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<document id="7FD1807270D2823160385369C965D5FA" ENCODING="UTF-8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1b295294-3d4e-4afc-873a-9c83879566be" ModsDocAuthor="De Souza, D. J., Soares, I. M. F. &amp; Della Lucia, T. M. C." ModsDocDate="2007" ModsDocID="21211" ModsDocOrigin="http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=21211" ModsDocTitle="Acromyrmex ameliae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): A new social parasite of leaf-cutting ants in Brazil." checkinTime="1243372110901" checkinUser="christiana" docAuthor="De Souza, D. J., Soares, I. M. F. &amp; Della Lucia, T. M. C." docDate="2007" docId="082D298DF2B6F537F858DB75ACF895BC" docLanguage="en" docName="21211" docOrigin="Insect Science 14" docSource="http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/HymOnline/reference-full.html?id=21211" docTitle="Acromyrmex ameliae Souza, Soares &amp; Lucia, 2007, sp.n." docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="256" masterDocId="6DAB4425C1D8EFAFFCBDF6ED0173D9BC" masterDocTitle="Acromyrmex ameliae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): A new social parasite of leaf-cutting ants in Brazil." masterLastPageNumber="257" masterPageNumber="251" pageNumber="252" updateTime="1701311363294" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="ADE36C88CD12459FBC191A5A9A32C9DF">Acromyrmex ameliae sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): A new social parasite of leaf-cutting ants in Brazil.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1B2CF4FB1EC67C5347C1A72A180F3042">De Souza, D. J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D2642BF856C74DC2EC0AF0411D4968C6">Soares, I. M. F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="27ED41B52FA961F5420DB3188A8E7A2B">Della Lucia, T. M. C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="96136787B6F781CC23E3CDAC4FAD9F7F">Insect Science</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="6DF43D455D120F3915CC88859494D446">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="310499EB4F79D90E2DB35F320FFB51D8">14</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="313C3443A7D1066566C2A2DBCC67C4A6">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="082D298DF2B6F537F858DB75ACF895BC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6247052" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100134572" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6247052" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:082D298DF2B6F537F858DB75ACF895BC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/082D298DF2B6F537F858DB75ACF895BC" lastPageNumber="256" pageNumber="252">
<subSubSection id="B6CFD950497D1293F0FCA1DB47ADEF37" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="4F154E960150744B83E7566C942310AF" pageNumber="252">
<taxonomicName id="71C39C0F9CDE0B16BD8FC5FBCDEBB20B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="252" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">Acromyrmex ameliae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1AE409F7BBAA4B7FF8CE730CB78C0CF5" rank="species">sp.n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Figs. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 14)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F8D14870247A2C6E2363B2376820F47C" type="description">
<paragraph id="FC692DA6A694CF2A334638914CC15CB1" pageNumber="252">Types Holotype queen labeled'Brazil: Paraopeba MG/ 06 Oct 2003/ D. J. Souza'(MZUSP). Measurements (in mm): HL = 1.5; HW = 1.4; ML = 0.7; WL = 2.6; SL = 1.5; ED = 0.4.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7F7F9E5E12F4B9CDD73D9826EB499180" pageNumber="252">Derivation of specific name This species is named after Amelia Maria de Souza, mother of the first author of this work.</paragraph>
<footnote id="54069740F597EEA89A4F3AEC63C81C80">
<paragraph id="6FCB39A900890830E495AA4FB31BF72B" pageNumber="252">© 2007 The Authors Insect Science (2007) 14, 251<35>257 Journal compilation © Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences</paragraph>
</footnote>
<paragraph id="2CCF0531A1B9D4C4D85D65072EC95A16" pageNumber="253">
Description The measurements obtained from 20 queens are presented in Table 1. This
<taxonomicNameLabel id="82B9188E245FA9D6ABBA24A6AD95048B" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
has a palpal formula of 4, 2 and 11 antennal segments as is typical for attine ants.
