154 lines
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154 lines
16 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1130.86413" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1130-103" ID-Pensoft-UUID="6007CB98AFAA58A5BD50EA75BBF78B0C" ID-ZooBank="C8FFC906D96F43ACA5B9FB21B6E27C33" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1130-103" checkinTime="1668813907773" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Portman, Zachary M., Arduser, Mike, Lane, Ian G. & Cariveau, Daniel P." docDate="2022" docId="93483CC2EAA659D6BDCF9FE3D3F52DF9" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1130: 103-152" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1130" docPubDate="2022-11-18" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1130.86413" docTitle="Agapostemon (Agapostemon) splendens" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="6007CB98AFAA58A5BD50EA75BBF78B0C" lastPageNumber="103" masterDocId="6007CB98AFAA58A5BD50EA75BBF78B0C" masterDocTitle="A review of the Augochloropsis (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) and keys to the shiny green Halictinae of the midwestern United States" masterLastPageNumber="152" masterPageNumber="103" pageNumber="103" updateTime="1668813907773" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A review of the Augochloropsis (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) and keys to the shiny green Halictinae of the midwestern United States</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Portman, Zachary M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8943-8196</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">zportman@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Arduser, Mike</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Conservation Research Institute, Cedarburg, WI, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lane, Ian G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6645-2136</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cariveau, Daniel P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3064-0071</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-11-18</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1130</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>103</mods:start>
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<mods:end>152</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1130.86413</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1130.86413</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1130-103</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">C8FFC906D96F43ACA5B9FB21B6E27C33</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">6007CB98AFAA58A5BD50EA75BBF78B0C</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:93483CC2EAA659D6BDCF9FE3D3F52DF9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/93483CC2EAA659D6BDCF9FE3D3F52DF9" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="103" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
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<taxonomicName LSID="93483CC2-EAA6-59D6-BDCF-9FE3D3F52DF9" authority="(Lepeletier)" baseAuthorityName="Lepeletier" baseAuthorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Agapostemon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agapostemon (Agapostemon) splendens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendens" subGenus="Agapostemon">Agapostemon (Agapostemon) splendens (Lepeletier)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="103" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
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The female of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lepeletier" baseAuthorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Agapostemon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agapostemon splendens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendens">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Agapostemon splendens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be recognized by the combination of the metallic green metasoma (as in Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Agapostemon female metasomas A entirely black (Agapostemon virescens pictured) B dark brown with amber (Agapostemon melliventris pictured), note this is a darker specimen C metallic green (Agapostemon texanus pictured)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1130.86413.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/771313" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">4C</figureCitation>
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) and the coarsely punctured sculpturing of the scutum (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Agapostemon female pronotal collar and scutum A Agapostemon texanus doubly punctate B Agapostemon sericeus rugosopunctate with sharp pronotal angle outlined in red C Agapostemon splendens densely punctate with obtuse pronotal angle outlined in red." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1130.86413.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/771314" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">5C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Agapostemon thorax characters (anterior of bee to left, " mc " refers to the base of the middle coxa) A Agapostemon sericeus close-up of rugosopunctate scutum B Agapostemon splendens close-up of densely punctate scutum C Agapostemon sericeus with ventral pleural tubercle flush with rest of plate D Agapostemon splendens with ventral pleural tubercle slightly upraised. Yellow arrows indicate the ventral pleural tubercle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1130.86413.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/771315" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">6B</figureCitation>
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). It is similar to
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Forster" baseAuthorityYear="1771" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Agapostemon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agapostemon sericeus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sericeus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Agapostemon sericeus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but that species has the sculpturing of the scutum more reticulate (Figs
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Agapostemon female metasomas A entirely black (Agapostemon virescens pictured) B dark brown with amber (Agapostemon melliventris pictured), note this is a darker specimen C metallic green (Agapostemon texanus pictured)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1130.86413.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/771313" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">4B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Agapostemon thorax characters (anterior of bee to left, " mc " refers to the base of the middle coxa) A Agapostemon sericeus close-up of rugosopunctate scutum B Agapostemon splendens close-up of densely punctate scutum C Agapostemon sericeus with ventral pleural tubercle flush with rest of plate D Agapostemon splendens with ventral pleural tubercle slightly upraised. Yellow arrows indicate the ventral pleural tubercle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1130.86413.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/771315" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">6A</figureCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lepeletier" baseAuthorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Agapostemon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agapostemon splendens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendens">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Agapostemon splendens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be further distinguished by the obtuse dorsolateral ridge (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Agapostemon female pronotal collar and scutum A Agapostemon texanus doubly punctate B Agapostemon sericeus rugosopunctate with sharp pronotal angle outlined in red C Agapostemon splendens densely punctate with obtuse pronotal angle outlined in red." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1130.86413.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/771314" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">5C</figureCitation>
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), the upraised ventral pleural tubercle (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Agapostemon thorax characters (anterior of bee to left, " mc " refers to the base of the middle coxa) A Agapostemon sericeus close-up of rugosopunctate scutum B Agapostemon splendens close-up of densely punctate scutum C Agapostemon sericeus with ventral pleural tubercle flush with rest of plate D Agapostemon splendens with ventral pleural tubercle slightly upraised. Yellow arrows indicate the ventral pleural tubercle." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1130.86413.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/771315" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">6D</figureCitation>
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), and it is generally larger than
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Forster" baseAuthorityYear="1771" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Agapostemon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agapostemon sericeus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sericeus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Agapostemon sericeus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(though their sizes can intergrade).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
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Male
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lepeletier" baseAuthorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Agapostemon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agapostemon splendens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendens">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Agapostemon splendens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be recognized from all other midwestern
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Agapostemon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agapostemon" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Agapostemon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by their very enlarged hind femur, with the length twice the width (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Male Agapostemon hind legs A Agapostemon melliventris B Agapostemon sericeus C Agapostemon splendens D Agapostemon texanus E Agapostemon virescens. Scale bar 1 mm, all images at the same scale." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1130.86413.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/771317" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">8C</figureCitation>
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). They also tend to be larger than related species and have darker wings, but this character is subtle.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="103" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="103">
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Some previous works (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation author="Mitchell, TB" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" refId="B31" refString="Mitchell, TB, 1960. Bees of the Eastern United States. Volume 1. North Carolina Experiment Station Technical Bulletin, 538 pp." title="Bees of the Eastern United States. Volume 1. North Carolina Experiment Station Technical Bulletin, 538 pp." year="1960">Mitchell (1960)</bibRefCitation>
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and the keys on discoverlife.org) have used the shape of the ridges of the propodeal triangle (which often form a depressed medial triangle) to separate female
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lepeletier" baseAuthorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Agapostemon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agapostemon splendens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendens">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Agapostemon splendens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Forster" baseAuthorityYear="1771" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Agapostemon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agapostemon sericeus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sericeus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Agapostemon sericeus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(which have parallel striae throughout the propodeal triangle), but we have found the character variable and it can be quite subtle, particularly in smaller
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lepeletier" baseAuthorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Agapostemon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agapostemon splendens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendens">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Agapostemon splendens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lepeletier" baseAuthorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Agapostemon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agapostemon splendens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendens">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Agapostemon splendens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is largely restricted to areas of deep sands. We have examined material from throughout the range of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lepeletier" baseAuthorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Agapostemon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agapostemon splendens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendens">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Agapostemon splendens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and there are many individuals, especially in the southern US, that have the scutal sculpturing more reticulate, similar to
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Forster" baseAuthorityYear="1771" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" genus="Agapostemon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agapostemon sericeus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sericeus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="103">Agapostemon sericeus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. More work is needed to determine whether this represents normal variation or is potentially due to a cryptic species complex.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |