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<document id="6B7FEBFFA82BE97E24087E413101CD73" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.157582" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f2776005-80ee-41fa-b03a-25131fcb996e" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="157582" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461013824471" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Reeves, Will K., Adler, Peter H., Grogan, William L. &amp; Super, Paul E." docDate="2004" docId="03A6E95BFFBBFFC2E37F157BDD9FFE1E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00483.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 483" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Culicidae" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="20" masterDocId="FF9F9123FFB0FFD1E277111FDC27FF98" masterDocTitle="Hematophagous and Parasitic Diptera (Insecta) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA" masterLastPageNumber="44" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="12" updateTime="1698568383469" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="02E91FE0A47FBDF250DE566FEDB42DE1">Hematophagous and Parasitic Diptera (Insecta) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FF694F5CD6D0FDA6969C8D4EBC84200A">Reeves, Will K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7B7C4981C6951EB7165F4FCB51982EFE">Adler, Peter H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="585E4F800912B1C6B5FC23465AE9E7F1">Super, Paul E.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03A6E95BFFBBFFC2E37F157BDD9FFE1E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6271855" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119600992" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6271855" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A6E95BFFBBFFC2E37F157BDD9FFE1E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A6E95BFFBBFFC2E37F157BDD9FFE1E" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFBBFFDAE37F157BDDC2FA81" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBBFFDAE37F157BDDF9FBE6" blockId="11.[264,478,1124,1150]" box="[264,478,1124,1150]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="D0F8EF21FFBBFFDAE37F157BDDF9FBE6" bold="true" box="[264,478,1124,1150]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBBFFDAE37F157BDDF9FBE6" bold="true" box="[264,478,1124,1150]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Family
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBBFFDAE310157BDDF9FBE6" ID-CoL="8SG" ID-ENA="7157" box="[359,478,1124,1150]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBBFFDAE37F15B0DDC2FA81" blockId="11.[264,1323,1199,1465]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Mosquitoes are important vectors of viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and helminths. Some mosquitoes (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBBFFDAE3AB15C8DE05FB68" box="[476,546,1239,1264]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBBFFDAE3AB15C8DE05FB68" box="[476,546,1239,1264]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Aedes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBBFFDAE02815C8DED0FB68" box="[607,759,1239,1264]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBBFFDAE02815C8DED0FB68" box="[607,759,1239,1264]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ochlerotatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are also important pollinators of native plants (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBBFFDAE36715E0DDFFFA81" author="Stoutamire" box="[272,472,1279,1305]" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" refString="Stoutamire, W. P. (1968) Mosquito pollination of Habenaria obtusata (Orchidaceae). Michigan Botanist, 7, 203 - 212." type="journal article" year="1968">Stoutamire 1968</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFBBFFDAE34F1438DDFBF9C1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBBFFDAE34F1438DFA6FA21" blockId="11.[264,1323,1199,1465]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
The Park had not been surveyed previously for mosquitoes, but 32 species are known from adjacent Knox County (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBBFFDAE0061450DF87FAF1" author="Hribar" box="[625,928,1359,1385]" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" refString="Hribar, L. J. &amp; Gerhardt, R. R. (1986) A checklist of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) occurring in Knox County, Tennessee. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 61, 6 - 7." type="journal article" year="1986">Hribar &amp; Gerhardt 1986</bibRefCitation>
). Species such as
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBBFFDAE6F41450DDADFA09" authority="Theobald" authorityName="Theobald" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBBFFDAE6F41450D90CFAF0" box="[1155,1323,1359,1384]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Oc. japonicus</emphasis>
(Theobald)
</taxonomicName>
have recently invaded the
<collectingCountry id="F31818DDFFBBFFDAE0B51468DEDAFA09" box="[706,765,1399,1425]" name="United States of America" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">USA</collectingCountry>
and could move into the natural rock­pool habitats in the Park (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBBFFDAE3B91480DE81FA21" author="Peyton" box="[462,678,1439,1465]" pageId="11" pageNumber="43" refString="Peyton, E. L., Campbell, S. R., Candeletti, T. M., Romanowski, M. &amp; Crans, W. J. (1999) Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus (Theobald), a new introduction into the United States. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 15, 238 - 241." type="journal article" year="1999">Peyton et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBBFFDAE0C51480DF52FA21" author="Scott" box="[690,885,1439,1465]" pageId="11" pageNumber="43" refString="Scott, J. J., Carle, F. L. &amp; Crans, W. J. (2001) Ochlerotatus japonicus collected from natural rockpools in New Jersey. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 17, 91 - 92." type="journal article" year="2001">Scott et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBBFFDAE37F14F0DE15F991" blockId="11.[264,1323,1519,1905]" box="[264,562,1519,1545]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBBFFDAE37F14F0DE15F991" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[264,562,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBBFFDAE37F14F0DD8CF990" box="[264,427,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Aedes aegypti</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBBFFDAE34F1708DDFBF9C1" blockId="11.[264,1323,1519,1905]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Collection: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBBFFDAE0671708DF85F9A9" authority="Swain Co., Oconaluftee" authorityName="Swain Co., Oconaluftee" box="[528,930,1559,1585]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Swain Co., Oconaluftee</taxonomicName>
/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBBFFDAE6361708D8F7F9A9" box="[1089,1232,1559,1585]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="2002-07-04">4 July 2002</date>
, in rain gutter of building.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFBBFFDDE34F1778DE3BFE4E" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBBFFDDE34F1778DE66FE1E" blockId="11.[264,1323,1519,1905]" lastBlockId="12.[264,1322,284,390]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBBFFDAE34F1778DDFDF918" ID-CoL="89W72" box="[312,474,1639,1664]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBBFFDAE34F1778DDFDF918" box="[312,474,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Aedes aegypti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is one of the most important vectors of pathogens to humans worldwide. When temperatures drop below 15°C,
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBBFFDAE0A31790DF7FF930" box="[724,856,1679,1704]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Ae.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBBFFDAE1751790DF7FF930" ID-CoL="89W72" box="[770,856,1679,1704]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">aegypti</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
normally cannot survive (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBBFFDAE6E51790DD60F949" author="Christophers" pageId="11" pageNumber="40" refString="Christophers, S. R. (1960) Aedes aegyp ti (L.) the Yellow Fever Mosquito. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 739 pp." type="book" year="1960">Christophers 1960</bibRefCitation>
). The larva collected from the Park probably represents an accidental reintroduction by a visitor traveling from Florida, Louisiana, or a foreign country.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBBFFDAE65317C0D8EFF960" ID-CoL="89W72" box="[1060,1224,1759,1784]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBBFFDAE65317C0D8EFF960" box="[1060,1224,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Aedes aegypti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has disappeared from most of the
<collectingCountry id="F31818DDFFBBFFDAE0221618DEB7F8B9" box="[597,656,1799,1825]" name="United States of America" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">USA</collectingCountry>
but it is still present and common in the Florida Keys (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBBFFDAE3671630DD8FF8D1" author="Hribar" box="[272,424,1839,1865]" pageId="11" pageNumber="41" refString="Hribar, L. J. (2003) Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) collections in the Florida Keys, Monroe County, Florida, USA. Studia Dipterologica, 9, 679 - 691." type="journal article" year="2003">Hribar 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Although local transmission of pathogens by
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBBFFDAE1941630D84EF8D0" box="[995,1129,1839,1864]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Ae.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBBFFDAE6641630D84EF8D0" ID-CoL="89W72" box="[1043,1129,1839,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">aegypti</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is unlikely, this species could transmit viruses among Park visitors or serve as a vector of dog heartworm,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBCFFDDE37F1003DE73FEAE" authority="Leidy" authorityName="Leidy" box="[264,596,284,310]" class="Secernentea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Dirofilaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="immitis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBCFFDDE37F1003DDCCFEAD" box="[264,491,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Dirofilaria immitis</emphasis>
(Leidy)
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBCFFDDE0111003DF28FEAD" ID-CoL="89W72" box="[614,783,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegypti">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBCFFDDE0111003DF28FEAD" box="[614,783,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Aedes aegypti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a competent vector of a blood parasite,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBCFFDDE37F105BDEFFFEC6" authority="Bonorris &amp; Ball" authorityName="Bonorris &amp; Ball" box="[264,728,324,350]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Shelackia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBCFFDDE37F105BDE29FEC5" box="[264,526,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Shelackia occidentalis</emphasis>
Bonorris &amp; Ball
</taxonomicName>
, of the fence lizard,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBCFFDDE1BD105BDE1BFE1E" authority="(Green) (Barnard &amp; Durden 2000)" authorityName="(Green) (Barnard &amp; Durden" authorityYear="2000" class="Reptilia" family="Phrynosomatidae" genus="Sceloporus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undulatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBCFFDDE1BD105BD8E0FEC5" box="[970,1223,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sceloporus undulatus</emphasis>
(Green) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBCFFDDE3671073DE13FE1E" author="Barnard" box="[272,564,364,390]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" refString="Barnard, S. M. &amp; Durden, L. A. (2000) A Veterinary Guide to the Parasites of Reptiles. Vol. 2. Arthropods (Excluding Mites). Krieger Press. Melbourne, 288 pp." type="book" year="2000">Barnard &amp; Durden 2000</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBCFFDDE37F10A3DE3BFE4E" blockId="12.[264,1323,444,1030]" box="[264,540,444,470]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBCFFDDE37F10A3DE3BFE4E" ID-CoL="89W76" authority="Skuse" authorityName="Skuse" box="[264,540,444,470]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albopictus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBCFFDDE37F10A3DDE8FE4D" box="[264,463,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Aedes albopictus</emphasis>
Skuse
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFBCFFDDE34F10FBDED4FDEE" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBCFFDDE34F10FBDED4FDEE" blockId="12.[264,1323,444,1030]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBCFFDDE05610FBDF9CFE66" authority="Swain Co., Oconaluftee" authorityName="Swain Co., Oconaluftee" box="[545,955,484,510]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Swain Co., Oconaluftee</taxonomicName>
/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBCFFDDE62B10FBD89BFE66" box="[1116,1212,484,510]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="1931-05">31 May</date>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBCFFDDE6BB10FBDD58FDBE" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2001-07-08" valueMax="2001-07-09" valueMin="2001-07-08">8 and 9 July 2001</date>
, biting horse; Twentymile Creek ranger station,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBCFFDDE1B61313D868FDBE" box="[961,1103,524,550]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2001-07-08">8 July 2001</date>
, adult; Tennessee, Cocke Co., Cosby government housing,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBCFFDDE091132BDFB0FDD6" box="[742,919,564,590]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2000-08-03">3 August 2000</date>
, biting humans; Blount Co. Cades Cove,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBCFFDDE3221343DE24FDEE" box="[341,515,604,630]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2003-08-04">4 August 2003</date>
, pupae from bucket.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFBCFFDDE34F139BDE3FFBCE" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBCFFDDE34F139BDE2DFB9E" blockId="12.[264,1323,444,1030]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBCFFDDE34F139BDE27FD05" ID-CoL="89W76" box="[312,512,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albopictus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBCFFDDE34F139BDE27FD05" box="[312,512,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Aedes albopictus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an exotic peridomestic species that oviposits in natural and artificial containers. It feeds mostly between dawn and dusk but also bites at night (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBCFFDDE6D913B3DD6FFD76" author="Higa" pageId="12" pageNumber="41" refString="Higa, Y., Tsuda, Y., Tuno, N. &amp; Takagi, M. (2000) Tempo-spatial variation in feeding activity and density of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) at peridomestic habitat in Nagasaki, Japan. Medical Entomology and Zoology, 51, 205 - 209." type="journal article" year="2000">Higa et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
). All collections in the Park were made at low elevations around permanent humanbuilt structures.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBCFFDDE3BF13E3DEB7FC8D" ID-CoL="89W76" box="[456,656,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albopictus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBCFFDDE3BF13E3DEB7FC8D" box="[456,656,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Aedes albopictus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
colonizes rock holes (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBCFFDDE1ED13E3D8ADFC8E" author="O'Meara" box="[922,1162,764,790]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" refString="O'Meara, G. F., Evans, L. F., Jr. &amp; Womack, M. L. (1997) Colonization of rock holes by Aedes albopictus in the southeastern United States. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 13, 270 - 274." type="journal article" year="1997">O'Meara et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
), but was not collected in these habitats in the Park. It is a potential vector of disease agents to humans and wildlife in the Park, where it could transmit dog heartworm, West Nile virus, and LaCrosse encephalitis virus.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBCFFDDE02D126BDF07FC15" ID-CoL="89W76" box="[602,800,884,909]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albopictus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBCFFDDE02D126BDF07FC15" box="[602,800,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Aedes albopictus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could transmit dengue viruses between Park visitors if these pathogens were introduced.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBCFFDDE1611283DFF8FC2D" ID-CoL="89W76" box="[790,991,924,949]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albopictus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBCFFDDE1611283DFF8FC2D" box="[790,991,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Aedes albopictus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a vector of the European onchocercid
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBCFFDDE3E812DBDED9FC46" authority="Townson" authorityName="Townson" box="[415,766,964,990]" class="Secernentea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Dirofilaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="repens">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBCFFDDE3E812DBDE54FC45" box="[415,627,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Dirofilaria repens</emphasis>
(Townson)
</taxonomicName>
, which infects both domestic dogs and humans (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBCFFDDE36712F3DDDAFB9E" author="Cancrini" box="[272,509,1004,1030]" pageId="12" pageNumber="40" refString="Cancrini, G., Romi, R., Gabriellie, S., Toma, L., DiPaolo, M. &amp; Scaramozzino, P. (2003) First finding of Dirofilaria repens in a natural population of Aedes albopictus. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 17, 448 - 451." type="journal article" year="2003">Cancrini et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBCFFDDE37F1523DE3FFBCE" blockId="12.[264,1323,1084,1510]" box="[264,536,1084,1110]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBCFFDDE37F1523DE3FFBCE" ID-CoL="924WT" authority="Meigen" authorityName="Meigen" box="[264,536,1084,1110]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBCFFDDE37F1523DD90FBCD" box="[264,439,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Aedes cinereus</emphasis>
Meigen
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFBCFFDDE34F157BDD52F8D6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBCFFDDE34F157BDF81FB56" blockId="12.[264,1323,1084,1510]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBCFFDDE055157BDF3CFBE6" authority="Swain Co." authorityName="Swain Co." box="[546,795,1124,1150]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Swain Co.</taxonomicName>
, Clingman’s Dome sewage treatment plant (1767 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBCFFDDE3C41593DE11FB3E" box="[435,566,1164,1190]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="5" value="35.548">35.5480°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBCFFDDE0341593DEE9FB3E" box="[579,718,1164,1190]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="5" value="-83.4924">83.4924°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBCFFDDE0931593DFA7FB3E" box="[740,896,1164,1190]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2001-07-23">23 July 2001</date>
, larva; Tennessee, Sevier Co., Twin Creeks,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBCFFDDE31F15ABDE76FB56" box="[360,593,1204,1230]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2001-08-13" valueMax="2001-08-27" valueMin="2001-08-13">13–27 August 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. I. Stocks.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBCFFDDE34F15C3DFC3FA7E" blockId="12.[264,1323,1084,1510]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBCFFDDE34F15C3DDD4FB6E" author="Horsfall" box="[312,499,1244,1270]" pageId="12" pageNumber="41" refString="Horsfall, W. R. (1955) Mosquitoes, Their Bionomics and Relation to Disease. Ronald Press Company, New York, 723 pp." type="book" year="1955">Horsfall (1955)</bibRefCitation>
incriminated
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBCFFDDE0E815C3DF13FB6D" box="[671,820,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Ae.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBCFFDDE0A515C3DF13FB6D" box="[722,820,1244,1269]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cinereus">cinereus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
as a vector of tularemia and
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBCFFDDE6DC15C3DDE0FA86" authority="Leidy" authorityName="Leidy" class="Secernentea" family="Onchocercidae" genus="Dirofilaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spirurida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="sacpiceps">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBCFFDDE6DC15C3DD5DFA85" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Dirofilaria sacpiceps</emphasis>
Leidy
</taxonomicName>
, a filarial nematode of rabbits.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBCFFDDE146141BDFC7FA85" box="[817,992,1284,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cinereus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBCFFDDE146141BDFC7FA85" box="[817,992,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Aedes cinereus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the primary bridge vector for Sindbis virus in Europe (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBCFFDDE0211433DEC9FADE" author="Griffin" box="[598,750,1324,1350]" pageId="12" pageNumber="41" refString="Griffin, D. E. (2002) Sindbis virus. In: M. W. Service (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Arthropod-Transmitted Infections of Man and Domesticated Animals. CABI, Wallingford, pp. 469 - 473." type="book chapter" year="2002">Griffin 2002</bibRefCitation>
) and could be an important vector if this virus is introduced into North
<collectingCountry id="F31818DDFFBCFFDDE06B144BDEA2FAF6" box="[540,645,1364,1390]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">America</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBCFFDDE0E2144BDFC9FAF6" author="Wright" box="[661,1006,1364,1390]" pageId="12" pageNumber="44" refString="Wright, R. E. &amp; DeFoliart, G. R. (1970 a) Associations of Wisconsin mosquitoes and woodland vertebrate hosts. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 63, 777 - 786." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="a">Wright &amp; DeFoliart (1970a)</bibRefCitation>
collected blood­engorged females from deer, raccoons, beavers, red foxes, opossums, cottontail rabbits, woodchucks, gray squirrels, fox squirrels, eastern chipmunks, ground squirrels,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBCFFDDE6E914BBD90CFA25" box="[1182,1323,1444,1469]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Peromyscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBCFFDDE6E914BBD90CFA25" box="[1182,1323,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Peromyscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., chickens, woodcocks, and snapping turtles in Wisconsin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBCFFDDE37F1703DE3DF9AE" blockId="12.[264,1325,1564,1870]" box="[264,538,1564,1590]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBCFFDDE37F1703DE3DF9AE" authority="Meigen" authorityName="Meigen" box="[264,538,1564,1590]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexans">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBCFFDDE37F1703DD82F9AD" box="[264,421,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Aedes vexans</emphasis>
(Meigen)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBCFFDDE34F175BDD52F8D6" blockId="12.[264,1325,1564,1870]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBCFFDDE052175BDFC5F9C6" authority="Swain Co., Andrews Bald" authorityName="Swain Co., Andrews Bald" box="[549,994,1604,1630]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Swain Co., Andrews Bald</taxonomicName>
(1757 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBCFFDDE6D2175BD90EF9C6" box="[1189,1321,1604,1630]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="5" value="35.5387">35.5387°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBCFFDDE37F1773DDB3F91E" box="[264,404,1644,1670]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="5" value="-83.4943">83.4943°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBCFFDDE3DB1773DEA5F91E" box="[428,642,1644,1670]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2001-05-10" valueMax="2001-05-24" valueMin="2001-05-10">10–24 May 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. Stocks, McCord, Middleton; Oconaluftee/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBCFFDDE38A178BDEBAF936" box="[509,669,1684,1710]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2001-05-04">4 May 2001</date>
, CDC light trap; Raven Fork River at Oconaluftee/ Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBCFFDDE3D117A3DE60F94E" box="[422,583,1724,1750]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2001-06-09">9 June 2001</date>
, biting human; Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove, Gum Swamp,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBCFFDDE30717FBDE3FF966" box="[368,536,1764,1790]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2001-04-25">25 April 2001</date>
, larvae, coll. M.J. Wetzel &amp; M.A. Morgan; Sevier Co., Clingmans Dome,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBCFFDDE3281613DE55F8BE" box="[351,626,1804,1830]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="2001-04-24" valueMax="2001-05-10" valueMin="2001-04-24">24 April–10 May 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, (1944 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBCFFDDE1BD1613D86AF8BE" box="[970,1101,1804,1830]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="5" value="35.5602">35.5602°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBCFFDDE62E1613D8C2F8BE" box="[1113,1253,1804,1830]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="5" value="-83.4952">83.4952°W</geoCoordinate>
), coll. I. Stocks.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFBDFFDCE34F1003DE4CFD23" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBDFFDCE34F1003D8DDFDEE" blockId="13.[264,1324,284,630]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBDFFDCE34F1003DDF2FEAD" ID-CoL="89VCR" box="[312,469,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexans">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBDFFDCE34F1003DDF2FEAD" box="[312,469,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Aedes vexans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was one of the most numerous mosquitoes during the spring when it and
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBDFFDCE37F105BDD9DFEC5" box="[264,442,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBDFFDCE37F105BDD9DFEC5" box="[264,442,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Oc. canadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were the predominant human­biting mosquitoes. Of the approximately
<specimenCount id="9D0993C4FFBDFFDCE688105BDD69FE1E" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="adult">300 adults</specimenCount>
of this species collected at Oconaluftee/Ravensford on
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBDFFDCE1AA1073D849FE1E" box="[989,1134,364,390]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2001-05-04">4 May 2001</date>
, two were parasitized by a hydryphantid mite,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBDFFDCE00C108BDEE6FE35" box="[635,705,404,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Thyasidae" genus="Thyas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBDFFDCE00C108BDEE6FE35" box="[635,705,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Thyas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBDFFDCE085108BDFC8FE36" box="[754,1007,404,430]" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" refString="Wozniak, A., Dowda, H. E., Tolson, M. W., Karabatsos, N., Vaugan, D. R. Turner, P. E., Ortiz, D. I. &amp; Wills, W. (2001) Arbovirus surveillance in South Carolina. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 17, 73 - 78." type="journal article">Wozniak et al. (2001)</bibRefCitation>
implicated
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBDFFDCE60E108BD8D0FE35" box="[1145,1271,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Ae.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBDFFDCE6D0108BD8D0FE35" ID-CoL="89VCR" box="[1191,1271,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexans">vexans</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
as a potential vector of Potosi­like virus in the Carolinas, and
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBDFFDCE1B610A3D85EFE4E" author="Horsfall" box="[961,1145,444,470]" pageId="13" pageNumber="41" refString="Horsfall, W. R. (1955) Mosquitoes, Their Bionomics and Relation to Disease. Ronald Press Company, New York, 723 pp." type="book" year="1955">Horsfall (1955)</bibRefCitation>
noted that
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBDFFDCE77310A3DD7FFE65" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Ae.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBDFFDCE37F10FBDD7FFE65" ID-CoL="89VCR" box="[264,344,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vexans">vexans</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is a laboratory vector for dog heartworm. This mosquito feeds on &quot;reptiles&quot;, deer, raccoons, red foxes, opossums, cottontail rabbits, woodchucks, gray squirrels, fox squirrels, eastern chipmunks, ground squirrels,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBDFFDCE171132BDFB4FDD5" box="[774,915,564,589]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Peromyscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBDFFDCE171132BDFB4FDD5" box="[774,915,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Peromyscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., chickens, woodcocks, snapping turtles, and painted turtles (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBDFFDCE0F41343DF99FDEE" author="Wright" box="[643,958,604,630]" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" refString="Wright, R. E. &amp; DeFoliart, G. R. (1970 a) Associations of Wisconsin mosquitoes and woodland vertebrate hosts. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 63, 777 - 786." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="a">Wright &amp; DeFoliart 1970a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBDFFDCE1BC1343D8C9FDEE" author="Barnard" box="[971,1262,604,630]" pageId="13" pageNumber="40" refString="Barnard, S. M. &amp; Durden, L. A. (2000) A Veterinary Guide to the Parasites of Reptiles. Vol. 2. Arthropods (Excluding Mites). Krieger Press. Melbourne, 288 pp." type="book" year="2000">Barnard &amp; Durden 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBDFFDCE37F13BEDE4CFD23" blockId="13.[264,1325,673,899]" box="[264,619,673,699]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBDFFDCE37F13BEDE4CFD23" ID-CoL="8GSXX" authority="Ludlow" authorityName="Ludlow" box="[264,619,673,699]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexens">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBDFFDCE37F13BEDE2FFD22" box="[264,520,673,698]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Anopheles perplexens</emphasis>
Ludlow
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFBDFFDCE34F13D6DEE3F9B9" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBDFFDCE34F13D6D8E3FC93" blockId="13.[264,1325,673,899]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBDFFDCE05713D6DF0FFD7B" authority="Oconaluftee" authorityName="Oconaluftee" box="[544,808,713,739]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Oconaluftee</taxonomicName>
/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBDFFDCE1BF13D6D847FD7B" box="[968,1120,713,739]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2001-05-04">4 May 2001</date>
, CDC light trap; Tow String Road (229 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBDFFDCE00613EEDED3FC93" box="[625,756,753,779]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="5" value="35.5461">35.5461°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBDFFDCE17713EEDFABFC93" box="[768,908,753,779]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="5" value="-83.2995">83.2995°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBDFFDCE1D713EED816FC93" box="[928,1073,753,779]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2001-05-09">9 May 2001</date>
, dip sample.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBDFFDCE34F1206DFDAFC1B" blockId="13.[264,1325,673,899]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Two collections of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBDFFDCE0691206DEE8FCAA" box="[542,719,793,818]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexens">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBDFFDCE0691206DEE8FCAA" box="[542,719,793,818]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">An. perplexens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Park represent a range extension for this mosquito. The adult collected at the Oconaluftee/Ravensford site was attracted to ultraviolet light and the larva was collected from a streamside rock hole.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBDFFDCE37F12B0DE41FC51" blockId="13.[264,1323,943,1889]" box="[264,614,943,969]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBDFFDCE37F12B0DE41FC51" authority="Say" authorityName="Say" box="[264,614,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctipennis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBDFFDCE37F12B0DE38FC50" box="[264,543,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Anopheles punctipennis</emphasis>
(Say)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBDFFDCE34F12C8DEE3F9B9" blockId="13.[264,1323,943,1889]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBDFFDCE05F12C8DFDEFC69" authority="Haywood Co., Cataloochee" authorityName="Haywood Co., Cataloochee" box="[552,1017,983,1009]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Cataloochee</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBDFFDCE67A12C8D8F4FC69" box="[1037,1235,983,1009]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2002-03-14">14 March 2002</date>
, biting human,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBDFFDCE31D12E0DE00FB81" box="[362,551,1023,1049]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2002-03-19">19 March 2002</date>
, biting nose of elk; Purchase Knob,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBDFFDCE19012E0D8A9FB81" box="[999,1166,1023,1049]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2002-05-14">14 May 2002</date>
, well spring, pupae; Swain Co., Oconaluftee/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBDFFDCE16C1538DF97FBD9" box="[795,944,1063,1089]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2001-05-04">4 May 2001</date>
, CDC light trap,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBDFFDCE6F51538D901FBD9" box="[1154,1318,1063,1089]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2001-05-25">25 May 2001</date>
; Tow String Road,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBDFFDCE3901550DEACFBF1" box="[487,651,1103,1129]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2001-05-19">19 May 2001</date>
, roadside seepage;
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBDFFDCE1001550D829FBF1" box="[887,1038,1103,1129]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2002-05-09">9 May 2002</date>
, biting human; Straight Fork Motor Trail,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBDFFDCE3951568DEA4FB09" box="[482,643,1143,1169]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2001-05-19">19 May 2001</date>
, stream overflow pools;
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBDFFDCE1DD1568D86CFB09" box="[938,1099,1143,1169]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2001-06-17">17 June 2001</date>
, gravel pool; Lake Fontana (525 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBDFFDCE0661580DEB3FB21" box="[529,660,1183,1209]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="5" value="35.4316">35.4316°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBDFFDCE0D41580DF09FB21" box="[675,814,1183,1209]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="5" value="-83.5955">83.5955°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBDFFDCE1321580DFFCFB21" box="[837,987,1183,1209]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2001-06-08">8 June 2001</date>
, pool near dam; Tennessee, Blount Co., Abram’s Creek (336 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBDFFDCE08515D8DF52FB79" box="[754,885,1223,1249]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="5" value="35.6105">35.6105°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBDFFDCE1F515D8D829FB79" box="[898,1038,1223,1249]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="5" value="-83.9326">83.9326°W</geoCoordinate>
), no date given, trapped adults, coll. P. Super; Cades Cove, ATBI plot,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBDFFDCE15415F0D8ADFA91" box="[803,1162,1263,1289]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2001-02-26" valueMax="2001-03-13" valueMin="2001-02-26">26 February to 13 March 2001</date>
, Lingren funnel, adult female; Gregorys Cave (610 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBDFFDCE14F1408DF9CFAA9" box="[824,955,1303,1329]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="5" value="35.6098">35.6098°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBDFFDCE1BF1408D873FAA9" box="[968,1108,1303,1329]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="5" value="-83.8058">83.8058°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBDFFDCE61E1408D902FAA9" box="[1129,1317,1303,1329]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="1999-10-01">1 October 1999</date>
, diapausing adult females; Tremont Institute,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBDFFDCE16F1420DF94FAC1" box="[792,947,1343,1369]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2001-07-16">16 July 2001</date>
, hand collection, coll. P. Super; Cocke Co., Cosby government housing,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBDFFDCE0841478DF97FA19" box="[755,944,1383,1409]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2000-03-24">24 March 2000</date>
, adults in building; Sevier Co., Goshen Prong (
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBDFFDCE3C81490DE64FA31" box="[447,579,1423,1449]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="5" value="35.5983">35.5983°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBDFFDCE0381490DEFCFA31" box="[591,731,1423,1449]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="5" value="-83.5675">83.5675°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBDFFDCE0981490DF8BFA31" box="[751,940,1423,1449]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2001-05-08" valueMax="2001-05-21" valueMin="2001-05-08">8–21 May 2001</date>
, Malaise trap; Little River at the Sinks (477 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBDFFDCE38F14A8DE5CFA49" box="[504,635,1463,1489]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="5" value="35.6689">35.6689°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBDFFDCE0FB14A8DF30FA49" box="[652,791,1463,1489]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="5" value="-83.6621">83.6621°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBDFFDCE15814A8DFF0FA49" box="[815,983,1463,1489]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2001-06-17">17 June 2001</date>
, rock pool; Myhr Cave,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBDFFDCE77A14A8DD88FA61" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="1999-10-27">27 October 1999</date>
, diapausing adult females; Roaring Fork Gorge (488 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBDFFDCE6D314C0D901FA61" box="[1188,1318,1503,1529]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="5" value="35.7114">35.7114°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBDFFDCE37F1718DDB3F9B9" box="[264,404,1543,1569]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="5" value="-83.4826">83.4826°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBDFFDCE3D01718DE66F9B9" box="[423,577,1543,1569]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2001-07-16">16 July 2001</date>
, rock pool.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFBDFFDFE34F1730DEA4FEAE" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBDFFDCE34F1730DDE6F8F9" blockId="13.[264,1323,943,1889]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBDFFDCE34F1730DE68F9D0" ID-CoL="89Z6J" box="[312,591,1583,1608]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctipennis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBDFFDCE34F1730DE68F9D0" box="[312,591,1583,1608]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Anopheles punctipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was the most frequently collected anopheline mosquito in the Park, where it fed on humans. Although it is a competent vector of malaria, local transmission of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBDFFDCE3171760DDD4F900" box="[352,499,1663,1688]" class="Sporozoa" family="Plasmodiidae" genus="Plasmodium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Protozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBDFFDCE3171760DDD4F900" box="[352,499,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Plasmodium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. from infected Park visitors by
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBDFFDCE1E31760D87DF900" ID-CoL="89Z6J" box="[916,1114,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctipennis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBDFFDCE1E31760D87DF900" box="[916,1114,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">An. punctipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unlikely.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBDFFDCE6901760DDA2F959" author="Horsfall" pageId="13" pageNumber="41" refString="Horsfall, W. R. (1955) Mosquitoes, Their Bionomics and Relation to Disease. Ronald Press Company, New York, 723 pp." type="book" year="1955">Horsfall (1955)</bibRefCitation>
indicated that
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBDFFDCE04617B8DED1F958" ID-CoL="89Z6J" box="[561,758,1703,1728]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctipennis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBDFFDCE04617B8DED1F958" box="[561,758,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">An. punctipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a potential vector of dog heartworm. A single engorged female from the nose of a tranquilized elk represents a reestablished host association because elk were recently reintroduced to the Park.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBDFFDCE1BE17E8D8D4F889" author="Irby" box="[969,1267,1783,1809]" pageId="13" pageNumber="42" refString="Irby, W. S. &amp; Apperson, C. S. (1988) Hosts of mosquitoes in the coastal plain of North Carolina. Journal of Medical Entomology, 25, 85 - 93." type="journal article" year="1988">Irby &amp; Apperson (1988)</bibRefCitation>
collected blood­fed females of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBDFFDCE0381600DF33F8A0" ID-CoL="89Z6J" box="[591,788,1823,1848]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctipennis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBDFFDCE0381600DF33F8A0" box="[591,788,1823,1848]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">An. punctipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from canids, deer, pigs, and rabbits in eastern North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBDFFDCE3231658DD9AF8F9" box="[340,445,1863,1889]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBEFFDFE37F1003DEA4FEAE" blockId="14.[264,1325,284,790]" box="[264,643,284,310]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBEFFDFE37F1003DEA4FEAE" ID-CoL="89Z6L" authority="Say" authorityName="Say" box="[264,643,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrimaculatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBEFFDFE37F1003DE77FEAD" box="[264,592,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Anopheles quadrimaculatus</emphasis>
Say
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFBEFFDFE34F105BD936FA0E" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBEFFDFE34F105BDD5DFE1E" blockId="14.[264,1325,284,790]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Collection: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBEFFDFE064105BDF8CFEC6" authority="Swain Co., Oconaluftee" authorityName="Swain Co., Oconaluftee" box="[531,939,324,350]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Swain Co., Oconaluftee</taxonomicName>
/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBEFFDFE63D105BD8C5FEC6" box="[1098,1250,324,350]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2001-05-04">4 May 2001</date>
, CDC light trap.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBEFFDFE34F108BDF6DFC8E" blockId="14.[264,1325,284,790]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
A single female of
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBEFFDFE06C108BDF8AFE35" box="[539,941,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBEFFDFE06C108BDF7DFE35" box="[539,858,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="quadrimaculatus" subSpecies="sensu">
An. quadrimaculatus
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2483924FFBEFFDFE16E108BDF7DFE35" box="[793,858,404,429]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" sensu="stricto">sensu</taxonomicNameLabel>
</taxonomicName>
stricto
</emphasis>
was trapped at the Oconaluftee/ Ravensford area.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBEFFDFE39010A3DF1FFE4D" box="[487,824,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrimaculatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBEFFDFE39010A3DF1FFE4D" box="[487,824,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Anopheles quadrimaculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was historically the primary vector of malaria in the southern
<collectingCountry id="F31818DDFFBEFFDFE05210FBDE44FE66" box="[549,611,484,510]" name="United States of America" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">USA</collectingCountry>
, but is apparently rare in the Park. Therefore, local malaria transmission to Park visitors is unlikely. We found no historical records of malaria in the Park archives. However, the TVA was given authority to control malaria in the Park (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBEFFDFE684132BDE48FDEE" author="Tennessee" pageId="14" pageNumber="44" refString="Tennessee Valley Authority. (1948) Agreement of Transfer between the Tennessee Valley Authority and the United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Relating to Lands in Swain County, North Carolina. Tennessee Valley Authority, Federal Document." type="book" year="1948">Tennessee Valley Authority 1948</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBEFFDFE0F01343DFAAFDEE" box="[647,909,604,630]" pageId="14" pageNumber="44" refString="Wozniak, A., Dowda, H. E., Tolson, M. W., Karabatsos, N., Vaugan, D. R. Turner, P. E., Ortiz, D. I. &amp; Wills, W. (2001) Arbovirus surveillance in South Carolina. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 17, 73 - 78." type="journal article">Wozniak et al. (2001)</bibRefCitation>
found
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBEFFDFE1911343DD12FD05" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBEFFDFE1911343D90DFDED" box="[998,1322,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="quadrimaculatus" subSpecies="sensu">
An. quadrimaculatus
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2483924FFBEFFDFE69E1343D90DFDED" box="[1257,1322,604,629]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" sensu="lato">sensu</taxonomicNameLabel>
</taxonomicName>
lato
</emphasis>
in South
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBEFFDFE3DB139BDE36FD06" box="[428,529,644,670]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
to be infected with eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus, but no transmission was demonstrated.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBEFFDFE0E013B3DFC2FD5D" box="[663,997,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrimaculatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBEFFDFE0E013B3DFC2FD5D" box="[663,997,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Anopheles quadrimaculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeds on canids and deer more often than on humans in North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBEFFDFE0C813CBD868FD76" authority="Irby &amp; Apperson 1988" authorityName="Irby &amp; Apperson" authorityYear="1988" box="[703,1103,724,750]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
Carolina (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBEFFDFE14313CBD861FD76" author="Irby" box="[820,1094,724,750]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" refString="Irby, W. S. &amp; Apperson, C. S. (1988) Hosts of mosquitoes in the coastal plain of North Carolina. Journal of Medical Entomology, 25, 85 - 93." type="journal article" year="1988">Irby &amp; Apperson 1988</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. It is not a competent vector of avian
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBEFFDFE38413E3DF61FC8E" authority="Horsfall 1955" authorityName="Horsfall" authorityYear="1955" box="[499,838,764,790]" class="Sporozoa" family="Plasmodiidae" genus="Plasmodium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Protozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBEFFDFE38413E3DEA1FC8D" box="[499,646,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Plasmodium</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBEFFDFE0E313E3DF1BFC8E" author="Horsfall" box="[660,828,764,790]" pageId="14" pageNumber="41" refString="Horsfall, W. R. (1955) Mosquitoes, Their Bionomics and Relation to Disease. Ronald Press Company, New York, 723 pp." type="book" year="1955">Horsfall 1955</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBEFFDFE37F1253DE85FCFE" blockId="14.[264,1323,844,1150]" box="[264,674,844,870]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBEFFDFE37F1253DE85FCFE" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" box="[264,674,844,870]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Coquillettidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perturbans">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBEFFDFE37F1253DE14FCFD" box="[264,563,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Coquillettidia perturbans</emphasis>
(Walker)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBEFFDFE34F126BDD54FC2E" blockId="14.[264,1323,844,1150]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Collection: Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBEFFDFE1E7126BD81EFC16" box="[912,1081,884,910]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2001-05-25">25 May 2001</date>
, at exhaust of soda machine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBEFFDFE34F12DBDFABFBE6" blockId="14.[264,1323,844,1150]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
A single female of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBEFFDFE06212DBDEE0FC45" box="[533,711,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Coquillettidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perturbans">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBEFFDFE06212DBDEE0FC45" box="[533,711,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Cq. perturbans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found at dusk hovering near the exhaust vent of a soda vending machine.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBEFFDFE05812F3DF7DFB9D" box="[559,858,1004,1029]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Coquillettidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perturbans">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBEFFDFE05812F3DF7DFB9D" box="[559,858,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Coquillettidia perturbans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is probably rare in the Park because the larvae require specific host plants that do not grow in most of the Park.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBEFFDFE638150BDD45FBCD" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Coquillettidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perturbans">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBEFFDFE638150BDD45FBCD" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Coquillettidia perturbans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been implicated as a potential vector of Potosi and eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in South
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBEFFDFE06D157BDFAFFBE6" authority="Wozniak et al. 2001" authorityName="Wozniak et al." authorityYear="2001" box="[538,904,1124,1150]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
Carolina (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBEFFDFE0F9157BDF58FBE6" author="Wozniak" box="[654,895,1124,1150]" pageId="14" pageNumber="44" refString="Wozniak, A., Dowda, H. E., Tolson, M. W., Karabatsos, N., Vaugan, D. R. Turner, P. E., Ortiz, D. I. &amp; Wills, W. (2001) Arbovirus surveillance in South Carolina. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 17, 73 - 78." type="journal article" year="2001">Wozniak et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBEFFDFE37F15ABDE5FFB56" blockId="14.[264,1323,1204,1670]" box="[264,632,1204,1230]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBEFFDFE37F15ABDE5FFB56" authority="Dyar &amp; Knab" authorityName="Dyar &amp; Knab" box="[264,632,1204,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erraticus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBEFFDFE37F15ABDD99FB55" box="[264,446,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Culex erraticus</emphasis>
(Dyar &amp; Knab)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBEFFDFE34F15C3D936FA0E" blockId="14.[264,1323,1204,1670]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBEFFDFE06A15C3DF8CFB6E" authority="Swain Co. Oconaluftee" authorityName="Swain Co. Oconaluftee" box="[541,939,1244,1270]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Swain Co. Oconaluftee</taxonomicName>
/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBEFFDFE63D15C3D8F8FB6E" box="[1098,1247,1244,1270]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2001-05-04">4 May 2001</date>
, CDC light trap; Tennessee, Cocke Co., Cosby nature trail,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBEFFDFE10B141BD839FA86" box="[892,1054,1284,1310]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2001-05-29">29 May 2001</date>
; Blount Co., Gregorys Cave (527 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBEFFDFE3851433DE52FADE" box="[498,629,1324,1350]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" precision="5" value="35.6099">35.6099°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBEFFDFE0F11433DF36FADE" box="[646,785,1324,1350]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" precision="5" value="-83.8059">83.8059°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBEFFDFE15E1433DFCDFADE" box="[809,1002,1324,1350]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1999-10-01">1 October 1999</date>
, diapausing adults; Sevier Co., Myhr Cave,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBEFFDFE387144BDEEDFAF6" box="[496,714,1364,1390]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1999-10-27">27 October 1999</date>
, diapausing adults; Goshen Prong (895 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBEFFDFE37F1463DDACFA0E" box="[264,395,1404,1430]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" precision="5" value="35.6105">35.6105°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBEFFDFE3E01463DE04FA0E" box="[407,547,1404,1430]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" precision="5" value="-83.5424">83.5424°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBEFFDFE0411463DED7FA0E" box="[566,752,1404,1430]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1999-06-04" valueMax="1999-06-18" valueMin="1999-06-04">4–18 June 1999</date>
Malaise trap, coll. Parker, Stocks, &amp; Petersen.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFBEFFDFE34F14BBDE3CF94E" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBEFFDFE34F14BBD8EEF91E" blockId="14.[264,1323,1204,1670]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBEFFDFE34F14BBDDD6FA25" ID-CoL="8BN48" box="[312,497,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erraticus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBEFFDFE34F14BBDDD6FA25" box="[312,497,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Culex erraticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was the least frequently collected species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBEFFDFE66914BBD845FA25" ID-CoL="62PZ8" box="[1054,1122,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBEFFDFE66914BBD845FA25" box="[1054,1122,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Culex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Park, but adults were occasionally found in caves during the winter. With the introduction of West Nile virus, this species could play a role in the enzootic cycle of the virus.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBEFFDFE60214EBD90CF995" ID-CoL="8BN48" box="[1141,1323,1524,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erraticus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBEFFDFE60214EBD90CF995" box="[1141,1323,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Culex erraticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found to be infected with eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in South
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBEFFDFE6B11703DE2FF9C6" authority="Wozniak et al. 2001" authorityName="Wozniak et al." authorityYear="2001" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
Carolina (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBEFFDFE367175BDDD9F9C6" author="Wozniak" box="[272,510,1604,1630]" pageId="14" pageNumber="44" refString="Wozniak, A., Dowda, H. E., Tolson, M. W., Karabatsos, N., Vaugan, D. R. Turner, P. E., Ortiz, D. I. &amp; Wills, W. (2001) Arbovirus surveillance in South Carolina. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 17, 73 - 78." type="journal article" year="2001">Wozniak et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBEFFDFE065175BDECFF9C6" box="[530,744,1604,1630]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" refString="Klein, T. A., Young, D. G. &amp; Telford, S. R., Jr. (1987) Vector incrimination and experimental transmission of Plasmodium floridense by bites of infected Culex (Melanoconion) erraticus. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 3, 165 - 175." type="journal article">Klein et al. (1987)</bibRefCitation>
incriminated
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBEFFDFE1FF175BD806F9C5" ID-CoL="8BN48" box="[904,1057,1604,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erraticus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBEFFDFE1FF175BD806F9C5" box="[904,1057,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Cx. erraticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a vector of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBEFFDFE6BE175BDE87F91E" authority="Thomspon &amp; Huff" authorityName="Thomspon &amp; Huff" class="Sporozoa" family="Plasmodiidae" genus="Plasmodium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Protozoa" rank="species" species="floridense">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBEFFDFE6BE175BDD98F91D" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Plasmodium floridense</emphasis>
Thomspon &amp; Huff
</taxonomicName>
to the green anole,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBEFFDFE1F01773D8E2F91E" authority="Voigt" authorityName="Voigt" box="[903,1221,1644,1670]" class="Reptilia" family="Dactyloidae" genus="Anolis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carolinensis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBEFFDFE1F01773D84FF91D" box="[903,1128,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Anolis carolinensis</emphasis>
(Voigt)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBEFFDFE37F17A3DE3CF94E" blockId="14.[264,1325,1724,1870]" box="[264,539,1724,1750]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBEFFDFE37F17A3DE3CF94E" ID-CoL="8BMMB" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[264,539,1724,1750]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBEFFDFE37F17A3DD8EF94D" box="[264,425,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Culex pipiens</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFBEFFC1E34F17FBDE52FD5E" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBEFFDEE34F17FBDDCAFE66" blockId="14.[264,1325,1724,1870]" lastBlockId="15.[264,1325,284,1030]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBEFFDFE06A17FBDFF0F966" authority="Haywood Co. Cataloochee" authorityName="Haywood Co. Cataloochee" box="[541,983,1764,1790]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co. Cataloochee</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBEFFDFE19217FBD8AEF966" box="[997,1161,1764,1790]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2002-05-14">14 May 2002</date>
, ditch; Swain Co., Oconaluftee/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBEFFDFE0031613DF3EF8BE" box="[628,793,1804,1830]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2001-05-23">23 May 2001</date>
, hand collection, adult male;
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBEFFDFE6F51613D90EF8BE" box="[1154,1321,1804,1830]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2002-05-31">31 May 2002</date>
, female feeding on pig; Tow String Road,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBEFFDFE174162BDF8EF8D6" box="[771,937,1844,1870]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2001-05-10">10 May 2001</date>
, roadside ditch; Big Cove Road (195 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBFFFDEE3DC1003DE09FEAE" box="[427,558,284,310]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="5" value="35.5078">35.5078°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBFFFDEE0481003DEEEFEAE" box="[575,713,284,310]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="5" value="-83.3002">83.3002°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBFFFDEE0941003DFADFEAE" box="[739,906,284,310]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2001-06-20">20 June 2001</date>
, tractor tires; Smokemont sewage treatment plant,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBFFFDEE3A5105BDEBBFEC6" box="[466,668,324,350]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2002-08-22">22 August 2002</date>
; Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBFFFDEE60C105BD902FEC6" box="[1147,1317,324,350]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2001-05-25">25 May 2001</date>
, females ovipositing in horse watering trough; Sevier Co., Little River at the Sinks,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBFFFDEE6B81073DD62FE36" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2001-05-25">25 May 2001</date>
, rock pools, larvae; Metcalf Bottoms (515 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBFFFDEE1E8108BD805FE36" box="[927,1058,404,430]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="5" value="35.6803">35.6803°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBFFFDEE658108BD89CFE36" box="[1071,1211,404,430]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="5" value="-83.6494">83.6494°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBFFFDEE6B8108BDD62FE4E" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2001-06-17">17 June 2001</date>
, roadside pool; Goshen Prong,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBFFFDEE0B810A3DFFCFE4E" box="[719,987,444,470]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2001-11-05" valueMax="2001-11-12" valueMin="2001-11-05">5–12 November 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. Parker, Stocks, &amp; Petersen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBFFFDEE34F1313DE0BFB9E" blockId="15.[264,1325,284,1030]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Because the genitalia of all reared males matched the description for
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBFFFDEE61B1313D8D6FDBD" box="[1132,1265,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBFFFDEE61B1313D8D6FDBD" box="[1132,1265,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cx. pipiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, this species name was used over the ambiguous &quot;
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBFFFDEE151132BD85DFDD5" box="[806,1146,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBFFFDEE151132BDF8EFDD5" box="[806,937,564,589]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">Cx. pipiens</taxonomicName>
/quinquefasciatus
</emphasis>
group.”
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBFFFDEE691132BDD7BFDED" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBFFFDEE691132BDD7BFDED" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Culex pipiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is believed to be the most important vector of West Nile virus in the
<collectingCountry id="F31818DDFFBFFFDEE6F71343D89CFDEE" box="[1152,1211,604,630]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBFFFDEE6BD1343DD4CFD06" author="Nasci" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" refString="Nasci, R. S., White, D. J., Stirling, H., Oliver, J., Daniels, T. J., Falco, R. C., Campbell, S., Crans, W. J., Savage, H. M., Lanciotti, R. S., Moore, C. G., Godsey, M. S., Gottfried, K. L. &amp; Mitchell, C. J. (2001) West Nile virus isolates from mosquitoes in New York and New Jersey, 1999. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7, 626 - 630." type="journal article" year="2001">Nasci et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
). One female from Oconaluftee was infected with the developmental stages of an unidentified filarial nematode. The only biting record in the Park was from hogs, but this mosquito probably feeds on other mammals and birds.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBFFFDEE1D213CBD86EFD75" box="[933,1097,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBFFFDEE1D213CBD86EFD75" box="[933,1097,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Culex pipiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
breeds in polluted waters and was the most common mosquito in the Park’s animal water troughs. A single adult from Cataloochee had an unidentified hydryphantid mite attached to its abdomen.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBFFFDEE37F1253DD8DFCFD" box="[264,426,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBFFFDEE37F1253DD8DFCFD" box="[264,426,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Culex pipiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
will feed on reptiles and is a vector of protozoan blood parasites, including
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBFFFDEE37F126BDF30FC15" authority="Lairson, Shelackia" authorityName="Lairson, Shelackia" box="[264,791,884,910]" class="Sporozoa" family="Plasmodiidae" genus="Saurocytozoon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Protozoa" rank="species" species="tupinambi">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBFFFDEE37F126BDE12FC15" box="[264,565,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Saurocytozoon tupinambi</emphasis>
Lairson,
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBFFFDEE0D2126BDF30FC15" box="[677,791,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Shelackia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
golvani Rogier &amp; Landau, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBFFFDEE6E6126BDE4AFC2E" authority="Barnard &amp; Durden 2000" authorityName="Barnard &amp; Durden" authorityYear="2000" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Shelackia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBFFFDEE6E6126BDD03FC2D" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">S. occidentalis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBFFFDEE3411283DE43FC2E" author="Barnard" box="[310,612,924,950]" pageId="15" pageNumber="40" refString="Barnard, S. M. &amp; Durden, L. A. (2000) A Veterinary Guide to the Parasites of Reptiles. Vol. 2. Arthropods (Excluding Mites). Krieger Press. Melbourne, 288 pp." type="book" year="2000">Barnard &amp; Durden 2000</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBFFFDEE00C1283DF47FC2E" box="[635,864,924,950]" pageId="15" pageNumber="44" refString="Smith, T. G., Desser, S. S. &amp; Martin, D. S. (1994) The development of Hepatozoon sipedon sp. nov. (Apicomplexa: Adeleina: Hepatozoidae) in its natural host, the northern water snake (Nerodia sipedon sipedon), in the culicine vectors Culex pipiens and C. territans, and in an intermediate host, the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens). Parasitology Research, 80, 559 - 568." type="journal article">Smith et al. (1994)</bibRefCitation>
implicated
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBFFFDEE1851283D85DFC2D" box="[1010,1146,924,949]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pipiens">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBFFFDEE1851283D85DFC2D" box="[1010,1146,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cx. pipiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a vector of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBFFFDEE37F12DBDDD9FC45" box="[264,510,964,989]" class="Sporozoa" family="Hepatozoidae" genus="Hepatozoon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Protozoa" rank="species" species="sipedon">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBFFFDEE37F12DBDDD9FC45" box="[264,510,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Hepatozoon sipedon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to water snakes (
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBFFFDEE09212DBD864FC46" authority="Linneaus" authorityName="Linneaus" box="[741,1091,964,990]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Nerodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sipedon">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBFFFDEE09212DBDF8BFC45" box="[741,940,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nerodia sipedon</emphasis>
(Linneaus))
</taxonomicName>
and leopard frogs (
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBFFFDEE36512F3DE06FB9E" authority="Schreber" authorityName="Schreber" box="[274,545,1004,1030]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pipiens">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBFFFDEE36512F3DD8BFB9D" box="[274,428,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Rana pipiens</emphasis>
Schreber
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBFFFDEE37F1523DE0BFBCE" blockId="15.[264,1323,1084,1870]" box="[264,556,1084,1110]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBFFFDEE37F1523DE0BFBCE" authority="Theobald" authorityName="Theobald" box="[264,556,1084,1110]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="restuans">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBFFFDEE37F1523DD92FBCD" box="[264,437,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Culex restuans</emphasis>
Theobald
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBFFFDEE34F157BDEC8F9C6" blockId="15.[264,1323,1084,1870]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBFFFDEE06A157BDFDDFBE6" authority="Haywood Co., Palmer Chapel" authorityName="Haywood Co., Palmer Chapel" box="[541,1018,1124,1150]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Palmer Chapel</taxonomicName>
(823 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBFFFDEE6D3157BD900FBE6" box="[1188,1319,1124,1150]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="5" value="35.6267">35.6267°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBFFFDEE37F1593DDB3FB3E" box="[264,404,1164,1190]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="5" value="-83.1096">83.1096°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBFFFDEE3DC1593DE62FB3E" box="[427,581,1164,1190]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2002-05-03">3 May 2002</date>
, dead in window; Cove Creek Gap (1241 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBFFFDEE6C31593D901FB3E" box="[1204,1318,1164,1190]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="55" value="35.632">35.632ºN</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBFFFDEE37F15ABDDA5FB56" box="[264,386,1204,1230]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="55" value="-83.045">83.045ºW</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBFFFDEE3EF15ABDE1AFB56" box="[408,573,1204,1230]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2002-05-14">14 May 2002</date>
, in trash; Big Creek (524 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBFFFDEE1AD15ABD87AFB56" box="[986,1117,1204,1230]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="5" value="35.7567">35.7567°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBFFFDEE61C15ABD8D0FB56" box="[1131,1271,1204,1230]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="5" value="-83.1048">83.1048°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBFFFDEE77A15ABDDA3FB6E" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2002-05-14">14 May 2002</date>
, mud pool near road; Purchase Knob,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBFFFDEE13D15C3DFCCFB6E" box="[842,1003,1244,1270]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2002-05-14">14 May 2002</date>
, well spring, pupae; Swain Co. Oconaluftee/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBFFFDEE007141BDF2DFA86" box="[624,778,1284,1310]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2001-05-04">4 May 2001</date>
, CDC light trap,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBFFFDEE190141BD8B7FA86" box="[999,1168,1284,1310]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2001-05-31">31 May 2001</date>
, biting pigs; Clingman’s Dome sewage treatment plant,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBFFFDEE1741433DFBAFADE" box="[771,925,1324,1350]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2001-07-22">22 July 2001</date>
, larvae, settling pond; Tow String Road,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBFFFDEE32C144BDE02FAF6" box="[347,549,1364,1390]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2001-08-15">15 August 2001</date>
, larvae, roadside ditch; swamp at Payne Branch (549 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBFFFDEE37F1463DDACFA0E" box="[264,395,1404,1430]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="5" value="35.4654">35.4654°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFBFFFDEE3EC1463DE00FA0E" box="[411,551,1404,1430]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="5" value="-83.8029">83.8029°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBFFFDEE0481463DEC0FA0E" box="[575,743,1404,1430]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2002-05-16">16 May 2002</date>
, larvae; Tennessee, Cocke Co., Cosby,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBFFFDEE6BB1463DD61FA26" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2002-05-14">14 May 2002</date>
, Cosby nature trail mud puddle, larvae; Blount Co., Cades Cove,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBFFFDEE61314BBD902FA26" box="[1124,1317,1444,1470]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2001-06-04" valueMax="2001-06-18" valueMin="2001-06-04">4–18 June 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. R. Hightower &amp; J. Burbank; Sevier Co., Little River at the Sinks,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBFFFDEE77A14D3DDA4F996" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2001-05-25">25 May 2001</date>
, rock holes; Metcalf Bottoms,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBFFFDEE08614EBDFB5F996" box="[753,914,1524,1550]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2001-06-17">17 June 2001</date>
, roadside ditch; Goshen Prong,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBFFFDEE77A14EBDDC9F9AE" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2001-11-05" valueMax="2001-11-12" valueMin="2001-11-05">5– 12 November 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. Parker, Stocks, &amp; Petersen; Myhr Cave,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFBFFFDEE6CE1703DD62F9C6" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1999-01-06">6 January 1999</date>
, diapausing adult, coll. K. Langdon.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFBFFFDEE34F1773D923F8D6" blockId="15.[264,1323,1084,1870]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
The natural habitats of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBFFFDEE0211773DECCF91D" box="[598,747,1644,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="restuans">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBFFFDEE0211773DECCF91D" box="[598,747,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cx. restuans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
included all elevations in the Park. The larvae from the Clingman’s Dome sewage ponds above 2000 meters elevation potentially represent the highest elevation for mosquito development in the Appalachians. An adult from Cataloochee was infested with an unidentified hydryphantid mite.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBFFFDEE64A17FBD8D7F965" box="[1085,1264,1764,1789]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="restuans">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBFFFDEE64A17FBD8D7F965" box="[1085,1264,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Culex restuans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a potential vector of West Nile virus and might be involved in the transmission of other arboviruses and pathogens.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFBFFFDEE03A162BDEDCF8D5" box="[589,763,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="restuans">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFBFFFDEE03A162BDEDCF8D5" box="[589,763,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Culex restuans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeds on reptiles (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFBFFFDEE1A5162BD8DFF8D6" author="Barnard" box="[978,1272,1844,1870]" pageId="15" pageNumber="40" refString="Barnard, S. M. &amp; Durden, L. A. (2000) A Veterinary Guide to the Parasites of Reptiles. Vol. 2. Arthropods (Excluding Mites). Krieger Press. Melbourne, 288 pp." type="book" year="2000">Barnard &amp; Durden 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA0FFC1E37F1003DE35FEAE" blockId="16.[264,1323,284,1110]" box="[264,530,284,310]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA0FFC1E37F1003DE35FEAE" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" box="[264,530,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="territans">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA0FFC1E37F1003DD9EFEAD" box="[264,441,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Culex territans</emphasis>
Walker
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA0FFC1E34F105BDE52FD5E" blockId="16.[264,1323,284,1110]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA0FFC1E06B105BDFE5FEC6" authority="Haywood Co., Big Creek" authorityName="Haywood Co., Big Creek" box="[540,962,324,350]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Big Creek</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA0FFC1E1A7105BD8B6FEC6" box="[976,1169,324,350]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2001-08-17">17 August 2001</date>
, larvae, rock pool; Cove Creek Gap,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA0FFC1E06C1073DE9DFE1E" box="[539,698,364,390]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2002-05-14">14 May 2002</date>
, in trash; Cataloochee,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA0FFC1E1BE1073D840FE1E" box="[969,1127,364,390]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2002-05-17">17 May 2002</date>
, larvae, roadside ditch; Purchase Knob,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA0FFC1E063108BDE93FE36" box="[532,692,404,430]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2002-05-14">14 May 2002</date>
, larva; Swain Co., Straight Fork Motor Trail,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA0FFC1E6B8108BDD62FE4E" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2001-05-19">19 May 2001</date>
, stream overflow polls; Tow String Road,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA0FFC1E13110A3DFCDFE4E" box="[838,1002,444,470]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2001-05-19">19 May 2001</date>
, larvae, rock pools; Oconaluftee/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA0FFC1E38110FBDEB0FE66" box="[502,663,484,510]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2001-05-23">23 May 2001</date>
, larvae; Cherokee,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA0FFC1E10B10FBD83BFE66" box="[892,1052,484,510]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2001-05-31">31 May 2001</date>
, larvae, roadside seepage with pool; swamp at Payne Branch,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA0FFC1E08C1313DF84FDBE" box="[763,931,524,550]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2002-05-16">16 May 2002</date>
, larvae; Smokemont,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA0FFC1E6DA1313DD61FDD6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2002-08-22">22 August 2002</date>
; Tennessee, Cosby, Cosby nature trail,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA0FFC1E16E132BDF9BFDD6" box="[793,956,564,590]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2002-05-14">14 May 2002</date>
, adults collected in net; Sevier Co., Little River at the Sinks,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA0FFC1E00E1343DF39FDEE" box="[633,798,604,630]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2001-05-25">25 May 2001</date>
, rock holes; Chimney Tops trailhead (1066 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA0FFC1E31F139BDDCCFD06" box="[360,491,644,670]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="5" value="35.6353">35.6353°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA0FFC1E38D139BDEA1FD06" box="[506,646,644,670]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="5" value="-83.4694">83.4694°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA0FFC1E0EA139BDF1AFD06" box="[669,829,644,670]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2001-07-16">16 July 2001</date>
, larvae, rock holes; Roaring Fork Motor Trail,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA0FFC1E33913B3DDCFFD5E" box="[334,488,684,710]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2001-07-17">17 July 2001</date>
, rock holes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFA0FFC1E34F13CBDE7AFB3E" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA0FFC1E34F13CBDDDAFBCE" blockId="16.[264,1323,284,1110]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA0FFC1E34F13CBDDCCFD75" ID-CoL="8BNBH" box="[312,491,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="territans">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA0FFC1E34F13CBDDCCFD75" box="[312,491,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Culex territans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was the most commonly collected species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA0FFC1E66013CBD87BFD75" ID-CoL="62PZ8" box="[1047,1116,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA0FFC1E66013CBD87BFD75" box="[1047,1116,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Culex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in riverside rock holes. No biting records were established for
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA0FFC1E15513E3DF90FC8D" ID-CoL="8BNBH" box="[802,951,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="territans">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA0FFC1E15513E3DF90FC8D" box="[802,951,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Cx. territans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; however, it is believed to feed almost exclusively on amphibians and reptiles (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA0FFC1E148123BD84EFCA6" author="Barnard" box="[831,1129,804,830]" pageId="16" pageNumber="40" refString="Barnard, S. M. &amp; Durden, L. A. (2000) A Veterinary Guide to the Parasites of Reptiles. Vol. 2. Arthropods (Excluding Mites). Krieger Press. Melbourne, 288 pp." type="book" year="2000">Barnard &amp; Durden 2000</bibRefCitation>
). In host­preference tests it chooses reptiles and amphibians over mammals and birds (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA0FFC1E6251253D8CFFCFE" author="Means" box="[1106,1256,844,870]" pageId="16" pageNumber="42" refString="Means, R. G. (1968) Host preferences of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Suffolk County, New York. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 61, 116 - 120." type="journal article" year="1968">Means 1968</bibRefCitation>
), and feeds on amphibians in preference to reptiles (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA0FFC1E15A126BD866FC16" author="Irby" box="[813,1089,884,910]" pageId="16" pageNumber="42" refString="Irby, W. S. &amp; Apperson, C. S. (1988) Hosts of mosquitoes in the coastal plain of North Carolina. Journal of Medical Entomology, 25, 85 - 93." type="journal article" year="1988">Irby &amp; Apperson 1988</bibRefCitation>
). Two females captured in a net around the legs of a human at Cosby were probably not host seeking because they do not bite humans.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA0FFC1E04412DBDF37FC46" box="[563,784,964,990]" pageId="16" pageNumber="44" refString="Smith, T. G., Desser, S. S. &amp; Martin, D. S. (1994) The development of Hepatozoon sipedon sp. nov. (Apicomplexa: Adeleina: Hepatozoidae) in its natural host, the northern water snake (Nerodia sipedon sipedon), in the culicine vectors Culex pipiens and C. territans, and in an intermediate host, the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens). Parasitology Research, 80, 559 - 568." type="journal article">Smith et al. (1994)</bibRefCitation>
implicated
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA0FFC1E1EA12DBD815FC45" ID-CoL="8BNBH" box="[925,1074,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="territans">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA0FFC1E1EA12DBD815FC45" box="[925,1074,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Cx. territans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a vector of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA0FFC1E69612DBDD9FFB9D" class="Sporozoa" family="Hepatozoidae" genus="Hepatozoon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Protozoa" rank="species" species="sipedon">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA0FFC1E69612DBDD9FFB9D" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hepatozoon sipedon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to water snakes (
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA0FFC1E0F212F3DF61FB9D" box="[645,838,1004,1029]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Nerodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sipedon">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA0FFC1E0F212F3DF61FB9D" box="[645,838,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Nerodia sipedon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and leopard frogs (
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA0FFC1E64312F3D8E9FB9D" ID-CoL="78R8G" box="[1076,1230,1004,1029]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pipiens">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA0FFC1E64312F3D8E9FB9D" box="[1076,1230,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Rana pipiens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA0FFC1E69112F3DD4AFBB5" ID-CoL="8BNBH" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="territans">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA0FFC1E69112F3DD4AFBB5" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Culex territans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also is the vector of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA0FFC1E00D150BDFBAFBB6" authority="Stebbins" authorityName="Stebbins" box="[634,925,1044,1070]" class="Sporozoa" family="Hepatozoidae" genus="Hepatozoon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Protozoa" rank="species" species="catesbianae">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA0FFC1E00D150BDF09FBB5" box="[634,814,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. catesbianae</emphasis>
Stebbins
</taxonomicName>
to bull frogs (
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA0FFC1E622150BDD6DFBCE" ID-CoL="6X35Q" authority="Shaw" authorityName="Shaw" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Rana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="catesbeiana">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA0FFC1E622150BD90DFBB5" box="[1109,1322,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Rana catesbeiana</emphasis>
Shaw
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA0FFC1E3151523DDD7FBCE" author="Smith" box="[354,496,1084,1110]" pageId="16" pageNumber="43" refString="Smith, T. G. (1996) The genus Hepatozoon (Apicomplexa: Adeleina). Journal of Parasitology, 82, 565 - 585." type="journal article" year="1996">Smith 1996</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA0FFC1E37F1593DE7AFB3E" blockId="16.[264,1323,1164,1550]" box="[264,605,1164,1190]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA0FFC1E37F1593DE7AFB3E" ID-CoL="8BPQD" authority="Williston" authorityName="Williston" box="[264,605,1164,1190]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culiseta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inornata">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA0FFC1E37F1593DDF1FB3D" box="[264,470,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Culiseta inornata</emphasis>
(Williston)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFA0FFC0E34F15ABD86AFCA6" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA0FFC1E34F15ABDE60FADE" blockId="16.[264,1323,1164,1550]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA0FFC1E06E15ABDFD5FB56" authority="Haywood Co., Purchase Knob" authorityName="Haywood Co., Purchase Knob" box="[537,1010,1204,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Purchase Knob</taxonomicName>
(1529 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA0FFC1E6D415ABD901FB56" box="[1187,1318,1204,1230]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="5" value="35.5918">35.5918°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA0FFC1E37F15C3DDB4FB6E" box="[264,403,1244,1270]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="5" value="-83.0602">83.0602°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA0FFC1E3C715C3DF66FB6E" box="[432,833,1244,1270]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2001-10-26" valueMax="2001-11-21" valueMin="2001-10-26">26 October–21 November 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. Parker, Stocks, &amp; Petersen; Swain Co., Andrews Bald,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA0FFC1E0B1141BD863FA86" box="[710,1092,1284,1310]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2000-10-20" valueMax="2000-11-13" valueMin="2000-10-20">20 October–13 November 2000</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. Parker, Stocks, &amp; Petersen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA0FFC1E34F144BDE69F996" blockId="16.[264,1323,1164,1550]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA0FFC1E34F144BDE20FAF5" box="[312,519,1364,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culiseta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inornata">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA0FFC1E34F144BDE20FAF5" box="[312,519,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Culiseta inornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was trapped late in the year at elevations greater than 1000 meters, indicating that it probably overwinters as an adult and is active at near­freezing temperatures. It feeds on lagomorphs and deer and transmits Snowshoe Hare and Jamestown Canyon viruses (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA0FFC1E3D614D3DE96FA7E" author="Foster" box="[417,689,1484,1510]" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" refString="Foster, W. A. &amp; Walker, E. D. (2002) Mosquitoes (Culicidae). In: Mullen, G. &amp; Durden, L. (Eds.), Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp. 204 - 263." type="book chapter" year="2002">Foster &amp; Walker 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA0FFC1E0B014D3DFB1FA7D" box="[711,918,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culiseta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inornata">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA0FFC1E0B014D3DFB1FA7D" box="[711,918,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Culiseta inornata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a potential vector of West Nile virus and other arboviruses.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA0FFC1E37F175BDE92F9C6" blockId="16.[264,1323,1604,1830]" box="[264,693,1604,1630]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA0FFC1E37F175BDE92F9C6" authority="Coquillett" authorityName="Coquillett" box="[264,693,1604,1630]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atropalpus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA0FFC1E37F175BDE02F9C5" box="[264,549,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ochlerotatus atropalpus</emphasis>
(Coquillett)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA0FFC1E34F1773DF4AF8BE" blockId="16.[264,1323,1604,1830]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA0FFC1E0601773DF92F91E" authority="Haywood Co., Big Creek" authorityName="Haywood Co., Big Creek" box="[535,949,1644,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Big Creek</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA0FFC1E1B61773D878F91E" box="[961,1119,1644,1670]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2001-05-17">17 May 2001</date>
, adults swarming at car radiator; Swain Co., Oconaluftee/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA0FFC1E10D178BD809F936" box="[890,1070,1684,1710]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2002-08-07">7 August 2002</date>
, landing and probing on feral cat; Tow String Road,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA0FFC1E00617A3DF08F94E" box="[625,815,1724,1750]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2001-08-15">15 August 2001</date>
, larvae, rock pools; Tennessee, Little River at the Sinks,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA0FFC1E3DE17FBDE69F966" box="[425,590,1764,1790]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2001-05-25">25 May 2001</date>
, biting human,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA0FFC1E17817FBDF93F966" box="[783,948,1764,1790]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2001-06-17">17 June 2001</date>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA0FFC1E1B417FBD897F966" box="[963,1200,1764,1790]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2001-11-23">23 November 2001</date>
; Chimney Tops trailhead,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA0FFC1E3CB1613DEB3F8BE" box="[444,660,1804,1830]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="1999-09-09">9 September 1999</date>
, larvae, rock pool.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA1FFC0E34F1003DED9FDBE" blockId="17.[264,1323,284,550]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA1FFC0E34F1003DE70FEAD" box="[312,599,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atropalpus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA1FFC0E34F1003DE70FEAD" box="[312,599,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ochlerotatus atropalpus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a native rock­pool mosquito. Females are autogenous for the first ovarian cycle but require blood meals for additional egg batches.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA1FFC0E6E4105BDDA1FE1D" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atropalpus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA1FFC0E6E4105BDDA1FE1D" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ochlerotatus atropalpus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually not a pest except in areas adjacent to larval habitats. Biting records on humans and a feral cat indicate that this mosquito could be a potential vector of zoonotic pathogens. It can vertically transmit St. Louis encephalitis virus (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA1FFC0E6F110A3DD60FE66" author="Pelz" pageId="17" pageNumber="43" refString="Pelz, E. G. &amp; Freier, J. E. (1990) Vertical transmission of St. Louis encephalitis virus to autogenously developed eggs of Aedes atropalpus mosquitoes. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 6, 658 - 661." type="journal article" year="1990">Pelz &amp; Freier 1990</bibRefCitation>
).
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA1FFC0E32810FBDE5CFE65" box="[351,635,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA1FFC0E32810FBDE50FE65" box="[351,631,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonicus">Ochlerotatus japonicus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
a recently introduced rock­hole mosquito, might invade the Park and compete with
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA1FFC0E03F1313DED0FDBD" box="[584,759,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atropalpus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA1FFC0E03F1313DED0FDBD" box="[584,759,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Oc. atropalpus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA1FFC0E37F1343DE94FDEE" blockId="17.[264,1323,604,1150]" box="[264,691,604,630]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA1FFC0E37F1343DE94FDEE" authority="Theobald" authorityName="Theobald" box="[264,691,604,630]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA1FFC0E37F1343DE0EFDED" box="[264,553,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ochlerotatus canadensis</emphasis>
(Theobald)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA1FFC0E34F139BD86AFCA6" blockId="17.[264,1323,604,1150]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA1FFC0E05E139BDFCDFD06" authority="Swain Co., Noland Creek" authorityName="Swain Co., Noland Creek" box="[553,1002,644,670]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Swain Co., Noland Creek</taxonomicName>
(518 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA1FFC0E6D4139BD900FD06" box="[1187,1319,644,670]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="5" value="35.4534">35.4534°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA1FFC0E37F13B3DDB4FD5E" box="[264,403,684,710]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="5" value="-83.5282">83.5282°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA1FFC0E3DE13B3DE6CFD5E" box="[425,587,684,710]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2001-05-23">23 May 2001</date>
, biting human; Oconaluftee/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA1FFC0E64113B3D8FFFD5E" box="[1078,1240,684,710]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2001-05-23">23 May 2001</date>
, biting human,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA1FFC0E31C13CBDE3CFD76" box="[363,539,724,750]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2002-03-09">9 March 2002</date>
, leaf­lined pool; swamp at Payne Branch,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA1FFC0E65A13CBD8F2FD76" box="[1069,1237,724,750]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2002-05-16">16 May 2002</date>
, biting human; Tow String Road,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA1FFC0E04813E3DECFFC8E" box="[575,744,764,790]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2002-03-09">9 March 2002</date>
, rock pools; Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA1FFC0E37F123BDE2EFCA6" box="[264,521,804,830]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2001-04-23" valueMax="2001-05-08" valueMin="2001-04-23">23 April–8 May 2001</date>
, Lingren funnel, coll. Parker, Stocks, &amp; Petersen.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFA1FFC0E34F1253DE84FB56" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA1FFC0E34F1253DF17FBE6" blockId="17.[264,1323,604,1150]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA1FFC0E34F1253DE79FCFD" box="[312,606,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA1FFC0E34F1253DE79FCFD" box="[312,606,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ochlerotatus canadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an aggressive biter of humans during the early spring, feeding in daylight along streams and in campsites.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA1FFC0E11E126BD8ADFC15" box="[873,1162,884,909]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA1FFC0E11E126BD8ADFC15" box="[873,1162,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ochlerotatus canadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeds on reptiles (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA1FFC0E33F1283DE4BFC2E" author="Barnard" box="[328,620,924,950]" pageId="17" pageNumber="40" refString="Barnard, S. M. &amp; Durden, L. A. (2000) A Veterinary Guide to the Parasites of Reptiles. Vol. 2. Arthropods (Excluding Mites). Krieger Press. Melbourne, 288 pp." type="book" year="2000">Barnard &amp; Durden 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA1FFC0E0081283DFEFFC2E" author="Wright" box="[639,968,924,950]" pageId="17" pageNumber="44" refString="Wright, R. E. &amp; DeFoliart, G. R. (1970 a) Associations of Wisconsin mosquitoes and woodland vertebrate hosts. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 63, 777 - 786." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="a">Wright &amp; DeFoliart (1970a)</bibRefCitation>
collected blood­engorged
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA1FFC0E7761283DDADFC45" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA1FFC0E7761283DDADFC45" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Oc. canadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from deer, beavers, raccoons, red foxes, opossums, cottontail rabbits, woodchucks, gray squirrels, fox squirrels, eastern chipmunks, ground squirrels,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA1FFC0E6E912F3D90DFB9D" box="[1182,1322,1004,1029]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Peromyscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA1FFC0E6E912F3D90DFB9D" box="[1182,1322,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Peromyscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., chickens, woodcocks, snapping turtles, Blandings turtles, fox snakes, leopard frogs, and painted turtles in Wisconsin.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA1FFC0E0E01523DF53FBCE" box="[663,884,1084,1110]" pageId="17" pageNumber="42" refString="Nasci, R. S., Moore, C. G., Biggerstaff, B. J., Panella, N. A., Liu, H. Q., Karabatos, N., Davis, B. S. &amp; Brannon, E. S. (2000) La Crosse encephalitis virus habitat associations in Nicholas County, West Virginia. Journal of Medical Entomology, 37, 559 - 570." type="journal article">Nasci et al. (2000)</bibRefCitation>
isolated LaCrosse encephalitis virus from pools of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA1FFC0E3D8157BDE44FBE5" box="[431,611,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canadensis">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA1FFC0E3D8157BDE44FBE5" box="[431,611,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Oc. canadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in West Virginia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA1FFC0E37F15ABDE84FB56" blockId="17.[264,1323,1204,1590]" box="[264,675,1204,1230]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA1FFC0E37F15ABDE84FB56" authority="Cockerell" authorityName="Cockerell" box="[264,675,1204,1230]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hendersoni">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA1FFC0E37F15ABDE0EFB55" box="[264,553,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ochlerotatus hendersoni</emphasis>
Cockerell
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFA1FFC3E34F15C3DFECFC41" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA1FFC0E34F15C3DF58FA0E" blockId="17.[264,1323,1204,1590]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA1FFC0E05715C3DF1DFB6E" authority="Fontana Dam" authorityName="Fontana Dam" box="[544,826,1244,1270]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Fontana Dam</taxonomicName>
(525 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA1FFC0E19115C3D84DFB6E" box="[998,1130,1244,1270]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="5" value="35.4732">35.4732°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA1FFC0E60E15C3D922FB6E" box="[1145,1285,1244,1270]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="5" value="-83.4295">83.4295°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA1FFC0E76B15C3DD59FA86" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2001-07-08">8 July 2001</date>
, larvae, treehole near dam; Tennessee, Blount Co., Rich Mountain Trail,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA1FFC0E6A9141BDDB9FADE" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="1994-09-09">9 September 1994</date>
, fogged from trees, coll. unknown; Sevier Co., Park Headquarters,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA1FFC0E6C41433DD5FFAF6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="1999-09-06">6 September 1999</date>
, hand collections, coll. D. DeFoe; Steep Branch near
<collectingCountry id="F31818DDFFA1FFC0E652144BD86CFAF6" box="[1061,1099,1364,1390]" name="United States of America" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">US</collectingCountry>
441 (914 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA1FFC0E37F1463DDACFA0E" box="[264,395,1404,1430]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="5" value="35.6388">35.6388°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA1FFC0E3E01463DE05FA0E" box="[407,546,1404,1430]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="5" value="-83.5082">83.5082°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA1FFC0E0411463DEE8FA0E" box="[566,719,1404,1430]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2001-07-16">16 July 2001</date>
, biting human.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA1FFC0E34F14BBDE08F9AE" blockId="17.[264,1323,1204,1590]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA1FFC0E34F14BBDE7FFA25" box="[312,600,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hendersoni">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA1FFC0E34F14BBDE7FFA25" box="[312,600,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ochlerotatus hendersoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a tree­hole mosquito that closely resembles
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA1FFC0E60D14BBD904FA25" box="[1146,1315,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triseriatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA1FFC0E60D14BBD904FA25" box="[1146,1315,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Oc. triseriatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Both species are potential vectors of viruses, including LaCrosse encephalitis virus, and filarial nematodes in the Park.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA1FFC0E00914EBDF85F995" box="[638,930,1524,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hendersoni">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA1FFC0E00914EBDF85F995" box="[638,930,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ochlerotatus hendersoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
usually develops higher in trees than does
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA1FFC0E3081703DE0EF9AD" box="[383,553,1564,1589]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triseriatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA1FFC0E3081703DE0EF9AD" box="[383,553,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Oc. triseriatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA1FFC0E37F1773DE5BF91E" blockId="17.[264,1324,1644,1870]" box="[264,636,1644,1670]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA1FFC0E37F1773DE5BF91E" authority="Meigen" authorityName="Meigen" box="[264,636,1644,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sticticus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA1FFC0E37F1773DE20F91D" box="[264,519,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ochlerotatus sticticus</emphasis>
(Meigen)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA1FFC0E34F178BDD8CF966" blockId="17.[264,1324,1644,1870]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA1FFC0E05F178BDFEAF936" authority="Swain Co., Oconaluftee" authorityName="Swain Co., Oconaluftee" box="[552,973,1684,1710]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Swain Co., Oconaluftee</taxonomicName>
/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA1FFC0E606178BD90EF936" box="[1137,1321,1684,1710]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2002-03-09">9 March 2002</date>
, woodland pool, larvae; Tennessee, Sevier Co., Little River at the Sinks,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA1FFC0E61A17A3D90FF94E" box="[1133,1320,1724,1750]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2000-03-24">24 March 2000</date>
, biting human.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA1FFC3E34F1613DEC2FE36" blockId="17.[264,1324,1644,1870]" lastBlockId="18.[264,1323,284,430]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA1FFC0E34F1613DE1EF8BD" box="[312,569,1804,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sticticus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA1FFC0E34F1613DE1EF8BD" box="[312,569,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ochlerotatus sticticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an early­spring mosquito that develops in spring ponds and shallow leaf­filled pools. This mosquito will bite humans.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA1FFC0E1A2162BD90CF8D6" author="Wright" box="[981,1323,1844,1870]" pageId="17" pageNumber="44" refString="Wright, R. E. &amp; DeFoliart, G. R. (1970 a) Associations of Wisconsin mosquitoes and woodland vertebrate hosts. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 63, 777 - 786." type="journal article" year="1970" yearSuffix="a">Wright &amp; DeFoliart (1970a)</bibRefCitation>
collected blood­engorged
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA2FFC3E04D1003DEEBFEAD" box="[570,716,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sticticus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA2FFC3E04D1003DEEBFEAD" box="[570,716,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Oc. sticticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from deer, beavers, raccoons, red foxes, opossums, cottontail rabbits, woodchucks, gray squirrels, fox squirrels, eastern chipmunks, ground squirrels,
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA2FFC3E30A1073DE2DFE1D" box="[381,522,364,389]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Peromyscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA2FFC3E30A1073DE2DFE1D" box="[381,522,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Peromyscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., chickens, woodcocks, snapping turtles, Blandings turtles, fox snakes, and painted turtles in Wisconsin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA2FFC3E37F10C0DE41FE61" blockId="18.[264,1325,479,1225]" box="[264,614,479,505]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA2FFC3E37F10C0DE41FE61" authority="Say" authorityName="Say" box="[264,614,479,505]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triseriatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA2FFC3E37F10C0DE07FE60" box="[264,544,479,504]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ochlerotatus triseriatus</emphasis>
(Say)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA2FFC3E34F1318DFECFC41" blockId="18.[264,1325,479,1225]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA2FFC3E06F1318DF94FDB9" authority="Haywood Co., Big Creek" authorityName="Haywood Co., Big Creek" box="[536,947,519,545]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Big Creek</taxonomicName>
ranger station,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA2FFC3E61E1318D901FDB9" box="[1129,1318,519,545]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2001-08-17">17 August 2001</date>
, biting human; Cataloochee,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA2FFC3E02C1330DEDCFDD1" box="[603,763,559,585]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2002-07-22">22 July 2002</date>
, biting human; Purchase Knob,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA2FFC3E6F61330D901FDD1" box="[1153,1318,559,585]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2002-05-14">14 May 2002</date>
, larvae, treehole; Swain Co., Tow String Road,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA2FFC3E15B1348DF9FFDE9" box="[812,952,599,625]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2002-07-08">8 July 2002</date>
, larvae in treehole; Twentymile Creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA2FFC3E3281360DE23FD01" box="[351,516,639,665]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2002-05-16">16 May 2002</date>
, larvae in treehole; Payne Branch,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA2FFC3E1DB1360D876FD01" box="[940,1105,639,665]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2002-05-16">16 May 2002</date>
, exuviae, treehole near creek,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA2FFC3E3E513B8DE38FD59" box="[402,543,679,705]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2001-07-08">8 July 2001</date>
, biting human; Mount Weaver overlook on
<collectingCountry id="F31818DDFFA2FFC3E65113B8D86BFD59" box="[1062,1100,679,705]" name="United States of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">US</collectingCountry>
441 (1466 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA2FFC3E37F13D0DDACFD71" box="[264,395,719,745]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" precision="5" value="35.5979">35.5979°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA2FFC3E3E013D0DE04FD71" box="[407,547,719,745]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" precision="5" value="-83.4216">83.4216°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA2FFC3E04013D0DED1FD71" box="[567,758,719,745]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2001-08-15">15 August 2001</date>
, biting human; Oconaluftee/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA2FFC3E6A913D0DD62FC89" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2001-06-09">9 June 2001</date>
, larvae in treehole;
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA2FFC3E04813E8DEFFFC89" box="[575,728,759,785]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2001-06-09">9 June 2001</date>
, larvae treehole; Tennessee, Blount Co., sinking stream at mouth of Bull Cave (549 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA2FFC3E17E1200DFABFCA1" box="[777,908,799,825]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" precision="5" value="35.6442">35.6442°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA2FFC3E1EE1200D803FCA1" box="[921,1060,799,825]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" precision="5" value="-83.8077">83.8077°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA2FFC3E64E1200D8FEFCA1" box="[1081,1241,799,825]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2001-06-17">17 June 2001</date>
, biting human; Cades Cove,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA2FFC3E0751258DE86FCF9" box="[514,673,839,865]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2002-06-11">11 June 2002</date>
, biting human; Cocke Co., Cosby Nature Trail,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA2FFC3E6A71258DD62FC11" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2001-05-29">29 May 2001</date>
, larvae in treehole; Sevier Co., Roaring Fork motor trail,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA2FFC3E65D1270D8F6FC11" box="[1066,1233,879,905]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2001-07-16">16 July 2001</date>
, biting humans; Goshen Prong,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA2FFC3E04A1288DF6BFC29" box="[573,844,919,945]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2001-11-05" valueMax="2001-11-12" valueMin="2001-11-05">5–12 November 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. Parker, Stocks, &amp; Petersen; Park Headquarters, unknown date, coll. D. DeFoe.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFA2FFC3E34F12F8DEE8FA96" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA2FFC3E34F12F8DF80FB51" blockId="18.[264,1325,479,1225]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA2FFC3E34F12F8DE76FB98" box="[312,593,999,1024]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triseriatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA2FFC3E34F12F8DE76FB98" box="[312,593,999,1024]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ochlerotatus triseriatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is potentially the most significant human­biting mosquito in the Park. Although it is not always the dominant human biter, it is present throughout most of the year. It is also the primary vector of LaCrosse encephalitis virus (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA2FFC3E6251528D939FBC9" author="Nasci" box="[1106,1310,1079,1105]" pageId="18" pageNumber="42" refString="Nasci, R. S., Moore, C. G., Biggerstaff, B. J., Panella, N. A., Liu, H. Q., Karabatos, N., Davis, B. S. &amp; Brannon, E. S. (2000) La Crosse encephalitis virus habitat associations in Nicholas County, West Virginia. Journal of Medical Entomology, 37, 559 - 570." type="journal article" year="2000">Nasci et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
), a potentially serious arbovirus. LaCrosse encephalitis is endemic in Cherokee, NC and Cosby, TN (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA2FFC3E3ED1598DE54FB39" author="Anonymous" box="[410,627,1159,1185]" pageId="18" pageNumber="40" refString="Anonymous. (1990) LaCrosse encephalitis: Health Department seeks data on mosquito-caused virus. Smoky Mountain Times. Thursday, June 28, 1990." type="journal article" year="1990">Anonymous 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA2FFC3E0F61598DF5EFB39" author="Gottfried" box="[641,889,1159,1185]" pageId="18" pageNumber="41" refString="Gottfried, K. L., Gerhardt, R. R., Nasci, R. S., Crabtree, M. B., Karabatsos, N, Burkhalter, K. L., Davis, B. S., Panella, N. A. &amp; Paulson, D. J. (2002) Temporal abundance, parity, survival rates, and arbovirus isolation of field-collected container-inhabiting mosquitoes in eastern Tennessee. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 18, 164 - 172." type="journal article" year="2002">Gottfried et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
), and thus is in the Park.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA2FFC3E6D91598DD92FB51" author="Barnard" pageId="18" pageNumber="40" refString="Barnard, S. M. &amp; Durden, L. A. (2000) A Veterinary Guide to the Parasites of Reptiles. Vol. 2. Arthropods (Excluding Mites). Krieger Press. Melbourne, 288 pp." type="book" year="2000">Barnard &amp; Durden (2000)</bibRefCitation>
noted that this mosquito feeds on reptiles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA2FFC3E37F15EBDEE8FA96" blockId="18.[264,1322,1268,1614]" box="[264,719,1268,1294]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA2FFC3E37F15EBDEE8FA96" ID-CoL="8DJZ4" authority="Dyar &amp; Knab" authorityName="Dyar &amp; Knab" box="[264,719,1268,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Psorophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="columbiae">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA2FFC3E37F15EBDE33FA95" box="[264,532,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Psorophora columbiae</emphasis>
(Dyar &amp; Knab)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3150BC6FFA2FFC2E34F1403DD9FFE1E" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA2FFC3E34F1403DED6FA1E" blockId="18.[264,1322,1268,1614]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA2FFC3E0521403DF96FAAE" authority="Swain Co., Job Corps" authorityName="Swain Co., Job Corps" box="[549,945,1308,1334]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Swain Co., Job Corps</taxonomicName>
area (617 meters,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA2FFC3E6D41403D901FAAE" box="[1187,1318,1308,1334]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" precision="5" value="35.523">35.5230°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3B3E8AFFA2FFC3E37F145BDDB4FAC6" box="[264,403,1348,1374]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" precision="5" value="-83.3055">83.3055°W</geoCoordinate>
),
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA2FFC3E3D0145BDE44FAC6" box="[423,611,1348,1374]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2001-08-15">15 August 2001</date>
, ditch along road; Oconaluftee/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA2FFC3E61F145BD902FAC6" box="[1128,1317,1348,1374]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2001-08-28">28 August 2001</date>
, light trap, coll. R. Harrington &amp; D. Jones.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA2FFC3E34F148BD844F9D6" blockId="18.[264,1322,1268,1614]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Most species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA2FFC3E075148BDEAAFA35" box="[514,653,1428,1453]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Psorophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA2FFC3E075148BDEAAFA35" box="[514,653,1428,1453]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Psorophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
oviposit in pools that flood after strong rains or along streams that overflow. Because the majority of the Park is steep and relatively undisturbed, the area is not conducive to development of
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA2FFC3E17914FBDFBEFA65" box="[782,921,1508,1533]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Psorophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA2FFC3E17914FBDFBEFA65" box="[782,921,1508,1533]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Psorophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species.
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA2FFC3E67314FBD937FA65" box="[1028,1296,1508,1533]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Psorophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="columbiae">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA2FFC3E67314FBD937FA65" box="[1028,1296,1508,1533]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Psorophora columbiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is implicated as a vector of Potosi virus in South
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA2FFC3E15C1713DFB7F9BE" box="[811,912,1548,1574]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA2FFC3E1CB1713D89BF9BE" box="[956,1212,1548,1574]" pageId="18" pageNumber="44" refString="Wozniak, A., Dowda, H. E., Tolson, M. W., Karabatsos, N., Vaugan, D. R. Turner, P. E., Ortiz, D. I. &amp; Wills, W. (2001) Arbovirus surveillance in South Carolina. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 17, 73 - 78." type="journal article">Wozniak et al. (2001)</bibRefCitation>
. It fed on canids, pigs, deer, and rabbits in North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA2FFC3E0A5172BD878F9D6" authority="Irby &amp; Apperson 1988" authorityName="Irby &amp; Apperson" authorityYear="1988" box="[722,1119,1588,1614]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
Carolina (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9E25BCFFA2FFC3E131172BD871F9D6" author="Irby" box="[838,1110,1588,1614]" pageId="18" pageNumber="42" refString="Irby, W. S. &amp; Apperson, C. S. (1988) Hosts of mosquitoes in the coastal plain of North Carolina. Journal of Medical Entomology, 25, 85 - 93." type="journal article" year="1988">Irby &amp; Apperson 1988</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA2FFC3E37F1766DEB9F90B" blockId="18.[264,1326,1657,1883]" box="[264,670,1657,1683]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA2FFC3E37F1766DEB9F90B" authority="Coquillett" authorityName="Coquillett" box="[264,670,1657,1683]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rutilus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA2FFC3E37F1766DE2AF90A" box="[264,525,1657,1682]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Toxorhynchites rutilus</emphasis>
(Coquillett)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA2FFC3E34F17BED8FCF8C3" blockId="18.[264,1326,1657,1883]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Collections: North
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA2FFC3E06E17BEDFD2F923" authority="Haywood Co., Purchase Knob" authorityName="Haywood Co., Purchase Knob" box="[537,1013,1697,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina, Haywood Co., Purchase Knob</taxonomicName>
,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA2FFC3E67617BED8BBF923" box="[1025,1180,1697,1723]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2002-07-23">23 July 2002</date>
, bog; Swain Co., Mount Buckley,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA2FFC3E07E17D6DEB1F97B" box="[521,662,1737,1763]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="1991-07-03">3 July 1991</date>
, hand collection, coll. R. Cagnon; Oconaluftee/Ravensford,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA2FFC3E33F17EEDDF3F893" box="[328,468,1777,1803]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2002-07-08">8 July 2002</date>
, treehole; Tennessee, Blount Co., Cades Cove,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA2FFC3E67517EEDD61F8AB" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2001-08-27" valueMax="2001-09-10" valueMin="2001-08-27">27 August–10 September 2001</date>
, Malaise trap, coll. R. Hightower &amp; J. Burbank; Cocke Co., Cosby,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA2FFC3E61E1606D90EF8AB" box="[1129,1321,1817,1843]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2001-08-17">17 August 2001</date>
, treehole, pupa; Sevier Co., near Gatlinburg,
<date id="FFB17E8DFFA2FFC3E167165EDFE9F8C3" box="[784,974,1857,1883]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="1939-08-31">31 August 1939</date>
, adult, coll. A. Stupka.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB0584DFFA3FFC2E34F1003DD9FFE1E" blockId="19.[264,1322,284,390]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA3FFC2E34F1003DE1BFEAD" box="[312,572,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rutilus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA3FFC2E34F1003DE1BFEAD" box="[312,572,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Toxorhynchites rutilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not a blood­feeding mosquito but has been included for completeness. It is predatory on other mosquitoes and was found most often in treeholes with
<taxonomicName id="4C0F23CEFFA3FFC2E37F1073DD96FE1D" box="[264,433,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Ochlerotatus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triseriatus">
<emphasis id="B97B845FFFA3FFC2E37F1073DD96FE1D" box="[264,433,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Oc. triseriatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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