1106 lines
153 KiB
XML
1106 lines
153 KiB
XML
<document id="5A2D85A8C6EAC7C586958C2627FA2839" ID-CLB-Dataset="32685" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4291.2.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b811dd22-2c06-4bb4-b8ba-53ae47f2b684" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="829579" ID-ZooBank="8A334FA5-F438-4539-86CB-8AA1924F3C3A" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1500111762977" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Neretina, Anna N. & Kotov, Alexey A." docDate="2017" docId="03D7821FFFB64C55FF3AA739EB4F468F" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4291.2.4.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4291 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Grimaldina freyi Neretina & Kotov, 2017, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="317" masterDocId="FFEEFA67FFBA4C42FFADA57EEE7F475F" masterDocTitle="Old World-New World differentiation of so-called “ circumtropical ” taxa: the case of rare genus Grimaldina Richard, 1892 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Macrothricidae)" masterLastPageNumber="323" masterPageNumber="295" pageNumber="307" updateTime="1698465551324" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="0A057343EEA3E6D6BD8D1E3F27D10143">Old World-New World differentiation of so-called “ circumtropical ” taxa: the case of rare genus Grimaldina Richard, 1892 (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Macrothricidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8EB5F92285ADD7A69D510E457CBB0E03">Neretina, Anna N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="48578B4555FEEB00E8AFBCEC265197BB">Kotov, Alexey A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="5890E180619D8BBF580800A7D3682FD8">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="3A43D9D802556C0EA5C2877D461EFE86">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="BB16CE9BE71CC00BC77A1990DBC7B979">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="66FF6342307BEA78070630866C054B1D">4291</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03D7821FFFB64C55FF3AA739EB4F468F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6000295" ID-GBIF-Taxon="132549705" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6000295" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D7821FFFB64C55FF3AA739EB4F468F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D7821FFFB64C55FF3AA739EB4F468F" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="317" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">
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<subSubSection id="C3646082FFB64C4EFF3AA739EF5F45DC" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC13309FFB64C4EFF3AA739EFB8453D" blockId="12.[151,455,583,643]" box="[151,455,583,610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">
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<heading id="D0898465FFB64C4EFF3AA739EFB8453D" bold="true" box="[151,455,583,610]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB64C4EFF3AA739EFB8453D" bold="true" box="[151,455,583,610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFB64C4EFF3AA739EF1E453E" box="[151,353,583,609]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB64C4EFF3AA739EF1E453E" bold="true" box="[151,353,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Grimaldina freyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2395260FFB64C4EFEC4A736EFB8453D" box="[361,455,584,610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
|
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFB64C4EFF3AA714EF5F45DC" blockId="12.[151,455,583,643]" box="[151,288,618,643]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFB64C4EFF32A714EF6845DC" box="[159,279,618,643]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 8" captionStart-1="FIGURE 9" captionStart-2="FIGURE 10" captionStart-3="FIGURE 11" captionStart-4="FIGURE 12" captionStart-5="FIGURE 13" captionStartId-0="13.[151,250,1892,1914]" captionStartId-1="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionStartId-2="15.[151,250,1943,1965]" captionStartId-3="16.[151,250,1476,1498]" captionStartId-4="18.[151,250,1896,1918]" captionStartId-5="19.[151,250,1561,1583]" captionTargetBox-0="[172,1416,193,1869]" captionTargetBox-1="[167,1421,193,1901]" captionTargetBox-2="[214,1376,193,1901]" captionTargetBox-3="[188,1318,208,1445]" captionTargetBox-4="[157,1433,199,1861]" captionTargetBox-5="[164,1431,208,1524]" captionTargetId-0="figure@13.[167,1416,193,1879]" captionTargetId-1="figure@14.[167,1421,193,1901]" captionTargetId-2="figure@15.[214,1376,193,1901]" captionTargetId-3="figure@16.[182,1397,193,1460]" captionTargetId-4="figure@18.[151,1436,193,1874]" captionTargetId-5="figure@19.[151,1436,193,1540]" captionTargetPageId-0="13" captionTargetPageId-1="14" captionTargetPageId-2="15" captionTargetPageId-3="16" captionTargetPageId-4="18" captionTargetPageId-5="19" captionText-0="FIGURE 8. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, lateral view. B, head. C, labrum. D, armature of ventral and posterior margin of valve. E, setae at anteroventral valve portion. F – G, setae at ventral margin of valve in its anterior and posterior portion. H, armature of posteroventral portion of valve. I, posterior margin of valve. J, postabdomen. K, its preanal margin. L, distal portion of postabdomen. M – N, postabdominal claw in outer and inner view. Scale bars 0.1 mm" captionText-1="FIGURE 9. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, lateral view. B, head. C, head ventral portion. D, rostrum in anterior view. E, sculpture on valve. F, setae at posteroventral portion of valve. G, armature of posterior margin. Scale bars 0.1 mm for A – B; 0.01 mm for C – G." captionText-2="FIGURE 10. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, postabdomen. B, armature of its postanal portion. C, postabdominal claw. D, antenna II. E, its apical setae. F, molar surface of left mandible. Scale bars 0.1 mm for A; 0.01 mm for B – F." captionText-3="FIGURE 11. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, antenna I. B, antenna II. C – D, setae on proximal segment of endopod. Scale bars 0.1 mm." captionText-4="FIGURE 12. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., thoracic limbs of parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, limb I, general view. B, its distal portion. C, limb II. D, distal armature of its gnathobase. E, limb III. F, its inner portion. G, its gnathobase. Scale bars 0.1 mm." captionText-5="FIGURE 13. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., thoracic limbs of parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, limb IV. B, its inner portion. C, limb V. D – E, setae at its inner portion. Scale bars 0.1 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/829595/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/829597/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/829599/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/829601/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/829603/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/829605/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Figs. 8–13</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3646082FFB64C4EFF3AA7CCEEA5447B" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFB64C4EFF3AA7CCEEA5447B" blockId="12.[151,1436,690,804]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFB64C4EFF3AA7CCEC434597" ID-CoL="3HDYM" authority="Richard in Sars 1901" authorityName="Richard in Sars" authorityYear="1901" box="[151,572,690,712]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB64C4EFF3AA7CCEF214597" box="[151,350,690,712]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Grimaldina brazzai</emphasis>
|
||
Richard in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFB64C4EFE79A7CCEC434597" author="Sars" box="[468,572,690,712]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" refString="Sars, G. O. (1901) Contributions to the knowledge of the fresh-water Entomostraca of South America, as shown by artificial hatching from dried material. 1. Cladocera. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab, 23 (3), 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1901">Sars 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: p. 28–31, pl. 5: figs. 1–14; Hollwedel
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB64C4EFC65A7CDED8A4597" box="[968,1013,690,712]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2003: p. 78, figs. 10–40.?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFB64C4EFF05A7AFEC0D45B8" ID-CoL="3HDYM" authority="Richard in Korinek 1984" authorityName="Richard in Korinek" authorityYear="1984" box="[168,626,721,743]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB64C4EFF05A7AFEF1045B8" box="[168,367,721,743]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Grimaldina brazzai</emphasis>
|
||
Richard in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFB64C4EFE4EA7AFEC0D45B8" author="Korinek" box="[483,626,721,743]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" refString="Korinek, V. (1984) Cladocera. Hydrobiological Survey of Lake Bangweulu and Luapulu River Basin. Journal of Symoens Cercle Hydrobiologique de Bruxelles, 13 (2), 1 - 117." type="journal article" year="1984">Kořínek 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: pl. XXVI, fig. 1; Silva-Briano 1998: p. 151, figs. 9, 10; Garfias-Espejo & Elías- Gutiérrez, 2003: p. 108, figs. 1–8;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFB64C4EFD89A78EED4B4459" author="Elias-Gutierrez" box="[548,820,752,774]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" refString="Elias-Gutierrez, M., Kotov, A. A. & Garfias-Espejo, T. (2006) Cladocera (Crustacea: Ctenopoda, Anomopoda) from southern Mexico, Belize and northern Guatemala, with some biogeographical notes. Zootaxa, 1119, 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Elías-Gutiérrez
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB64C4EFD68A78FEC8E4459" box="[709,753,752,774]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: p. 12–13, figs. 21–31;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFB64C4EFB8CA78EEB4C4459" author="Fuentes-Reines" box="[1057,1331,752,774]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" refString="Fuentes-Reines, J. M., zoppi de Roa, E., Moron, E., Gamez, D. & Lopez, C. (2012) Conocimiento de la fauna Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) de la Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombia. Boletin de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, 41, 121 - 164." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Fuentes-Reinés
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB64C4EFB6EA78FEA904459" box="[1219,1263,752,774]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 12 a– d.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3646082FFB64C4EFF3AA62FEACA44ED" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFB64C4EFF3AA62FEACA44ED" blockId="12.[151,1437,849,1990]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB64C4EFF3AA62FEF614435" bold="true" box="[151,286,849,874]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
This taxon is named in memory of Prof. Dr David G. Frey (
|
||
<date id="FFC015C9FFB64C4EFC6BA62FEA3A4435" box="[966,1093,849,874]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" value="1915-10-10">10/10/1915</date>
|
||
–
|
||
<date id="FFC015C9FFB64C4EFBF8A62FEAA74435" box="[1109,1240,849,874]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" value="1992-04-01">01/04/1992</date>
|
||
), one of the most famous cladoceran researchers, who proposed the modern methods of taxonomy, diversity and distribution in these microcrustaceans. The sample which was used for our description was collected by D.G. Frey.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3646082FFB64C4EFF6AA6C3EC2241F9" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFB64C4EFF6AA6C3EDCA44A5" blockId="12.[151,1437,849,1990]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B163954FFB64C4EFF6AA6C3EDAC4489" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1572326350" box="[199,979,957,982]" country="United States of America" latitude="26.79" location="Lake Hicpochee" longLatPrecision="744" longitude="-81.13" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Florida" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB64C4EFF6AA6C3EF1A4489" bold="true" box="[199,357,957,982]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C58DABFFB64C4EFF6AA6C3EF7D4489" box="[199,258,957,982]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location id="8EA165D2FFB64C4EFEC1A6C3EC5C4489" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D7821FFFB64C55FF3AA739EB4F468F:8EA165D2FFB64C4EFEC1A6C3EC5C4489" box="[364,547,957,982]" country="United States of America" latitude="26.79" longLatPrecision="744" longitude="-81.13" name="Lake Hicpochee" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" stateProvince="Florida">Lake Hicpochee</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4A55CEFFB64C4EFD9FA6C0ECE54489" box="[562,666,957,982]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" precision="555" value="26.79">N 26.79°</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4A55CEFFB64C4EFD08A6C0ED6D4489" box="[677,786,958,982]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" precision="555" value="-81.13">W 81.13°</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAFDEBFFB64C4EFC8BA6C3ED054489" box="[806,890,957,982]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3697399FFB64C4EFC28A6C0EDAC4489" box="[901,979,958,982]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B163954FFB64C4EFC72A6C3EDCA44A5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1572326352" collectingDate="1960-08-04" collectorName="D. G. Frey." country="United States of America" location="North" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="North" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAFDEBFFB64C4EFC72A6C3EA5F4489" box="[991,1056,957,982]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">North</collectingRegion>
|
||
America. From this locality, over 50 parthenogenetic females were collected in
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF84EC21FFB64C4EFD35A69FED6744A5" box="[664,792,993,1018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" value="1960-08-04">
|
||
<date id="FFC015C9FFB64C4EFD35A69FED6744A5" box="[664,792,993,1018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" value="1960-08-04">04/08/1960</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="268B56DFFFB64C4EFCECA69CEDCA44A5" box="[833,949,994,1018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">D.G. Frey.</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFB64C4EFF6AA17BEB114339" blockId="12.[151,1437,849,1990]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB64C4EFF6AA17BEF8C4341" bold="true" box="[199,499,1029,1054]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Type material. Holotype.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B163954FFB64C4EFE51A178ED3D4339" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1572326348" collectionCode="USNM" country="United States of America" county="The" location="An" municipality="Smithsonian Institution" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" specimenCode="USNM1421862" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<location id="8EA165D2FFB64C4EFE51A178EC614341" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D7821FFFB64C55FF3AA739EB4F468F:8EA165D2FFB64C4EFE51A178EC614341" box="[508,542,1030,1054]" country="United States of America" county="The" municipality="Smithsonian Institution" name="An" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">An</location>
|
||
adult parthenogenetic female preserved in 4% formaldehyde, deposited to the collection of
|
||
<location id="8EA165D2FFB64C4EFE80A157ECF4431E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D7821FFFB64C55FF3AA739EB4F468F:8EA165D2FFB64C4EFE80A157ECF4431E" box="[301,651,1065,1090]" country="United States of America" county="The" municipality="Smithsonian Institution" name="Smithsonian National Museum" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Smithsonian National Museum</location>
|
||
of
|
||
<location id="8EA165D2FFB64C4EFD1EA157ED1B431D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D7821FFFB64C55FF3AA739EB4F468F:8EA165D2FFB64C4EFD1EA157ED1B431D" box="[691,868,1065,1090]" country="United States of America" county="The" municipality="Smithsonian Institution" name="Natural History" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Natural History</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA5A973FFB64C4EFCDDA157EA05431D" box="[880,1146,1065,1090]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Smithsonian Institution</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3697399FFB64C4EFB2BA154EAAA431D" box="[1158,1237,1066,1090]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBD89B72FFB64C4EFB4FA157EBE6431D" box="[1250,1433,1065,1090]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6FABCCFFB64C4EFB4FA157EB4A431D" box="[1250,1333,1065,1090]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
1421862
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62A04B85FFB64C4EFF3AA133EEBC4339" box="[151,195,1101,1126]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">The</collectingCounty>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C58DABFFB64C4EFF64A133EF544339" box="[201,299,1101,1126]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
label reads: “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFB64C4EFE6BA133ECFD4339" box="[454,642,1101,1126]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB64C4EFE6BA133ECFD4339" box="[454,642,1101,1126]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Grimaldina freyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2395260FFB64C4EFD24A133EC9D4339" box="[649,738,1101,1126]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB64C4EFD24A133EC9D4339" bold="true" box="[649,738,1101,1126]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, 1 parth
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B163954FFB64C4EFCE1A130EB154339" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1572326349" box="[844,1386,1101,1126]" country="United States of America" location="Lake Hicpochee" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D78F880FFB64C4EFCE1A130ED1E433A" box="[844,865,1102,1125]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
from
|
||
<location id="8EA165D2FFB64C4EFC0BA133EA1F4339" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D7821FFFB64C55FF3AA739EB4F468F:8EA165D2FFB64C4EFC0BA133EA1F4339" box="[934,1120,1101,1126]" country="United States of America" name="Lake Hicpochee" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Lake Hicpochee</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3697399FFB64C4EFBC6A130EAC54339" box="[1131,1210,1102,1126]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C58DABFFB64C4EFB6BA130EB1F4339" box="[1222,1376,1102,1126]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
”
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFB64C4EFF6AA10FEA2D4245" blockId="12.[151,1437,849,1990]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B163954FFB64C4EFF6AA10FEA2D4245" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1572326353" collectingDate="1960-08-04" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="Lake Hicpochee, U. S. A. & D. G. Frey" country="United States of America" location="Moscow" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" specimenCode="USNM1421863" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Moscow" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB64C4EFF6AA10FEF3943D5" bold="true" box="[199,326,1137,1162]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C58DABFFB64C4EFF6AA10FEF3E43D5" box="[199,321,1137,1162]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
10 undissected parthenogenetic females from
|
||
<collectorName id="268B56DFFFB64C4EFCE0A10FEA1F43D5" box="[845,1120,1137,1162]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Lake Hicpochee, U.S.A.</collectorName>
|
||
, coll. in
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF84EC21FFB64C4EFB6DA10FEB3F43D5" box="[1216,1344,1137,1162]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" value="1960-08-04">
|
||
<date id="FFC015C9FFB64C4EFB6DA10FEB3F43D5" box="[1216,1344,1137,1162]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" value="1960-08-04">04/08/1960</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="268B56DFFFB64C4EFAC4A10CEEB343F1" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">D.G. Frey</collectorName>
|
||
, preserved in 4% formaldehyde and deposited to the collection of Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3697399FFB64C4EFD8CA1C4EC0F438D" box="[545,624,1210,1234]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBD89B72FFB64C4EFD2EA1C7ED45438D" box="[643,826,1209,1234]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6FABCCFFB64C4EFD2EA1C7ECA8438D" box="[643,727,1209,1234]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
1421863
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
. 2 undissected parthenogenetic females from
|
||
<collectorName id="268B56DFFFB64C4EFAC9A1C7EF1443A9" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Lake Hicpochee, U.S.A.</collectorName>
|
||
, coll. in
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF84EC21FFB64C4EFE67A1A3EC3543A9" box="[458,586,1245,1270]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" value="1960-08-04">
|
||
<date id="FFC015C9FFB64C4EFE67A1A3EC3543A9" box="[458,586,1245,1270]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" value="1960-08-04">04/08/1960</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="268B56DFFFB64C4EFDDEA1A0EC9E43A9" box="[627,737,1246,1270]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">D.G. Frey</collectorName>
|
||
, preserved in 4% formaldehyde and deposited to the collection of Zoological Museum of M.V. Lomonosov
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAFDEBFFB64C4EFD25A07CEC974246" box="[648,744,1282,1305]" country="Russia" name="Moscow" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Moscow</collectingRegion>
|
||
State University, MGU Ml 153.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFB64C4EFF6AA05BEEA942F5" blockId="12.[151,1437,849,1990]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B163954FFB64C4EFF6AA05BEEA942F5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1572326357" collectingDate="1984-04-17" collectingDateMax="1984-04-18" collectingDateMin="1984-04-17" collectorName="Orange & Florida & D. G. Frey & Georges Pond" country="United States of America" location="Other" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB64C4EFF6AA05BED0D4261" bold="true" box="[199,882,1317,1342]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<location id="8EA165D2FFB64C4EFF6AA05BEF704261" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D7821FFFB64C55FF3AA739EB4F468F:8EA165D2FFB64C4EFF6AA05BEF704261" box="[199,271,1317,1342]" country="United States of America" name="Other" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Other</location>
|
||
material studied (excluded from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C58DABFFB64C4EFD4DA05BED6B4261" box="[736,788,1317,1342]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3697399FFB64C4EFCD0A058EDBA4262" box="[893,965,1318,1341]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB64C4EFCD0A058EDC14262" box="[893,958,1318,1341]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">U.S.A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
: 10 formaldehyde-fixed parthenogenetic females from a roadside pond, near
|
||
<collectorName id="268B56DFFFB64C4EFDE3A034ECDF423D" box="[590,672,1354,1378]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Orange</collectorName>
|
||
Lake,
|
||
<collectorName id="268B56DFFFB64C4EFD57A037ED31423D" box="[762,846,1353,1378]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Florida</collectorName>
|
||
, coll. in
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF84EC21FFB64C4EFC6CA034EA3F423D" box="[961,1088,1354,1378]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" value="1984-04-17">
|
||
<date id="FFC015C9FFB64C4EFC6CA034EA3F423D" box="[961,1088,1354,1378]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" value="1984-04-17">17/04/1984</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="268B56DFFFB64C4EFBDAA034EA94423D" box="[1143,1259,1354,1378]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">D.G. Frey</collectorName>
|
||
, DGF 6811; 4 formaldehyde-fixed parthenogenetic females from
|
||
<collectorName id="268B56DFFFB64C4EFD7AA010ED0742D9" box="[727,888,1389,1414]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Georges Pond</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="268B56DFFFB64C4EFC29A013EDA742D9" box="[900,984,1389,1414]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Florida</collectorName>
|
||
, coll. in
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF84EC21FFB64C4EFB91A010EAC442D9" box="[1084,1211,1390,1414]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" value="1984-04-18">
|
||
<date id="FFC015C9FFB64C4EFB91A010EAC442D9" box="[1084,1211,1390,1414]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" value="1984-04-18">18/04/1984</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="268B56DFFFB64C4EFB45A010EB2842D9" box="[1256,1367,1390,1414]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">D.G. Frey</collectorName>
|
||
, DGF 6814.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFB64C4EFF6AA0C8EC2241F9" blockId="12.[151,1437,849,1990]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAFDEBFFB64C4EFF6AA0C8EF654292" box="[199,282,1462,1485]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3697399FFB64C4EFF6AA0C8EF654292" box="[199,282,1462,1485]" name="Mexico" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB64C4EFF6AA0C8EF654292" box="[199,282,1462,1485]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Mexico</emphasis>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
: 1 formaldehyde-fixed parthenogenetic female from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAFDEBFFB64C4EFCC0A0CBEA4F4292" box="[877,1072,1461,1486]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">
|
||
Rancho
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAFDEBFFB64C4EFC64A0C8EA4F4292" box="[969,1072,1462,1486]" country="Argentina" name="San Juan" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">San Juan</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAFDEBFFB64C4EFB96A0CBEAE54291" box="[1083,1178,1461,1486]" country="Mexico" name="Tabasco" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Tabasco</collectingRegion>
|
||
, coll. in
|
||
<date id="FFC015C9FFB64C4EFB57A0C8EB064291" box="[1274,1401,1462,1486]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" value="1998-10-13">13/10/1998</date>
|
||
by N.N. Smirnov and M. Elías-Gutiérrez, AAK 2002-069; 1 formaldehyde-fixed parthenogenetic female from a water body in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAFDEBFFB64C4EFF5BA083EFE8414A" box="[246,407,1533,1558]" country="Mexico" name="Quintana Roo" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Quintana Roo</collectingRegion>
|
||
, coll. in
|
||
<date id="FFC015C9FFB64C4EFE51A080EC044149" box="[508,635,1534,1558]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" value="2002-07-04">04/07/2002</date>
|
||
by M. Elías-Gutiérrez, J.G. Granados-Ramírez and A.A. Kotov, AAK 2002-040; 2 formaldehyde-fixed parthenogenetic females from a water body in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAFDEBFFB64C4EFBB6A35FEAC54166" box="[1051,1210,1569,1594]" country="Mexico" name="Quintana Roo" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Quintana Roo</collectingRegion>
|
||
, coll. in
|
||
<date id="FFC015C9FFB64C4EFAB0A35CEBE34165" box="[1309,1436,1570,1594]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" value="2002-07-04">04/07/2002</date>
|
||
by M. Elías-Gutiérrez, J.G. Granados-Ramírez and A.A. Kotov, AAK 2002-041; 1 formaldehyde-fixed parthenogenetic female from La Esperanza, cerca de Escarcega,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAFDEBFFB64C4EFCD9A317ED9241DD" box="[884,1005,1641,1666]" country="Mexico" name="Campeche" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Campeche</collectingRegion>
|
||
, coll. in
|
||
<date id="FFC015C9FFB64C4EFBFCA314EAAE41DD" box="[1105,1233,1642,1666]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" value="1998-10-13">13/10/1998</date>
|
||
by N.N. Smirnov and M. Elías-Gutiérrez, AAK 2002-007.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3646082FFB64C56FF6AA3CCEA384199" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="315" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFB64C4EFF6AA3CCEF3641B1" blockId="12.[151,1437,849,1990]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B163954FFB64C4EFF6AA3CCEF3641B1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1572326351" collectingDate="1981-05-02" collectorName="N. N. Smirnov" country="Argentina" latitude="-31.6" location="Santa Fe" longLatPrecision="7297" longitude="-60.6" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Santa Fe">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3697399FFB64C4EFF6AA3CCEF494196" box="[199,310,1714,1737]" name="Argentina" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB64C4EFF6AA3CCEF494196" box="[199,310,1714,1737]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Argentina</emphasis>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
: 1 parthenogenetic female from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAFDEBFFB64C4EFD04A3CCED744196" box="[681,779,1714,1738]" country="Argentina" name="Santa Fe" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Santa Fe</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4A55CEFFB64C4EFCB1A3CCED0C4195" box="[796,883,1713,1738]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" precision="5555" value="-31.6">S 31.6°</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4A55CEFFB64C4EFCD2A3CCED9E4195" box="[895,993,1713,1738]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" precision="5555" value="-60.6">W 60.6°</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), coll. in
|
||
<collectingDate id="EF84EC21FFB64C4EFBE0A3CFEAB34195" box="[1101,1228,1713,1738]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" value="1981-05-02">
|
||
<date id="FFC015C9FFB64C4EFBE0A3CFEAB34195" box="[1101,1228,1713,1738]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307" value="1981-05-02">02/05/1981</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
by
|
||
<collectorName id="268B56DFFFB64C4EFB55A3CCEBE74195" box="[1272,1432,1713,1738]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">N.N. Smirnov</collectorName>
|
||
, NNS 1997-239.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFB64C4EFF6AA387EF5B4099" blockId="12.[151,1437,849,1990]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB64C4EFF6AA387ECF6404D" bold="true" box="[199,649,1785,1810]" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Description. Parthenogenetic female.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB64C4EFD39A387EC8F404D" box="[660,752,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">General</emphasis>
|
||
. In lateral view, body subrectangular, maximum height at middle of body (body height/length ratio 0.7 for adults) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFB64C4EFCB3A263ED1A4069" box="[798,869,1821,1846]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1892,1914]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,193,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[167,1416,193,1879]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, lateral view. B, head. C, labrum. D, armature of ventral and posterior margin of valve. E, setae at anteroventral valve portion. F – G, setae at ventral margin of valve in its anterior and posterior portion. H, armature of posteroventral portion of valve. I, posterior margin of valve. J, postabdomen. K, its preanal margin. L, distal portion of postabdomen. M – N, postabdominal claw in outer and inner view. Scale bars 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829595/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A, 9A). In dorsal view body compressed laterally, without a dorsal keel. In anterior view, body elongated. Dorsal margin convex in anterior portion and straight in its posterior portion, depression between head and valves absent. Posterodorsal and posteroventral angles expressed, rounded. Anteroventral angle broadly rounded. Valves with prominent sculpture consisting of elongated scales (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFB64C4EFF32A2D3EE9D4099" box="[159,226,1965,1990]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[167,1421,193,1901]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[167,1421,193,1901]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, lateral view. B, head. C, head ventral portion. D, rostrum in anterior view. E, sculpture on valve. F, setae at posteroventral portion of valve. G, armature of posterior margin. Scale bars 0.1 mm for A – B; 0.01 mm for C – G." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829597/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="307">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
A–F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF016381FFB74C4FFF3AA21AEC3840AB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829595/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="308" targetBox="[172,1416,193,1869]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFB74C4FFF3AA21AEC3840AB" blockId="13.[151,1436,1892,2036]" pageId="13" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB74C4FFF3AA21AEF734026" bold="true" box="[151,268,1892,1914]" pageId="13" pageNumber="308">FIGURE 8</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFB74C4FFEB5A21AEFBE4025" box="[280,449,1892,1914]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="13" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB74C4FFEB5A21AEFBE4025" box="[280,449,1892,1914]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="308">Grimaldina freyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2395260FFB74C4FFE65A21AEC674026" box="[456,536,1892,1913]" pageId="13" pageNumber="308" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB74C4FFE65A21AEC674026" bold="true" box="[456,536,1892,1913]" pageId="13" pageNumber="308">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79°, w 81.13°), Florida, U.S.A.: A, lateral view. B, head. C, labrum. D, armature of ventral and posterior margin of valve. E, setae at anteroventral valve portion. F–G, setae at ventral margin of valve in its anterior and posterior portion. H, armature of posteroventral portion of valve. I, posterior margin of valve. J, postabdomen. K, its preanal margin. L, distal portion of postabdomen. M–N, postabdominal claw in outer and inner view. Scale bars 0.1 mm
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF016381FFB44C4CFF3AA2F7EA144083" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829597/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="309" targetBox="[167,1421,193,1901]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFB44C4CFF3AA2F7EA144083" blockId="14.[151,1436,1929,2012]" pageId="14" pageNumber="309">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB44C4CFF3AA2F7EF7340C1" bold="true" box="[151,268,1929,1951]" pageId="14" pageNumber="309">FIGURE 9</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFB44C4CFEB5A2F7EFBE40C0" box="[280,449,1929,1951]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="14" pageNumber="309" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB44C4CFEB5A2F7EFBE40C0" box="[280,449,1929,1951]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="309">Grimaldina freyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2395260FFB44C4CFE65A2F7EC6740C1" box="[456,536,1929,1950]" pageId="14" pageNumber="309" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB44C4CFE65A2F7EC6740C1" bold="true" box="[456,536,1929,1950]" pageId="14" pageNumber="309">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79°, w 81.13°), Florida, U.S.A.: A, lateral view. B, head. C, head ventral portion. D, rostrum in anterior view. E, sculpture on valve. F, setae at posteroventral portion of valve. G, armature of posterior margin. Scale bars 0.1 mm for A–B; 0.01 mm for C–G.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF016381FFB54C4DFF3AA2E9EC8040B5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829599/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="310" targetBox="[214,1376,193,1901]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFB54C4DFF3AA2E9EC8040B5" blockId="15.[151,1436,1943,2026]" pageId="15" pageNumber="310">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB54C4DFF3AA2E9EF6640F3" bold="true" box="[151,281,1943,1965]" pageId="15" pageNumber="310">FIGURE 10</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFB54C4DFE8AA2E9EFAD40F2" box="[295,466,1943,1965]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="15" pageNumber="310" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB54C4DFE8AA2E9EFAD40F2" box="[295,466,1943,1965]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="310">Grimaldina freyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2395260FFB54C4DFE74A2E9EC5540F3" box="[473,554,1943,1964]" pageId="15" pageNumber="310" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFB54C4DFE74A2E9EC5540F3" bold="true" box="[473,554,1943,1964]" pageId="15" pageNumber="310">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79°, w 81.13°), Florida, U.S.A.: A, postabdomen. B, armature of its postanal portion. C, postabdominal claw. D, antenna II. E, its apical setae. F, molar surface of left mandible. Scale bars 0.1 mm for A; 0.01 mm for B–F.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF016381FFAA4C52FF3AA0BAEA3D42A7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829601/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="311" targetBox="[188,1318,208,1445]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAA4C52FF3AA0BAEA3D42A7" blockId="16.[151,1436,1476,1528]" pageId="16" pageNumber="311">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAA4C52FF3AA0BAEF674286" bold="true" box="[151,280,1476,1498]" pageId="16" pageNumber="311">FIGURE 11</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAA4C52FE8BA0BAEFAE4285" box="[294,465,1476,1498]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="16" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAA4C52FE8BA0BAEFAE4285" box="[294,465,1476,1498]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="311">Grimaldina freyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2395260FFAA4C52FE75A0BAEC564286" box="[472,553,1476,1497]" pageId="16" pageNumber="311" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAA4C52FE75A0BAEC564286" bold="true" box="[472,553,1476,1497]" pageId="16" pageNumber="311">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79°, w 81.13°), Florida, U.S.A.: A, antenna I. B, antenna II. C–D, setae on proximal segment of endopod. Scale bars 0.1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAA4C52FF6AA35BEDDD41F6" blockId="16.[151,1437,1573,2030]" pageId="16" pageNumber="311">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAA4C52FF6AA35BEF7B4161" box="[199,260,1573,1598]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="311">Head</emphasis>
|
||
relatively large, not keeled, triangular in lateral view, with convex dorsal margin and strongly concave ventral margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFAA4C52FEE1A337EFEA413E" box="[332,405,1609,1634]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1892,1914]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,193,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[167,1416,193,1879]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, lateral view. B, head. C, labrum. D, armature of ventral and posterior margin of valve. E, setae at anteroventral valve portion. F – G, setae at ventral margin of valve in its anterior and posterior portion. H, armature of posteroventral portion of valve. I, posterior margin of valve. J, postabdomen. K, its preanal margin. L, distal portion of postabdomen. M – N, postabdominal claw in outer and inner view. Scale bars 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829595/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="311">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
B, 9B–C); other details similar with previous species. A single frontal head pore (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFAA4C52FA91A337EBFE413E" box="[1340,1409,1609,1634]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[167,1421,193,1901]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[167,1421,193,1901]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, lateral view. B, head. C, head ventral portion. D, rostrum in anterior view. E, sculpture on valve. F, setae at posteroventral portion of valve. G, armature of posterior margin. Scale bars 0.1 mm for A – B; 0.01 mm for C – G." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829597/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="311">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
D: arrow) located in anterior part of head between bases of antennae I. Dorsal head pores absent. Labrum massive, subquadrangular, with setulated apex and distal labral plate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFAA4C52FC90A3EFED0041F6" box="[829,895,1681,1706]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1892,1914]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,193,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[167,1416,193,1879]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, lateral view. B, head. C, labrum. D, armature of ventral and posterior margin of valve. E, setae at anteroventral valve portion. F – G, setae at ventral margin of valve in its anterior and posterior portion. H, armature of posteroventral portion of valve. I, posterior margin of valve. J, postabdomen. K, its preanal margin. L, distal portion of postabdomen. M – N, postabdominal claw in outer and inner view. Scale bars 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829595/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="311">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAA4C52FF6AA3CBEDD34066" blockId="16.[151,1437,1573,2030]" pageId="16" pageNumber="311">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAA4C52FF6AA3CBEF7E4191" box="[199,257,1717,1742]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="311">Valve</emphasis>
|
||
. Ventral margin regularly convex, covered by setulated setae as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAA4C52FBB4A3C8EAF24191" box="[1049,1165,1717,1742]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="16" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAA4C52FBB4A3C8EAF24191" box="[1049,1165,1717,1742]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="311">G. brazzai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, also slightly longer at posteroventral valve portion (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFAA4C52FE47A3A7EC5141AE" box="[490,558,1753,1778]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1892,1914]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,193,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[167,1416,193,1879]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, lateral view. B, head. C, labrum. D, armature of ventral and posterior margin of valve. E, setae at anteroventral valve portion. F – G, setae at ventral margin of valve in its anterior and posterior portion. H, armature of posteroventral portion of valve. I, posterior margin of valve. J, postabdomen. K, its preanal margin. L, distal portion of postabdomen. M – N, postabdominal claw in outer and inner view. Scale bars 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829595/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="311">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
D–H). Inner side of posteroventral margin with short setulated setae, almost subequal in length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFAA4C52FEDFA383EFC14049" box="[370,446,1789,1814]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1892,1914]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,193,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[167,1416,193,1879]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, lateral view. B, head. C, labrum. D, armature of ventral and posterior margin of valve. E, setae at anteroventral valve portion. F – G, setae at ventral margin of valve in its anterior and posterior portion. H, armature of posteroventral portion of valve. I, posterior margin of valve. J, postabdomen. K, its preanal margin. L, distal portion of postabdomen. M – N, postabdominal claw in outer and inner view. Scale bars 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829595/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="311">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
H, 9F). On the inner side of posteroventral margin a row of small stiff setulae, increasing in size from posterodorsal angle to posteroventral angle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFAA4C52FCB8A25FED1D4066" box="[789,866,1825,1850]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1892,1914]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,193,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[167,1416,193,1879]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, lateral view. B, head. C, labrum. D, armature of ventral and posterior margin of valve. E, setae at anteroventral valve portion. F – G, setae at ventral margin of valve in its anterior and posterior portion. H, armature of posteroventral portion of valve. I, posterior margin of valve. J, postabdomen. K, its preanal margin. L, distal portion of postabdomen. M – N, postabdominal claw in outer and inner view. Scale bars 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829595/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="311">
|
||
Figs.
|
||
<date id="FFC015C9FFAA4C52FCF9A25FED1D4066" box="[852,866,1825,1849]" pageId="16" pageNumber="311">8</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I, 9G).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAA4C52FF6AA23BEC734001" blockId="16.[151,1437,1573,2030]" box="[199,524,1861,1886]" pageId="16" pageNumber="311">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAA4C52FF6AA23BEF674001" box="[199,280,1861,1886]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="311">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
long,
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAA4C52FEF3A23BEFBA4001" box="[350,453,1861,1886]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="311">abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
short.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAA4C53FF6AA217EFB04642" blockId="16.[151,1437,1573,2030]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="312" pageId="16" pageNumber="311">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAA4C52FF6AA217EF1F40DD" box="[199,352,1897,1922]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="311">Postabdomen</emphasis>
|
||
large, subquadrangular, strongly compressed laterally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFAA4C52FC40A217EA3F40DE" box="[1005,1088,1897,1922]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1892,1914]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,193,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[167,1416,193,1879]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, lateral view. B, head. C, labrum. D, armature of ventral and posterior margin of valve. E, setae at anteroventral valve portion. F – G, setae at ventral margin of valve in its anterior and posterior portion. H, armature of posteroventral portion of valve. I, posterior margin of valve. J, postabdomen. K, its preanal margin. L, distal portion of postabdomen. M – N, postabdominal claw in outer and inner view. Scale bars 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829595/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="311">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
J, 10A). Postabdomen length/ height ratio about 2. Ventral margin straight. Proportions and armature (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFAA4C52FC67A2F3EA6F40F9" box="[970,1040,1933,1958]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1892,1914]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,193,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[167,1416,193,1879]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, lateral view. B, head. C, labrum. D, armature of ventral and posterior margin of valve. E, setae at anteroventral valve portion. F – G, setae at ventral margin of valve in its anterior and posterior portion. H, armature of posteroventral portion of valve. I, posterior margin of valve. J, postabdomen. K, its preanal margin. L, distal portion of postabdomen. M – N, postabdominal claw in outer and inner view. Scale bars 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829595/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="311">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
J–L, 10A–B) similar to those in
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAA4C52FA29A2F0EE8E4095" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="311">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAA4C52FA29A2F0EE924095" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="16" pageNumber="311" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brazzai">G. brazzai</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Postabdominal setae longer than postabdomen, distal segment bearing long setulae. Postabdominal claw relatively robust (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFAA4C52FEF6A2ABEFE040B1" box="[347,415,2005,2030]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1892,1914]" captionTargetBox="[172,1416,193,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[167,1416,193,1879]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, lateral view. B, head. C, labrum. D, armature of ventral and posterior margin of valve. E, setae at anteroventral valve portion. F – G, setae at ventral margin of valve in its anterior and posterior portion. H, armature of posteroventral portion of valve. I, posterior margin of valve. J, postabdomen. K, its preanal margin. L, distal portion of postabdomen. M – N, postabdominal claw in outer and inner view. Scale bars 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829595/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="311">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
L–N, 10C), subequal in length to anal margin of postabdomen. External dorsal side covered in its proximal portion with a row of fine teeth, decreasing in size distally. Internal side of claw with a row of teeth, they slightly longer in proximal portion, and decreasing in size distally. Several teeth on ventral side of claw. On the base of claw, relatively long basal spine (more than two times longer than diameter of claw base) and a small denticle located proximally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAB4C53FF6AA456EC87463A" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAB4C53FF6AA456EF4A461F" box="[199,309,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">Antenna I</emphasis>
|
||
long, thin, “rod like” (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFAB4C53FD96A459ECFB461F" box="[571,644,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[167,1421,193,1901]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[167,1421,193,1901]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 9. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, lateral view. B, head. C, head ventral portion. D, rostrum in anterior view. E, sculpture on valve. F, setae at posteroventral portion of valve. G, armature of posterior margin. Scale bars 0.1 mm for A – B; 0.01 mm for C – G." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829597/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">Figs 9</figureCitation>
|
||
C, 11A), identical to
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAB4C53FCD9A456ED91461F" box="[884,1006,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAB4C53FCD9A456ED95461F" box="[884,1002,295,320]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="17" pageNumber="312" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brazzai">G. brazzai</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Nine aesthetascs, among them, seven aesthetascs subequal in length and two slightly longer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAB4C53FF6AA40EEB2F444A" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAB4C53FF6AA40EEF3F46D7" box="[199,320,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">Antenna II</emphasis>
|
||
long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFAB4C53FE20A411EF9B46D7" box="[397,484,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1943,1965]" captionTargetBox="[214,1376,193,1901]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[214,1376,193,1901]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 10. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, postabdomen. B, armature of its postanal portion. C, postabdominal claw. D, antenna II. E, its apical setae. F, molar surface of left mandible. Scale bars 0.1 mm for A; 0.01 mm for B – F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829599/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">Figs 10</figureCitation>
|
||
D, 11B). Antennal formula: setae 0-0-1-3/1-1-3, spines 0-1-0-1/0-0-1. Two sensory setae unequal in size at coxal part; basal segment cylindrical, covered by concentric rows of small denticles, bearing a small spine (almost subequal in length to basal exopod segment) and bisegmented setulated seta (slightly longer than basal endopod segment); all branches segments elongated, with concentric rows of small denticles. Exopod branch longer than endopod branch. Apical setae relatively short (shorter than antennal branches plus basal segment), feathered by long setulae and short stiff setulae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFAB4C53FCF1A75AEDCC4563" box="[860,947,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1943,1965]" captionTargetBox="[214,1376,193,1901]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[214,1376,193,1901]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 10. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, postabdomen. B, armature of its postanal portion. C, postabdominal claw. D, antenna II. E, its apical setae. F, molar surface of left mandible. Scale bars 0.1 mm for A; 0.01 mm for B – F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829599/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
E). The largest seta of proximal endopod segment asymmetrically armed by short stiff setulae (on proximal and distal portions) and more robust denticles (they cover distal portions and only slightly go to central portion) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFAB4C53FC13A712EA6E45DB" box="[958,1041,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1476,1498]" captionTargetBox="[188,1318,208,1445]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[182,1397,193,1460]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 11. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, antenna I. B, antenna II. C – D, setae on proximal segment of endopod. Scale bars 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829601/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
C–D). Distance between bases of spinulae almost two times longer than diameter of seta, measuring beside them (i.e. spinules on the longest endopod seta of antenna II located relatively densely). Seta of middle endopod segment and lateral seta of third exopod segment are identical to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAB4C53FDA4A7A6EC0345AF" box="[521,636,727,752]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="17" pageNumber="312" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAB4C53FDA4A7A6EC0345AF" box="[521,636,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">G. brazzai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Spine on second exopod segment thin, about three times shorter than third exopod segment. Spines of both apical segments thin, their proportions are similar to previous species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAB4C53FF6AA661EB1D4467" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,1378,799,824]" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAB4C53FF6AA661EF414467" box="[199,318,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">Mandibles</emphasis>
|
||
asymmetrical, molar surface of left mandible with numerous minute protuberances (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFAB4C53FB5FA661EB3C4467" box="[1266,1347,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1943,1965]" captionTargetBox="[214,1376,193,1901]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[214,1376,193,1901]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 10. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, postabdomen. B, armature of its postanal portion. C, postabdominal claw. D, antenna II. E, its apical setae. F, molar surface of left mandible. Scale bars 0.1 mm for A; 0.01 mm for B – F." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829599/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAB4C53FF6AA63AEF904402" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,495,836,861]" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAB4C53FF6AA63AEF104402" box="[199,367,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">Thoracic limbs</emphasis>
|
||
: five pairs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAB4C53FF6AA619EC9A4253" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAB4C53FF6AA619EF6F44DF" box="[199,272,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">Limb I</emphasis>
|
||
large (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFAB4C53FEF3A619EFD044DF" box="[350,431,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1896,1918]" captionTargetBox="[157,1433,199,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,1874]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 12. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., thoracic limbs of parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, limb I, general view. B, its distal portion. C, limb II. D, distal armature of its gnathobase. E, limb III. F, its inner portion. G, its gnathobase. Scale bars 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829603/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
A–B). Accessory seta not found. ODL conical, bearing a single long bisegmented seta, its distal segment setulated unilaterally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFAB4C53FD97A6F2ECF344FB" box="[570,652,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1896,1918]" captionTargetBox="[157,1433,199,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,1874]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 12. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., thoracic limbs of parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, limb I, general view. B, its distal portion. C, limb II. D, distal armature of its gnathobase. E, limb III. F, its inner portion. G, its gnathobase. Scale bars 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829603/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
B). IDL with three setae, different in length: the longest seta with fine setulae on its distal segment, the middle and short setae with fine denticles in the central and distal portions. Several groups of prominent setulae on IDL outer face. Limb corm rectangular in lateral view. Endite 4 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFAB4C53FA83A6AAEB0244B3" box="[1326,1405,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1896,1918]" captionTargetBox="[157,1433,199,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,1874]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 12. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., thoracic limbs of parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, limb I, general view. B, its distal portion. C, limb II. D, distal armature of its gnathobase. E, limb III. F, its inner portion. G, its gnathobase. Scale bars 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829603/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
A) with three posterior soft setae (seta “a” the longest with long fine setulae on its distal segment, setae “b” and “c” short, setulated) and a single stiff anterior seta. Endite 3 with three soft posterior setae unequal in size (among them seta “d” the longest, bearing fine setulae and setae “e” and “f” feathered unilaterally by rough setules) and a single stiff anterior seta (slightly longer than seta 1 of endite 4). Endite 2 with four posterior soft setae (setae g–i long, subequal in size, seta “j” significantly shorter, all setae covered by fine setulae) and a single stiff anterior seta (two times shorter than seta 2 of endite 4). All three stiff anterior setae with setulated distal segments. Endite 1, maxillar process, with two soft setulated setae, unequal in size. Two ejector hooks small, subequal in size. Concentric rows and bunches of fine setulae on ventral face of limb I.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAB4C53FF6AA069EB624172" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAB4C53FF6AA069EF63426F" box="[199,284,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">Limb II</emphasis>
|
||
triangular-rounded. Exopodite (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFAB4C53FD24A069ECA2426F" box="[649,733,1303,1328]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1896,1918]" captionTargetBox="[157,1433,199,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,1874]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 12. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., thoracic limbs of parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, limb I, general view. B, its distal portion. C, limb II. D, distal armature of its gnathobase. E, limb III. F, its inner portion. G, its gnathobase. Scale bars 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829603/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
C: ext) ovoid, elongated, distally with minute setulae, without setae. Inner portion of limb II with eight scrapers (1–8), their proportions and armature identical to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAB4C53FA8CA043EBEA420A" box="[1313,1429,1340,1365]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="17" pageNumber="312" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAB4C53FA8CA043EBEA420A" box="[1313,1429,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">G. brazzai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Fork-like projection with bulbous base locates near scraper 3. A bisegmented sensillum and soft setulated seta are located near scraper 4. Also, soft setulated bisegmented seta near scraper 8. An incision between endite 2 and endite 1 (=gnathobase). Distalmost armature of gnathobase with four elements: three setae, unequal in size and armature (the distalmost seta short, bisegmented, with bulbose base, covered by fine setulae; the middle seta relatively long, thin, finely setulated; the proximal seta short, with stiff denticles) and a small bisegmented seta (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFAB4C53FF32A36AEE8E4173" box="[159,241,1556,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1896,1918]" captionTargetBox="[157,1433,199,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,1874]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 12. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., thoracic limbs of parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, limb I, general view. B, its distal portion. C, limb II. D, distal armature of its gnathobase. E, limb III. F, its inner portion. G, its gnathobase. Scale bars 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829603/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
D). Filter plate bearing six setae, among them three distalmost setae short, and other three long.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAB4C53FF6AA349EFB74012" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAB4C53FF6AA349EF5C410F" box="[199,291,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">Limb III</emphasis>
|
||
with large ovoid epipodite, preepipodite not found. Exopodite (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFAB4C53FC45A349EA46410F" box="[1000,1081,1591,1616]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1896,1918]" captionTargetBox="[157,1433,199,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,1874]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 12. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., thoracic limbs of parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, limb I, general view. B, its distal portion. C, limb II. D, distal armature of its gnathobase. E, limb III. F, its inner portion. G, its gnathobase. Scale bars 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829603/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
E: ext) subrectangular, with two bilaterally setulated lateral setae unequal in size (5–6); and four distal setae (1–4): setae 3–4 short, setae 1–2 feathered by short setules in distal portions and bearing long setulae in proximal portions. Endite 5 bears a stiff anterior seta 1 and a long posterior seta “a” (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFAB4C53FD25A3DAECA541E3" box="[648,730,1700,1725]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1896,1918]" captionTargetBox="[157,1433,199,1861]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,193,1874]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 12. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., thoracic limbs of parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, limb I, general view. B, its distal portion. C, limb II. D, distal armature of its gnathobase. E, limb III. F, its inner portion. G, its gnathobase. Scale bars 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829603/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
F). Endite 4 with a stiff seta 2 and a soft seta “b”. Endite 3 with a stiff seta 3 (a small sensillum near base of this seta) and two soft setae: “c” and “d”. Proximal endite with four anterior setae (4, 5, 6, 7; a minute sensillum near base of seta 4) and four posterior setae (e, f, g, h). Distal armature of gnathobase with a thick sensillum, two grouped sensillae and a single large densely setulated seta. Filter plate similar to previous species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAB4C53FF6AA229ED2A4082" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAB4C53FF6AA229EF5C402F" box="[199,291,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">Limb IV</emphasis>
|
||
with a large ovoid epipodite (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFAB4C53FDD7A229ECB3402F" box="[634,716,1879,1904]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1561,1583]" captionTargetBox="[164,1431,208,1524]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,1540]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 13. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., thoracic limbs of parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, limb IV. B, its inner portion. C, limb V. D – E, setae at its inner portion. Scale bars 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829605/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
A: epp); preepipodite not studied. Exopodite rounded, with two long lateral setae (3–4) and two short distal setae unequal in size (1–2). Inner distal portion with four anterior setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFAB4C53FF32A2DEEE8D40E7" box="[159,242,1952,1977]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1561,1583]" captionTargetBox="[164,1431,208,1524]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,1540]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 13. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., thoracic limbs of parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, limb IV. B, its inner portion. C, limb V. D – E, setae at its inner portion. Scale bars 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829605/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
B: 1–4) and a very large sensillum near seta 3. Posterior face with five soft setae (a–e). Distal armature of gnathobase and filter plate structure are identical to
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAB4C53FD71A2BBED2A4082" box="[732,853,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="312">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAB4C53FD71A2BBED2E4082" box="[732,849,1988,2013]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="17" pageNumber="312" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brazzai">G. brazzai</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF016381FFA84C50FF3AA216ECDD40E4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829603/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="313" targetBox="[157,1433,199,1861]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFA84C50FF3AA216ECDD40E4" blockId="18.[151,1436,1896,1979]" pageId="18" pageNumber="313">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFA84C50FF3AA216EF664022" bold="true" box="[151,281,1896,1918]" pageId="18" pageNumber="313">FIGURE 12</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFA84C50FE8BA216EFAE4021" box="[294,465,1896,1918]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="18" pageNumber="313" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFA84C50FE8BA216EFAE4021" box="[294,465,1896,1918]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="313">Grimaldina freyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2395260FFA84C50FE7AA216EC574022" box="[471,552,1896,1917]" pageId="18" pageNumber="313" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFA84C50FE7AA216EC574022" bold="true" box="[471,552,1896,1917]" pageId="18" pageNumber="313">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, thoracic limbs of parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79°, w 81.13°), Florida, U.S.A.: A, limb I, general view. B, its distal portion. C, limb II. D, distal armature of its gnathobase. E, limb III. F, its inner portion. G, its gnathobase. Scale bars 0.1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF016381FFA94C51FF3AA367EA914111" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829605/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="314" targetBox="[164,1431,208,1524]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFA94C51FF3AA367EA914111" blockId="19.[151,1436,1561,1614]" pageId="19" pageNumber="314">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFA94C51FF3AA367EF664171" bold="true" box="[151,281,1561,1583]" pageId="19" pageNumber="314">FIGURE 13</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFA94C51FE8BA367EFAE4170" box="[294,465,1561,1583]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="19" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFA94C51FE8BA367EFAE4170" box="[294,465,1561,1583]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="314">Grimaldina freyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFA94C51FE7AA364EC574170" bold="true" box="[471,552,1562,1583]" pageId="19" pageNumber="314">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2395260FFA94C51FE7AA364EC574170" box="[471,552,1562,1583]" pageId="19" pageNumber="314" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, thoracic limbs of parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79°, w 81.13°), Florida, U.S.A.: A, limb IV. B, its inner portion. C, limb V. D–E, setae at its inner portion. Scale bars 0.1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFA94C51FF6AA30BEE90403A" blockId="19.[151,1437,1653,2038]" pageId="19" pageNumber="314">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFA94C51FF6AA30BEF6541D2" box="[199,282,1653,1678]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="314">Limb V</emphasis>
|
||
with rounded setulated preepipodite (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFA94C51FD61A30BED6041D1" box="[716,799,1653,1678]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1561,1583]" captionTargetBox="[164,1431,208,1524]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,1540]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 13. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., thoracic limbs of parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, limb IV. B, its inner portion. C, limb V. D – E, setae at its inner portion. Scale bars 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829605/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="314">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
C: pep) and ovoid epipodite. Exopodite rounded, with a single long seta asymmetrically covered by rows of long and short setulae. Inner distal portion as a small setulated lobe; on its inner margin three setae significantly increasing in size distally: the longest seta clearly bisegmented, basal segment densely covered by fine setulae, distal segment with more widely spaced thick setulae; two other setae densely setulated. On inner distal portion, middle seta about two times longer than shortest seta (thus the proximalmost seta has middle size) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFA94C51FD99A257ECFC401D" box="[564,643,1833,1858]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1561,1583]" captionTargetBox="[164,1431,208,1524]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1436,193,1540]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 13. Grimaldina freyi sp. nov., thoracic limbs of parthenogenetic female from Lake Hicpochee (N 26.79 °, w 81.13 °), Florida, U. S. A.: A, limb IV. B, its inner portion. C, limb V. D – E, setae at its inner portion. Scale bars 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829605/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="314">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
D–E). Filter plate was not found, although at least three protuberances present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFA94C51FF6AA20FED0940F1" blockId="19.[151,1437,1653,2038]" pageId="19" pageNumber="314">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFA94C51FF6AA20FEC5840D5" bold="true" box="[199,551,1905,1930]" pageId="19" pageNumber="314">Ephippial females and males.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAFDEBFFA94C51FD83A20CEC2F40D6" box="[558,592,1906,1929]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="19" pageNumber="314">No</collectingRegion>
|
||
ephippial females and males were present in our samples. See
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFA94C51FAB4A20CEBE340D5" author="Sars" box="[1305,1436,1906,1930]" pageId="19" pageNumber="314" refString="Sars, G. O. (1901) Contributions to the knowledge of the fresh-water Entomostraca of South America, as shown by artificial hatching from dried material. 1. Cladocera. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab, 23 (3), 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1901">Sars (1901)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for a description of the ephippium and male from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAFDEBFFA94C51FD6BA2EBED7840F1" box="[710,775,1941,1966]" country="Cameroon" name="South" pageId="19" pageNumber="314">South</collectingRegion>
|
||
America.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFA94C51FF6AA2C7EC7A40A9" blockId="19.[151,1437,1653,2038]" pageId="19" pageNumber="314">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFA94C51FF6AA2C7EE81408D" bold="true" box="[199,254,1977,2002]" pageId="19" pageNumber="314">Size.</emphasis>
|
||
Maximum length of adult parthenogenetic females up to
|
||
<quantity id="4C869EECFFA94C51FC2CA2C4ED97408E" box="[897,1000,1978,2002]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1" pageId="19" pageNumber="314" unit="mm" value="0.71">0.71 mm</quantity>
|
||
; height
|
||
<quantity id="4C869EECFFA94C51FB92A2C4EAD9408E" box="[1087,1190,1978,2002]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" pageId="19" pageNumber="314" unit="mm" value="0.49">0.49 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C58DABFFA94C51FB1CA2C7EB66408D" box="[1201,1305,1977,2002]" pageId="19" pageNumber="314" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is
|
||
<quantity id="4C869EECFFA94C51FA94A2C4EBE2408E" box="[1337,1437,1978,2002]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="314" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.70 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length and
|
||
<quantity id="4C869EECFFA94C51FE9DA2A0EFEB40AA" box="[304,404,2014,2038]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" pageId="19" pageNumber="314" unit="mm" value="0.49">0.49 mm</quantity>
|
||
in height.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF016381FFAE4C56FF3AA315EB3841DE" box="[151,1351,1643,1665]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829607/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="315" targetBox="[406,1178,194,1621]" targetPageId="20">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAE4C56FF3AA315EB3841DE" blockId="20.[151,1351,1643,1665]" box="[151,1351,1643,1665]" pageId="20" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAE4C56FF3AA315EF6641DF" bold="true" box="[151,281,1643,1665]" pageId="20" pageNumber="315">FIGURE 14</emphasis>
|
||
. Comparison of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAE4C56FE6EA315EC4641DE" box="[451,569,1643,1665]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="20" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAE4C56FE6EA315EC4641DE" box="[451,569,1643,1665]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="315">Grimaldina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Ethiopia (A–C), Thailand (D–H) and U.S.A. (I–K). Scale bars 0.1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAE4C56FF6AA3D3EA384199" blockId="20.[151,1436,1709,2022]" box="[199,1095,1709,1735]" pageId="20" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAE4C56FF6AA3D3EF324199" bold="true" box="[199,333,1709,1734]" pageId="20" pageNumber="315">Variability.</emphasis>
|
||
No significant variability among New World specimens was found.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3646082FFAE4C56FF6AA3AFEB63406D" pageId="20" pageNumber="315" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAE4C56FF6AA3AFEB63406D" blockId="20.[151,1436,1709,2022]" pageId="20" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAE4C56FF6AA3AFEFB241B5" bold="true" box="[199,461,1745,1770]" pageId="20" pageNumber="315">Differential diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAE4C56FE7EA3AFECF041B5" box="[467,655,1745,1770]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="20" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAE4C56FE7EA3AFECF041B5" box="[467,655,1745,1770]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="315">Grimaldina freyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2395260FFAE4C56FD38A3AFEC9141B5" box="[661,750,1745,1770]" pageId="20" pageNumber="315" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAE4C56FD38A3AFEC9141B5" bold="true" box="[661,750,1745,1770]" pageId="20" pageNumber="315">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is generally similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAE4C56FC40A3ACEA2141B5" box="[1005,1118,1745,1770]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="20" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAE4C56FC40A3ACEA2141B5" box="[1005,1118,1745,1770]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="315">G. brazzai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but clearly different from it in fine morphological details: (1) more densely located spinules on the longest endopod seta of antenna II; (2) smaller ratio of seta 2 to seta 3 on inner portion of the limb V (for comparison see
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6FC06B2FFAE4C56FB9EA267EAFA406D" box="[1075,1157,1817,1842]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="21.[151,239,365,388]" captionText="TABLE 1. Main differences of Grimaldina freyi sp. nov. from G. brazzai." pageId="20" pageNumber="315">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13452F8CFFAE4C56FB11A267EB71406D" box="[1212,1294,1817,1842]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1643,1665]" captionTargetBox="[406,1178,194,1621]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[400,1186,193,1621]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 14. Comparison of Grimaldina from Ethiopia (A – C), Thailand (D – H) and U. S. A. (I – K). Scale bars 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/829607/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="315">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3646082FFAE4C57FF6AA243ED1140ED" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="316" pageId="20" pageNumber="315" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAE4C57FF6AA243ED20461F" blockId="20.[151,1436,1709,2022]" lastBlockId="21.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="316" pageId="20" pageNumber="315">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAE4C56FF6AA243EF1F4009" bold="true" box="[199,352,1853,1878]" pageId="20" pageNumber="315">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
This species occurs in New World tropical regions, but it is obviously rare and not abundant in the water bodies where it is found. The range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAE4C56FD7CA21CED5B4025" box="[721,804,1890,1914]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="20" pageNumber="315" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAE4C56FD7CA21CED5B4025" box="[721,804,1890,1914]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="315">G. freyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2395260FFAE4C56FC83A21FEDF54025" box="[814,906,1889,1914]" pageId="20" pageNumber="315" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAE4C56FC83A21FEDF54025" bold="true" box="[814,906,1889,1914]" pageId="20" pageNumber="315">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in Neotropics is reported from tropical
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAFDEBFFAE4C56FAF6A21FEBE34025" box="[1371,1436,1889,1914]" country="Cameroon" name="South" pageId="20" pageNumber="315">South</collectingRegion>
|
||
America (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAE4C56FEA5A2F8EF0240C1" author="Sars" box="[264,381,1926,1950]" pageId="20" pageNumber="315" refString="Sars, G. O. (1901) Contributions to the knowledge of the fresh-water Entomostraca of South America, as shown by artificial hatching from dried material. 1. Cladocera. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab, 23 (3), 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1901">Sars 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAE4C56FE27A2F9EC3840C1" author="De" box="[394,583,1925,1950]" pageId="20" pageNumber="315" refString="De Ferrato, A. M. (1966) Nuevos Cladoceros para las aquas Argentinas. Physis, 26, 397 - 403." type="journal article" year="1966">De Ferrato 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAE4C56FDF9A2FBED3840C1" author="Brandorff" box="[596,839,1925,1950]" pageId="20" pageNumber="315" refString="Brandorff, G. - O., Koste, w. & Smirnov, N. N. (1982) Structure of rotiferan and crustacean communuties of the lower Rio Nhamunda, Amazonas, Brazil. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 17 (2 / 3), 69 - 121. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650528209360604" type="journal article" year="1982">
|
||
Brandorff
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAE4C56FD66A2F9EC8340C1" box="[715,764,1925,1950]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="315">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1982
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Silva-Briano 1998; Hollwedel
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAE4C56FB1CA2F9EA9B40C1" box="[1201,1252,1925,1950]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="315">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2003; Fuentes- Reinés
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAE4C56FF40A2D5EF5E409D" box="[237,289,1961,1986]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="315">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAE4C56FED0A2D4EC9F409D" author="Kotov" box="[381,736,1961,1986]" pageId="20" pageNumber="315" refString="Kotov, A. A. & Fuentes-Reines, J. M. (2015) An annotated checklist of the Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of Colombia. Zootaxa, 4044, 493 - 510." type="journal article" year="2015">Kotov & Fuentes-Reinés 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; this study), through
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAFDEBFFAE4C56FC77A2D7EA52409D" box="[986,1069,1961,1986]" country="Sri Lanka" name="Central" pageId="20" pageNumber="315">Central</collectingRegion>
|
||
America (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAE4C56FB04A2D7EB33409D" author="Korinek" box="[1193,1356,1961,1986]" pageId="20" pageNumber="315" refString="Korinek, V. (1984) Cladocera. Hydrobiological Survey of Lake Bangweulu and Luapulu River Basin. Journal of Symoens Cercle Hydrobiologique de Bruxelles, 13 (2), 1 - 117." type="journal article" year="1984">Kořínek 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Elías- Gutiérrez
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAE4C56FEAAA2B1EF4840B9" box="[263,311,1997,2022]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="315">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1999;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAE4C56FE21A2B3ED3B40B9" author="Garfias-Espejo" box="[396,836,1997,2022]" pageId="20" pageNumber="315" refString="Garfias-Espejo, T. & Elias-Gutierrez, M. (2003) Taxonomy and distribution of Macrothricidae (Crustacea: Anomopoda) in southeastern Mexico, northern Guatemala and Belize. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Serie Zoologia, 74, 105 - 134." type="journal article" year="2003">Garfias-Espejo & Elías-Gutiérrez 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAE4C56FCE2A2B3EA0440B9" author="Elias-Gutierrez" box="[847,1147,1997,2022]" pageId="20" pageNumber="315" refString="Elias-Gutierrez, M., Kotov, A. A. & Garfias-Espejo, T. (2006) Cladocera (Crustacea: Ctenopoda, Anomopoda) from southern Mexico, Belize and northern Guatemala, with some biogeographical notes. Zootaxa, 1119, 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Elías-Gutiérrez
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAE4C56FBACA2B1EA4D40B9" box="[1025,1074,1997,2022]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="315">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAE4C57FB2BA2B3EEAC47EF" author="Elias-Gutierrez" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="316" pageId="20" pageNumber="315" refString="Elias-Gutierrez, M. & Varela, C. (2009) An annotated checklist of the cladocera of Cuba. Crustaceana, 82, 1353 - 1364. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 001121609 x 12487811051426" type="journal article" year="2009">Elías-Gutiérrez & Varela 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; this study) and to subtropical regions of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAFDEBFFAF4C57FD33A5E9ECA047EF" box="[670,735,151,176]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">North</collectingRegion>
|
||
America in southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3697399FFAF4C57FC51A5E6EA3647EF" box="[1020,1097,152,176]" name="United States of America" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
|
||
(this study). There are several publications with more or less detailed descriptions and figures of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAF4C57FC0DA5C3ED8A478B" box="[928,1013,188,212]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FC0DA5C3ED8A478B" box="[928,1013,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">G. freyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2395260FFAF4C57FC53A5C2EA24478A" box="[1022,1115,188,213]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FC53A5C2EA24478A" bold="true" box="[1022,1115,188,213]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAF4C57FB3DA5C3EB7A478A" box="[1168,1285,188,213]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FB3DA5C3EB7A478A" box="[1168,1285,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">G. brazzai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FA8DA5C2EBE8478B" author="Sars" box="[1312,1431,188,212]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Sars, G. O. (1901) Contributions to the knowledge of the fresh-water Entomostraca of South America, as shown by artificial hatching from dried material. 1. Cladocera. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab, 23 (3), 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1901">Sars 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Silva-Briano 1998;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FED6A5A1ED4047A7" author="Garfias-Espejo" box="[379,831,223,248]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Garfias-Espejo, T. & Elias-Gutierrez, M. (2003) Taxonomy and distribution of Macrothricidae (Crustacea: Anomopoda) in southeastern Mexico, northern Guatemala and Belize. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Serie Zoologia, 74, 105 - 134." type="journal article" year="2003">Garfias-Espejo & Elías-Gutiérrez 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Hollwedel
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FC63A59FEA7C47A7" box="[974,1027,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2003;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FBCDA5A1EBE847A7" author="Elias-Gutierrez" box="[1120,1431,223,248]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Elias-Gutierrez, M., Kotov, A. A. & Garfias-Espejo, T. (2006) Cladocera (Crustacea: Ctenopoda, Anomopoda) from southern Mexico, Belize and northern Guatemala, with some biogeographical notes. Zootaxa, 1119, 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Elías-Gutiérrez
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FAB8A59FEB3447A7" box="[1301,1355,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FF3AA47AEFB94643" author="Fuentes-Reines" box="[151,454,260,285]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Fuentes-Reines, J. M., zoppi de Roa, E., Moron, E., Gamez, D. & Lopez, C. (2012) Conocimiento de la fauna Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) de la Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombia. Boletin de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, 41, 121 - 164." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Fuentes-Reinés
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FEE6A47BEF044642" box="[331,379,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and some features important for identification of this species are depicted (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FA8EA47AEBE84643" author="Sars" box="[1315,1431,260,284]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Sars, G. O. (1901) Contributions to the knowledge of the fresh-water Entomostraca of South America, as shown by artificial hatching from dried material. 1. Cladocera. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab, 23 (3), 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1901">Sars 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FF3AA459EC30461F" author="Garfias-Espejo" box="[151,591,295,320]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Garfias-Espejo, T. & Elias-Gutierrez, M. (2003) Taxonomy and distribution of Macrothricidae (Crustacea: Anomopoda) in southeastern Mexico, northern Guatemala and Belize. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Serie Zoologia, 74, 105 - 134." type="journal article" year="2003">Garfias-Espejo & Elías-Gutiérrez 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Hollwedel
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FD7AA457ED78461F" box="[727,775,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2003).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF016381FFAF4C57FF3AA413EDD446DB" box="[151,939,364,388]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAF4C57FF3AA413EDD446DB" blockId="21.[151,939,364,388]" box="[151,939,364,388]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FF3AA413EF7546DB" bold="true" box="[151,266,365,388]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Main differences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAF4C57FE44A412ECE346DB" box="[489,668,364,388]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FE44A412ECE346DB" box="[489,668,364,388]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">Grimaldina freyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FD0FA413EC8746DB" bold="true" box="[674,760,365,388]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2395260FFAF4C57FD0FA413EC8746DB" box="[674,760,365,388]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAF4C57FC94A413EDDB46DB" box="[825,932,364,388]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FC94A413EDDB46DB" box="[825,932,364,388]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">G. brazzai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAF4C57FF32A4DEEF64444F" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">
|
||
<table id="F97EC1A9FFAFB3BDFF3AA4DEEB03444F" box="[151,1404,416,784]" gridcols="3" gridrows="5" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">
|
||
<tr id="354E314BFFAFB3BDFF3AA4DEEB0346E9" box="[151,1404,416,438]" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">
|
||
<th id="769F5837FFAFB3BDFF3AA4DEEC6246E9" box="[151,541,416,438]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">Character</th>
|
||
<th id="769F5837FFAFB3BDFD94A4DEEDBB46E9" box="[569,964,416,438]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAF4C57FD94A4DFECFD46E9" box="[569,642,416,438]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FD94A4DFECFD46E9" box="[569,642,416,438]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">G. freyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FD24A4DEECA646EA" bold="true" box="[649,729,416,437]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2395260FFAF4C57FD24A4DEECA646EA" box="[649,729,416,437]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="769F5837FFAFB3BDFC5CA4DEEB0346E9" box="[1009,1404,416,438]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAF4C57FC5CA4DFEA2846E9" box="[1009,1111,416,438]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FC5CA4DFEA2846E9" box="[1009,1111,416,438]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">G. brazzai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354E314BFFAFB3BDFF3AA4B7EB034680" box="[151,1404,457,479]" gridrow="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">
|
||
<th id="769F5837FFAFB3BDFF3AA4B7EC624680" box="[151,541,457,479]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">Distribution</th>
|
||
<td id="769F5837FFAFB3BDFD94A4B7EDBB4680" box="[569,964,457,479]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">Tropical regions of the New world</td>
|
||
<td id="769F5837FFAFB3BDFC5CA4B7EB034680" box="[1009,1404,457,479]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">Tropical regions of the New world</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354E314BFFAFB3BDFF3AA48CEB034519" box="[151,1404,498,582]" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">
|
||
<th id="769F5837FFAFB3BDFF3AA48CEC624519" box="[151,541,498,582]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">Spinulae on seta of the basal endopod segment of antenna II</th>
|
||
<td id="769F5837FFAFB3BDFD94A48CEDBB4519" box="[569,964,498,582]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">Located relatively densely (distance between bases of spinules almost two times longer than diameter of this seta)</td>
|
||
<td id="769F5837FFAFB3BDFC5CA48CEB034519" box="[1009,1404,498,582]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">Located relatively sparsely (distance between bases of spinules almost four times longer than diameter of this seta)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354E314BFFAFB3BDFF3AA727EB0345D1" box="[151,1404,601,654]" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">
|
||
<th id="769F5837FFAFB3BDFF3AA727EC6245D1" box="[151,541,601,654]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">Ratio of seta 2/ seta 3 length on the fifth thoracic limb</th>
|
||
<td id="769F5837FFAFB3BDFD94A727EDBB45D1" box="[569,964,601,654]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">About 2</td>
|
||
<td id="769F5837FFAFB3BDFC5CA727EB0345D1" box="[1009,1404,601,654]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">About 4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354E314BFFAFB3BDFF3AA788EB03444F" box="[151,1404,758,784]" gridrow="4" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="769F5837FFAFB3BDFF3AA788EC62444F" box="[151,541,758,784]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">Discussion</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAF4C57FF3AA640ED404211" blockId="21.[151,1437,829,2006]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">
|
||
We have revised
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAF4C57FEF0A643EF9F4409" box="[349,480,829,854]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FEF0A643EF9F4409" box="[349,480,829,854]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">Grimaldina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and demonstrated the non-cosmopolitanism in its distribution, as it was previously made for some other tropical cladocerans (other examples include
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FC20A61FEAAC4425" author="Rajapaksa" box="[909,1235,865,890]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Rajapaksa, R. & Fernando, C. H. (1986) Tropical species of Kurzia (Crustacea, Cladocera), with a description of Kurzia brevilabris sp. nov. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64, 2590 - 2602." type="journal article" year="1986">Rajapaksa & Fernando 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FB4DA61CEB574425" author="Rajapaksa" box="[1248,1320,866,890]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Rajapaksa, R. & Fernando, C. H. (1987 a) Redescription and assignment of Alona globulosa Daday, 1898 to a new genus Notoalona and a description of Notoalona freyi sp. nov. Hydrobiologia, 144, 131 - 153. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00014527" type="journal article" year="1987" yearSuffix="a">1987a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FA98A61FEB394425" author="Rajapaksa" box="[1333,1350,865,890]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Rajapaksa, R. & Fernando, C. H. (1987 b) Redescription of Dunhevedia serrata Daday, 1898 (Cladocera, Chydoridae) and a description of Dunhevedia americana sp. nov. from America. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65, 432 - 440. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 87 - 064" type="journal article" year="1987" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FAFEA61FEEAC44C1" author="Hudec" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Hudec, I. (2000) Subgeneric differentiation within Kurzia (Crustacea: Anomopoda: Chydoridae) and a new species from Central America. Hydrobiologia, 421, 165 - 178." type="journal article" year="2000">Hudec 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FF70A6FBEFC244C1" author="Korovchinsky" box="[221,445,901,926]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Korovchinsky, N. M. (2004) Cladocerans of the order Ctenopoda of the world fauna (morphology, systematics, ecology, biogeography. KMK Press, Moscow, 410 pp. [in Russian]." type="book" year="2004">Korovchinsky 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FE65A6F8EC9844C1" author="Kotov" box="[456,743,901,926]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Kotov, A. A. & Hollwedel, w. (2004) Revision of the Macrothrix paulensis species group (Anomopoda, Cladocera, Branchiopoda) in Neotropics, with description of M. brandorffi n. sp. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, 151 (1 - 2), 125 - 159." type="journal article" year="2004">Kotov & Hollwedel 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Kotov
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FC92A6F8ED0F44C1" box="[831,880,901,926]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2005;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FC6EA6FBEAB144C1" author="Neretina" box="[963,1230,901,926]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Neretina, A. N. & Kotov, A. A. (2015) A new species of Acroperus Baird, 1843 (Cladocera: Chydoridae) from Africa. Zootaxa, 4039, 516 - 528." type="journal article" year="2015">Neretina & Kotov 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FB74A6FBEEAB449D" author="Neretina" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Neretina, A. N. & Sinev, A. Y. (2016) A revision of the genus Leberis Smirnov, 1989 (Cladocera: Chydoridae) in the Old world and Australia. Zootaxa, 4079, 501 - 533." type="journal article" year="2016">Neretina & Sinev 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). H. J. Dumont (personal communication) was the first author suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAF4C57FB9AA6D7EAC5449D" box="[1079,1210,937,962]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FB9AA6D7EAC5449D" box="[1079,1210,937,962]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">Grimaldina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might include more than one species worldwide. The genus was found in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAFDEBFFAF4C57FD5CA6B3ED4D44B9" box="[753,818,973,998]" country="Cameroon" name="South" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">South</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FCECA6B3EA4844B9" author="Chatterjee" box="[833,1079,973,998]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Chatterjee, T., Kotov, A. A., Van Damme, K., Chandrasekhar, S. V. A. & Padhye, S. (2013) An annotated checklist of the Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from India. Zootaxa, 3667, 1 - 89." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Chatterjee
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FC10A6B0ED9044B9" box="[957,1007,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAFDEBFFAF4C57FBD8A6B3EAC844B9" box="[1141,1207,973,998]" country="Cameroon" name="South" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">South</collectingRegion>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3697399FFAF4C57FB13A6B0EB5544B9" box="[1214,1322,973,998]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAFDEBFFAF4C57FB13A6B0EA9144BA" box="[1214,1262,974,997]" country="Cameroon" name="East" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">East</collectingRegion>
|
||
Asia
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FA95A6B3EF6F4355" author="Maiphae" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Maiphae, S., Pholpunthin, P. & Dumont, H. J. (2008) Taxon richness and biogeography of the Cladocera (Crustacea: Ctenopoda, Anomopoda) of Thailand. Annales de Limnologie, 44, 33 - 43." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Maiphae
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FF3AA68CEEB84355" box="[151,199,1009,1034]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Kotov
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FEC4A68CEFE54355" box="[361,410,1009,1034]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013; Korovchinsky 2013;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FD77A68FEA624355" author="Sinev" box="[730,1053,1009,1034]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Sinev, A. Y. & Korovchinsky, N. M. (2013) Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of Cat Tien National Park, South Vietnam. Journal of Limnology, 72 (Supplement 2), 125 - 141." type="journal article" year="2013">Sinev & Korovchinsky 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Van Damme
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FB16A68CEA944355" box="[1211,1259,1009,1034]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FAEDA68FEF584371" author="Sinev" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Sinev, A. Y. & Yusoff, F. M. (2015) Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of Sabah state in Borneo Island, Malaysia. Zootaxa, 4000, 581 - 591." type="journal article" year="2015">Sinev & Yusoff 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); as well as in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAFDEBFFAF4C57FE78A16BEC574371" box="[469,552,1045,1070]" country="Sri Lanka" name="Central" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">Central</collectingRegion>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FDC6A16BEDE34371" author="Elias-Gutierrez" box="[619,924,1045,1070]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Elias-Gutierrez, M., Kotov, A. A. & Garfias-Espejo, T. (2006) Cladocera (Crustacea: Ctenopoda, Anomopoda) from southern Mexico, Belize and northern Guatemala, with some biogeographical notes. Zootaxa, 1119, 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Elías-Gutiérrez
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FCB2A168ED2C4371" box="[799,851,1045,1070]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49BAFDEBFFAF4C57FC73A16BEA5F4371" box="[990,1056,1045,1070]" country="Cameroon" name="South" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">South</collectingRegion>
|
||
America (Hollwedel
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FAB4A168EB2B4371" box="[1305,1364,1045,1070]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FF3AA144EF8F430D" author="Kotov" box="[151,496,1081,1106]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Kotov, A. A. & Fuentes-Reines, J. M. (2015) An annotated checklist of the Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of Colombia. Zootaxa, 4044, 493 - 510." type="journal article" year="2015">Kotov & Fuentes-Reinés 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). But an adequate understanding of the diversity in this genus was impossible due to incompleteness of Richard’s (1892) and subsequent (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FCB6A120EDF14329" author="Sars" box="[795,910,1118,1142]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Sars, G. O. (1901) Contributions to the knowledge of the fresh-water Entomostraca of South America, as shown by artificial hatching from dried material. 1. Cladocera. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab, 23 (3), 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1901">Sars 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FC37A123EA424329" author="Smirnov" box="[922,1085,1117,1142]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Smirnov, N. N. (1976) Macrothricidae and Moinidae of the world fauna. Fauna SSSR, novaya seriya. Rakoobraznye, 1 (3), 1 - 237. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1976">Smirnov 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FBE4A120EAFD4329" author="Smirnov" box="[1097,1154,1118,1142]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Smirnov, N. N. (1992) The Macrothricidae of the world. Guides to the identification of the microivertebrates of the Continental Waters of the world. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague 1, 1 - 143." type="journal article" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) descriptions. Moreover, some authors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FE94A1FFEFA643C5" author="Korinek" box="[313,473,1153,1178]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Korinek, V. (1984) Cladocera. Hydrobiological Survey of Lake Bangweulu and Luapulu River Basin. Journal of Symoens Cercle Hydrobiologique de Bruxelles, 13 (2), 1 - 117." type="journal article" year="1984">Kořínek 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Silva-Briano 1998) mixed illustrations on specimens from the Old and New World in the same plates and ignored fine morphological differences, even with their doubts on the status of non-African populations.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAF4C57FE8AA1B7EFD543BD" box="[295,426,1225,1250]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FE8AA1B7EFD543BD" box="[295,426,1225,1250]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">Grimaldina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also remained unrevised due to a low numbers of samples. We demonstrate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAF4C57FA86A1B4EBE343BD" box="[1323,1436,1225,1250]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FA86A1B4EBE343BD" box="[1323,1436,1225,1250]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">G. brazzai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAF4C57FF64A190EF624259" box="[201,285,1262,1286]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FF64A190EF624259" box="[201,285,1262,1286]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">G. freyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2395260FFAF4C57FE8AA193EFFC4259" box="[295,387,1261,1286]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FE8AA193EFFC4259" bold="true" box="[295,387,1261,1286]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
parthenogenetic females are superficially similar, but clearly differ in some important fine features (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6FC06B2FFAF4C57FEABA06FEF1C4275" box="[262,355,1297,1322]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="21.[151,239,365,388]" captionText="TABLE 1. Main differences of Grimaldina freyi sp. nov. from G. brazzai." pageId="21" pageNumber="316">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Such traits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAF4C57FD96A06CECEB4275" box="[571,660,1298,1322]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="freyi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FD96A06CECEB4275" box="[571,660,1298,1322]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">G. freyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2395260FFAF4C57FD09A06FED794275" box="[676,774,1297,1322]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FD09A06FED794275" bold="true" box="[676,774,1297,1322]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
as densely located endopod seta spinulae and longer proximalmost seta on limb V are presumably plesiomorphic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAF4C57FF6AA027EB62415D" blockId="21.[151,1437,829,2006]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">
|
||
The taxonomical value of fine morphological setal traits of the proximal endopod segment is demonstrated for another anomopods, ilyocryptids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FD8EA000ED5C42C9" author="Kotov" box="[547,803,1405,1430]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Kotov, A. A. & Stifter, P. (2006) Cladocera: family Ilyocryptidae (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda). In: Dumont, H. J. (Ed.), Guides to the identification of the microivertebrates of the Continental Waters of the world. Vol. 22. Kenobi Productions, Ghent & Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 172 pp." type="book" year="2006">Kotov & Štifter 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAF4C57FCC7A003EA0242C9" authority="Baird, 1843" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1843" box="[874,1149,1405,1430]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Macrothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FCC7A003ED9742C9" box="[874,1000,1405,1430]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">Macrothrix</emphasis>
|
||
Baird, 1843
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Silva-Briano 1998; Dumont
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FF57A0DCEF5442E5" box="[250,299,1441,1466]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FE2DA0DCECDD42E5" author="Kotov" box="[384,674,1441,1466]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Kotov, A. A. & Hollwedel, w. (2004) Revision of the Macrothrix paulensis species group (Anomopoda, Cladocera, Branchiopoda) in Neotropics, with description of M. brandorffi n. sp. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, 151 (1 - 2), 125 - 159." type="journal article" year="2004">Kotov & Hollwedel 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Kotov
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FD57A0DCED5442E5" box="[762,811,1441,1466]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2005). The ratio between lengths of setae on limb V is important in discrimination of some daphniids (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FD72A0BBED0C4281" author="Alonso" box="[735,883,1477,1502]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Alonso, M. (1996) Crustacea, Branchiopoda. In: Ramos, M. (Ed.), Fauna Iberica. Vol. 7. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, 486 pp." type="book" year="1996">Alonso 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FCD2A0BBEA704281" author="Benzie" box="[895,1039,1477,1502]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Benzie, J. A. H. (2005) The genus Daphnia (including Daphniopsis) (Anomopoda: Daphniidae). In: Guides to the identification of the microinvertebrates of the continental waters of the world 21. Kenobi Productions, Ghent & Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 1 - 376." type="book chapter" year="2005">Benzie 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FBB7A0B8EA904281" author="Popova" box="[1050,1263,1477,1502]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Popova, E. V., Petrusek, A., Korinek, V., Mergeay, J., Bekker, E. I., Karabanov, D. P., Galimov, Y. R., Neretina, T. V., Taylor, D. J. & Kotov, A. A. (2016) Revision of the Old world Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) similis group (Cladocera: Daphniidae). Zootaxa, 4161, 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Popova
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FBD8A0B8EAD94281" box="[1141,1190,1477,1502]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and chydorids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FF33A094EF56415D" author="Kotov" box="[158,297,1514,1538]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Kotov, A. A. (2009) A revision of Leydigia Kurz, 1875 (Anomopoda, Cladocera, Branchiopoda), and subgeneric differentiation within the genus. Zootaxa, 2082, 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="2009">Kotov 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but has not been previously used in the macrothricids probably, due to insufficient study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAF4C57FF6AA370ED1140ED" blockId="21.[151,1437,829,2006]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FF6AA370EF9C4179" author="Fryer" box="[199,483,1550,1574]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Fryer, G. (1974) Evolution and adaptive radiation in the Macrothricidae (Crustacea, Cladocera): a study in comparative functional morphology and ecology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 269, 137 - 274." type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="p">Fryer (1974: p. 237–238)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAF4C57FDFAA373ECA64179" box="[599,729,1549,1574]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FDFAA373ECA64179" box="[599,729,1549,1574]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">Grimaldina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: “It has not been possible to study the feeding mechanism, but filtration of collected particles is certainly involved. The filter chamber, whose filtering surface are compressed by trunk limbs 3 and 4, is very well developed and the indications are that fine particles are collected. Thus the denticulation of the scrapers of trunk limb 2 is extremely fine and suggestive of sweeping rather than scraping. Its gnathobasic spines are long and slender, the anteriormost being modified for sweeping by a posterior row of fine spinules. Trunk limb 1 is relatively slender, which suggests great mobility, for which its musculature also appears suited, and the distal lobes bear slender claws. The use of these is enigmatic as they appear not to be specialized for dragging flocculent material as they are for example in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAF4C57FD53A277EDD7407D" box="[766,936,1801,1826]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Acantholeberidae" genus="Acantholeberis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FD53A277EDD7407D" box="[766,936,1801,1826]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">Acantholeberis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but are not specialized for grasping. Further observations are required”. Therefore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAF4C57FDE1A253ECB14019" box="[588,718,1837,1862]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FDE1A253ECB14019" box="[588,718,1837,1862]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">Grimaldina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeding mechanism includes particles swept from the substrate and subsequent secondary filtering. The thoracic limbs are not used for scraping the substrate as in chydorids and they differ from the truly scraping limbs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAF4C57FDD3A20BEC8340D1" box="[638,764,1909,1934]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Macrothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FDD3A20BEC8340D1" box="[638,764,1909,1934]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">Macrothrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(i.e., thoracic limbs I–II with less prominent setal armature, and thoracic limbs III–V more delicate (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FDF5A2E4ECB340ED" author="Sars" box="[600,716,1946,1970]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Sars, G. O. (1901) Contributions to the knowledge of the fresh-water Entomostraca of South America, as shown by artificial hatching from dried material. 1. Cladocera. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab, 23 (3), 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1901">Sars 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAF4C57FD75A2E4ED2940ED" author="Fryer" box="[728,854,1946,1970]" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" refString="Fryer, G. (1974) Evolution and adaptive radiation in the Macrothricidae (Crustacea, Cladocera): a study in comparative functional morphology and ecology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 269, 137 - 274." type="journal article" year="1974">Fryer 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3646082FFAF4C54FF6AA2C3ED87436A" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="317" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAF4C54FF6AA2C3EA9A46F3" blockId="21.[151,1437,829,2006]" lastBlockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="317" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAF4C57FF6AA2C3EF354089" ID-CoL="4R4T" box="[199,330,1981,2006]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="21" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAF4C57FF6AA2C3EF354089" box="[199,330,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="316">Grimaldina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has diversified and relatively long valve setae, which are convergently similar to those in truly benthic anomopods such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAC4C54FE79A5E9ECAF47EF" ID-CoL="638JQ" authority="Sars, 1862" authorityName="Sars" authorityYear="1862" box="[468,720,151,176]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Ilyocryptidae" genus="Ilyocryptus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FE79A5E9EC2D47EF" box="[468,594,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">Ilyocryptus</emphasis>
|
||
Sars, 1862
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FD72A5E6ED1F47EF" author="Fryer" box="[735,864,152,176]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Fryer, G. (1974) Evolution and adaptive radiation in the Macrothricidae (Crustacea, Cladocera): a study in comparative functional morphology and ecology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 269, 137 - 274." type="journal article" year="1974">Fryer 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FCC0A5E6EA0847EF" author="Kotov" box="[877,1143,152,176]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Kotov, A. A. & Dumont, H. J. (2000) Analysis of the Ilyocryptus spinifer s. lat. species group (Anomopoda, Branchiopoda), with description of a new species. Hydrobiologia, 428, 85 - 113." type="journal article" year="2000">Kotov & Dumont 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FB2EA5E6EB0947EF" author="Kotov" box="[1155,1398,151,176]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Kotov, A. A. & Stifter, P. (2006) Cladocera: family Ilyocryptidae (Branchiopoda: Cladocera: Anomopoda). In: Dumont, H. J. (Ed.), Guides to the identification of the microivertebrates of the Continental Waters of the world. Vol. 22. Kenobi Productions, Ghent & Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 172 pp." type="book" year="2006">Kotov & Štifter 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAC4C54FF3AA5C2EC60478B" ID-CoL="638QR" authority="Kurz, 1875 (Kotov 2009)" authorityName="Kurz, 1875 (Kotov" authorityYear="2009" box="[151,543,188,213]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Leydigia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FF3AA5C2EE85478A" box="[151,250,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">Leydigia</emphasis>
|
||
Kurz, 1875 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FE26A5C2EC68478B" author="Kotov" box="[395,535,188,212]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Kotov, A. A. (2009) A revision of Leydigia Kurz, 1875 (Anomopoda, Cladocera, Branchiopoda), and subgeneric differentiation within the genus. Zootaxa, 2082, 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="2009">Kotov 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. At the same time, the former (in contrast to the later two genera) "appear not to be a burrower" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FEE2A59EEC5847A7" author="Fryer" box="[335,551,223,248]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Fryer, G. (1974) Evolution and adaptive radiation in the Macrothricidae (Crustacea, Cladocera): a study in comparative functional morphology and ecology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 269, 137 - 274." type="journal article" year="1974">Fryer 1974, P. 236</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A.Y. Sinev (personal communication) collected most abundant samples with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAC4C54FF3AA47AEF0C4642" ID-CoL="3HDYM" box="[151,371,260,285]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brazzai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FF3AA47AEF0C4642" box="[151,371,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">Grimaldina brazzai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from lake areas overgrown with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAC4C54FD4EA47BED5B4643" ID-CoL="8W2GC" box="[739,804,261,284]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Pistia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FD4EA47BED5B4643" box="[739,804,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">Pistia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAC4C54FCDDA47AEDB34642" ID-CoL="643NR" box="[880,972,260,285]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Salviniaceae" genus="Salvinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Salviniales" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FCDDA47AEDB34642" box="[880,972,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">Salvinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., with apparent oxygen deficiency and hydrogen sulfide smell, and these animals were mostly collected from the plants roots, not immediately from the bottom. It is interesting that living
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAC4C54FD85A432ECD4463A" ID-CoL="4R4T" box="[552,683,332,357]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FD85A432ECD4463A" box="[552,683,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">Grimaldina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FC02A432EA4C463B" author="Sars" box="[943,1075,332,356]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Sars, G. O. (1901) Contributions to the knowledge of the fresh-water Entomostraca of South America, as shown by artificial hatching from dried material. 1. Cladocera. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab, 23 (3), 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1901">Sars (1901)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were of a reddish brown color, which is also typical for benthic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAC4C54FD89A411ECDD46D7" ID-CoL="638JQ" box="[548,674,367,392]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Ilyocryptidae" genus="Ilyocryptus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FD89A411ECDD46D7" box="[548,674,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">Ilyocryptus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAC4C54FD4EA411ED3A46D7" ID-CoL="638QR" box="[739,837,367,392]" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Leydigia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FD4EA411ED3A46D7" box="[739,837,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">Leydigia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The reddish body color in benthic cladocerans is explained by a string hemoglobin production, an adaptation to oxygen deficiency (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FB9EA4EAEAA646F3" author="Smirnov" box="[1075,1241,404,429]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Smirnov, N. N. (2014) Physiology of the Cladocera. Academic Press, London etc., 352 pp." type="book" year="2014">Smirnov 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAC4C54FF6AA4C9ED464547" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">
|
||
The rarity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAC4C54FECBA4C9EF96468F" ID-CoL="4R4T" box="[358,489,439,464]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FECBA4C9EF96468F" box="[358,489,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">Grimaldina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
records could partly be explained by a specific mode of life. Typical cladoceran collections consist of plankton samples only. Thus, few authors had ample samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAC4C54FBD4A4A2EA8346AA" ID-CoL="4R4T" box="[1145,1276,476,501]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FBD4A4A2EA8346AA" box="[1145,1276,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">Grimaldina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g. Garfias-
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FF3AA481EF8A4547" author="Espejo" box="[151,501,511,536]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Garfias-Espejo, T. & Elias-Gutierrez, M. (2003) Taxonomy and distribution of Macrothricidae (Crustacea: Anomopoda) in southeastern Mexico, northern Guatemala and Belize. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Serie Zoologia, 74, 105 - 134." type="journal article" year="2003">Espejo & Elías-Gutiérrez 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FDADA481ED514547" author="Elias-Gutierrez" box="[512,814,511,536]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Elias-Gutierrez, M., Kotov, A. A. & Garfias-Espejo, T. (2006) Cladocera (Crustacea: Ctenopoda, Anomopoda) from southern Mexico, Belize and northern Guatemala, with some biogeographical notes. Zootaxa, 1119, 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Elías-Gutiérrez
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FD1FA77FEC954547" box="[690,746,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAC4C54FF6AA75AECC1444B" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAC4C54FF6AA75AEF354562" ID-CoL="4R4T" box="[199,330,548,573]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FF6AA75AEF354562" box="[199,330,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">Grimaldina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurrence and abundance may be also associated with a particular season or rainfall events. It is common that standard faunistic samplings performed by European researchers in tropical regions are made during the dry seasons in order to avoid diseases such as malaria. Remarkably,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAC4C54FC14A712EA4445DA" ID-CoL="4R4T" box="[953,1083,620,645]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FC14A712EA4445DA" box="[953,1083,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">Grimaldina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
prefers small puddles, swampy grasslands and pools with vegetation, rather than rocky or sandy littoral of large lakes (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FB12A7EEEB4C45F7" author="Sars" box="[1215,1331,656,680]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Sars, G. O. (1901) Contributions to the knowledge of the fresh-water Entomostraca of South America, as shown by artificial hatching from dried material. 1. Cladocera. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab, 23 (3), 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1901">Sars 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FAEFA7F1EEAD4592" author="Thomas" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Thomas, I. F. (1961) The Cladocera of the swamps of Uganda. Crustaceana, 2, 108 - 125." type="journal article" year="1961">Thomas 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FF72A7CBEF954592" author="Rey" box="[223,490,692,717]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Rey, J. & Saint-Jean, L. (1968) Les Cladoceres (Crustaces, Branchiopodes) du Tchad. Cahiers ORSTOM, Serie Hydrobiologie, 2 (3 / 4), 79 - 118." type="journal article" year="1968">Rey & Saint-Jean 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FE5AA7CAED584592" author="Elias-Gutierrez" box="[503,807,692,717]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Elias-Gutierrez, M., Kotov, A. A. & Garfias-Espejo, T. (2006) Cladocera (Crustacea: Ctenopoda, Anomopoda) from southern Mexico, Belize and northern Guatemala, with some biogeographical notes. Zootaxa, 1119, 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Elías-Gutiérrez
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FD07A7CBEC9B4592" box="[682,740,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Van Damme
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FC65A7CBEA7D4592" box="[968,1026,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013; this study). Generally, efforts are aimed at lake zooplankton, while tropical marshy areas and swamps remain poorly investigated and future studies are needed (e.g. Van Damme
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FD9BA783EC19444A" box="[566,614,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAC4C54FF6AA661ED87436A" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">
|
||
Cladocerans probably diversified in the mid-Paleozoic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FCCDA65EED984467" author="Fryer" box="[864,999,799,824]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Fryer, G. (1995) Phylogeny and adaptive radiation within the Anomopoda: a preliminary exploration. Hydrobiologia, 307, 57 - 68." type="journal article" year="1995">Fryer 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FC57A65EEB5E4467" author="Dumont" box="[1018,1313,800,824]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Dumont, H. J. & Negrea, S. V. (2002) Introduction to the class Branchiopoda. In: Dumont, H. J. (Ed.), Guides to the identification of the microinvertebrates of the continental waters of the world 19. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 1 - 398." type="journal article" year="2002">Dumont & Negrea 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FA9EA65EEF054402" author="Kotov" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Kotov, A. A. & Korovchinsky, N. M. (2006) First record of fossil Mesozoic Ctenopoda (Crustacea, Cladocera). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 146, 269 - 274." type="journal article" year="2006">Kotov & Korovchinsky 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FE24A63BECB34402" author="Van" box="[393,716,836,861]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Van Damme, K. & Kotov, A. A. (2016) The fossil record of the Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda): Evidence and hypotheses. Earth-Science Reviews, 163, 162 - 189." type="journal article" year="2016">Van Damme & Kotov 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), passed through several extinction bottlenecks (Korovchinsky 2006), and now are successful and diverse across continental water bodies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FC4BA616EA8444DF" author="Dumont" box="[998,1275,872,896]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Dumont, H. J. & Negrea, S. V. (2002) Introduction to the class Branchiopoda. In: Dumont, H. J. (Ed.), Guides to the identification of the microinvertebrates of the continental waters of the world 19. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 1 - 398." type="journal article" year="2002">Dumont & Negrea 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Kotov 2013). Apparently, many cladocerans were differentiated before the Gondwana breakup. The ancestors of cladocerans presumably inhabited some shallow water bodies and had unspecialized benthic life modes (see details in Kotov 2013). With this in mind, the macrothricid-like organization is plesiomorphic as compared with a chydorid-like organization specialized to life in some particular littoral zone niches. It is possible that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAC4C54FB12A689EB3D434F" ID-CoL="4R4T" box="[1215,1346,1015,1040]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FB12A689EB3D434F" box="[1215,1346,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">Grimaldina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species originated from a common ancestor having a Gondwanian distribution range.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3646082FFAC4C55FF6AA13EEB4F468F" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="318" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAC4C54FF6AA13EEFBA429F" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">
|
||
But the Old-New World differentiation could be a result of a long-distance dispersal events and subsequent speciation. Continental endemism concept is based on the fact that, although many cladocerans species are easily distributed by different vectors (including water birds) (Kotov 2013;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FC32A1F7EA4E43FF" author="Rogers" box="[927,1073,1160,1185]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Rogers, D. C. (2014) Larger hatching fractions in avian dispersed anostracan eggs (Branchiopoda). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 34, 135 - 143." type="journal article" year="2014">Rogers 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), for them it is rather difficult to form stable populations in new habitats already occupied by other taxa, better adapted to local conditions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FAE6A1D2EEAB43B7" author="Rogers" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Rogers, D. C. (2015) A conceptual model for anostracan biogeography. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 35 (5), 686 - 699. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1937240 x- 00002369" type="journal article" year="2015">Rogers 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Therefore there is no mixing of different faunas (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FCEAA1AFEA2E43B7" author="De" box="[839,1105,1231,1256]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="De Meester, L., Gomez, A., Okamura, B. & Schwenk, K. (2002) The Monopolization hypothesis and the dispersal-gene flow paradox in aquatic organisms. Acta Oecologica, 23, 121 - 135." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
De Meester
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FC7FA1AFEA7A43B7" box="[978,1029,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Among cladocerans several well-documented examples of human-mediated invasions are known, but they concern mainly more evolutionary advanced forms such as daphniids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FD86A066ED6A426F" author="Mergeay" box="[555,789,1303,1328]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Mergeay, J., Verschuren, D. & De Meester, L. (2005) Cryptic invasion and dispersal of an American Daphnia in East Africa. Limnology & Oceanography, 50, 1278 - 1283." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Mergeay
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FD35A067ECB6426F" box="[664,713,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FC8FA067EA66426F" author="Kotov" box="[802,1049,1303,1328]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Kotov, A. A. & Taylor, D. J. (2014) Daphnia lumholtzi Sars, 1885 (Cladocera: Daphniidae) invades Argentina. Journal of Limnology, 73, 167 - 172." type="journal article" year="2014">Kotov & Taylor 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and chydorids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FB75A069EEAB420B" author="Sharma" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Sharma, P. & Kotov, A. A. (2014) Establishing of Chydorus sphaericus (O. F. Muller) s. str. (Crustacea: Cladocera) in Australia: consequences of mass fish stock from Northern Europe? Journal of Limnology, 74 (2), 225 - 233. https: // doi. org / 10.4081 / jlimnol. 2014.1037" type="journal article" year="2014">Sharma & Kotov 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). To date, there are no confirmed examples of invasive macrothricids. But intercontinental transitions apparently took place in some other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAC4C54FD99A021ECD94227" box="[564,678,1375,1400]" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cladocera" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" rank="order">Cladocera</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FC91A021EA364227" author="Adamowicz" box="[828,1097,1375,1400]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Adamowicz, S. J., Petrusek, A., Colbourne, J. K., Hebert, P. D. N. & witt, J. D. S. (2009) The scale of divergence: a phylogenetic appraisal of intercontinental allopatric speciation in a passively dispersed freshwater zooplankton genus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 50, 423 - 436." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Adamowicz
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FC66A01FED824227" box="[971,1021,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Since we have no molecular data for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAC4C54FF5AA0FAEF0542C2" box="[247,378,1412,1437]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Grimaldina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FF5AA0FAEF0542C2" box="[247,378,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">Grimaldina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from different regions and paleontological records of macrothricids are unknown, we do not know which theory is best.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC13309FFAC4C55FF6AA0B2EB4F468F" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="318" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">
|
||
During the last two decades, distribution of many tropical groups of animals, plants and fungi were reconsidered based on new molecular and paleontological data, and different scenarios for Paleotropical- Neotropical differentiation were revealed. Vascular plants, especially angiosperms, with circumtropical distribution are the most actively studied group due to a large number of paleontological records and expanded genetic information (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FEF1A322EC37412B" author="Antonelli" box="[348,584,1628,1653]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Antonelli, A., Nylander, J. A., Persson, C. & Sanmartin, I. (2009) Tracing the impact of the Andean uplift on Neotropical plant evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 9749 - 9754." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Antonelli
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FE60A323EF81412A" box="[461,510,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FDF9A322ED78412B" author="Li" box="[596,775,1628,1653]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Li, R., & wen, J. (2013) Phylogeny and biogeography of Dendropanax (Araliaceae), an Amphi-Pacific disjunct genus between tropical / subtropical Asia and the Neotropics. Systematic Botany 38, 536 - 551. https: // doi. org / 10.1600 / 036364413 X 666606" type="journal article" year="2013">Li & Wen 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Nie
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FCEEA323ED0B412A" box="[835,884,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013). Post-Boreotropical dispersals for studied angiosperm plants explain their contemporary distribution patterns, and, at least for some species, cases of dispersal events from the Old World to New World and vice versa were convincingly demonstrated (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FB5EA3DAEEAC41BF" author="Antonelli" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Antonelli, A., Nylander, J. A., Persson, C. & Sanmartin, I. (2009) Tracing the impact of the Andean uplift on Neotropical plant evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 9749 - 9754." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Antonelli
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FAC9A3DBEBEA41E2" box="[1380,1429,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FF73A3B9EFEF41BF" author="Li" box="[222,400,1735,1760]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Li, R., & wen, J. (2013) Phylogeny and biogeography of Dendropanax (Araliaceae), an Amphi-Pacific disjunct genus between tropical / subtropical Asia and the Neotropics. Systematic Botany 38, 536 - 551. https: // doi. org / 10.1600 / 036364413 X 666606" type="journal article" year="2013">Li & Wen 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Nie
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FE61A3B7EC7B41BF" box="[460,516,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013). The same distribution patterns were found in some ectomycorrhizal fungi, associated with circumtropical vascular plants (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FD76A393EDB6405A" author="Harrower" box="[731,969,1772,1797]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Harrower, E., Bougher, N. L., Henkel, T. w., Horak, E. & Matheny, P. B. (2015) Long-distance dispersal and speciation of Australasian and American species of Cortinarius sect. Cortinarius. Mycologia, 107, 697 - 709. https: // doi. org / 10.3852 / 14 - 182" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Harrower
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FCE0A393ED02405A" box="[845,893,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Boreotropical migration was considered as the most possible scenario for the explanation of current distribution of the cladoceran genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7E488AFFAC4C54FB7DA271EC454013" authority="Sars, 1901 (Van Damme & Sinev 2013)" authorityName="Sars, 1901 (Van Damme & Sinev" authorityYear="2013" class="Branchiopoda" genus="Leydigiopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FB7DA271EB214077" box="[1232,1374,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">Leydigiopsis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FAC8A26EEEB04013" author="Sars" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Sars, G. O. (1901) Contributions to the knowledge of the fresh-water Entomostraca of South America, as shown by artificial hatching from dried material. 1. Cladocera. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab, 23 (3), 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1901">Sars, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FF4EA24AEC4C4013" author="Van" box="[227,563,1844,1869]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Van Damme, K. & Sinev, A. Y. (2013) Tropical Amphi-Pacific disjunctions in the Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda). Journal of Limnology, 72 (Supplement 2), 209 - 244." type="journal article" year="2013">Van Damme & Sinev 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Among other crustaceans, a Gondwanian origin was not confirmed for freshwater shrimps (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FED1A226EC47402F" author="Page" box="[380,568,1879,1904]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Page, T. J., Baker, A. M., Cook, B. D. & Hughes, J. M. (2005) Historical transoceanic dispersal of a freshwater shrimp: the colonization of the South Pacific by the genus Paratya (Atyidae). Journal of Biogeography, 32, 581 - 593. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2004.01226. x" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Page
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FE11A227EF91402F" box="[444,494,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), prawns (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FD01A229EDC5402F" author="Murphy" box="[684,954,1879,1904]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Murphy, N. P. & Austin, C. M. (2005) Phylogenetic relationships of the globally distributed freshwater prawn genus Macrobrachium (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae): biogeography, taxonomy and the convergent evolution of abbreviated larval development. Zoologica Scripta, 34, 187 - 197." type="journal article" year="2005">Murphy & Austin 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and crabs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FBEEA229EB60402F" author="Daniels" box="[1091,1311,1879,1904]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Daniels, S. R., Cumberlidge, N., Perez-Losada, M., Marijnissen, S. A. & Crandall, K. A. (2006) Evolution of Afrotropical freshwater crab lineages obscured by morphological convergence. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 40, 227 - 235. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2006.02.022" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Daniels
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FB0FA227EAAB402F" box="[1186,1236,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Dispersal events, occurring long after the split up of Gondwana, explain contemporary distribution patterns of many taxa. However, studies on freshwater crayfish diversification supported the Gondwana origin hypothesis. Moreover, the differentiation of crayfish superfamilies was associated with the division of Pangaea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAC4C54FB25A2BAEB0C4083" author="Crandal" box="[1160,1395,1988,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="317" refString="Crandal, K. A., Harris, D. J. & Fetzner, J. w. (2000) The monophyletic origin of freshwater crayfish estimated from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 267, 1679 - 1686. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2000.1195" type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Crandal
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAC4C54FB43A2BBEB534082" box="[1262,1324,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="317">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It should be taken into consideration that sampling (the number of investigated taxa) and the estimation of paleontological age (calibration scale) strongly influence the results of such analysis. If the fossil crayfish are known from Permian and Early Triassic deposits (see links in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAD4C55FC3DA5A1EA0147A7" author="Crandal" box="[912,1150,223,248]" pageId="23" pageNumber="318" refString="Crandal, K. A., Harris, D. J. & Fetzner, J. w. (2000) The monophyletic origin of freshwater crayfish estimated from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 267, 1679 - 1686. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2000.1195" type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Crandal
|
||
<emphasis id="B90AEF1BFFAD4C55FC5BA59FEA5147A7" box="[1014,1070,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="318">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the fossil findings for freshwater crabs are relatively recent, with the oldest known from the upper Miocene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAD4C55FBD2A47AEB1F4642" author="Daniels" box="[1151,1376,260,285]" pageId="23" pageNumber="318" refString="Daniels, S. R., Cumberlidge, N., Perez-Losada, M., Marijnissen, S. A. & Crandall, K. A. (2006) Evolution of Afrotropical freshwater crab lineages obscured by morphological convergence. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 40, 227 - 235. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2006.02.022" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Daniels
|
||
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). For some other ancient groups, such as freshwater sponges, the worldwide geographic range suggests a Gondwana biographic pattern (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEF4EF8FFAD4C55FED5A432EC16463A" author="Manconi" box="[376,617,332,357]" pageId="23" pageNumber="318" refString="Manconi, R., Cadeddu, B. & Pronzato, R. (2015) Adaptive morpho-traits, taxonomy and biogeography of Metania Gray, 1867 (Porifera: Spongillina: Metaniidae) with the description of a new species from Madagascar. Zootaxa, 3918, 39 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3918.1.2" type="journal article" year="2015">
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). Recently a complex situation was shown in tropical diving beetles: a potential Gondwana origin of some groups and later trans-Pacific dispersal took place towards
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<collectingRegion id="49BAFDEBFFAD4C55FB7EA411EB6B46D7" box="[1235,1300,367,392]" country="Cameroon" name="South" pageId="23" pageNumber="318">South</collectingRegion>
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America in the Oligocene (
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). The explanation of contemporary distribution patterns for tropical organisms, including the cladocerans, remains an interesting and intriguing task for future investigations.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |