1274 lines
132 KiB
XML
1274 lines
132 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3789788" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9eb6bf82-e980-487b-ae49-6a2ca3ad772a" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163751021" ID-ISSN="1313–2970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3789788" ID-ZooBank="4E78321B-96D8-4C57-A3C5-79E38C713F4E" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D8732C0E-4747-4276-8F27-2354509159F3" approvalRequired="34" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="34" checkinTime="1587988152593" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Vårdal, Hege & Forshage, Mattias" docDate="2010" docId="038387BFFF91FFC9FF6BFAE2C3D2FCA2" docLanguage="en" docName="ZK_article_2139.pdf" docOrigin="ZooKeys 34 (34)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@5f26cb8b" docStyleName="zookeys.2008.journal_article" docTitle="Cheleion malayanum Vårdal & Forshage 2010, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="D8732C0E-4747-4276-8F27-2354509159F3" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="6" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="74" masterDocId="FFBAFFC7FF96FFDAFFE7FF94C126FF98" masterDocTitle="A new genus and species and a revised phylogeny of Stereomerini (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Aphodiinae), with notes on assumedly termitophilic aphodiines" masterLastPageNumber="76" masterPageNumber="55" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" updateTime="1643563495105" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>A new genus and species and a revised phylogeny of Stereomerini (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Aphodiinae), with notes on assumedly termitophilic aphodiines</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Vårdal, Hege</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Curator ,, Sweden</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Forshage, Mattias</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Swedish Taxonomy Initiative, Stockholm, Sweden</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number>2010-01-28</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>34</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number>34</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>55</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>76</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.34.264</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">9eb6bf82-e980-487b-ae49-6a2ca3ad772a</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1313–2970</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576605</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">4E78321B-96D8-4C57-A3C5-79E38C713F4E</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3789788" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163751021" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3789788" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D8732C0E-4747-4276-8F27-2354509159F3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038387BFFF91FFC9FF6BFAE2C3D2FCA2" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="62" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,946,1398,1461]" box="[140,466,1398,1425]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<heading box="[140,466,1398,1425]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,466,1398,1425]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Vårdal & Forshage, 2010" authorityName="Vårdal & Forshage" authorityYear="2010" box="[140,393,1398,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Cheleion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malayanum" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,393,1398,1425]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Cheleion malayanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[401,466,1399,1425]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,946,1398,1461]" box="[140,946,1434,1461]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<uri box="[140,946,1434,1461]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
|
||
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
|
||
<uuid box="[420,946,1434,1461]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">D8732C0E-4747-4276-8F27-2354509159F3</uuid>
|
||
</uri>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="62" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1107,1504,1672]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,249,1504,1530]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,244,1504,1530]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" reason="1">Material</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608941016" collectionCode="NHRS" collectorName="Malaisetrap & Heikki Hippa" country="Malaysia" elevation="1200" location="Swedish Museum of Natural History" municipality="Bukit Frazer" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Pahang" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[256,367,1504,1530]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[379,481,1504,1530]" name="Malaysia" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[492,577,1504,1530]" country="Malaysia" name="Pahang" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Pahang</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality box="[589,730,1504,1531]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Bukit Frazer</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity box="[742,834,1504,1531]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" unit="m" value="1200.0">
|
||
<elevation box="[742,834,1504,1531]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" unit="m" value="1200.0">1200 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, 7-9/4 – 1992,
|
||
<collectorName pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Malaisetrap</collectorName>
|
||
in jungle,
|
||
<collectorName box="[307,465,1539,1565]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Heikki Hippa</collectorName>
|
||
leg.
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038387BFFF91FFC9FF6BFAE2C3D2FCA2:8EF56072FF91FFDDFDE0F997C28EF985" box="[519,936,1539,1566]" country="Malaysia" municipality="Bukit Frazer" name="Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" stateProvince="Pahang">Swedish Museum of Natural History</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode box="[951,1036,1540,1566]" country="Sweden" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/rsbi-vwmq" name="Swedish Museum of Natural History, Entomology Collections" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">NHRS</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1107,1504,1672]" box="[185,990,1575,1601]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,320,1575,1601]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,315,1575,1601]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" reason="1">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The first specimen of the species was collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[883,986,1575,1601]" name="Malaysia" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[140,1107,1504,1672]" lastBlockId="8.[140,1107,167,369]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,450,1609,1636]" pageId="7" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,315,1609,1635]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="62" reason="1">Diagnostic</emphasis>
|
||
characters.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Structures such as the hastate posterior prosternal process, pattern on the pronotum with a strong anteromedial knob as well as bulbous areas medially and laterally on each side at the posterior end of the pronotum, the very long antennae and the strongly tuberculate and rugose surface of the body will easily separate this species from other known
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Howden & Storey" authorityYear="1992" box="[537,686,237,263]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stereomerini">Stereomerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[140,1107,167,369]" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,335,272,298]" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,330,272,298]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" reason="1">Description</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Length 1.8 mm, width at broadest point 0.9 mm. Chestnut brown, whole body rather densely covered with strong puncture; strongly convex. Morphology as in generic description and as in Figures 1–6.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[140,401,448,474]" box="[140,401,448,474]" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,401,448,474]" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Phylogenetic estimate</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[140,1108,519,756]" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
|
||
The three resulting most parsimonious trees (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[655,750,519,545]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[140,212,1622,1644]" captionTargetBox="[145,846,168,1576]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Resulting trees from phylogenetic analysis of morphological data of representatives of A–C The 3 most parsimonious trees D the strict consensus tree." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769173" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769173/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Figure 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A-C) differ only in the internal relationships within the Steremerini genera
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Howden & Storey" authorityYear="1992" box="[654,821,554,580]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Australoxenella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Australoxenella</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Howden & Storey" authorityYear="1992" box="[836,973,555,580]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Bruneixenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bruneixenus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bordat & Howden" authorityYear="1995" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Pseudostereomera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudostereomera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Arrow" authorityYear="1905" box="[233,350,589,615]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Stereomera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stereomera</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bordat & Howden" authorityYear="1995" box="[411,526,589,615]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Adebrattia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[411,526,589,615]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Adebrattia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as shown in the consensus tree,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[919,1038,589,616]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[140,212,1622,1644]" captionTargetBox="[145,846,168,1576]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Resulting trees from phylogenetic analysis of morphological data of representatives of A–C The 3 most parsimonious trees D the strict consensus tree." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769173" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769173/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Figure 7D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The rest of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Howden & Storey" authorityYear="1992" box="[265,409,624,650]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stereomerini">Stereomerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, namely the new taxon,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bordat & Howden" authorityYear="1995" box="[782,920,624,650]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Danielssonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[782,920,624,650]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Danielssonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Howden & Storey" authorityYear="2000" box="[980,1108,624,650]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Daintreeola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[980,1108,624,650]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Daintreeola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear in the same positions in all three trees (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[673,769,659,686]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[140,212,1622,1644]" captionTargetBox="[145,846,168,1576]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Resulting trees from phylogenetic analysis of morphological data of representatives of A–C The 3 most parsimonious trees D the strict consensus tree." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769173" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769173/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Figure 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A-C). None of the three configurations corresponds very well with
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bordat P & Howden HF" box="[573,900,694,721]" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" pagination="11 - 20" refId="ref6917" refString="Bordat P, Howden HF (1995) Trois nouveaux genres, trois nouvelles especes de Stereomerinae de Borneo (Coleoptera, Aphodiidae). Bulletin de Societe entomologique de France 100: 11 - 20." type="journal article" year="1995">Bordat and Howden’s (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
cladogram (we do not compare with Storey and Howden as they only included three representatives of
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[140,1108,1622,1676]" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,240,1622,1644]" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Figure |.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal view of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Vårdal & Forshage, 2010" authorityName="Vårdal & Forshage" authorityYear="2010" box="[391,583,1622,1643]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Cheleion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malayanum" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[391,583,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">Cheleion malayanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[590,642,1623,1644]" pageId="8" pageNumber="63" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[649,668,1622,1644]" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">A</emphasis>
|
||
scanning electron micrograph
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[960,977,1622,1644]" pageId="8" pageNumber="63">B</emphasis>
|
||
stereo microscope image.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3769163" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769163/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" startId="9.[140,212,754,776]" targetBox="[282,965,165,733]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[140,1108,754,808]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,240,754,776]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Lateral view of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Vårdal & Forshage, 2010" authorityName="Vårdal & Forshage" authorityYear="2010" box="[393,584,754,775]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Cheleion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malayanum" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[393,584,754,775]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Cheleion malayanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[591,643,754,775]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[650,669,754,776]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">A</emphasis>
|
||
scanning electron micrograph
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[961,978,754,776]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">B</emphasis>
|
||
stereo microscope image.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[140,1108,835,1355]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Howden & Storey" authorityYear="1992" box="[140,284,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stereomerini">Stereomerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
in their 1992 analysis) in which the sister species
|
||
<emphasis box="[849,1107,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Adebrattia-Bruneixenus</emphasis>
|
||
forms a sister group to
|
||
<emphasis box="[394,714,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Danielssonia-Australoxenella-</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis box="[723,1034,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Stereomera-Pseudostereomera</emphasis>
|
||
). One reason for this may be that neither the new taxon nor
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Howden & Storey" authorityYear="2000" box="[744,872,906,932]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Daintreeola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[744,872,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Daintreeola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were included in the
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bordat P & Howden HF" box="[140,459,941,968]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" pagination="11 - 20" refId="ref6917" refString="Bordat P, Howden HF (1995) Trois nouveaux genres, trois nouvelles especes de Stereomerinae de Borneo (Coleoptera, Aphodiidae). Bulletin de Societe entomologique de France 100: 11 - 20." type="journal article" year="1995">Bordat and Howden (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
analysis. Our results rather points to a close relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bordat & Howden" authorityYear="1995" box="[239,354,976,1002]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Adebrattia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[239,354,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Adebrattia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bordat & Howden" authorityYear="1995" box="[409,594,976,1002]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Pseudostereomera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[409,594,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Pseudostereomera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Howden & Storey" authorityYear="1992" box="[748,911,976,1002]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Australoxenella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[748,911,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Australoxenella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Howden & Storey" authorityYear="1992" box="[966,1104,977,1002]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Bruneixenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bruneixenus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Arrow" authorityYear="1905" box="[140,257,1012,1038]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Stereomera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stereomera</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
was placed as a sister group to the
|
||
<emphasis box="[651,960,1011,1037]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Adebrattia-Pseudostereomera</emphasis>
|
||
in 2 of the 3 trees and as sister group to
|
||
<emphasis box="[445,751,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Australoxenella-Bruneixenus</emphasis>
|
||
in the third tree.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[140,1108,835,1355]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">
|
||
Concerning the relationships outside
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Howden & Storey" authorityYear="1992" box="[611,759,1082,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stereomerini">Stereomerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, our results point to a close relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Howden & Storey" authorityYear="1992" box="[360,504,1117,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stereomerini">Stereomerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Krikken" authorityYear="1970" box="[676,790,1118,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Termitaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[676,790,1118,1143]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Termitaxis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, that was formerly included in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Howden & Storey" authorityYear="1992" box="[171,315,1152,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stereomerini">Stereomerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
but is now considered
|
||
<emphasis box="[582,723,1152,1178]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bordat P & Howden HF" box="[738,1044,1152,1179]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" pagination="11 - 20" refId="ref6917" refString="Bordat P, Howden HF (1995) Trois nouveaux genres, trois nouvelles especes de Stereomerinae de Borneo (Coleoptera, Aphodiidae). Bulletin de Societe entomologique de France 100: 11 - 20." type="journal article" year="1995">Bordat and Howden 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the Termitotrogini (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[367,494,1188,1213]" class="Insecta" family="Termitotrogidae" genus="Termitotrox" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[367,494,1188,1213]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Termitotrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1910" box="[518,681,1187,1213]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Corythoderini">Corythoderini</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears monophyletic, as does a core of Rhyparini (if excluding
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fairmaire" authorityYear="1896" box="[445,549,1223,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Sybacodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[445,549,1223,1249]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Sybacodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the position of which has been ambiguous, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Islas" authorityYear="1959" box="[140,282,1258,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Cartwrightia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,282,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Cartwrightia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, previously classified in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Skelley and Howden" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[557,663,1258,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupariini">Eupariini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and recently transferred to Rhyparini). All representatives of the aberrant tribes form a monophyletic group together, while the more typical
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Skelley and Howden" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[331,437,1328,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupariini">Eupariini</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera form a grade basal to this group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[140,718,1449,1530]" box="[140,283,1449,1476]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,283,1449,1476]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[140,718,1449,1530]" box="[140,718,1504,1530]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,718,1504,1530]" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">
|
||
History of classification of inquiline
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[579,718,1504,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aphodiinae">Aphodiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[140,1107,1575,1671]" lastBlockId="10.[140,1108,1187,1672]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">
|
||
There are several taxa in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[414,545,1575,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aphodiinae">Aphodiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
which have inquiline or inquiline-like morphologies (listed in
|
||
<tableCitation box="[303,391,1610,1636]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="15.[122,182,456,478]" captionText="Table 4. Inquilines and suspected inquilines of Aphodiinae" pageId="9" pageNumber="64">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
). They are usually small, have integumental bulbs and ridges, particularly longitudinal dorsal ridges; sometimes contracted body shapes; short, broad extremities, sometimes less so; and occasionally hair tufts or inflated abdomen. Their classification has included some moments of confusion.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769165" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3769165" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769165/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" startId="10.[140,212,1089,1111]" targetBox="[271,965,165,1065]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[140,1108,1089,1143]" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,239,1089,1111]" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral view of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Vårdal & Forshage, 2010" authorityName="Vårdal & Forshage" authorityYear="2010" box="[395,586,1089,1110]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Cheleion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malayanum" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[395,586,1089,1110]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Cheleion malayanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[593,644,1090,1111]" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[651,670,1089,1111]" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">A</emphasis>
|
||
scanning electron micrograph
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[961,978,1089,1111]" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">B</emphasis>
|
||
stereo microscope image.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[140,1108,1187,1672]" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">
|
||
In the first tribal division of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[512,643,1258,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aphodiinae">Aphodiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schmidt A" box="[659,826,1258,1284]" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 111" refId="ref7691" refString="Schmidt A (1910) Aphodiinae In: Junk W, Schenkling S (Eds) Coleopterorum Catalogus, pars 20. Junk, Berlin: 1 - 111." type="book chapter" year="1910">Schmidt 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), all the termitophilic or termitophile-like species were classified as Rhyparini and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1910" box="[813,976,1293,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Corythoderini">Corythoderini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(only later were
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[199,326,1329,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Termitotrogidae" genus="Termitotrox" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[199,326,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">Termitotrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
considered to be part of or closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[836,973,1328,1355]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aphodiinae">Aphodiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[140,1108,1187,1672]" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">
|
||
Termitoderini was added explicitly as a probable sister group to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1910" box="[943,1108,1363,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Corythoderini">Corythoderini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tangelder IRM & Krikken J" box="[147,486,1399,1425]" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 114" refId="ref7949" refString="Tangelder IRM, Krikken J (1982) Termitophilous scarabs of the tribe Corythoderini: a taxonomic review (Coleoptera: Aphodiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen 194: 1 - 114." type="journal article" year="1982">Tangelder and Krikken 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Howden & Storey" authorityYear="1992" box="[557,703,1399,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stereomerini">Stereomerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a similar way as the sister group to Rhyparini (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Howden HF & Storey RI" box="[308,620,1434,1460]" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" pagination="1810 - 1823" refId="ref7215" refString="Howden HF, Storey RI (1992) Phylogeny of the Rhyparini and the new tribe Stereomerini, with descriptions of new genera and species (( Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 70: 1810 - 1823." type="journal article" year="1992">Howden and Storey 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The boundaries between all these tribes have been somewhat confused due to the uncertain status of some genera, and to the citing of all recent or problematic taxa as Termitoderini in Dellacasa’s catalogue (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dellacasa M" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" pagination="66 - 67" refId="ref6986" refString="Dellacasa M (1987 - 88) Contribution to a world-wide catalogue of Aegialiidae, Aphodiidae, Aulonocnemidae, Termitotrogidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea). Memorie della Societa Entomologica italiana 66 - 67." type="book chapter" year="1987">
|
||
Dellacasa
|
||
<date box="[212,274,1540,1566]" pageId="10" pageNumber="65" value="1987" valueMax="1988">1987</date>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
–88).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[140,1108,1187,1672]" lastBlockId="11.[140,1108,941,1671]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="10" pageNumber="65">
|
||
Termitoderini was erected as monotypic, but Dellacasa listed six genera there (including several from Rhyparini), which may have been a mere mistake, or a conscious reclassification with no arguments presented in the series of corrigenda to the cata- logue. The genera that actually belonged to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martinez" authorityYear="1968" box="[632,818,941,967]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratocanthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratocanthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
