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<mods:title id="E5A8193F6BE50D54811311374671994A">Revision of Neacomys spinosus (Thomas, 1882) (Rodentia: Cricetidae) with emphasis on Peruvian populations and the description of a new species</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03C902069A7FFFF133BD09FDFAB1F9B4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6021997" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127843745" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6021997" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C902069A7FFFF133BD09FDFAB1F9B4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C902069A7FFFF133BD09FDFAB1F9B4" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="414" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
<subSubSection id="C37AE09B9A7FFFF033BD09FDFEACFE7D" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDFB3109A7FFFF033BD09FDFD94FE5C" blockId="12.[151,587,426,486]" box="[151,587,426,452]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
<heading id="D097047C9A7FFFF033BD09FDFD94FE5C" bold="true" box="[151,587,426,452]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C60C8939A7FFFF033BD09FDFD94FE5C" authority="Thomas, 1882" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1882" box="[151,587,426,452]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Neacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosus">
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7FFFF033BD09FDFD94FE5C" bold="true" box="[151,587,426,452]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7FFFF033BD09FDFE5DFE5C" bold="true" box="[151,386,426,452]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Neacomys spinosus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1CEE19A7FFFF032BB09FDFD9CFE5C" author="Thomas" box="[401,579,426,452]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Thomas, O. (1882) On a collection of rodents from North Peru. Proceedings of The Zoological Society of London, 1882, 98 - 111." type="proceedings paper" year="1882">Thomas, 1882</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFB3109A7FFFF033BD0999FEACFE7D" blockId="12.[151,587,426,486]" box="[151,371,461,486]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Large Spiny Mouse</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37AE09B9A7FFFF033BD0A41FF2CFC97" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BDFB3109A7FFFF033BD0A41FDA8FDF0" blockId="12.[151,696,533,678]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB70943E9A7FFFF033BD0A41FDA8FDF0" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
<taxonomicName id="4C60C8939A7FFFF033BD0A41FD71FDB3" authority="Gyldenstolpe, 1932:34" authorityName="Gyldenstolpe" authorityPageNumber="34" authorityYear="1932" box="[151,686,533,555]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Neacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="spinosus" subSpecies="spinosus">
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7FFFF033BD0A41FE65FDB3" box="[151,442,534,555]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Neacomys spinosus spinosus</emphasis>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0AC195019A7FFFF032ED0A42FD71FDB3" author="Gyldenstolpe" box="[455,686,533,555]" page="34" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" year="1932">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1CEE19A7FFFF032ED0A42FD4FFDB3" author="Gyldenstolpe" box="[455,656,533,555]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Gyldenstolpe, N. (1932) A manual of Neotropical sigmodont rodents. Kungliga Svenska Fetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 11 (3), 1 - 164." type="journal article" year="1932">Gyldenstolpe, 1932</bibRefCitation>
:34
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7FFFF033BD0A62FF77FDD2" box="[151,168,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">N</emphasis>
[
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7FFFF0339A0A62FED8FDD2" box="[176,263,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">eacomys</emphasis>
].
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7FFFF032360A62FEF9FDD2" box="[284,294,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">s</emphasis>
[
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7FFFF032040A62FEA4FDD2" box="[302,379,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">pinosus</emphasis>
].
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7FFFF032BB0A62FE06FDD2" box="[401,473,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">typicus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AC195019A7FFFF032F50A63FD42FDD2" author="Thomas" box="[479,669,564,586]" page="153" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" year="1900">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1CEE19A7FFFF032F50A63FDACFDD2" author="Thomas" box="[479,627,564,586]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Thomas, O. (1900) New South American Mammals. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 148 - 153. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930008678252" type="journal article" year="1900">Thomas, 1900</bibRefCitation>
:153
</treatmentCitation>
<taxonomicName id="4C60C8939A7FFFF033BD0A04FE86FDF0" box="[151,345,595,616]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosus">
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7FFFF033BD0A04FE86FDF0" box="[151,345,595,616]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Oryzomys spinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: E.-
<treatmentCitation id="0AC195019A7FFFF032AF0A04FDA8FDF0" author="Trouessart" box="[389,631,594,616]" page="528" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" year="1897">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1CEE19A7FFFF032AF0A04FD93FDF0" author="Trouessart" box="[389,588,594,616]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Trouessart, E. - L. (1897) Catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilium. Fasciculus III. Rodentia II (Myomorpha, Histricomorpha, Lagomorpha). Berolini: R. Friedlander &amp; Sohn, 1, vi + 664." type="journal article" year="1897">L. Trouessart, 1897</bibRefCitation>
:528
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFB3109A7FFFF033BD0A25FD7BFD3E" blockId="12.[151,696,533,678]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB70943E9A7FFFF033BD0A25FD7BFD3E" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
<taxonomicName id="4C60C8939A7FFFF033BD0A25FD67FD1F" authority="Thomas, 1884:448" authorityName="Thomas" authorityPageNumber="448" authorityYear="1884" box="[151,696,625,647]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Hesperomys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosus" subGenus="Oryzomys">
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7FFFF033BD0A25FECCFD1F" box="[151,275,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Hesperomys</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7FFFF032080A25FE58FD1F" box="[290,391,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Oryzomys</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7FFFF032BC0A25FE32FD1F" box="[406,493,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">spinosus</emphasis>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0AC195019A7FFFF032D00A26FD67FD1F" author="Thomas" box="[506,696,625,647]" page="448" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" year="1884">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1CEE19A7FFFF032D00A26FD53FD1F" author="Thomas" box="[506,652,625,647]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Thomas, O. (1884) On a collection of Muridae from central Peru. Proceedings of The Zoological Society of London, 1884, 447 - 458." type="proceedings paper" year="1884">Thomas, 1884</bibRefCitation>
:448
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C60C8939A7FFFF033BD0AC6FD7BFD3E" authority="Thomas, 1882:105" authorityName="Thomas" authorityPageNumber="105" authorityYear="1882" box="[151,676,656,678]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Hesperomys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosus" subGenus="Calomys">
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7FFFF033BD0AC6FECCFD3E" box="[151,275,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Hesperomys</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7FFFF032080AC7FEA4FD3E" box="[290,379,656,678]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Calomys</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7FFFF032A30AC6FE3FFD3E" box="[393,480,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">spinosus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AC195019A7FFFF032CD0AC7FD7BFD3E" author="Thomas" box="[487,676,656,678]" page="105" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" year="1882">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1CEE19A7FFFF032CD0AC7FDA4FD3E" author="Thomas" box="[487,635,656,678]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Thomas, O. (1882) On a collection of rodents from North Peru. Proceedings of The Zoological Society of London, 1882, 98 - 111." type="proceedings paper" year="1882">Thomas, 1882</bibRefCitation>
:105
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFB3109A7FFFF033BD0A85FF2CFC97" blockId="12.[151,1437,722,2007]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7FFFF033BD0A85FECBFD73" bold="true" box="[151,276,722,747]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Lectotype.</emphasis>
BMNH 81.9.7.25, adult male, skin, and skull, collected in 1801 by M. Stolzmann without collector number.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37AE09B9A7FFFF033ED0B4DFAD1FCE3" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BDFB3109A7FFFF033ED0B4DFAD1FCE3" blockId="12.[151,1437,722,2007]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7FFFF033ED0B4DFEBDFCAB" bold="true" box="[199,354,794,819]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
<typeStatus id="54DB0DB29A7FFFF033ED0B4DFEDDFCAB" box="[199,258,794,819]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Type</typeStatus>
locality
</emphasis>
. “…Huambo.- a plantation in the forest of the same name, to the east of Chachapoyas and Chirimoto,
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in altitude, on the banks of the river Huambo, a tributary of the Huallaga…”,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1CEE19A7FFFF036110B69FF0BFCE3" author="Thomas" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Thomas, O. (1882) On a collection of rodents from North Peru. Proceedings of The Zoological Society of London, 1882, 98 - 111." type="proceedings paper" year="1882">Thomas, 1882</bibRefCitation>
:99, approximately
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,
<geoCoordinate id="EE54D5D79A7FFFF031210B35FD86FCE3" box="[523,601,866,891]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" precision="925" value="-6.5666666">6°34’S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE54D5D79A7FFFF0314F0B35FD00FCE3" box="[613,735,866,891]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" precision="92" value="-77.375">77°22.5’W</geoCoordinate>
, Huambo, Chachapoyas,
<collectingRegion id="49A47DF29A7FFFF030D10B34FBABFCE3" box="[1019,1140,867,891]" country="Peru" name="Amazonas" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Amazonas</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F377F3809A7FFFF037AA0B34FB6CFCE2" box="[1152,1203,867,890]" name="Peru" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Peru</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="135BAF959A7FFFF037E80B35FADAFCE3" box="[1218,1285,866,891]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="22.[151,250,1136,1158]" captionTargetBox="[176,1408,202,1107]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[172,1414,193,1115]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 6. Illustration map showing the distribution of N. spinosus (light blue), N. a. amoenus (blue), N. a. carceleni (dark purple), N. amoenus “ CAA ” (white) and Neacomys vargasllosai sp. nov. (yellow). Diamonds indicate Type Localities, triangles indicate samples of DNA sequences; squares indicate morphologically revised specimens (qualitative and / or quantitatively); and circles indicate both molecular and morphological evidence. See Appendix I for locality numbers." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/376898/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37AE09B9A7FFFF033ED0BD1FEB7FBCB" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDFB3109A7FFFF033ED0BD1FEB7FBCB" blockId="12.[151,1437,722,2007]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7FFFF033ED0BD1FE66FC07" bold="true" box="[199,441,902,927]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Emended diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C60C8939A7FFFF032EE0BD0FD7DFC06" box="[452,674,903,926]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Neacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosus">
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7FFFF032EE0BD0FD7DFC06" box="[452,674,903,926]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Neacomys spinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from other congeners by the combination of the following characters: reddish dorsal fur, long genal vibrissae, pale white ventral fur with gray bases, short carpal vibrissae, carpal and metatarsal patches always present, large forefeet, long tail, tapering rostrum, supraorbital beads moderately developed, inner border of the incisive foramina is posteriorly parallel, alisphenoid strut always present, large and slim condylar process, procingulum of M1 anteriorly flattened, short posteroloph, and deep protoflexus in M1.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37AE09B9A7FFFF033ED0C09FD1AF9F7" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BDFB3109A7FFFF033ED0C09FF6BFB26" blockId="12.[151,1437,722,2007]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7FFFF033ED0C09FEBFFBEF" bold="true" box="[199,352,1118,1143]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C60C8939A7FFFF032410C08FD95FBEE" box="[363,586,1119,1142]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Neacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosus">
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7FFFF032410C08FD95FBEE" box="[363,586,1119,1142]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Neacomys spinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distributed in the Peruvian mountain cloud forests of
<collectingRegion id="49A47DF29A7FFFF037C00C08FABCFBEF" box="[1258,1379,1119,1143]" country="Peru" name="Amazonas" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Amazonas</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49A47DF29A7FFFF036580C08FF39FB03" country="Peru" name="San Martin" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">San Martín</collectingRegion>
, and
<collectingRegion id="49A47DF29A7FFFF0320A0CD4FE57FB03" box="[288,392,1155,1179]" country="Peru" name="Huanuco" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Huánuco</collectingRegion>
, from Southern Rio
<collectingRegion id="49A47DF29A7FFFF031410CD4FD0FFB02" box="[619,720,1155,1178]" country="Brazil" name="Maranhao" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Marañon</collectingRegion>
to Northern Rio Huallaga; elevation range is from
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<date id="FFDE95D09A7FFFF036200CD4FA43FB03" box="[1290,1436,1155,1179]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" value="1127" valueMax="2100">1127 to 2100</date>
m
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFB3109A7FFFF033ED0C9DFD1AF9F7" blockId="12.[151,1437,722,2007]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7FFFF033ED0C9DFDCEFB7B" bold="true" box="[199,529,1226,1251]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Morphological description.</emphasis>
Medium size. Dorsal fur is reddish brown; soft hairs are dark brown with reddish-orange tips and spines are white with black tips; dorsal hair length is
<quantity id="4C981EF59A7FFFF037210CB8FB92FA9E" box="[1035,1101,1263,1287]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
in average at the rump level; flanks are reddish. Ventral fur is white with gray on the basal half; ventral fur length is
<quantity id="4C981EF59A7FFFF037550D44FB1DFAB2" box="[1151,1218,1299,1323]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
in average at belly level. Hairs of ungual manus tufts pass claws slightly. Fifth forefeet digit passes the second interphalangeal joint of the fourth digit. Metacarpal patch is large, between second and fourth digit, with dark scales and hairs. Carpal vibrissae are short reaching the base of the fifth digit. Genal vibrissae pass the posterior border of the pinna. Superciliary vibrissae do not pass the posterior border of the pinna. Interramal vibrissae are inserted in a basal protuberance. Hind feet are thick and large, almost twice forefeet length. Ungual pedal tufts do not pass claws. First pedal digit reaches second digit base; the fifth digit reaches the second interphalangeal joint of the fourth digit. Metatarsal patch is present. Plantar squamation is restricted to pad region. Tail is approximately 20 % longer than head-body length. Upper hairs of the tail are black, covering 1.5–2 scales; lower hairs are whitish, covering 2 scales. Terminal pencil presents scarce long hairs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37AE09B9A7FFFF133ED0E2DFEBEFA7D" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="414" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDFB3109A7FFFF033ED0E2DFCB6F8BB" blockId="12.[151,1437,722,2007]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7FFFF033ED0E2DFEDAF90B" bold="true" box="[199,261,1658,1683]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Skull</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="135BAF959A7FFFF0320B0E2DFEB5F90B" box="[289,362,1658,1683]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1958,1980]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1936]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[151,1436,195,1936]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the cranium and the mandible of Neacomys spinosus (BMNH 81.9. 7.25, lectotype)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/376899/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
) Dorsal view. Rostrum is broad and tapering. Anterior borders of the nasals are rounded. Posterior borders of the nasals are irregularly rounded, behind premaxillary-maxillary-frontal joint and maxillaryfrontal-lacrimal joints. Sutures between premaxillary and frontal bones are short and separate. Zygomatic notch is shallow; not enclosing the lacrimal foramen. Lacrimals are rounded; two-third dips in frontal bone, one-third dips in zygomatic bone. Interorbital beads are moderately developed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFB3109A7FFFF133ED0F79FDCEFEFD" blockId="12.[151,1437,722,2007]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,151,1581]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="414" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Lateral view. Skull profile is flattened. Rostrum is anteriorly flat. Gnathic process is small. The most anterior part of the suture between nasal and premaxillary bones does not reach the squamosal zygomatic root. Breadth of the maxillary root of zygomatic is one-third upper row molar length. Breadth of the zygomatic plate and the squamosal root of zygomatic are subequal. Ethmoid and sphenopalatine foramina are placed at the anterior border of the M2. Ethmoturbinals are square shaped and its diameter is about one-half of M3. Alisphenoid strut is always present. Tegmen tympani do not overlap the posterior process of the squamosal. Orbicular apophysis of the malleus bone is large and globose; manubrium is large, and the lamina is rectangle and deep. Processus brevis of the incus is smaller than the incus breadth. Postglenoid foramina are continuous with the middle lacerate foramina. Mastoid tubercle is interiorly concave. Dorsal margins of postglenoid foramina and subsquamosal fenestra are rounded and reach the upper border of the mastoid. Hamular process is thick. Mastoid perforation is always present, with variable position, size, and shape.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFB3109A7EFFF133ED0938FAEAFCA0" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1581]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Ventral view. Inner borders of the incisive foramina are posteriorly parallel. Incisive foramina breadth is about the length of M2-M3. Septum is narrow. Diastema is flat. Origin of the superficial masseter is circular and flat, placed at the anterior border of the zygomatic plate. Maxillary-palatine suture is placed among hypocone and hypoflexus of M1. Posterior palatine foramina are at the protoflexus level of M2. Posterolateral palatal pits are large and ovoid shaped, ranging from hypocone of M3 to the anterior mesopterygoid border. Sphenopalatine vacuities are large, occupying the basisphenoid and presphenoid area, with irregular borders. Presphenoid is triangle shaped, and broad with straight borders. Mesopterygoid fossa breadth is subequal to incisive foramina breadth. Parapterygoid processes are parallel; laterally, they reach to molar surface level. External borders of the pterygoid plate are straight. Fontanellae breadth is as M3 length. Posterior opening of the alisphenoid canal is broad, as M2 breadth. Groove of the infraorbital branch of the stapedial artery is deep. Middle lacerate foramina breadth is half of M2 length. Eustachian tube is short and wide. Bullas are globular. Anterior process of bullae is in contact with the pterygoid plate. Basioccipital breadth is subequal to breadth between second upper molars, at petrosal level. Basioccipital pits are shallow. Anterior border of the foramen magnum is obtuse V-shaped.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFB3109A7EFFF133ED0B13FCD4FC5F" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1581]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7EFFF133ED0B13FF22FCC5" bold="true" box="[199,253,836,861]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Jaw.</emphasis>
Masseteric crest is below the procingulum the m1. Mental foramen is at the labial border of the diastema. Capsular process is moderately developed, but does not pass the condylar process. Coronoid process is short and thick. Condylar process is large and thin. Angular process is short. Crest between the condylar and angular process is shallow. Ventral border of the jaw is slightly concave.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFB3109A7EFFF133ED0B83FC1DFA95" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1581]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7EFFF133ED0B83FED1FC75" bold="true" box="[199,270,980,1005]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Teeth.</emphasis>
Upper. Incisors are opisthodont, with rounded tips and yellow-orange enamel bands. Molar rows are parallel. Procingulum of M1 is anteriorly rounded, narrow and symmetrically divided. Anteroflexus of M1 reaches labial surface. Mesoloph of M1 is perpendicular to the labial surface. Posteroloph of M1 reaches the labial surface. Anteroloph of M2 is thin and reaches the labial surface. Protoflexus of M2 is shallow. Mesoloph of M2 is perpendicular to the labial surface. Posteroloph of M2 reaches the molar surface. Posterior border posteroloph of M2 is rounded. Anteroloph of M3 reaches the paracone surface. Lower. Procingulum of m1 is symmetrically divided. Mesolophid of m1 is narrow. Hypoflexid of m1 is perpendicular to the labial surface. Posterior border of posterolophid of m1 is convex, does not reach the lingual surface. Anterolabial cingulum of m2 is broad. Posterior border of posterolophid of m2 is convex and reaches the lingual surface.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDFB3109A7EFFF133ED0D40FEBEFA7D" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1581]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<materialsCitation id="3B08B94D9A7EFFF133ED0D40FEBEFA7D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1439511178" country="Peru" county="Natural" elevation="2375" location="Huallaga Rivers. Not" municipality="Mountain" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Maranon">
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7EFFF133ED0D40FE5AFAA8" bold="true" box="[199,389,1303,1328]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<collectingCounty id="62BECB9C9A7EFFF133ED0D40FEFBFAA8" box="[199,292,1303,1328]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Natural</collectingCounty>
history.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C60C8939A7EFFF132A10D4EFDBAFAA8" box="[395,613,1305,1328]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Neacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosus">
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7EFFF132A10D4EFDBAFAA8" box="[395,613,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Neacomys spinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an endemic species from
<collectingCountry id="F377F3809A7EFFF130880D4EFC07FAA8" box="[930,984,1305,1328]" name="Peru" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Peru</collectingCountry>
, with restricted distribution to
<collectingMunicipality id="6BBB296A9A7EFFF136050D40FA43FAA8" box="[1327,1436,1303,1328]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Mountain</collectingMunicipality>
cloud forests between
<collectingRegion id="49A47DF29A7EFFF132BF0D6BFE25FACC" box="[405,506,1340,1364]" country="Brazil" name="Maranhao" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Marañón</collectingRegion>
and
<location id="8EBFE5CB9A7EFFF131180D6BFCFEFACC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C902069A7FFFF133BD09FDFAB1F9B4:8EBFE5CB9A7EFFF131180D6BFCFEFACC" box="[562,801,1340,1365]" country="Peru" county="Natural" municipality="Mountain" name="Huallaga Rivers. Not" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" stateProvince="Maranon">Huallaga Rivers. Not</location>
much is known about this species.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1CEE19A7EFFF1379E0D6AFA43FACC" author="Leo" box="[1204,1436,1340,1364]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" refString="Leo, M. &amp; Romo, M. (1992) Distribucion altitudinal de roedores sigmodontinos (Cricetidae) en el Parque Nacional Rio Abiseo, San Martin, Peru. Memorias del Museo de Historia Natural, U. N. M. S. M., 21, 105 - 118." type="journal article" year="1992">
<location id="8EBFE5CB9A7EFFF1379E0D6AFB3FFACC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C902069A7FFFF133BD09FDFAB1F9B4:8EBFE5CB9A7EFFF1379E0D6AFB3FFACC" box="[1204,1248,1341,1364]" country="Peru" county="Natural" municipality="Mountain" name="Leo" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" stateProvince="Maranon">Leo</location>
&amp;
<location id="8EBFE5CB9A7EFFF1362F0D6AFA95FACC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C902069A7FFFF133BD09FDFAB1F9B4:8EBFE5CB9A7EFFF1362F0D6AFA95FACC" box="[1285,1354,1341,1364]" country="Peru" county="Natural" municipality="Mountain" name="Romo" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" stateProvince="Maranon">Romo</location>
(1992)
</bibRefCitation>
recorded some individuals in the headwaters of the
<location id="8EBFE5CB9A7EFFF131D70D37FC5CFAE0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C902069A7FFFF133BD09FDFAB1F9B4:8EBFE5CB9A7EFFF131D70D37FC5CFAE0" box="[765,899,1375,1400]" country="Peru" county="Natural" municipality="Mountain" name="Rio Abiseo" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" stateProvince="Maranon">Río Abiseo</location>
, within the
<location id="8EBFE5CB9A7EFFF1373E0D36FABBFAE0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C902069A7FFFF133BD09FDFAB1F9B4:8EBFE5CB9A7EFFF1373E0D36FABBFAE0" box="[1044,1380,1375,1400]" country="Peru" county="Natural" municipality="Mountain" name="Parque Nacional Rio Abiseo" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" stateProvince="Maranon">
Parque Nacional
<location id="8EBFE5CB9A7EFFF137F40D37FABBFAE0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C902069A7FFFF133BD09FDFAB1F9B4:8EBFE5CB9A7EFFF137F40D37FABBFAE0" box="[1246,1380,1375,1400]" country="Peru" county="Natural" municipality="Mountain" name="Rio Abiseo" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" stateProvince="Maranon">Río Abiseo</location>
</location>
, and reported the highest altitudinal range of this species (
<quantity id="4C981EF59A7EFFF131C00DD3FC9AFA04" box="[746,837,1412,1437]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.375" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" unit="m" value="2375.0">
<elevation id="004D54239A7EFFF131C00DD3FC9AFA04" box="[746,837,1412,1437]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.375" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" unit="m" value="2375.0">2375 m</elevation>
</quantity>
). They also mentioned that specimens were collected on the ground, in riverine vegetation in a sandy beach,
<collectingMethod id="5221CB079A7EFFF1302C0DF0FCAAFA58" box="[774,885,1447,1472]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">with traps</collectingMethod>
placed above cane and shrubs a few centimeters above the ground.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37AE09B9A7EFFF133ED0DB8FAB1F9B4" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDFB3109A7EFFF133ED0DB8FAB1F9B4" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,1581]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7EFFF133ED0DB8FEE4F990" bold="true" box="[199,315,1519,1544]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1CEE19A7EFFF1326E0DB8FE2DF990" author="Thomas" box="[324,498,1519,1544]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" refString="Thomas, O. (1900) New South American Mammals. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 148 - 153. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930008678252" type="journal article" year="1900">Thomas (1900)</bibRefCitation>
used
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7EFFF1311D0DA6FD1BF990" box="[567,708,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">N. s. typicus</emphasis>
to name individuals from the
<typeStatus id="54DB0DB29A7EFFF137080DA6FB8DF991" box="[1058,1106,1521,1545]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">type</typeStatus>
series of
<taxonomicName id="4C60C8939A7EFFF137EE0DA6FA98F990" box="[1220,1351,1521,1544]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Neacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosus">
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7EFFF137EE0DA6FA98F990" box="[1220,1351,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">N. spinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which were compared with
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7EFFF132A80E42FDC6F9B4" box="[386,537,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
N. s.
<taxonomicName id="4C60C8939A7EFFF132960E42FDC6F9B4" box="[444,537,1557,1580]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Neacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenuipes">tenuipes</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
. For this reason,
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7EFFF131F60E42FCF3F9B4" box="[732,812,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">typicus</emphasis>
is still considered a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C60C8939A7EFFF137CC0E42FAB7F9B4" box="[1254,1384,1557,1580]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Neacomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosus">
<emphasis id="B9146F029A7EFFF137CC0E42FAB7F9B4" box="[1254,1384,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">N. spinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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