3" box="[438,541,226,252]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="26.[151,255,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[279,1314,208,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-54@26.[258,1335,194,1850]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 27. Microcosmus exasperatus: A: branchial sac, B: body." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5368881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5368881/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig 27B</figureCitation>
.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCDA75EFFAE37248BD0FEF8FF3AC358" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,327]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
The siphonal spinules have a wide base narrowing to a sharp point and small denticles on the sides (
<figureCitation id="1349BBDBFFAE37248E79FEF8FF13C358" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="24.[151,255,971,995]" captionTargetBox="[263,1322,184,956]" captionTargetId="figure-369@24.[252,1334,172,966]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 25. Siphonal spinules: A: Pyura arenosa. B: Microcosmus exasperatus. Scale bars 10µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5368879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5368879/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 25B</figureCitation>
)).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0DF7D6FFAE37248B82F85FFD34C5D8" box="[151,749,1967,1991]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" startId="25.[151,255,1967,1991]">
<paragraph id="8BCDA75EFFAE37248B82F85FFD34C5D8" blockId="25.[151,749,1967,1991]" box="[151,749,1967,1991]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B9067B4CFFAE37248B82F85FFEFFC5D8" bold="true" box="[151,294,1967,1991]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">FIGURE 26.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C72DCDDFFAE37248A38F840FE13C5D8" box="[301,458,1968,1991]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Pyura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenosa">
<emphasis id="B9067B4CFFAE37248A38F840FE13C5D8" box="[301,458,1968,1991]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Pyura arenosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: A: branchial sac, B: body.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF0DF7D6FFAD37278B82F8CEFCBCC54A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5368881" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5368881" box="[151,869,1854,1878]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5368881/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" startId="26.[151,255,1854,1878]" targetBox="[279,1314,208,1838]" targetPageId="26">
<paragraph id="8BCDA75EFFAD37278B82F8CEFCBCC54A" blockId="26.[151,869,1854,1878]" box="[151,869,1854,1878]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B9067B4CFFAD37278B82F8CEFEFFC549" bold="true" box="[151,294,1854,1878]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">FIGURE 27.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C72DCDDFFAD37278A38F8CEFD98C54A" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1878" box="[301,577,1854,1877]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Microcosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exasperatus">
<emphasis id="B9067B4CFFAD37278A38F8CEFD98C54A" box="[301,577,1854,1877]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Microcosmus exasperatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: A: branchial sac, B: body.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BCDA75EFFAD37278BD0F859FB89C5F7" blockId="26.[151,1436,1961,2024]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="4C72DCDDFFAD37278BD0F859FE2CC5DD" authorityName="Heller" authorityYear="1878" box="[197,501,1961,1986]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Pyuridae" genus="Microcosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stolidobranchia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exasperatus">
<emphasis id="B9067B4CFFAD37278BD0F859FE2CC5DD" box="[197,501,1961,1986]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Microcosmus exasperatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a widely distributed fouling species recorded warm waters in all oceans, and undoubtedly introduced in many localities. It was already known from
<collectingCountry id="F365E7CEFFAD372788C2F83EFB95C5F7" box="[983,1100,1998,2024]" name="Vietnam" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Viet Nam</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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