were deleted (“dropped”) but no further information given on the others (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dellacasa M" box="[684,862,976,1002]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" pagination="3 - 57" refId="ref7021" refString="Dellacasa M (1991) Contribution to a world-wide catalogue of Aegialiidae, Aphodiidae, Aulonocnemidae, Termitotrogidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea). Addenda et Corrigenda (Second Note). Memorie della Societa Entomologica italiana 70: 3 - 57." type="journal article" year="1991">Dellacasa 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769167" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3769167" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769167/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" startId="11.[140,212,847,869]" targetBox="[282,965,165,827]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[140,1107,802,901]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,240,847,869]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Head of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Vårdal & Forshage, 2010" authorityName="Vårdal & Forshage" authorityYear="2010" box="[330,521,847,868]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Cheleion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malayanum" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[330,521,847,868]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Cheleion malayanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[528,580,848,869]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[587,606,847,869]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">A</emphasis>
|
||
frontal view, scanning electron micrograph
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1020,1037,847,869]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">B</emphasis>
|
||
ventral view, scanning electron micrograph.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[140,1108,941,1671]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">
|
||
If disconsidering Dellacasa’s classification, it becomes rather straightforward:
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Krikken" authorityYear="1970" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Termitaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Termitaxis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described in Rhyparini (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Krikken J" box="[557,721,1047,1073]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" pagination="469 - 476" refId="ref7389" refString="Krikken J (1970) Termitaxis holmgreni gen. nov., sp. nov., a blind flightless termitophilous scarab from Peru (Coleoptera: Aphodiidae). Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Academie van Wetenschappen. 73: 469 - 476" type="journal article" year="1970">Krikken 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but removed to become
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bordat P & Howden HF" box="[204,512,1082,1109]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" pagination="11 - 20" refId="ref6917" refString="Bordat P, Howden HF (1995) Trois nouveaux genres, trois nouvelles especes de Stereomerinae de Borneo (Coleoptera, Aphodiidae). Bulletin de Societe entomologique de France 100: 11 - 20." type="journal article" year="1995">Howden and Bordat 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Islas" authorityYear="1959" box="[534,676,1082,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Cartwrightia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[534,676,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Cartwrightia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was classified as
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Skelley and Howden" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[873,982,1082,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupariini">Eupariini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but transferred to Rhyparini (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Galante E & Stebnicka ZT" box="[373,593,1117,1144]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" pagination="283 - 312" refId="ref7122" refString="Galante E, Stebnicka ZT, Verdu, JR (2003) The Aphodiinae and Rhyparinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in southern states of Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla and Veracruz). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 46: 283 - 312." type="journal article" year="2003">Galante et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Stebnicka ZT" box="[606,786,1117,1143]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" refId="ref7849" refString="Stebnicka ZT (2009) The tribe Eupariini of the New World (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae). Iconography II, Krakow, Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, 135 pp." type="book" year="2009">Stebnicka 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fairmaire" authorityYear="1896" box="[805,909,1117,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Sybacodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[805,909,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Sybacodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were always considered Rhyparini but it has been questioned (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bordat P & Howden HF" box="[675,985,1152,1179]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" pagination="11 - 20" refId="ref6917" refString="Bordat P, Howden HF (1995) Trois nouveaux genres, trois nouvelles especes de Stereomerinae de Borneo (Coleoptera, Aphodiidae). Bulletin de Societe entomologique de France 100: 11 - 20." type="journal article" year="1995">Howden and Bordat 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Quedenfeldt" authorityYear="1884" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Notocaulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">Notocaulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were classified as Rhyparini, but transferred to
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Skelley and Howden" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[712,818,1187,1213]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupariini">Eupariini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Krikken J & Huijbregts J" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" pagination="97 - 111" refId="ref7508" refString="Krikken J, Huijbregts J (1987) Southeast Asian Termitodius: a taxonomic review, with description of four new species (Coleoptera: Aphodiidae). Zoologische Mededelingen 61: 97 - 111." type="journal article" year="1987">Krikken and Huijbregts 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Howden HF & Storey RI" box="[213,509,1223,1249]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" pagination="1810 - 1823" refId="ref7215" refString="Howden HF, Storey RI (1992) Phylogeny of the Rhyparini and the new tribe Stereomerini, with descriptions of new genera and species (( Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 70: 1810 - 1823." type="journal article" year="1992">Howden and Storey 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[140,1108,941,1671]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">
|
||
A number of more or less aberrant genera have been added to the Rhyparini in recent years (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Howden HF" box="[288,456,1293,1320]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" pagination="23 - 27" refId="ref7167" refString="Howden HF (1995) New Rhyparini from Fiji and the Philippines (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae). Coleopterists bulletin 49: 23 - 27." type="journal article" year="1995">Howden 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2003;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Howden HF & Storey RI" box="[543,840,1293,1319]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" pagination="175 - 182" refId="ref7258" refString="Howden HF, Storey RI (2000) New Stereomerini and Rhyparini from Australia, Borneo and Fiji (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 46: 175 - 182." type="journal article" year="2000">Howden and Storey 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Makhan D" box="[852,1017,1293,1319]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" pagination="7 - 11" refId="ref7569" refString="Makhan D (2006) Aschnarhyparus soesilae gen et sp nov from Suriname (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae). Calodema 8: 7 - 11." type="journal article" year="2006">Makhan 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pittino R" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" pagination="83 - 107" refId="ref7664" refString="Pittino R (2006) Two new genera and species of Asian Rhyparinae (Coleoptera, Aphodiidae). Fragmenta Entomologica 38: 83 - 107." type="journal article" year="2006">Pittino 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Skelley PE" box="[279,442,1328,1354]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref7721" refString="Skelley PE (2007) Generic limits of the Rhyparini with respect to the genus Termitodius Wasmann, 1894 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae). Insecta Mundi 0009: 1 - 9." type="book chapter" year="2007">Skelley (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
making an effort to straighten up the classification and listing several papers describing new species or otherwise forwarding knowledge which are not listed here.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Krikken J" box="[315,497,1399,1425]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" pagination="153 - 162" refId="ref7433" refString="Krikken J (2008 a) Two new species from Kenya in the physogastric termitophilous genus Termitoderus Mateu 1966 (Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Aphodiinae). Tropical Zoology 21: 153 - 162." type="journal article" year="2008">Krikken (2008a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b) recently reconsidered and described new species in Termitoderini and Termitotrogini.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[140,1108,941,1671]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">
|
||
In addition to these, a number of ant inquilines have always been present in the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Skelley and Howden" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[140,249,1504,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupariini">Eupariini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[428,476,1505,1531]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">type</typeStatus>
|
||
genus
|
||
<emphasis box="[562,657,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[562,653,1505,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Euparia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Euparia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and two species which are termite inquilines. At one point, Stebnicka erected the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[713,859,1539,1565]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Lomanoxiini">Lomanoxiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the most aberrant Neotropical ant inquilines (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Stebnicka ZT" box="[449,629,1575,1601]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" pagination="279 - 286" refId="ref7789" refString="Stebnicka ZT (1999) Lomanoxia Martinez, 1951, and a new tribe Lomanoxiini with notes on comparative morphology (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Aphodiinae). Acta zoologica cracoviensia 42: 279 - 286." type="journal article" year="1999">Stebnicka 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but that was synonymized into
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Skelley and Howden 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Skelley and Howden" baseAuthorityYear="2003" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupariini">
|
||
Eupariini (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Skelley PE & Howden HF" box="[147,457,1610,1636]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" pagination="185 - 190" refId="ref7756" refString="Skelley PE, Howden HF (2003) A new species of Lomanoxia Martinez from Costa Rica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae). Insecta Mundi 17: 185 - 190." type="journal article" year="2003">Skelley and Howden 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. All these Neotropical forms were recently reviewed and pictured in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Stebnicka ZT" box="[272,470,1645,1671]" pageId="11" pageNumber="66" refId="ref7849" refString="Stebnicka ZT (2009) The tribe Eupariini of the New World (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae). Iconography II, Krakow, Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, 135 pp." type="book" year="2009">Stebnicka (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769169" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3769169" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769169/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="67" startId="12.[140,212,1163,1185]" targetBox="[282,965,165,1144]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[140,1108,1163,1218]" pageId="12" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,239,1163,1185]" pageId="12" pageNumber="67">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Posterior prosternal process of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Vårdal & Forshage, 2010" authorityName="Vårdal & Forshage" authorityYear="2010" box="[530,720,1164,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Cheleion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malayanum" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[530,720,1164,1185]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="67">Cheleion malayanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[726,777,1164,1185]" pageId="12" pageNumber="67" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[783,802,1163,1185]" pageId="12" pageNumber="67">A</emphasis>
|
||
scanning electron micrograph
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1091,1108,1163,1185]" pageId="12" pageNumber="67">B</emphasis>
|
||
stereo microscope image.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769171" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3769171" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769171/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="67" startId="12.[140,212,1622,1644]" targetBox="[140,1108,1288,1602]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[140,1109,1622,1676]" pageId="12" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,237,1622,1644]" pageId="12" pageNumber="67">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Legs of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Vårdal & Forshage, 2010" authorityName="Vårdal & Forshage" authorityYear="2010" box="[313,502,1622,1643]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Cheleion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malayanum" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[313,502,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Cheleion
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[396,502,1622,1643]" pageId="12" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="malayanum" status="sp. n.">malayanum</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[507,557,1623,1644]" pageId="12" pageNumber="67" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[562,581,1622,1644]" pageId="12" pageNumber="67">A</emphasis>
|
||
scanning electron micrograph of foreleg
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[956,973,1622,1644]" pageId="12" pageNumber="67">B</emphasis>
|
||
scanning electron micrograph of midleg showing unconspicous tibial spurs
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[707,726,1654,1676]" pageId="12" pageNumber="67">C</emphasis>
|
||
scanning electron micrograph of hindleg.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[856,1046,164,854]" box="[856,960,164,179]" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Allibert" authorityYear="1847" box="[856,960,164,179]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Aphodius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elegans">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[856,960,164,179]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">Aphodius elegans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[856,1046,164,854]" box="[856,960,193,208]" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[856,960,193,208]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Euparia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[856,960,193,208]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">Euparia castanea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[856,1046,164,854]" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[856,975,222,237]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Adebrattia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="depressa">Adebrattia depressa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[856,1019,252,267]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Pseudostereomera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mirabilis">Pseudostereomera mirabilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[856,1046,281,296]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Australoxenella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="humptydooensis">Australoxenella humptydooensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[856,991,310,325]" class="Insecta" family="Hybosoridae" genus="Brunixenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamosus">Brunixenus squamosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Arrow" authorityYear="1905" box="[856,967,340,355]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Stereomera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusilla">Stereomera pusilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[856,1046,164,854]" box="[856,929,369,384]" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[856,929,369,384]" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">New taxon</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[856,1046,164,854]" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[856,977,398,413]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Danielssonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minuta">Danielssonia minuta</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[856,964,428,443]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Daintreeola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grovei">Daintreeola grovei</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[856,1046,164,854]" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Krikken" authorityYear="1970" box="[856,980,457,472]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Termitaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="holmgreni">Termitaxis holmgreni</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Reichensperger" authorityYear="1915" box="[856,998,487,502]" class="Insecta" family="Termitotrogidae" genus="Termitotrox" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="consobrinus">Termitotrox consobrinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[856,994,516,531]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Sybacodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplicicollis">Sybacodes simplicicollis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[856,966,545,560]" class="Insecta" family="Hybosoridae" genus="Rhuparus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suturalis">Rhuparus suturalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Nomura" baseAuthorityYear="1943" box="[856,976,575,590]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Termitodiellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="esakii">Termitodiellus esakii</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hinton" authorityYear="1934" box="[856,992,604,619]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Termitodius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peregrinus">Termitodius peregrinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Islas" authorityYear="1958" box="[856,1001,633,648]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Cartwrightia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intertribalis">Cartwrightia intertribalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" box="[856,979,663,678]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Corythoderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="loripes">Corythoderus loripes</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[856,999,692,707]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Neochaetopisthes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heimi">Neochaetopisthes heimi</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Krikken" authorityYear="2008" box="[856,981,721,736]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Termitoderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ultimus">Termitoderus ultimus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[856,999,751,766]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Notocaulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpturatus">Notocaulus sculpturatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Petrovitz" authorityYear="1962" box="[856,986,780,795]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Ataenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scabrelloides">Ataenius scabrelloides</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1877" box="[856,974,809,824]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Saprosites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laeviceps">Saprosites laeviceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[856,1046,164,854]" box="[856,972,839,854]" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boheman" authorityYear="1857" box="[856,972,839,854]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Sybax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impressicollis">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[856,972,839,854]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">Sybax impressicollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[856,1046,892,1584]" box="[856,960,892,907]" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Allibert" authorityYear="1847" box="[856,960,892,907]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Aphodius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elegans">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[856,960,892,907]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">Aphodius elegans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[856,1046,892,1584]" box="[856,959,922,937]" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[856,959,922,937]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Euparia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanes">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[856,959,922,937]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">Euparia castanes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[856,1046,892,1584]" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[856,975,951,966]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Adebrattia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="depressa">Adebrattia depressa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[856,1019,981,996]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Pseudostereomera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mirabilis">Pseudostereomera mirabilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Arrow" authorityYear="1905" box="[856,967,1010,1025]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Stereomera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusilla">Stereomera pusilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[856,1046,892,1584]" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[856,998,1040,1055]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Bruneixenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamosus">Bruneixenus squamosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[856,1046,1069,1084]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Australoxenella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="humptydooensis">Australoxenella humptydooensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
New taxon
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[856,1046,892,1584]" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[856,977,1128,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Danielssonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minuta">Danielssonia minuta</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[856,964,1157,1172]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Daintreeola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grovei">Daintreeola grovei</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[856,1046,892,1584]" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Krikken" authorityYear="1970" box="[856,980,1187,1202]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Termitaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="holmgreni">Termitaxis holmgreni</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Reichensperger" authorityYear="1915" box="[856,998,1216,1231]" class="Insecta" family="Termitotrogidae" genus="Termitotrox" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="consobrinus">Termitotrox consobrinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[856,994,1246,1261]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Sybacodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplicicollis">Sybacodes simplicicollis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[856,963,1275,1290]" class="Insecta" family="Hybosoridae" genus="Phyparus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suturalis">Phyparus suturalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Nomura" baseAuthorityYear="1943" box="[856,976,1304,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Termitodiellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="esakii">Termitodiellus esakii</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hinton" authorityYear="1934" box="[856,992,1334,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Termitodius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peregrinus">Termitodius peregrinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Islas" authorityYear="1958" box="[856,1001,1363,1378]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Cartwrightia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intertribalis">Cartwrightia intertribalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1845" box="[856,979,1393,1408]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Corythoderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="loripes">Corythoderus loripes</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[856,999,1422,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Neochaetopisthes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heimi">Neochaetopisthes heimi</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Krikken" authorityYear="2008" box="[856,981,1452,1467]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Termitoderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ultimus">Termitoderus ultimus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[856,999,1481,1496]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Notocaulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpturatus">Notocaulus sculpturatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Allibert" authorityYear="1847" box="[856,960,1510,1525]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Aphodius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elegans">Aphodius elegans</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[856,1046,892,1584]" box="[856,974,1540,1555]" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1877" box="[856,974,1540,1555]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Saprosites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laeviceps">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[856,974,1540,1555]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">Saprosites laeviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[856,1046,892,1584]" box="[856,972,1569,1584]" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boheman" authorityYear="1857" box="[856,972,1569,1584]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Sybax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impressicollis">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[856,972,1569,1584]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">Sybax impressicollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3769173" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3769173" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3769173/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="68" startId="13.[140,212,1622,1644]" targetBox="[145,846,168,1576]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[140,1108,1622,1676]" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,245,1622,1644]" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Resulting trees from phylogenetic analysis of morphological data of representatives of
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,189,1654,1676]" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">A–C</emphasis>
|
||
The 3 most parsimonious trees
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[484,503,1654,1676]" pageId="13" pageNumber="68">D</emphasis>
|
||
the strict consensus tree.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[876,1066,164,854]" box="[876,980,164,179]" pageId="14" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Allibert" authorityYear="1847" box="[876,980,164,179]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Aphodius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elegans">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[876,980,164,179]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="69">Aphodius elegans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[876,1066,164,854]" box="[876,980,193,208]" pageId="14" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[876,980,193,208]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Euparia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[876,980,193,208]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="69">Euparia castanea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[876,1066,164,854]" pageId="14" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[876,990,223,238]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Adebrattia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deprssa">Adebrattia deprssa</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[876,1039,252,267]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Pseudostereomera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mirabilis">Pseudostereomera mirabilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Arrow" authorityYear="1905" box="[876,987,281,296]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Stereomera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusilla">Stereomera pusilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[876,1066,311,326]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Australoxenella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="humptydooensis">Australoxenella humptydooensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[876,1019,340,355]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Bruneixenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="squamosus">Bruneixenus squamosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[876,1066,164,854]" box="[876,949,369,384]" pageId="14" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[876,949,369,384]" pageId="14" pageNumber="69">New taxon</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[876,1066,164,854]" pageId="14" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[876,1009,399,414]" class="Insecta" family="Hybosoridae" genus="Danielssomnia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minuta">Danielssomnia minuta</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[876,984,428,443]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Daintreeola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grovei">Daintreeola grovei</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[876,1066,164,854]" pageId="14" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Krikken" authorityYear="1970" box="[876,1001,457,472]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Termitaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="holmgreni">Termitaxis holmgreni</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Reichensperger" authorityYear="1915" box="[876,1019,487,502]" class="Insecta" family="Termitotrogidae" genus="Termitotrox" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="consobrinus">Termitotrox consobrinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[876,1014,516,531]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Sybacodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplicicollis">Sybacodes simplicicollis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1911" box="[876,985,545,560]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Rhyparus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suturalis">Rhyparus suturalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[876,1066,164,854]" box="[876,996,575,590]" pageId="14" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Nomura" baseAuthorityYear="1943" box="[876,996,575,590]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Termitodiellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="esakii">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[876,996,575,590]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="69">Termitodiellus esakii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[876,1066,164,854]" pageId="14" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hinton" authorityYear="1934" box="[876,1012,604,619]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Termitodius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peregrinus">Termitodius peregrinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Islas" authorityYear="1958" box="[876,1022,633,648]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Cartwrightia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intertribalis">Cartwrightia intertribalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[876,989,663,678]" class="Insecta" family="Hybosoridae" genus="Crithoderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="loripes">Crithoderus loripes</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[876,1019,692,707]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Neochaetopisthes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heimi">Neochaetopisthes heimi</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Krikken" authorityYear="2008" box="[876,1001,721,736]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Termitoderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ultimus">Termitoderus ultimus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[876,1066,164,854]" box="[876,1020,751,766]" pageId="14" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[876,1020,751,766]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Notocaulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sculpturatus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[876,1020,751,766]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="69">Notocaulus sculpturatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[876,1066,164,854]" box="[876,1004,780,795]" pageId="14" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[876,1004,780,795]" class="Insecta" family="Hybosoridae" genus="Ataenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scabrelloides">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[876,1004,780,795]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="69">Ataenus scabrelloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[876,1066,164,854]" box="[876,994,809,824]" pageId="14" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Harold" authorityYear="1877" box="[876,994,809,824]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Saprosites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laeviceps">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[876,994,809,824]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="69">Saprosites laeviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[876,1066,164,854]" box="[876,990,839,854]" pageId="14" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[876,990,839,854]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Sybax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="69" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impressicolis">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[876,990,839,854]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="69">Sybax impressicolis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[140,1109,1622,1644]" box="[140,1109,1622,1644]" pageId="14" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Howden & Storey" authorityYear="1992" box="[140,261,1622,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stereomerini">Stereomerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Rhyparini,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1910" box="[396,532,1622,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Corythoderini">Corythoderini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Termitoderini, Termitotrogini, Aphodiini and Euparini.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption box="[122,677,454,478]" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[122,677,454,478]" box="[122,677,454,478]" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[122,209,456,478]" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Table 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Inquilines and suspected inquilines of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[570,677,454,478]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aphodiinae">Aphodiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<table box="[131,1569,501,1441]" colsContinueIn="16.[122,1552,482,1411]" gridcols="7" gridrows="10" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<tr box="[131,1569,501,527]" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<th box="[131,385,501,527]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[131,181,501,527]" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Taxa</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[403,504,501,527]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[403,487,501,527]" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Habitat</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[535,730,501,527]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[535,672,501,527]" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[763,841,501,527]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[763,841,501,527]" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Species</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[872,1015,501,527]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[872,986,501,527]" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Trichomes</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1078,1292,501,527]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1078,1268,501,527]" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Morphology type</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1369,1569,501,527]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1369,1516,501,527]" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Classification</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[131,1569,538,597]" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<th box="[131,385,538,597]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Howden & Storey" authorityYear="1992" box="[131,262,538,565]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stereomerini">Stereomerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[403,730,538,597]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">unknown; South East Asian + forest litter Australian</td>
|
||
<td box="[763,841,538,597]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">19</td>
|
||
<td box="[872,1015,538,597]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">trichomes</td>
|
||
<td box="[1078,1292,538,597]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">strongly synechthran</td>
|
||
<td box="[1369,1569,538,597]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Howden & Storey" authorityYear="1992" box="[1369,1500,538,565]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stereomerini">Stereomerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[131,1569,607,666]" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<th box="[131,385,607,666]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Termitotrogini</th>
|
||
<td box="[403,504,607,666]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">termite inquilines</td>
|
||
<td box="[535,730,607,666]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Afrotropical + Indian</td>
|
||
<td box="[763,841,607,666]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">10</td>
|
||
<td box="[872,1015,607,666]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">not trichomes</td>
|
||
<td box="[1078,1292,607,666]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">strongly synechthran</td>
|
||
<td box="[1369,1569,607,666]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Termitotrogini</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[131,1569,677,736]" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<th box="[131,385,677,736]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[131,222,677,704]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Rhyparus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[131,222,677,704]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Rhyparus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[403,730,677,736]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">unknown; Pantropical forest litter</td>
|
||
<td box="[763,841,677,736]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">56</td>
|
||
<td box="[872,1015,677,736]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">trichomes</td>
|
||
<td box="[1078,1292,677,736]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">intermediate type</td>
|
||
<td box="[1369,1569,677,736]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Rhyparini</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[131,1569,746,837]" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<th box="[131,385,746,837]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wasmann" authorityYear="1894" box="[131,248,746,773]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Termitodius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[131,248,746,773]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Termitodius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
&
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nakane" authorityYear="1961" box="[131,271,778,805]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Termitodiellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[131,271,778,805]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Termitodiellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(+
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Makhan" authorityYear="2006" box="[153,308,810,837]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Aschnarhyparus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[153,308,810,837]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Aschnarhyparus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[403,504,746,837]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">termite inquilines</td>
|
||
<td box="[535,730,746,837]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Pantropical except Africa</td>
|
||
<td box="[763,841,746,837]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">10</td>
|
||
<td box="[872,1015,746,837]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">trichomes</td>
|
||
<td box="[1078,1292,746,837]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">intermediate type</td>
|
||
<td box="[1369,1569,746,837]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Rhyparini</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[131,1569,848,1163]" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<th box="[131,385,848,1163]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
Recent odd genera in Rhyparini (
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Howden" authorityName="Howden" authorityYear="1995" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Hadrorhyparus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[139,288,912,939]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Hadrorhyparus</emphasis>
|
||
Howden
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Howden" authorityName="Howden" authorityYear="2003" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Leptorhyparus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[233,372,944,971]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Leptorhyparus</emphasis>
|
||
Howden
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Pittino" authorityName="Pittino" authorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Lioglyptoxenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[233,376,976,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Lioglyptoxenus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[233,376,976,1003]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Lioglyptoxenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Pittino
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Pittino" authorityName="Pittino" authorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Microtermitodius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[214,385,1008,1035]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Microtermitodius</emphasis>
|
||
Pittino
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Howden and Storey" authorityName="Howden and Storey" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Monteitheolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[216,354,1040,1067]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Monteitheolus</emphasis>
|
||
Howden and Storey
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Howden" authorityName="Howden" authorityYear="2003" box="[131,298,1104,1163]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Nanotermitodius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[131,298,1104,1131]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Nanotermitodius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[131,298,1104,1131]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Nanotermitodius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Howden
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[403,504,848,1163]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">termite inquilines</td>
|
||
<td box="[535,730,848,1163]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Pantropical except Africa</td>
|
||
<td box="[763,841,848,1163]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">6</td>
|
||
<td box="[872,1015,848,1163]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">trichomes</td>
|
||
<td box="[1078,1292,848,1163]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">often intermediate</td>
|
||
<td box="[1369,1569,848,1163]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Rhyparini</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[131,1569,1173,1232]" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<th box="[131,385,1173,1232]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1910" box="[131,279,1173,1200]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Corythoderini">Corythoderini</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[403,504,1173,1232]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">termite inquilines</td>
|
||
<td box="[535,730,1173,1232]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Afrotropical + Indian</td>
|
||
<td box="[763,841,1173,1232]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">35</td>
|
||
<td box="[872,1015,1173,1232]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">trichomes</td>
|
||
<td box="[1078,1292,1173,1232]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">symphilic type</td>
|
||
<td box="[1369,1569,1173,1232]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1910" box="[1369,1517,1173,1200]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Corythoderini">Corythoderini</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[131,1569,1243,1302]" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<th box="[131,385,1243,1302]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mateu" authorityYear="1966" box="[131,260,1243,1270]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Termitoderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[131,260,1243,1270]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Termitoderus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[403,504,1243,1302]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">termite inquilines</td>
|
||
<td box="[535,730,1243,1302]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Afrotropical</td>
|
||
<td box="[763,841,1243,1302]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">4</td>
|
||
<td box="[872,1015,1243,1302]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">not trichomes</td>
|
||
<td box="[1078,1292,1243,1302]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">symphilic type</td>
|
||
<td box="[1369,1569,1243,1302]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Termitoderini</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[131,1569,1312,1371]" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<th box="[131,385,1312,1371]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Krikken" authorityYear="1970" box="[131,235,1312,1339]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Termitaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[131,235,1312,1339]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Termitaxis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[403,504,1312,1371]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">termite inquilines</td>
|
||
<td box="[535,730,1312,1371]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Neotropical</td>
|
||
<td box="[763,841,1312,1371]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">1</td>
|
||
<td box="[872,1015,1312,1371]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">trichomes</td>
|
||
<td box="[1078,1292,1312,1371]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">symphilic type</td>
|
||
<td box="[1369,1569,1312,1371]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">incertae sedis</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[131,1569,1382,1441]" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<th box="[131,385,1382,1441]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Islas" authorityYear="1959" box="[131,260,1382,1409]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Cartwrightia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[131,260,1382,1409]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Cartwrightia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[403,504,1382,1441]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">ant inquilines</td>
|
||
<td box="[535,730,1382,1441]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">Neotropical</td>
|
||
<td box="[763,841,1382,1441]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">3</td>
|
||
<td box="[872,1015,1382,1441]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">trichomes</td>
|
||
<td box="[1078,1292,1382,1441]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">intermediate type</td>
|
||
<td box="[1369,1569,1382,1441]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="15" pageNumber="70">
|
||
Rhyparini (recently
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Skelley and Howden" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[1369,1467,1414,1441]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupariini">Eupariini</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<table box="[122,1552,482,1411]" colsContinueFrom="15.[131,1569,501,1441]" gridcols="7" gridrows="28" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,482,508]" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<th box="[122,362,482,508]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[122,172,482,508]" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Taxa</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[394,503,482,508]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[394,478,482,508]" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Habitat</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[526,663,482,508]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[526,663,482,508]" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[754,832,482,508]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[754,832,482,508]" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Species</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[863,1005,482,508]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[863,977,482,508]" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Trichomes</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1069,1331,482,508]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1069,1259,482,508]" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Morphology type</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1360,1552,482,508]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1360,1507,482,508]" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Classification</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,519,546]" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<th box="[122,362,519,546]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fairmaire" authorityYear="1896" box="[122,217,519,546]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Sybacodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[122,217,519,546]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Sybacodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[394,503,519,546]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">unknown</td>
|
||
<td box="[526,663,519,546]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Oriental</td>
|
||
<td box="[754,832,519,546]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">3</td>
|
||
<td box="[863,1005,519,546]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">?trichomes</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1331,519,546]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">weakly synechthran</td>
|
||
<td box="[1360,1552,519,546]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Rhyparini?</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,556,584]" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<th box="[122,362,556,584]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Quedenfeldt" authorityYear="1884" box="[122,231,557,584]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Notocaulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[122,231,557,584]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Notocaulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[394,503,556,584]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">mostly</td>
|
||
<td box="[526,663,556,584]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Afrotropical</td>
|
||
<td box="[754,832,556,584]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">13</td>
|
||
<td box="[863,1005,556,584]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">not trichomes</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1331,556,584]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">weakly synechthran</td>
|
||
<td box="[1360,1552,556,584]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Skelley and Howden" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[1360,1456,556,583]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupariini">Eupariini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(recently
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,588,615]" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[394,503,588,615]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">dung</td>
|
||
<td box="[1360,1552,588,615]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Rhyparini)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,626,653]" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<th box="[122,362,626,653]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boheman" authorityYear="1857" box="[122,179,626,653]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Sybax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[122,179,626,653]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Sybax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[394,503,626,653]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">unknown</td>
|
||
<td box="[526,663,626,653]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Afrotropical</td>
|
||
<td box="[754,832,626,653]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">3</td>
|
||
<td box="[863,1005,626,653]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">?trichomes</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1331,626,653]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">weakly synechthran</td>
|
||
<td box="[1360,1552,626,653]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Aphodiini</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,663,691]" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<th box="[122,362,663,691]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Stebnicka" authorityName="Stebnicka" box="[122,335,663,691]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Euparotrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[122,229,664,691]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Euparotrix</emphasis>
|
||
Stebnicka
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[394,503,663,691]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">unknown</td>
|
||
<td box="[526,663,663,691]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Australian</td>
|
||
<td box="[754,832,663,691]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">1</td>
|
||
<td box="[863,1005,663,691]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">trichomes</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1331,663,691]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">more or less conventional</td>
|
||
<td box="[1360,1552,663,691]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Skelley and Howden" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[1360,1456,663,690]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupariini">Eupariini</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,695,722]" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<th box="[122,362,695,722]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">and Howden</th>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1331,695,722]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">aphodiine</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,733,760]" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<th box="[122,362,733,760]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Ross" authorityName="Ross" box="[122,241,733,760]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Napoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[122,187,733,760]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Napoa</emphasis>
|
||
Ross
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[394,503,733,760]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">termite</td>
|
||
<td box="[526,663,733,760]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Neotropical</td>
|
||
<td box="[754,832,733,760]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">2</td>
|
||
<td box="[863,1005,733,760]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">not trichomes</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1331,733,760]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">more or less conventional</td>
|
||
<td box="[1360,1552,733,760]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Skelley and Howden" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[1360,1456,733,760]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupariini">Eupariini</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,765,792]" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<th box="[122,362,765,792]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Chalumeau" authorityName="Chalumeau" authorityYear="1983" box="[122,343,765,792]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Batesiana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[122,217,765,792]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Batesiana</emphasis>
|
||
Chalumeau
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[394,503,765,792]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">inquilines</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1331,765,792]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">aphodiines</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,802,829]" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<th box="[122,362,802,829]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[122,202,802,829]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Euparia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[122,202,802,829]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Euparia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and relatives
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[394,503,802,829]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">mostly ant</td>
|
||
<td box="[526,663,802,829]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Neotropical</td>
|
||
<td box="[754,832,802,829]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">>30</td>
|
||
<td box="[863,1005,802,829]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">not trichomes</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1331,802,829]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">conventional aphodiines</td>
|
||
<td box="[1360,1552,802,829]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Skelley and Howden" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[1360,1456,802,829]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupariini">Eupariini</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,834,861]" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<th box="[122,362,834,861]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Martinez" authorityName="Martinez" authorityYear="1953" box="[130,307,834,861]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Iarupea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[130,206,834,861]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Iarupea</emphasis>
|
||
Martinez
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[394,503,834,861]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">inquilines</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,866,893]" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<th box="[122,1552,866,893]" colspan="7" colspanRight="6" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Stebnicka" authorityName="Stebnicka" authorityYear="1999" box="[122,313,866,893]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Arupaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[122,203,866,893]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Arupaia</emphasis>
|
||
Stebnicka
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,898,925]" gridrow="12" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<th box="[122,1552,898,925]" colspan="7" colspanRight="6" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Stebnicka" authorityName="Stebnicka" authorityYear="1999" box="[122,307,898,925]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Selviria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[122,197,898,925]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Selviria</emphasis>
|
||
Stebnicka
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,930,957]" gridrow="13" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<th box="[122,1552,930,957]" colspan="7" colspanRight="6" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stebnicka" authorityYear="1999" box="[122,280,930,957]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Flechtmanniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[122,280,930,957]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Flechtmanniella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,962,989]" gridrow="14" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<th box="[122,1552,962,989]" colspan="7" colspanRight="6" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Stebnicka,</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,994,1021]" gridrow="15" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<th box="[122,1552,994,1021]" colspan="7" colspanRight="6" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martinez" authorityYear="1952" box="[122,289,994,1021]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Myrmecaphodius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[122,289,994,1021]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Myrmecaphodius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,1026,1053]" gridrow="16" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<th box="[122,1552,1026,1053]" colspan="7" colspanRight="6" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
Martinez,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chalumeau & Ozdikmen" authorityYear="2006" box="[229,366,1026,1053]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Martineziana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[229,366,1026,1053]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Martineziana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,1058,1085]" gridrow="17" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<th box="[122,1552,1058,1085]" colspan="7" colspanRight="6" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Chalumeau</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,1090,1117]" gridrow="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<th box="[122,1552,1090,1117]" colspan="7" colspanRight="6" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">& Ozdikmen,</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,1122,1149]" gridrow="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<th box="[122,1552,1122,1149]" colspan="7" colspanRight="6" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Stebnicka" authorityName="Stebnicka" authorityYear="1999" box="[122,370,1122,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Lomanoxoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[122,261,1122,1149]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Lomanoxoides</emphasis>
|
||
Stebnicka
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,1154,1181]" gridrow="20" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<th box="[122,1552,1154,1181]" colspan="7" colspanRight="6" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chalumeau" authorityYear="1992" box="[122,291,1154,1181]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Paraplesiataenius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[122,291,1154,1181]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Paraplesiataenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,1186,1213]" gridrow="21" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<th box="[122,1552,1186,1213]" colspan="7" colspanRight="6" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Chalumeau,</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,1218,1245]" gridrow="22" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<th box="[122,1552,1218,1245]" colspan="7" colspanRight="6" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martinez" authorityYear="1952" box="[122,269,1218,1245]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Bruchaphodius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[122,269,1218,1245]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Bruchaphodius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,1250,1277]" gridrow="23" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<th box="[122,1552,1250,1277]" colspan="7" colspanRight="6" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Martinez)</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,1288,1315]" gridrow="24" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<th box="[122,362,1288,1315]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Martinez" authorityName="Martinez" authorityYear="1951" box="[122,334,1288,1315]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Lomanoxia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[122,233,1288,1315]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Lomanoxia</emphasis>
|
||
Martinez
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[394,503,1288,1315]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">ant</td>
|
||
<td box="[526,663,1288,1315]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Neotropical</td>
|
||
<td box="[754,832,1288,1315]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">22</td>
|
||
<td box="[863,1005,1288,1315]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">not trichomes</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1331,1288,1315]" gridcol="5" gridrow="24" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">more or less conventional</td>
|
||
<td box="[1360,1552,1288,1315]" gridcol="6" gridrow="24" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Skelley and Howden" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[1360,1456,1288,1315]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupariini">Eupariini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(briefly
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,1320,1347]" gridrow="25" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
|
||
<th box="[122,362,1320,1347]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
and relatives (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1927" box="[264,362,1320,1347]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Euparixia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[264,362,1320,1347]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Euparixia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[394,503,1320,1347]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">inquilines</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1331,1320,1347]" gridcol="5" gridrow="25" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">aphodiines</td>
|
||
<td box="[1360,1552,1320,1347]" gridcol="6" gridrow="25" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1360,1494,1320,1347]" pageId="16" pageNumber="76" rank="tribe" tribe="Lomanoxiini">Lomanoxiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,1352,1379]" gridrow="26" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<th box="[122,1552,1352,1379]" colspan="7" colspanRight="6" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
Brown &
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hinton" authorityYear="1936" box="[226,352,1352,1379]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Euparixoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[226,352,1352,1379]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Euparixoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[122,1552,1384,1411]" gridrow="27" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<th box="[122,1552,1384,1411]" colspan="7" colspanRight="6" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="16" pageNumber="71">Hinton)</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[140,1108,167,722]" pageId="17" pageNumber="72">
|
||
The classification, and above all the relationships between the inquiline tribes, remains unsure because of the more or less far-reaching morphological specializations, including both obvious strongly derived specializations in habitus and integument, as well as reductions in characters traditionally used for distinguishing aphodiine tribes. Many of these specializations often overlap between the inquiline tribes, thus obscuring relationships between each other and between them and the large aphodiine tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Skelley and Howden" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[140,249,378,404]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupariini">Eupariini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is speciose in the tropics and characterized mainly by plesiomorphies visavis most other tribes of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[448,583,413,439]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aphodiinae">Aphodiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[140,1108,167,722]" pageId="17" pageNumber="72">
|
||
Often, the appearance of tibial ridges and position of tibial apical spurs are used as diagnostic characters between
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Skelley and Howden" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[516,622,483,509]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupariini">Eupariini</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Aphodiini. These characters are often useless in inquiline-type aphodiines with highly modified, short tibiae and reduced spurs. The abdominal characters traditionally used (fusing of sternites, pygidial furrow, etc.) often unite several but not all inquiline-type taxa with most
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Skelley and Howden" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[941,1051,589,615]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupariini">Eupariini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Perhaps the dissection-requiring mouthparts and aedeagus, which both have provided characters considered important for aphodiine classification (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dellacasa G & Bordat P & Dellacasa M" box="[824,1059,659,686]" pageId="17" pageNumber="72" pagination="1 - 482" refId="ref6954" refString="Dellacasa G, Bordat P, Dellacasa M (2001) A revisional essay of world genus-group taxa of Aphodiinae. Memoire della Societa entomologica italiana 79: 1 - 482." type="journal article" year="2001">Dellacasa et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and elsewhere), but were not studied here, may provide useful information in this respect.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[140,757,800,826]" box="[140,757,800,826]" pageId="17" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,757,800,826]" pageId="17" pageNumber="72">Status of knowledge of biology of alleged inquilines</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[140,1108,871,1672]" pageId="17" pageNumber="72">
|
||
Strangely enough, it is only some of these inquiline-looking taxa that are actually found in association with social insects. Actually associated with termites are Termitotrogini,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1910" box="[140,305,941,967]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Corythoderini">Corythoderini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Termitoderini, several small genera in Rhyparini (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wasmann" authorityYear="1894" box="[890,1022,941,967]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Termitodius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Termitodius</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nakane" authorityYear="1961" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Termitodiellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Termitodiellus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
et al.), plus
|
||
<emphasis box="[375,636,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="72">
|
||
incertae sedis
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Krikken" authorityYear="1970" box="[522,636,977,1002]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Termitaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Termitaxis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. One genus of similar morphology (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Islas" authorityYear="1959" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Cartwrightia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="72">Cartwrightia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and many more genera with more normal appearances are actually associated with ants. In several of the inquiline-type taxa, inquiline lifestyles have never been demonstrated;
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Howden & Storey" authorityYear="1992" box="[259,406,1082,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stereomerini">Stereomerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a major part of Rhyparini (including
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[832,932,1082,1108]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Rhyparus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[832,932,1082,1108]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="72">Rhyparus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), plus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Quedenfeldt" authorityYear="1884" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Notocaulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="72">Notocaulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fairmaire" authorityYear="1896" box="[226,330,1117,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Sybacodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[226,330,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="72">Sybacodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boheman" authorityYear="1857" box="[395,458,1117,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Sybax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[395,458,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="72">Sybax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Instead, these are often found in forest litter,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Quedenfeldt" authorityYear="1884" box="[988,1107,1117,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Notocaulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[988,1107,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="72">Notocaulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fairmaire" authorityYear="1896" box="[188,292,1152,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Sybacodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[188,292,1152,1178]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="72">Sybacodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also in dung. Of course, sifting forest litter and various trapping methods (light traps, Malaise traps, flight intercept traps) are far more common collecting methods than actually breaking into termite mounds. Thus, these taxa might be inquilines not yet encountered in their true habitat, or they may not live with social insects.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[140,1108,871,1672]" pageId="17" pageNumber="72">
|
||
Typologies of social insect inquilines are from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wasmann E" box="[702,892,1293,1320]" pageId="17" pageNumber="72" refId="ref7981" refString="Wasmann E (1894) Kritisches Verzeichnis der myrmekophilen und termitophilen Arthropoden Dames, Berlin: 231 pp." type="book" year="1894">Wasmann (1894</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wasmann E" box="[904,965,1293,1319]" pageId="17" pageNumber="72" pagination="298 - 310" refId="ref8000" refString="Wasmann E (1903) Zur naheren Kenntnis des echten Gastverhaltnisses (Symphilie) bei den Ameisen- und Termitengasten. Biologisches Centralblatt 23: 63 - 72, 195 - 207, 232 - 248, 261 - 276, 298 - 310" type="journal article" year="1903">1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wasmann E" box="[977,1039,1293,1319]" pageId="17" pageNumber="72" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref8043" refString="Wasmann E (1918) Myrmecophile and termitophile Coleopteren aus Ostindien, hauptsachlich gesammelt von PJ Asmuth SJ. II. Scarabaeidae. Wiener entomologische Zeitung 37: 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1918">1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), who also studied many of these aphodiines, like
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kolbe H" box="[645,803,1328,1354]" pageId="17" pageNumber="72" pagination="53 - 63" refId="ref7365" refString="Kolbe H (1909) Die termitophilen Coleopteren aus der Unterfamilie der coprophagen Lamellicornier. Berliner Entomologischer Zeitschrift 54: 53 - 63." type="journal article" year="1909">Kolbe (1909)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Balthasar V" box="[816,1006,1328,1355]" pageId="17" pageNumber="72" refId="ref6894" refString="Balthasar V (1963 - 64) Monographie der Scarabaeidae und Aphodiidae der palaearktischen und orientalischen Region. 3 vols. Prag." type="book" year="1963">Balthasar (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
summarized the knowledge. Later,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson EO" box="[451,617,1363,1390]" pageId="17" pageNumber="72" refId="ref8075" refString="Wilson EO (1971) The insect societies. Harvard University Press, 560 pp." type="book" year="1971">Wilson (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kistner DH" box="[673,833,1363,1390]" pageId="17" pageNumber="72" pagination="339 - 413" refId="ref7295" refString="Kistner DH (1979) Social and evolutionary significance of social insect symbionts. In: Herman HR (Ed) Social Insects, vol 1. Academic Press, New York, 339 - 413." type="book chapter" year="1979">Kistner (1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kistner DH" box="[845,905,1364,1390]" pageId="17" pageNumber="72" pagination="1 - 244" refId="ref7332" refString="Kistner DH (1982) The social insects' bestiary. In: Herman HR (Ed) Social Insects, vol 3. Academic Press, New York, 1 - 244." type="book chapter" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) provided general discussion of inquline
|
||
<typeStatus box="[394,456,1399,1425]" pageId="17" pageNumber="72">types</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[140,1108,871,1672]" lastBlockId="18.[140,1108,167,615]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="17" pageNumber="72">
|
||
The basic division is between symphilic inquilines (those actually cared for by the hosts), and inquilines which are synoeketes (ignored by the hosts) or synechthrans (treated with hostility by the hosts). Morphologically, a symphilic lifestyle is often indicated by particular phenomena as possession of specialized tufts of glandular setae (trichomes) or enlarged abdomen (physogastry). Often, symphilic organisms display some kind of general morphological mimicking of their hosts. Synechtrans on the oth- er hand are usually characterized with a “defensive” morphology, often very compact body (sometimes referred to as “limuloid” body shape, after horseshoe crabs (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="O.F.Muller" authorityYear="1785" class="Merostomata" family="Limulidae" genus="Limulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Xiphosurida" pageId="18" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="73">Limulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)), with reinforcing ridges and the capacity to withdraw protruding appendages into folds or grooves.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[140,1108,167,615]" pageId="18" pageNumber="73">
|
||
Among the aphodiines,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1910" box="[462,628,272,298]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Corythoderini">Corythoderini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Termitoderini and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Krikken" authorityYear="1970" box="[858,972,273,298]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Termitaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[858,972,273,298]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="73">Termitaxis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clearly correspond to the “symphilic”
|
||
<typeStatus box="[462,510,308,334]" pageId="18" pageNumber="73">type</typeStatus>
|
||
(and are indeed found with termites). The clearest examples corresponding to the “synechthran”
|
||
<typeStatus box="[652,700,343,369]" pageId="18" pageNumber="73">type</typeStatus>
|
||
are presented by Termitotrogini and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Howden & Storey" authorityYear="1992" box="[140,284,378,404]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stereomerini">Stereomerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the one found with termites, the other not recognized). The Rhyparini are probably best considered synechthran in general morphology, but less so than Termitotrogini and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Howden & Storey" authorityYear="1992" box="[335,483,448,474]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stereomerini">Stereomerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and also have symphilic-type trichomes. The typical Rhyparini are not found with termites, and could be described as weakly synechthran in morphology. Within Rhyparini, only the more or less aberrant taxa are actually found among termites, often being intermediate between the weaker synechthran-type and symphilic-type morphologies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[140,723,694,721]" box="[140,723,694,721]" pageId="18" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,723,694,721]" pageId="18" pageNumber="73">The rationale for classification of inquiline tribes</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[140,1108,765,1672]" pageId="18" pageNumber="73">
|
||
It is unsatisfactory that this cluster of characters is regarded as an indication of a particular lifestyle in so many taxa where that lifestyle has not been observed. Some of them are commonly collected under circumstances giving no support whatsoever for that assumption. In aphodiine classification, various selections from this cluster are utilized to diagnose several aberrant tribes, while still being assumed to be intimately connected with a particular lifestyle and therefore largely homoplastic, and so not necessarily indicating a relationship between these different tribes while still keeping them together one by one. This is a problematic line of reasoning. A Darwinist framework still rests on interpreting similarities as the result of shared ancestry
|
||
<emphasis box="[798,860,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="73">unless</emphasis>
|
||
in conflict with other similarities. In this data set, the number of characters is small and the taxon sampling, particularly in various groups of possibly related
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Skelley and Howden" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[691,800,1117,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupariini">Eupariini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is limited. For this reason, our results are uncertain and do not form the basis for any confidence in suggesting a revised tribal classification. Indeed the consistency is relatively low, but not extremely low, and there is a small number of most parsimonious trees, indicating that there is a fairly strong signal in the data. The
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Howden & Storey" authorityYear="1992" box="[603,751,1258,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Stereomerini">Stereomerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the core Rhyparini (excluding
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fairmaire" authorityYear="1896" box="[140,244,1293,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Sybacodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,244,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="73">Sybacodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Islas" authorityYear="1959" box="[303,445,1293,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" genus="Cartwrightia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[303,445,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="73">Cartwrightia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1910" box="[566,732,1293,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Aphodiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Corythoderini">Corythoderini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are all retained as monophyletic groups without conflict. All the representatives of aberrant taxa form a monophyletic group together.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[140,1108,765,1672]" pageId="18" pageNumber="73">
|
||
Again, this is not a strong test, but the possibility that their similarities are to a significant extent due to shared ancestry rather than just shared lifestyle must be considered, especially since this particular lifestyle has in fact not been observed in so many of them. The aberrant or termitophilous tribes have been suggested to possibly be related to each other in a few works (Nikolajev 1993;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Forshage M" box="[801,976,1539,1566]" pageId="18" pageNumber="73" refId="ref7064" refString="Forshage M (2002) State of knowledge of dung beetle phylogeny- a review of phylogenetic hypotheses regarding Aphodiinae (Coleoptera; Scarabaeidae). Master's thesis, Biology, Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University: http: // www. ebc. uu. se / systzoo / staff / forshage / Aphodiinae. pdf." type="book" year="2002">Forshage 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nikolajev suggests they could be related to each other and to Aulonocnemini. The phylogenetic status of Aulonocnemini is not well investigated, and it too might prove to be near or in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Skelley and Howden" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[203,316,1645,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupariini">Eupariini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[140,1108,167,827]" pageId="19" pageNumber="74">
|
||
The few representatives of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Skelley and Howden" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[506,613,167,193]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupariini">Eupariini</taxonomicName>
|
||
included, on the other hand, admittedly covering very little of the diversity of the group but nevertheless representing its three most principal genera, did not form a clade together, but instead a grade basal to a single clade of all the “termitophilic” tribes.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Skelley and Howden" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[671,778,272,298]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupariini">Eupariini</taxonomicName>
|
||
is historically delineated in contrast with Aphodiini, and most of its diagnostic characters are defined in that contrast. As the phylogeny of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[499,631,343,369]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aphodiinae">Aphodiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains uncertain, the polarity of most of these characters is not known. Regardless of whether the character states found in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Skelley and Howden" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[140,247,413,439]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupariini">Eupariini</taxonomicName>
|
||
are plesiomorphic or apomorphic visavis Aphodiini, they are either shared with or clearly plesiomorphic visavis Psammodiini and most minor tribes. In fact it seems impossible to circumscribe
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Skelley and Howden" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[528,635,483,509]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupariini">Eupariini</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a monophyletic group.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Skelley and Howden" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[944,1051,483,509]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupariini">Eupariini</taxonomicName>
|
||
may perhaps be a paraphyletic grade of basal groups of Aphodiini, or it may be a huge possibly monophyletic complex, but in both cases very possibly with Psammodiini and several smaller tribes intermixed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[140,1108,167,827]" pageId="19" pageNumber="74">
|
||
A more robust phylogenetic analysis including a wealth of eupariine taxa, several of the minor tribes, and many more characters than used here, will highlight the difficuties of keeping
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Skelley and Howden" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[311,417,695,721]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupariini">Eupariini</taxonomicName>
|
||
in its present form, and suggest a revised tribal classification. Whether this will result in the synonymy of several tribes into a solid
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Skelley and Howden" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[938,1044,730,756]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eupariini">Eupariini</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="74">sensu lato</emphasis>
|
||
, or identify monophyletic lineages that will allow for even further splitting into more tribes, will be up to the judgment of that revisor.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |