214 lines
25 KiB
XML
214 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document id="E58A9BFAB5C71E360486E5EF3C7A0DCF" ID-CLB-Dataset="5634" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="cdd39956-de72-43ea-afa3-cf79f805dd83" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4913561" ID-ZooBank="D2764982-F7D7-4922-BF3F-8314FE9FD869" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623171832930" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schoddei, Richard & Christidis, Les" docDate="2014" docId="03C087B55B64A84BFF75FA6AFDFCFD1B" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03786p522.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3786 (5)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pachycare Gould 1876" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="503" masterDocId="FFF9FFCD5B65A849FFE2FFADFF95FFB3" masterDocTitle="Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal" masterLastPageNumber="522" masterPageNumber="501" pageNumber="502" updateTime="1699005125857" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="A10CA5CDA64DB65C321DF0596A12A374">Relicts from Tertiary Australasia: undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds (Passeriformes) and their zoogeographic signal</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BD3CA74A47569390C3A73CC3DF791FFA">Schoddei, Richard</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9925735641E4ACCCD95A7C7F72A83338">Christidis, Les</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="5F323CDC229786D12521970D1C592A38">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="B3440ACF6D9B2E300857FC7E9CA2362F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="327BF10F509AD383A57BFB84AD767C33">
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<mods:date id="8AB6E860A8A7D42E23C1F44931FC6D99">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="152F5D0C38816663E38AD9FE78CF7A1F">2014-04-14</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="6E1CBEE97463FE32A3961B59EA077380">3786</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03C087B55B64A84BFF75FA6AFDFCFD1B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5079430" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183401440" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5079430" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C087B55B64A84BFF75FA6AFDFCFD1B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C087B55B64A84BFF75FA6AFDFCFD1B" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="503" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">
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<subSubSection id="C37365285B64A848FF75FA6AFE47FA53" box="[151,466,1479,1504]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD636A35B64A848FF75FA6AFE47FA53" blockId="1.[151,466,1479,1504]" box="[151,466,1479,1504]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">
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<heading id="D09E81CF5B64A848FF75FA6AFE47FA53" bold="true" box="[151,466,1479,1504]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B64A848FF75FA6AFE47FA53" bold="true" box="[151,466,1479,1504]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B64A848FF75FA6AFE85FA53" ID-CoL="63JJ7" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1876" box="[151,272,1479,1504]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" genus="Pachycare" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B64A848FF75FA6AFE85FA53" bold="true" box="[151,272,1479,1504]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Pachycare</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B64A848FEA9FA65FE47FA53" bold="true" box="[331,466,1480,1504]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Oreoscopus</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37365285B64A84BFF75F9BDFDFCFD1B" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="503" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD636A35B64A84BFF75F9BDFCE9FF44" blockId="1.[151,1437,1551,2009]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,151,680]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="503" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">
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New Guinean
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B64A848FEA3F9A2FE2DF99B" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1876" box="[321,440,1551,1576]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" genus="Pachycare" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B64A848FEA3F9A2FE2DF99B" box="[321,440,1551,1576]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Pachycare</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was formerly placed in the corvoid family
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B64A848FC5DF9A2FBEEF99B" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1831" box="[959,1147,1551,1576]" class="Aves" family="Pachycephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pachycephalidae</taxonomicName>
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(Australasian whistlers), presumably because of bright yellow and grey plumage, form of bill, and “loud, melodious, whistled and explosive” vocalizations (
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B64A848FE5EF9F4FE48F9C3" box="[444,477,1625,1648]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">e.g</emphasis>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B64A848FE0FF9F5FDF9F9C3" author="Mayr, E." box="[493,620,1623,1648]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" refId="ref18185" refString="Mayr, E. (1941) List of New Guinea Birds. American Museum of Natural History, New York, 260 pp." type="book" year="1941">Mayr 1941</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B64A848FD9BF9FAFD21F9C3" author="Mayr, E." box="[633,692,1623,1648]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" pagination="3 - 51" refId="ref18210" refString="Mayr, E. (1967) Subfamily Pachycephalinae. In: Paynter, R. A. Jr. (Ed.), Check-list of Birds of the World, A Continuation of the Work of James L. Peters. Vol. 12. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 3 - 51." type="book chapter" year="1967">1967</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B64A848FD23F9FAFC28F9C3" author="Rand, A. & Gilliard, E. T." box="[705,957,1623,1648]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" refId="ref18830" refString="Rand, A. L & Gilliard, E. T. (1967) Handbook of New Guinea Birds. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 611 pp." type="book" year="1967">Rand & Gilliard 1967</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B64A848FC28F9FAFB41F9C3" author="Sibley, C. E. & Monroe, B. L. Jr." box="[970,1236,1623,1648]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" refId="ref19862" refString="Sibley, C. E. & Monroe, B. L. Jr. (1990) Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1111 pp." type="book" year="1990">Sibley & Monroe 1990</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B64A848FB03F9FAFA02F9C3" author="Dickinson, E. C." box="[1249,1431,1623,1648]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" refId="ref16665" refString="Dickinson, E. C. (Ed.) (2003) The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. 3 rd Edition. Christopher Helm, London, 1039 pp." type="book" year="2003">Dickinson 2003</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B64A848FF75F9D1FEBEF926" author="Boles, W. E." box="[151,299,1660,1685]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" pagination="374 - 437" refId="ref15799" refString="Boles, W. E. (2007 a) Family Pachycephalidae (whistlers). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Christie, D. (Eds.), Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 12. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, pp. 374 - 437." type="book chapter" year="2007">Boles 2007a</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B64A848FEA3F9D1FD8AF926" author="Coates, B. J." box="[321,543,1660,1685]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" refId="ref16365" refString="Coates, B. J. (1990) The Birds of Papua New Guinea. Vol. 2. Dove Publications, Alderley, Queensland, 576 pp." type="book" year="1990">Coates (1990: 206)</bibRefCitation>
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nevertheless expressed reservations about an exclusively whistler-like voice. Mack & Opel (2006), corroborated by data in ANWC, also showed that
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B64A848FC37F932FBD9F90B" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1876" box="[981,1100,1695,1720]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" genus="Pachycare" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B64A848FC37F932FBD9F90B" box="[981,1100,1695,1720]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Pachycare</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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builds a domed nest near the ground and lays white, reddish-spotted eggs, characteristic of many acanthizids (
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B64A848FBABF969FB75F96E" box="[1097,1248,1732,1757]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acanthizidae</taxonomicName>
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) but unlike any pachycephalid. It has a dusky subterminal tail band in the outer rectrices as well, a trait that appears repeatedly in one form or another throughout the
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B64A848FDDDF8A1FD43F896" box="[575,726,1804,1829]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acanthizidae</taxonomicName>
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, but is otherwise absent in
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B64A848FBF9F8A1FB4EF896" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1831" box="[1051,1243,1804,1829]" class="Aves" family="Pachycephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pachycephalidae</taxonomicName>
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. The position of
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B64A848FF75F882FE9BF8FB" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1876" box="[151,270,1839,1864]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" genus="Pachycare" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B64A848FF75F882FE9BF8FB" box="[151,270,1839,1864]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Pachycare</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the meliphagoid
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B64A848FE0CF882FD17F8FB" box="[494,642,1839,1864]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acanthizidae</taxonomicName>
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has since been established by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B64A848FC3BF89DFB43F8FB" author="Norman, J. A. & Boles, W. E. & Christidis, L." box="[985,1238,1839,1864]" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" pagination="640 - 645" refId="ref18390" refString="Norman, J. A., Boles, W. E. & Christidis, L. (2009 a) Relationships of the New Guinean songbird genera Amalocichla and Pachycare based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Journal of Avian Biology, 40, 640 - 645. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 048 x. 2009.04722. x" type="journal article" year="2009">
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Norman
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B64A848FBDEF89CFBFBF8FB" box="[1084,1134,1839,1864]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">et al</emphasis>
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. (2009a)
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</bibRefCitation>
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. Using 2644 base pairs of multi-locus nDNA and mtDNA sequence and osteological data, their study compared
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B64A848FB36F8F9FADEF8DE" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1876" box="[1236,1355,1876,1901]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" genus="Pachycare" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B64A848FB36F8F9FADEF8DE" box="[1236,1355,1876,1901]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Pachycare</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with a comprehensive range of acanthizid genera including
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B64A848FD17F8D5FCEFF83C" box="[757,890,1912,1935]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" genus="Oreoscopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B64A848FD17F8D5FCEFF83C" box="[757,890,1912,1935]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Oreoscopus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, two genera of
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B64A848FBD0F8DAFB64F823" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1831" box="[1074,1265,1911,1936]" class="Aves" family="Pachycephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pachycephalidae</taxonomicName>
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, and genera of three and five further meliphagoid and corvoid families respectively.
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B64A848FC22F831FBA2F806" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1876" box="[960,1079,1948,1973]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" genus="Pachycare" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B64A848FC22F831FBA2F806" box="[960,1079,1948,1973]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Pachycare</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was recovered as sister to the northeast Australian Fernwren
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B64A848FE12F86CFDE0F86B" box="[496,629,1985,2008]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" genus="Oreoscopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B64A848FE12F86CFDE0F86B" box="[496,629,1985,2008]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="502">Oreoscopus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B64A848FD75F86DFCBBF86A" box="[663,814,1984,2009]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="502" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acanthizidae</taxonomicName>
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, in a clade sister in turn to all other acanthizids. Support for pairing
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B67A84BFEF6FF3AFE1EFF03" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1876" box="[276,395,151,176]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" genus="Pachycare" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B67A84BFEF6FF3AFE1EFF03" box="[276,395,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Pachycare</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B67A84BFE23FF35FDD3FF1C" box="[449,582,152,175]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" genus="Oreoscopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B67A84BFE23FF35FDD3FF1C" box="[449,582,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Oreoscopus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was strong, and the node placing them sister to the rest of
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B67A84BFB34FF3AFAFFFF03" box="[1238,1386,151,176]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acanthizidae</taxonomicName>
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was fully resolved. Similarly,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B67A84BFE23FF11FD2FFF66" author="Gardner, J. L. & Trueman, J. W. H. & Ebert, D. & Joseph, L. & Magrath, R. D." box="[449,698,188,213]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" pagination="1087 - 1102" refId="ref17111" refString="Gardner, J. L., Trueman, J. W. H., Ebert, D., Joseph, L. & Magrath, R. D. (2010) Phylogeny and evolution of the Meliphagoidea, the largest radiation of Australian songbirds. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 55, 1087 - 1102. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2010.02.005" type="journal article" year="2010">
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Gardner
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B67A84BFDCAFF10FDC9FF66" box="[552,604,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">et al</emphasis>
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. (2010)
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</bibRefCitation>
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recovered
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B67A84BFCDDFF11FC51FF60" box="[831,964,188,211]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" genus="Oreoscopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B67A84BFCDDFF11FC51FF60" box="[831,964,188,211]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Oreoscopus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as sister to all other primary acanthizid lineages at some depth, although they did not examine
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B67A84BFD1DFF72FCE0FF4B" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1876" box="[767,885,223,248]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" genus="Pachycare" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B67A84BFD1DFF72FCE0FF4B" box="[767,885,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Pachycare</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
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|
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD636A35B67A84BFF25FEA9FB5FFD88" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">
|
|
Distinctive osteological features of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B67A84BFDB6FEA9FD4CFEA8" box="[596,729,260,283]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" genus="Oreoscopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B67A84BFDB6FEA9FD4CFEA8" box="[596,729,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Oreoscopus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
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|
―narrowly-winged ectethmoids, clavoid maxillo-palatines and completely perforate anterior synsacral foramina (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B67A84BFD3AFE8AFBBAFEF3" author="Schodde, R. & Mason, I. J." box="[728,1071,295,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" refId="ref19607" refString="Schodde, R. & Mason, I. J. (1999) The Directory of Australian Birds Passerines. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 551 pp." type="book" year="1999">Schodde & Mason 1999: 134</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)―also identify that genus as a deeply-diverged lineage in the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B67A84BFDF8FEE1FD27FED6" box="[538,690,332,357]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acanthizidae</taxonomicName>
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|
. Concerning the sister relationship between
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B67A84BFB3FFEE1FAF7FED0" box="[1245,1378,332,355]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" genus="Oreoscopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B67A84BFB3FFEE1FAF7FED0" box="[1245,1378,332,355]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Oreoscopus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B67A84BFF75FEC2FE9BFE3B" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1876" box="[151,270,367,392]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" genus="Pachycare" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B67A84BFF75FEC2FE9BFE3B" box="[151,270,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Pachycare</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, moreover, DNA divergence between them is almost as deep as between them and the rest of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B67A84BFF75FE39FDACFE1E" authority="(Norman et al. 2009 a)" baseAuthorityName="Norman" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[151,569,404,429]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
|
Acanthizidae (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B525B67A84BFEDEFE39FDA4FE1E" author="Norman, J. A. & Boles, W. E. & Christidis, L." box="[316,561,404,429]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" pagination="640 - 645" refId="ref18390" refString="Norman, J. A., Boles, W. E. & Christidis, L. (2009 a) Relationships of the New Guinean songbird genera Amalocichla and Pachycare based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Journal of Avian Biology, 40, 640 - 645. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 048 x. 2009.04722. x" type="journal article" year="2009">
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|
Norman
|
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B67A84BFE41FE38FE42FE1E" box="[419,471,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">et al</emphasis>
|
|
. 2009a
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. This divergence is matched by marked differences in form, behaviour and niche.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B67A84BFF06FE15FEFCFE7C" box="[228,361,440,463]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" genus="Oreoscopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B67A84BFF06FE15FEFCFE7C" box="[228,361,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Oreoscopus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a quiet, dun-colored, troglodyte-like litter-forager of the forest floor; and it has completely operculate nostrils adapted to its mode of foraging. In contrast,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B67A84BFC81FE71FC4FFE46" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1876" box="[867,986,476,501]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" genus="Pachycare" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B67A84BFC81FE71FC4FFE46" box="[867,986,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Pachycare</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a noisy, active, and brilliantly yellow and grey gleaner of foliage in the forest canopy; and its skull structure, especially the temporal region, is markedly different (see subfamily diagnoses), indicating that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B67A84BFD34FD89FCD8FD8E" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1876" box="[726,845,548,573]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" genus="Pachycare" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B67A84BFD34FD89FCD8FD8E" box="[726,845,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Pachycare</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
uses its bill in a different manner.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BD636A35B67A84BFF25FDEAFDFCFD1B" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">
|
|
The combined DNA sequence and morphological data thus lead us to separate
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B67A84BFBABFDEAFB55FDD3" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1876" box="[1097,1216,583,608]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" genus="Pachycare" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B67A84BFBABFDEAFB55FDD3" box="[1097,1216,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Pachycare</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B67A84BFB1BFDE5FAEBFDEC" box="[1273,1406,584,607]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" genus="Oreoscopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B91DEAB15B67A84BFB1BFDE5FAEBFDEC" box="[1273,1406,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="503">Oreoscopus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in two monogeneric subfamilies of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B67A84BFDF8FDC1FD24FD36" box="[538,689,620,645]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acanthizidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
. All other genera of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B67A84BFC4DFDC1FBD6FD36" box="[943,1091,620,645]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acanthizidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
are circumscribed within the subfamily
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C694D205B67A84BFEECFD22FDF0FD1B" authority="Bonaparte, 1854" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1854" box="[270,613,655,680]" class="Aves" family="Acanthizidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="503" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acanthizinae">Acanthizinae Bonaparte, 1854</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |