treatments-xml/data/03/CC/4D/03CC4D11FFC4D160FF005D04037CFEC8.xml

<document id="954E97CEF6034F7BE624F84FD40BE50A" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.198119" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bfaca3e5-3913-422d-8a23-5ee74e69cadd" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="198119" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460287410276" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Viloria, Angel L., Pyrcz, Tomasz W. &amp; Orellana, Andrés" docDate="2010" docId="03CC4D11FFC4D160FF005D04037CFEC8" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02622p041.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2622" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Pedaliodes piletha subsp. costae Viloria &amp; Pyrcz, n. ssp." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="FFF53569FFCBD170FF975C760260FFEA" masterDocTitle="A survey of the Neotropical montane butterflies of the subtribe Pronophilina (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) in the Venezuelan Cordillera de la Costa" masterLastPageNumber="41" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1698250811950" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="7FA92A532325A075A086C2297EB6FA73">A survey of the Neotropical montane butterflies of the subtribe Pronophilina (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) in the Venezuelan Cordillera de la Costa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A607374A1BCD128F0CF4FCC5BE48836A">Viloria, Angel L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="583D207921EDDA2B4A06F59CB8C309B9">Pyrcz, Tomasz W.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03CC4D11FFC4D160FF005D04037CFEC8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6207244" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119397940" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6207244" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CC4D11FFC4D160FF005D04037CFEC8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC4D11FFC4D160FF005D04037CFEC8" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<subSubSection id="C37FAF8CFFC4D17FFF005D040323FE45" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDAFC07FFC4D17FFF005D040086FE66" blockId="15.[151,742,370,431]" box="[151,742,370,396]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<heading id="D0924B6BFFC4D17FFF005D040086FE66" bold="true" box="[151,742,370,396]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFF005D040086FE66" bold="true" box="[151,742,370,396]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C658784FFC4D17FFF005D0400F1FE66" authority="Viloria &amp; Pyrcz" authorityName="Viloria &amp; Pyrcz" box="[151,657,370,396]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pedaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="piletha" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="costae">
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFF005D0403A6FE66" bold="true" box="[151,454,370,396]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pedaliodes piletha costae</emphasis>
Viloria &amp; Pyrcz
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2229D6EFFC4D17FFD0E5D040086FE66" box="[665,742,370,396]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="subSpecies">n. ssp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDAFC07FFC4D17FFF005DE30323FE45" blockId="15.[151,742,370,431]" box="[151,323,405,431]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
(
<figureCitation id="135EE082FFC4D17FFF085DE3036FFE45" box="[159,271,405,431]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="32.[151,271,1817,1841]" captionTargetBox="[379,1174,253,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[258,1329,194,1800]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Adult satyrine butterflies from the Cordillera de La Costa, Venezuela (left: dorsal, right: ventral); 1. Pedaliodes plotina plotina (Hewitson) (male, vía Capachal); 2. P. plotina plotina (Hewitson) (female, vía Naranjal); 3. Pedaliodes manis ivica Viloria &amp; Pyrcz n. ssp., HOLOTYPE (male, Altos de Pipe); 4. P. manis ivica Viloria &amp; Pyrcz n. ssp., PARATYPE (female, Altos de Pipe); 5. Pedaliodes piletha piletha (Hewitson) (male, vía Naranjal); 6. P. piletha piletha (Hewitson) (female, Los Colonos); 7. Pedaliodes piletha costa Viloria &amp; Pyrcz n. ssp., HOLOTYPE (male, Cerro San Isidro); 8. P. piletha costa Viloria &amp; Pyrcz n. ssp., PARATYPE (female, Cerro San Isidro); 9. Pedaliodes manneja Thieme (male, vía Capachal); 10. P. manneja Thieme (female, vía Capachal)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/198120/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs. 7, 8</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="135EE082FFC4D17FFE8B5DE3035BFE45" box="[284,315,405,431]" captionStart="FIGURES 58 – 63. a" captionStartId="39.[151,271,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[270,1337,229,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@39.[246,1348,179,1831]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURES 58 – 63. a Lateral view of the male genitalia of satyrine butterflies of the genus Pedaliodes Butler from the Cordillera de La Costa, Venezuela (aedeagus removed from its natural position in lateral [c, except in 59, where it is b] and ventral [b, except in 59] view); 58. P. croizatorum Viloria &amp; Camacho (Fila San Lorenzo, Monagas State, Venezuela); 59. P. ma nis m an is (C. &amp; R. Felder) (Qda. La Cuesta, Mérida State, Venezuela); 60. P. manis ivica Viloria &amp; Pyrcz n. ssp. (Cerro San Isidro); 61. P. manis ivica Viloria &amp; Pyrcz n. ssp., PARATYPE (Avila); 62. P. piletha costae Viloria &amp; Pyrcz n. ssp., PARATYPE (Cerro San Isidro); 63. P. piletha piletha (Hewitson) (Los Colonos)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/198126/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">62</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37FAF8CFFC4D17FFF005DA901ECFDF5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDAFC07FFC4D17FFF005DA901ECFDF5" blockId="15.[151,1437,479,2036]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFF005DA9037AFE13" bold="true" box="[151,282,479,505]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
This subspecies differs immediately from the nominate 
<taxonomicName id="4C658784FFC4D17FFC2A5D96064EFE13" box="[957,1070,480,505]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pedaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piletha">
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFC2A5D96064EFE13" box="[957,1070,480,505]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. piletha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C658784FFC4D17FFBAA5D9607F7FE10" authority="Adams &amp; Bernard" authorityName="Adams &amp; Bernard" box="[1085,1431,480,506]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pedaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suspiro">
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFBAA5D9606D2FE13" box="[1085,1202,480,505]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. suspiro</emphasis>
Adams &amp; Bernard
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C658784FFC4D17FFF5F5E7303F6FDF5" authority="Butler" authorityName="Butler" box="[200,406,517,543]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pedaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japhleta">
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFF5F5E730325FDF4" box="[200,325,517,542]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. japhleta</emphasis>
Butler
</taxonomicName>
in the absence of HWD white anal wedge.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37FAF8CFFC4D17FFF525E5C031EF9E5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDAFC07FFC4D17FFF525E5C00C8FBC0" blockId="15.[151,1437,479,2036]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFF525E5C033FFDAE" bold="true" box="[197,351,554,580]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Description:</emphasis>
MALE (
<figureCitation id="135EE082FFC4D17FFE5B5E5C0075FDAE" box="[460,533,554,580]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 10" captionStartId="32.[151,271,1817,1841]" captionTargetBox="[379,1174,253,1769]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[258,1329,194,1800]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 10. Adult satyrine butterflies from the Cordillera de La Costa, Venezuela (left: dorsal, right: ventral); 1. Pedaliodes plotina plotina (Hewitson) (male, vía Capachal); 2. P. plotina plotina (Hewitson) (female, vía Naranjal); 3. Pedaliodes manis ivica Viloria &amp; Pyrcz n. ssp., HOLOTYPE (male, Altos de Pipe); 4. P. manis ivica Viloria &amp; Pyrcz n. ssp., PARATYPE (female, Altos de Pipe); 5. Pedaliodes piletha piletha (Hewitson) (male, vía Naranjal); 6. P. piletha piletha (Hewitson) (female, Los Colonos); 7. Pedaliodes piletha costa Viloria &amp; Pyrcz n. ssp., HOLOTYPE (male, Cerro San Isidro); 8. P. piletha costa Viloria &amp; Pyrcz n. ssp., PARATYPE (female, Cerro San Isidro); 9. Pedaliodes manneja Thieme (male, vía Capachal); 10. P. manneja Thieme (female, vía Capachal)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/198120/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
): Head: eyes chocolate brown; palpi covered ventrally with blackish-brown, and laterally with short, yellow hair; antennae to two-fifth the length of costa, reddish-brown, club slightly thicker than shaft, terminal segments dark brown. Thorax: black; legs dark brown. Abdomen: dark brown, ventrally slightly lighter. Wings: FW length: 
<quantity id="4C9D51E2FFC4D17FFD325EEC0146FD5E" box="[677,806,666,692]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="26.0" valueMax="27.0" valueMin="25.0">25–27 mm</quantity>
; mean: 26.2 mm; n=8; apex blunt, outer margin wavy between apex and vein M2, from M2 to tornus straight. HW rounded with outer margin slightly wavy. FWD: uniform dark brown, lustrous. HWD: uniform dark brown. FWV: dark brown, glossy in median area with a chestnut orange sheen; in some individuals a faint postdiscal whitish streak. HWV: dark brown, dull and a shade darker than on the HWV; a short whitish streak at mid-costa; postmedian to submarginal area very slightly lighter and suffused with sparse whitish scales; a white submarginal dot in Cu1-Cu2. Male genitalia (
<figureCitation id="135EE082FFC4D17FFF375F0C029DFC7E" box="[160,253,890,916]" captionStart="FIGURES 58 – 63. a" captionStartId="39.[151,271,1854,1878]" captionTargetBox="[270,1337,229,1811]" captionTargetId="figure@39.[246,1348,179,1831]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURES 58 – 63. a Lateral view of the male genitalia of satyrine butterflies of the genus Pedaliodes Butler from the Cordillera de La Costa, Venezuela (aedeagus removed from its natural position in lateral [c, except in 59, where it is b] and ventral [b, except in 59] view); 58. P. croizatorum Viloria &amp; Camacho (Fila San Lorenzo, Monagas State, Venezuela); 59. P. ma nis m an is (C. &amp; R. Felder) (Qda. La Cuesta, Mérida State, Venezuela); 60. P. manis ivica Viloria &amp; Pyrcz n. ssp. (Cerro San Isidro); 61. P. manis ivica Viloria &amp; Pyrcz n. ssp., PARATYPE (Avila); 62. P. piletha costae Viloria &amp; Pyrcz n. ssp., PARATYPE (Cerro San Isidro); 63. P. piletha piletha (Hewitson) (Los Colonos)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/198126/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 62</figureCitation>
): Uncus stout and short, two-thirds the length of tegumen, with a sharp apex curved downwards, slightly broader than in the nominate 
<taxonomicName id="4C658784FFC4D17FFDC85FD600B1FC53" box="[607,721,928,953]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pedaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piletha">
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFDC85FD600B1FC53" box="[607,721,928,953]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. piletha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, otherwise similar; valvae roughly rectangular, apex blunt, dorsa without any prominent dorsal process, instead a single, minute spine, slightly smoother than the serrate dorsal surface of the nominate 
<taxonomicName id="4C658784FFC4D17FFD995F9C00E0FBE9" box="[526,640,1002,1027]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pedaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piletha">
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFD995F9C00E0FBE9" box="[526,640,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. piletha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; saccus deeper than in the nominate 
<taxonomicName id="4C658784FFC4D17FFBD65F9C06D3FBE9" box="[1089,1203,1002,1027]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pedaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piletha">
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFBD65F9C06D3FBE9" box="[1089,1203,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. piletha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; aedeagus thin and contorted similar to the nominate subspecies.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDAFC07FFC4D17FFF52584303D5FAE0" blockId="15.[151,1437,479,2036]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
FEMALE (
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): Head, thorax and abdomen as in male. FW length 
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. FWD and HWD: uniform chocolate brown, lustrous. FWV: ground color blackish brown, suffused with ligther, chestnut scales in distal one-third; whitish scales in the subapical and apical area; a large, faint, red patch in the postmedian area. HWV: chocolate brown and chestnut forming a marble-like pattern, with a wide chestnut postmedian band; two whitish submarginal dots in Cu1-Cu2 and Cu2-1A; some whitish suffusion along anal margin. Female genitalia: not illustrated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDAFC07FFC4D17FFF525963031EF9E5" blockId="15.[151,1437,479,2036]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFF5259630375FAC5" bold="true" box="[197,277,1301,1327]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<typeStatus id="54DE42A5FFC4D17FFF525963036CFAC5" box="[197,268,1301,1327]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Types</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="54DE42A5FFC4D17FFE88596303ECFAC5" box="[287,396,1301,1327]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
(male): 
<collectingCountry id="F372BC97FFC4D17FFE675963000BFAC5" box="[496,619,1301,1327]" name="Venezuela" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, Estado Carabobo, 
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. North of Bejuma, Cerro San Isidro, 
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, 
<date id="FFDBDAC7FFC4D17FFE96594C03F4FABE" box="[257,404,1338,1364]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2003-07-10">
10. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF481F6FFC4D17FFEB5594C03F4FABE" author="VII" box="[290,404,1338,1364]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Viloria, A. L., Pyrcz, T. W., Wojtusiak, J., Ferrer - Paris, J. R., Beccaloni, G. W., Sattler, K. &amp; Lees, D. C. (2003) A brachypterous butterfly?. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B, (Suppl.), Biology Letters, 270 (s 1), 21 - 24." type="journal article" year="2003">VII.2003</bibRefCitation>
</date>
, T. Pyrcz 
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFD9B594D0050FABE" box="[524,560,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">leg</emphasis>
., to be deposited in MIZA; Allotype (female): same locality, 
<date id="FFDBDAC7FFC4D17FFA99594C07F7FABE" box="[1294,1431,1338,1364]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2002-09-27">27.IX.2002</date>
, M. Costa 
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFE9E5916034DFA93" box="[265,301,1376,1401]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">leg</emphasis>
., MZUJ; 
<typeStatus id="54DE42A5FFC4D17FFE0859160071FA90" box="[415,529,1376,1402]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
(
<specimenCount id="9D63378EFFC4D17FFDB6591600E9FA90" box="[545,649,1376,1402]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="male">11 males</specimenCount>
and 
<specimenCount id="9D63378EFFC4D17FFD5559160159FA90" box="[706,825,1376,1402]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
): CARABOBO: 
<specimenCount id="9D63378EFFC4D17FFC685916063DFA90" box="[1023,1117,1376,1402]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="male">6 males</specimenCount>
: same data as the 
<typeStatus id="54DE42A5FFC4D17FFAB9591607F7FA90" box="[1326,1431,1376,1402]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, TWP; 
<specimenCount id="9D63378EFFC4D17FFF7259F30354FA75" box="[229,308,1413,1439]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
and 
<specimenCount id="9D63378EFFC4D17FFEF959F303B9FA75" box="[366,473,1413,1439]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
: Bejuma, Cerro S. Isidro, 
<collectingCountry id="F372BC97FFC4D17FFC9B59F301E8FA75" box="[780,904,1413,1439]" name="Venezuela" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, 
<quantity id="4C9D51E2FFC4D17FFC0359F30190FA75" box="[916,1008,1413,1439]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="1600.0">1600 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FFDBDAC7FFC4D17FFC6B59F306F8FA75" box="[1020,1176,1413,1439]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2003-08-24">24.VIII.2003</date>
, M. Costa 
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFA8F59F3075CFA74" box="[1304,1340,1413,1438]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">leg</emphasis>
., MCC; 
<specimenCount id="9D63378EFFC4D17FFF0059DC0364FA2E" box="[151,260,1450,1476]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
: same data but 
<date id="FFDBDAC7FFC4D17FFE2B59DC005CFA2E" box="[444,572,1450,1476]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2002-10-27">27.X.2002</date>
, MCC; 
<specimenCount id="9D63378EFFC4D17FFD0B59DC009DFA2E" box="[668,765,1450,1476]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="male">3 males</specimenCount>
: Palmichal, Cerro de Paja, ridgetop path, 
<quantity id="4C9D51E2FFC4D17FFB6759DC07F7FA2E" box="[1264,1431,1450,1476]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="1550.0" valueMax="1600.0" valueMin="1500.0">1500–1600 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FFDBDAC7FFC4D17FFF0059A60379FA00" box="[151,281,1488,1514]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2002-10-27">27.X.2002</date>
A. Neild 
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFE0259A603DBFA03" box="[405,443,1488,1513]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">leg</emphasis>
., AFNL; 
<specimenCount id="9D63378EFFC4D17FFDA359A600F9FA00" box="[564,665,1488,1514]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
: Municipio Bejuma, Cerro de Paja, 
<quantity id="4C9D51E2FFC4D17FFBCF59A606D9FA00" box="[1112,1209,1488,1514]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="FFDBDAC7FFC4D17FFB5159A60736FA00" box="[1222,1366,1488,1514]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2001-11-02">02.XI.2001</date>
, J. C. Desousa 
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFE9659830345F9E4" box="[257,293,1525,1550]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">leg</emphasis>
., TWP.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37FAF8CFFC4D17FFF525A6C0037F94E" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BDAFC07FFC4D17FFF525A6C0741F9B0" blockId="15.[151,1437,479,2036]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFF525A6C033AF9DE" bold="true" box="[197,346,1562,1588]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Etymology:</emphasis>
This species is dedicated to Mauro Costa, a lepidopterist from Caracas, and incidentally refers to the geographical name of the Cordillera de la Costa range (costa means coast, in Spanish).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDAFC07FFC4D17FFF525A13075DF995" blockId="15.[151,1437,479,2036]" box="[197,1341,1637,1663]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFF525A1303D0F995" bold="true" box="[197,432,1637,1663]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Geographic range:</emphasis>
Hitherto known exclusively from the western part of the Serranía del Litoral.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDAFC07FFC4D17FFF525AFC0037F94E" blockId="15.[151,1437,479,2036]" box="[197,599,1674,1700]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFF525AFC03C6F94E" bold="true" box="[197,422,1674,1700]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Altitudinal range:</emphasis>
<quantity id="4C9D51E2FFC4D17FFE3A5AFC0033F94E" box="[429,595,1674,1700]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="1550.0" valueMax="1600.0" valueMin="1500.0">1500–1600 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37FAF8CFFC4D160FF525AD9037CFEC8" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDAFC07FFC4D160FF525AD9037CFEC8" blockId="15.[151,1437,479,2036]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,152,290]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFF525AD90321F923" bold="true" box="[197,321,1711,1737]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Remarks:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C658784FFC4D17FFEDE5AC603D9F923" box="[329,441,1712,1737]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pedaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piletha">
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFEDE5AC603D9F923" box="[329,441,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. piletha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to a group of closely related, apparently monophyletic species including 
<taxonomicName id="4C658784FFC4D17FFA115AC60313F905" authority="Hewitson" authorityName="Hewitson" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pedaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="poesia">
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFA115AC60284F904" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. poesia</emphasis>
(Hewitson)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C658784FFC4D17FFEE85AA3039DF904" box="[383,509,1749,1774]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pedaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japhleta">
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFEE85AA3039DF904" box="[383,509,1749,1774]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. japhleta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C658784FFC4D17FFDAF5AA300CAF904" box="[568,682,1749,1774]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pedaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suspiro">
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFDAF5AA300CAF904" box="[568,682,1749,1774]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. suspiro</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, all sharing a broadly similar male genitalia structure and color patterns. HWV patterns of 
<taxonomicName id="4C658784FFC4D17FFE445A8D00F9F8FE" box="[467,665,1787,1812]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pedaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="piletha" subSpecies="piletha">
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFE445A8D00F9F8FE" box="[467,665,1787,1812]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. piletha piletha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C658784FFC4D17FFD455A8D01F3F8FE" box="[722,915,1787,1812]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pedaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="piletha" subSpecies="costae">
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFD455A8D01F3F8FE" box="[722,915,1787,1812]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. piletha costae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are widely divergent and indeed differ more than the color patterns of nominate 
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFDD35B5600D1F8D3" box="[580,689,1824,1849]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. p i l e t h a</emphasis>
and the above mentioned related allopatric species. 
<taxonomicName id="4C658784FFC4D17FFABC5B560282F8B4" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pedaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="piletha" subSpecies="costae">
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFABC5B560282F8B4" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. piletha costae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only taxon of this group which has no HWV white anal wedge, which is the most conspicuous color pattern element. On the other hand, the two subspecies of 
<taxonomicName id="4C658784FFC4D17FFC195B1D019EF86E" box="[910,1022,1899,1924]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pedaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piletha">
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFC195B1D019EF86E" box="[910,1022,1899,1924]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. piletha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are consistently smaller than other taxa of this apparently monophyletic group. The reason for considering 
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFC645BE60651F843" box="[1011,1073,1936,1961]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">costa</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C658784FFC4D17FFBFA5BE606A0F843" box="[1133,1216,1936,1961]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pedaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piletha">
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFBFA5BE606A0F843" box="[1133,1216,1936,1961]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">piletha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as conspecific are also closely similar male genitalia, and androconia (size and shape of FWD androconial patch). There are some ecological differences between the subspecies of 
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFC8C5BAD01E5F81E" box="[795,901,2011,2036]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. p i l e t h a</emphasis>
, as 
<emphasis id="B9112015FFC4D17FFC215BAD0194F81E" box="[950,1012,2011,2036]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">costa</emphasis>
occurs in the lower section of cloud forests, around 
<quantity id="4C9D51E2FFDBD160FECF5CEE0066FF58" box="[344,518,152,178]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1550.0" valueMax="1600.0" valueMin="1500.0">1500–1600 m</quantity>
, whereas the nominate is usually found at considerably higher elevations, usually above 
<quantity id="4C9D51E2FFDBD160FED25CCB03C5FF3D" box="[325,421,189,215]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1800.0">1800 m</quantity>
. A few individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="4C658784FFDBD160FD255CCB0144FF3C" box="[690,804,189,214]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pedaliodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piletha">
<emphasis id="B9112015FFDBD160FD255CCB0144FF3C" box="[690,804,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P. piletha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were, however, collected at 
<quantity id="4C9D51E2FFDBD160FBE95CCB0744FF3D" box="[1150,1316,189,215]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1450.0" valueMax="1500.0" valueMin="1400.0">1400–1500 m</quantity>
along the Maracay-Choroní road, indicating that it occurs occasionally within the same altitudinal range as the western subspecies.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>