<taxonomicName id="5BCFD9223348D65994038D30BF799407" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">Acromyrmex ameliae</taxonomicName>
queens have large and convex eyes and the inferior pronotal spines are straight and forward-positioned as in the host species. The color of the analyzed parasite queens vary from brownish to brownish-black and this is not associated with the subspecies of host ants since one can find queens of the parasite of either color in a single nest. Worker color is the only character that is presently used to separate the two host subspecies:
<taxonomicName id="19F7AD0FCBF355093EE005CC6149240C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:25059" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subterraneus" subSpecies="subterraneus">A. subterraneus subterraneus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="0731E026391BF30B650F549F6C66E49A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24719" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subterrraneus" subSpecies="brunneus">A. subterrraneus brunneus</taxonomicName>
. The latter has a brownish-black color whereas the former is light brown to yellow (Gon9alves, 1961). The queens of
<taxonomicName id="AED1AC1FE1B059649A08F1C0824C561D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
are much smaller than those of its hosts, with a WL ~ 0.6 as great (Table 1).
<taxonomicName id="CAF8139D391D6357776911C1E073FDF9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">Acromyrmex ameliae</taxonomicName>
further has a more abundant pilosity with thicker and longer hairs on the gaster, on the dorsal portion of the alitrunk and on the anterior portion of the head, in comparison to that on the host subspecies. The parasite queen also has prominent ridges on the head (Figs. 1 and 2) and on the first segment of the gaster and expansions on the anteroventral margin of the postpetiole that are not seen on the host subspecies (Figs. 5 and 6). The tubercles on the gaster of
<taxonomicName id="B336C38690070C58BC16AD102F239123" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
are more or less ordinated in four longitudinal lines similar to the host species. However, these tubercles are very much reduced and less prominent when compared to those of the hosts.
</paragraph>
<caption id="016637ABCA780299B40E612EF03D41D7">
<paragraph id="61B99FC740862B1F7DF548B372FC1D5E" pageNumber="253">
Table 1 Head length (HL), head width (HW) and Weber's length (WL) for the social parasite
<taxonomicName id="C2FE41D64E67A475034C273271A2A6E4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
and its hosts
<taxonomicName id="5C1356B658FE14F0B86485E2BE201C68" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:25059" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subterraneus" subSpecies="subterraneus">A. subterraneus subterraneus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="3B939E284BDC518979069E29A2AD12C1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24719" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subterraneus" subSpecies="brunneus">A. subterraneus brunneus</taxonomicName>
. All measurements are in mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="56B12718D5B0AA4316C22EF1DB5555AD">
<table id="4C4E0947E82F69306E0599D84D7C3901" border="0" frame="box" pageNumber="253" rules="all">
<tr id="513C0D394071510216D2E52DE24FC7E3" pageNumber="253">
<td id="FABB7F8BFCC22834063C7FC929307F1E" pageNumber="253">HL</td>
<td id="DC25AC8784DE9DC6B58AE3B3A7147F87" pageNumber="253">HW</td>
<td id="2CD2C11E49B0148CA41674A2F7D16576" pageNumber="253">WL</td>
</tr>
<tr id="EB2D0E2C217B221248DC374A26693255" pageNumber="253">
<td id="3201EB124576CE15C8BE3E81E13DF542" pageNumber="253">Queens</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B4F2B4A735E5DF8E067EEB3D6F3E1FC4" pageNumber="253">
<td id="9935A57B099BC44FE1695C578B0EB395" pageNumber="253">
<taxonomicName id="1F74846BEDF9E03CB7B7AB368914B67F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:25059" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subterraneus" subSpecies="subterraneus">A. subterraneus subterraneus</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="D3E7668CDC5B511181A1D23E6D869950" pageNumber="253">2.1 ± 0.1</td>
<td id="39A4016FC9FD73B91A275A1AD7687EDD" pageNumber="253">2.2 ± 0.2</td>
<td id="26224AAED751B8478A8E2AD8E579901F" pageNumber="253">4.0 ± 0.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="41EC61D443CC91716D901DDD7A1FCA5E" pageNumber="253">
<td id="638F019B2B238CADBF412DA68338F474" pageNumber="253">(n = 9, 6 nests)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="B9B7F5765100DFDBAEA460622AEEA824" pageNumber="253">
<td id="F98050788029F98645FCCA6016769C81" pageNumber="253">
<taxonomicName id="05FF6289421AE0B5FECA455017C69E6D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24719" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subterraneus" subSpecies="brunneus">A. subterraneus brunneus</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="C5FAA8F0F41771579680B956F73AE42D" pageNumber="253">2.0 ± 0.1</td>
<td id="1CD537347EADC23BB8EC14F23A3AA90C" pageNumber="253">2.1 ± 0.1</td>
<td id="3BBA554D34AA41A3555250C20BC33E15" pageNumber="253">4.0 ± 0.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="BFE9502A9E895564B33F1C0CABEFFCE4" pageNumber="253">
<td id="5347B99037508BA19C090F270B72C982" pageNumber="253">(n = 8, 8 nests)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="C41894435FE5A9182E0D80B578001062" pageNumber="253">
<td id="C8F5298F0DD221FB2E975AAA7EB76D64" pageNumber="253">
<taxonomicName id="E5F28519FA86CA6DEF818C34696D68F7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="27F5D40D57FDCB831D8FF56BFBFCF84B" pageNumber="253">1.3 ± 0.1</td>
<td id="AB49249E4FEC29E20C6EE9DA5680AD93" pageNumber="253">1.3 ± 0.1</td>
<td id="225A42D5D2506AF05576A6DE2189C562" pageNumber="253">2.4 ± 0.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="D1B4AFBA787D2596DE1A5AD8693C7E1A" pageNumber="253">
<td id="B625EFD0819F8B999B099A2BCC73666A" pageNumber="253">(n = 20, 4 nests)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="CA20ADE12DAB3883A50A5F1DE4C48FE7" pageNumber="253">
<td id="9F4E6F24FBC6D32A7485F17E0C86D2B2" pageNumber="253">Males</td>
</tr>
<tr id="C155D5B191214EB958C9532EE7C68F3C" pageNumber="253">
<td id="96D2AE4D4D4AD8647FF70E6C552D9B12" pageNumber="253">
<taxonomicName id="B5844689D0EDBE9824B58302ABE345C5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:25059" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subterraneus" subSpecies="subterraneus">A. subterraneus subterraneus</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="DEB6C835FC0ADED4B6800F426B5BA2E4" pageNumber="253">1.3 ± 0.1</td>
<td id="18CE972528A7670711C6B1D8C21D860A" pageNumber="253">1.6 ± 0.1</td>
<td id="9B1AEE4FA6E6F78C1CA3016A907ADE00" pageNumber="253">3.1 ± 0.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="80CE3936BF9F72B25D5B9716CC3D5BF1" pageNumber="253">
<td id="7838E6B1C26706E05F8A48BC6A4E93B4" pageNumber="253">(n =8, 7 nests)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="E325B1FDE4064043FD01D01F3340022F" pageNumber="253">
<td id="1D799F2EF26D2F1DDF58BBDC27E5A6C0" pageNumber="253">
<taxonomicName id="DF0227E72314EF9ACF3EC7305AC01CCA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="ED77557180D72045A66DF596637E624D" pageNumber="253">1.0 ± 0.1</td>
<td id="93AFC522BE391409F95E0F37D15BB890" pageNumber="253">1.2 ± 0.1</td>
<td id="930BD415712DCCC9CDAF5B3241754BEA" pageNumber="253">2.3 ± 0.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="84166F3DFD410B8DF238B4B0FE228F90" pageNumber="253">
<td id="DB5644C1B14B0340CDDA57D44C2A7A85" pageNumber="253">(n =15, 4 nests)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="075153BDDD807B08B9FC037CCB011294" pageNumber="253">
<td id="5CCA1741E7086D273DC44CD48CEEF265" pageNumber="253">Workers</td>
</tr>
<tr id="C62FC9BA9DFD6F7CBEFA41BECC28B79E" pageNumber="253">
<td id="6B377D9F5AE572927DAAB71561EA8622" pageNumber="253">
<taxonomicName id="C5C00879A89CA444EF6FDFB464750D5C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:25059" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subterraneus" subSpecies="subterraneus">A. subterraneus subterraneus</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="D8D1FD3F7FB382F2CF7B0964910BBCA3" pageNumber="253">0.9 ± 0.1</td>
<td id="7EDF330358456E4F784C9C8E66DF13AB" pageNumber="253">1.1 ± 0.1</td>
<td id="043D94F8973D42C25C1DBBCE17EF3C15" pageNumber="253">1.5 ± 0.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="82BE38C31C11CC58B103204DB4E15908" pageNumber="253">
<td id="B399F82DF3F41E4CA5BF0FFD38C739E5" pageNumber="253">(only minor workers)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2C6C0B1D77761C22B44E8A9B59E15D0E" pageNumber="253">
<td id="3C875EEB579AC15BE71B0A9044496FBD" pageNumber="253">(n = 16, 3 nests)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="DF60A8095F69F4B325FB76A1A39DB7F3" pageNumber="253">
<td id="79396AFCEEE8F3FBDFC52174A095157A" pageNumber="253">
<taxonomicName id="530679AD7492A589A5B5F3E9B79286FB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="0A77A2086A3B5C2F8D721F438D216027" pageNumber="253">0.9 ± 0.3</td>
<td id="6B468AF89A6FDAD96ED1F430256B9DF7" pageNumber="253">1.1 ± 0.3</td>
<td id="66ABFCACB33DA4AC5246BB9823A305FB" pageNumber="253">1.5 ± 0.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="1E0F113B6B7FE6C8A511AE47F664FDC0" pageNumber="253">
<td id="35EB0A93BF8F88940818686B15FC474D" pageNumber="253">(n = 30, 3 nests)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7B042B900074443080C3D46EA91EFC91" pageNumber="253">Paratype male labeled 'Brazil: Paraopeba MG/ 06 Oct 2003/ D. J. Souza' (MZUSP). Measurements (in mm): HL = 1.0; HW = 0.9; ML = 0.6; WL = 2.2; SL = 1.3; ED = 0.4.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4158B26FD045431EFA06888B0E10260C" pageNumber="253">
Description The measurements of 15 males are presented in Table 1. The males of
<taxonomicName id="09825DBCEF79EAA6F36AA2626CFA2954" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
have 13 antennal segments. This characteristic was not constant since five individuals seemed to have 12 segments as a consequence of the fusion of segments 4 and 5 of the antennal funiculum like in the host males (compare Figs. 3 and 4). This fact was also observed by Schultz et al. (1998) in
<taxonomicName id="BFB3885757810E8413954F5527E0C1A5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:152541" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex insinuator Schultz, Bekkevold &amp; Boomsma" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insinuator">A. insinuator</taxonomicName>
. Males of
<taxonomicName id="C8BC208C382120BCD6C5D57731699432" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
are visually smaller than the males of the studied host species (about 1.2 times). The antenna has a color gradient which ranges from dark brown to dark yellow when going from tip to base. The color of the males as well as of the queens is close to that of the host subspecies
<taxonomicName id="1A61AF556450BBFBE49295D8D4DE1C2A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:25059" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subterraneus" subSpecies="subterraneus">A. subterraneus subterraneus</taxonomicName>
, that is, very dark brown independent of the parasitized subspecies. However, as pointed out by Goncalves (1961), the character color shows variation even inside the same nest. Newly emerged males and queens of
<taxonomicName id="43DBECEAFE8FBC86A86C729FB816E3D2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
of a lighter color were observed by the authors in the nests, but they became dark brown after a few days had elapsed. Their mandibles have a terminal tooth greater than the other teeth, which vary from 5 to 7 (Fig. 3). The ventral portion of the post-petiole of the parasite has irregular projections that are not seen in the host whose petiole margin is more regular and presents a concavity not observed on the parasite (Figs. 7 and 8). Ridges and tubercles can be observed on the gaster of
<taxonomicName id="DB8ADFAA29B5B4BC41CD35FC7C6477B5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
males, but these are missing in the host species whose gaster is smooth and shiny.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="06E7C254C32ECA2C211CD6EDA367C0E1" pageNumber="253">Paratype worker labeled 'Brazil: Paraopeba MG/ 06 Oct 2003/ D. J. Souza' (MZUSP). Measurements (in mm): HL = 0.6; HW = 0.7; ML = 0.3; WL = 0.9; SL = 0.8; ED = 0.1.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="119A2E966BAF4847E646B8D69CDFB341" pageNumber="253">
Description We verified that the distance from spiracle to bulla relative to pronotum width differed significantly among the minor workers of host and parasite (F1298 = 551.36, P &lt;0.01). Two groups are clearly shown in Figure 15: one had a small number (n = 25) of parasite workers and another formed by a large number of host minor workers (n = 275). The fact that the workers sorted into two groups, as well as morphological differences between the groups, is highly suggestive. We found some
<taxonomicName id="48D148F1635C759B560942EE22687D08" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
workers are larger than host minors but this is because larger host minors were not sampled. Preliminary genetic analysis by RAPD (Random amplified polymorphic DNA) markers clearly shows differences between the two groups, confirming these results. As in
<taxonomicName id="8FC7EAEFFE6578A67AF46C804634A428" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:152541" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex insinuator Schultz, Bekkevold &amp; Boomsma" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insinuator">A. insinuator</taxonomicName>
, the workers of
<taxonomicName id="627B08AEB7155942471F1B02D9B4BEEC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
have a significantly smaller distance from their spiracle to bulla than their host minor workers of same pronotum width (Figs. 16 and 17). These results are almost identical to those obtained by Sumner et al. (2003) for
<taxonomicName id="3BA0CEBF22536B9E4B8F6EF81130B498" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:152541" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex insinuator Schultz, Bekkevold &amp; Boomsma" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="253" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insinuator">A. insinuator</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C0C6A2B8FF9DEE0F865DA40B11277B9B" lastPageNumber="254" pageNumber="253">
Comments on biology There are previous reports on polygyny in the two host subspecies (Delia Lucia &amp; Vilela, 1989; Delabie, 1989). During nest collection, we indeed found three monoginic parasitized nests which had 2, 3 and 4 queens of
<taxonomicName id="09BD109BDDE72ADAF1F0A8C48512AEBF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
. The first collection of the parasite was in October, 2003, when two nests were collected with hundreds of alate males and queens of the parasite. In April of the following year, we again collected nests with the alate parasites. This suggests that the production of the reproductive caste in
<taxonomicName id="71C3ECB24CB1AC6731969735FA3EF7D6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
may occur throughout the year. In the laboratory, males and queens flew towards the light, indicating that this species is likely to perform the nuptial flight in nature. As in
<taxonomicName id="26A7A46D031CF42799545CE267D0952A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:152541" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex insinuator Schultz, Bekkevold &amp; Boomsma" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insinuator">A. insinuator</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="5D8176A70AFCCA74AD32A49CAAC5D38F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">Acromyrmex ameliae</taxonomicName>
produce a workforce. This seems to be essential for the production of the parasite alates (Sumner et al., 2003), but this trait is being selected against over evolutionary time, although it has not yet been lost. We need to investigate if the host cares for the parasite alates. In this case, parasite workers may not be needed.
</paragraph>
<footnote id="E79605DB3D6D00F0285B2DF313EC470D">
<paragraph id="8F8A8FB2BB25F6E343EDC922EFE64232" pageNumber="253">© 2007 The Authors Insect Science (2007) 14, 251-257</paragraph>
</footnote>
<footnote id="3A82897E71520D90F4EFDBBB533A5ECF">
<paragraph id="63C8DB96217F58D2DBC9443B6A0DCB82" pageNumber="253">Journal compilation © Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences</paragraph>
</footnote>
<caption id="4C9E153A0E987A5D7E4A73708E6815CF">
<paragraph id="D4EAF576D3E084752028E6AA992503A6" pageNumber="254">
Figs. 1-4, 11 Frontal view of head of
<taxonomicName id="8881E2E0341BE5316DD8AAA1F050AAD1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">Acromyrmex ameliae</taxonomicName>
queen (1),
<taxonomicName id="C37B11559502FBE773AA075BF7DC3F2D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:25059" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subterraneus" subSpecies="subterraneus">Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus</taxonomicName>
queen (2),
<taxonomicName id="CBEA2B73285A5F5712ABA00B930966EE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
male (3),
<taxonomicName id="2E0E1A5D76F42CC9B2D3425A2B053FEC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:25059" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subterraneus" subSpecies="subterraneus">A. subterraneus subterraneus</taxonomicName>
male (4) and
<taxonomicName id="C9B983D6FC2D9EC418E06286E0858AFA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
worker (11). The bars correspond to a scale of 0.5 mm in figures 1_ 4 and 0.25 mm in figure 11. Figs. 5-8, 13 Lateral view of petiole, postpetiole, and gaster of
<taxonomicName id="45EA3BA5D6DBF853B4F2215D8D46AA5E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">Acromyrmex ameliae</taxonomicName>
queen (5),
<taxonomicName id="DF9C2558D4B311E3FECCF9007A946053" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:25059" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subterraneus" subSpecies="subterraneus">Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus</taxonomicName>
queen (6),
<taxonomicName id="C8C743585D1D14B1B4D56D82F1B47AA6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
male (7),
<taxonomicName id="8C9AF04B008231CF12C75E5A0B4DD861" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:25059" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subterraneus" subSpecies="subterraneus">A. subterraneus subterraneus</taxonomicName>
male (8) and
<taxonomicName id="2DDE7FD5B10861BD5513D5A562C0768F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="254" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
worker (13).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<footnote id="F49CC3A0E9CB79911DF872429276710F">
<paragraph id="1FED31C5497F22BA9154C9BB9E212480" pageNumber="254">© 2007 The Authors Insect Science (2007) 14, 251-257 Journal compilation © Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences</paragraph>
</footnote>
<caption id="C29397292CBC4B51FD629700E7035122">
<paragraph id="58F253D91F5A96CADFF3BA1CB18F0636" pageNumber="255">
<pageStartToken id="58CC65A65C525E64A40B77F87FC54D56" pageNumber="255">Figs</pageStartToken>
. 9--10, 12 Lateral view of head and metasoma of
<taxonomicName id="C704079FC8C15714D25B4D5D9E4EAD6A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">Acromyrmex ameliae</taxonomicName>
male (9),
<taxonomicName id="B0D81F8BF6FC6B336EED02A7DF82D336" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
queen (10),
<taxonomicName id="2B409D5664DFE899E601183A68202BE2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
worker (metasoma only) (12). The bars correspond to a scale of 0.5 mm in figures 9_10 and 0.25 mm in figure 12.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="9B455E033893736BD7EA1F6952732272">
<paragraph id="9FD697DE7B966F56CB9511197AB23EA4" pageNumber="255">
Fig. 14 Dorsal view of gaster of
<taxonomicName id="FAA20CC9D12C55FDD6E4CD1D32954F0B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">Acromyrmex ameliae</taxonomicName>
worker. The bar corresponds to a scale of 0.25 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="AD2DADE0F04ABFF94DBB616232D08435">
<paragraph id="BF15AD6EA5ECED698CBEB5F32F89E9EC" pageNumber="255">
Fig. 15 The distance between the spiracle and the bulla as a function of the pronotum width for minor workers of
<taxonomicName id="628E3C3B64EBDB2134C57AC6B4C6EB85" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:25059" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subterraneus" subSpecies="subterraneus">Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="6C0D6F26A83A315E6C09746D2FC3D047" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">Acromyrmex ameliae</taxonomicName>
(F1,298= 551.36, P &lt;0.001).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="522E0A1CACA1991BF9FA848F4A4A5CE6">
<paragraph id="2AC82D5E46E844F352D50B38FCF5070F" pageNumber="255">
Figs. 16-17 Scanning electron micrograph of the mesosoma of
<taxonomicName id="5A38221BDB75BA99E7E27E01FD676808" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:25059" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subterraneus" subSpecies="subterraneus">Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus</taxonomicName>
(16) and
<taxonomicName id="E9E0C35EBC6029E4517452056D7ADB6D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
(17), showing the large pronounced vault (bulla) which covers the storage chamber. Arrows point to the slit-shaped opening (meatus). The bulla in host worker is closer to the spiracle than in parasite workers. The bars correspond to a scale of 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="BAD7405272FBDE6F279095B0F06376F1" pageNumber="255">Paratypes 20 queens, 20 males and 18 workers. Labeled 'Brazil: Paraopeba MG/ 20 April 2004/ I. M. F. Soares (MZUSP).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="63DAA41561553078318DA7AD85F1BD69" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="F93E55772BFDDC493AE935DDF2AE05F8" pageNumber="255">Discussion</paragraph>
<paragraph id="05253827944CE820F535F2FDA2BC3B58" lastPageNumber="256" pageNumber="255">
<taxonomicName id="0FB89EF9DD23046A63F345CFD2C960BF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">Acromyrmex ameliae</taxonomicName>
is a social parasite with much smaller reproductives (females and males) than those of its hosts (Table 1). Morphometrically, the
<taxonomicName id="0DF749E5F0E29D89AC37E880C2287F2D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
queen is not a simple miniature of its hosts' queens, like
<taxonomicName id="6AAAD417FE9FC461791D2029ED32642B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:152549" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Myrmica microrubra Seifert" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microrubra">Myrmica microrubra</taxonomicName>
and its host
<taxonomicName id="B379D27AF91AD6F0A0797A631E3BFACE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:32430" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Myrmica rubra (Linnaeus)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubra">Myrmica rubra</taxonomicName>
(Steiner et al., 2005). Here, we can distinguish the new species from the other of the group with propodeal spines: they are straight and laterally compressed unlike
<taxonomicName id="32A3E7FC4AD630C7A685BE4C7849C563" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24767" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex subterraneus (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subterraneus">subterraneus</taxonomicName>
subspecies where they are slight to strongly curved and conical.
<taxonomicName id="708924C907B694DC6BE24DCDE2CB1FF1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">Acromyrmex ameliae</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="6364E0D6FC0AF3F59C4998AA0D415DC5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:152541" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex insinuator Schultz, Bekkevold &amp; Boomsma" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insinuator">A. insinuator</taxonomicName>
not only by its size (compare Tables 1 and 2) and color (brown dark against yellowish-orange) but as well it does not present a single strong median ruga extending from the central ocellus to the level of the posterior borders of lateral ocelli, like
<taxonomicName id="42358EBEDE16DCA072F8BE6EEFDBAF1E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:152541" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex insinuator Schultz, Bekkevold &amp; Boomsma" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insinuator">A. insinuator</taxonomicName>
. On the contrary, around its central ocellus, the cuticle is wholly rugous without a distinct median ruga. In
<taxonomicName id="2FE843F4270521C4A9CCBC24EE07FBE2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:152541" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex insinuator Schultz, Bekkevold &amp; Boomsma" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="255" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insinuator">A. insinuator</taxonomicName>
the anteroventral edge of the postpetiole is broadly and evenly concave, without a broad median anteroventral extension. The anteroventral portion of the post-petiole in
<taxonomicName id="E2058779DB662E0E7C2386DD3BFE557B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="256" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
has irregular extensions, without the concavity present in the first species.
</paragraph>
<footnote id="33ABF34F585884C6A80EC2EDFFFA206E">
<paragraph id="337496DEB2C270404600946288283977" pageNumber="255">© 2007 The Authors Insect Science (2007) 14, 251-257</paragraph>
</footnote>
<footnote id="E5C4C61CA37E104CBA0C01C9B9B2EC02">
<paragraph id="EF98756F6D15556784B5EB2CB4C4D66A" pageNumber="255">Journal compilation © Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences</paragraph>
</footnote>
<caption id="C8D2D89122BFE41B91BD0B105C14A72C">
<paragraph id="260D1C56E9E4087915BC4461597083B4" pageNumber="256">
Table 2 Head length (HL), head width (HW) and Webers length (WL) for the social parasite
<taxonomicName id="88AF5850D628E70942AC19DAC9CAC3BA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:152541" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex insinuator Schultz, Bekkevold &amp; Boomsma" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="256" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insinuator">A. insinuator</taxonomicName>
and its host
<taxonomicName id="F429455A91A16D677177BC10B128E552" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:224141" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex echinatior (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="256" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="echinatior">A. echinatior</taxonomicName>
(Schultz et al., 1998).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="510D8167056BBC1A010B8366BFD70993">
<table id="9B364F9C5A6617CF9DF9E72C4A474380" border="0" frame="box" pageNumber="256" rules="all">
<tr id="3832DDC5F173E12D04D9D0A832DDAC04" pageNumber="256">
<td id="EAD10C1C181A60315457E6DB2AB9A7FC" pageNumber="256">HL (mm)</td>
<td id="18F7F4627EAD702C43F6B02EEE700D5B" pageNumber="256">HW (mm)</td>
<td id="5892AD50B4D9594CD48CA6E663B7145F" pageNumber="256">WL (mm)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="78D6075831B064BD4F6B9D74BD0441DB" pageNumber="256">
<td id="7C983FBFAC21F85EA9420F960828B796" pageNumber="256">Queens</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3AF3E701C8E947059DB53D46CCD397B9" pageNumber="256">
<td id="9B0F779962F7E25E189E2C8CA014685A" pageNumber="256">
<taxonomicName id="A0265A0CF343BB5AC212EF12D1CAA413" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:224141" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex echinatior (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="echinatior">A. echinatior</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="BABC5354DD185E31C208C89C9907E4AE" pageNumber="256">2.2 ± 0.1</td>
<td id="14069A9AA3D4770010C51347646F54EC" pageNumber="256">2.6 ± 0.2</td>
<td id="C88913424F1CEBEBE8F3FEA7337F5656" pageNumber="256">3.8 ± 0.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="46EF6855828419E6306786AE1DD18829" pageNumber="256">
<td id="480A062E0DA60102ECAC3F736D549C52" pageNumber="256">(n = 11, 9 nests)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="15122F8EF9B86D5A182CD2C2F06EA784" pageNumber="256">
<td id="110DAAF5598A698D6D214C876922D958" pageNumber="256">
<taxonomicName id="BA79C55660FE87CBFB2D930C3E1BC98B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:152541" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex insinuator Schultz, Bekkevold &amp; Boomsma" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insinuator">A. insinuator</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="9A1EA71F88F6CE7C9CACA807D2B6C74C" pageNumber="256">1.9 ± 0.1</td>
<td id="D4183894C4B25579A0B68F7F2AF5D79A" pageNumber="256">2.3 ± 0.1</td>
<td id="5017127D0DA2E0D33EDAF988C0734FBE" pageNumber="256">3.3 ± 0.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="ADD03826CAAF0638A98B0BCCAD4338D3" pageNumber="256">
<td id="7AA497BCD7F4A9E3D43BE7F091C2E962" pageNumber="256">(n = 25, 5 nests)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="5D7C8DF333F1E0254236CBC2DA658218" pageNumber="256">
<td id="2DD2EA07972C80837326E84C4A753A88" pageNumber="256">Males</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2AFB2F0C7B48F762C2504CA6F0BEAB08" pageNumber="256">
<td id="C8960F9A5690234DCD8581ADEB37809A" pageNumber="256">
<taxonomicName id="C53C60C210F94ACDB8C8B3899E9A47F4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:224141" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex echinatior (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="echinatior">A. echinatior</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="80590161F79277D5E3A2860146F33C91" pageNumber="256">1.4 ± 0.1</td>
<td id="C44372C1B36EC5C0E532F0AA061E48DD" pageNumber="256">1.8 ± 0.1</td>
<td id="797F1F9008FE6EE6E3ECBFE9D53FA474" pageNumber="256">3.5 ± 0.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="F8388E2A64DFA6C59E0E97C8FE2CBD6F" pageNumber="256">
<td id="ECF4FB3C7B218DB9B7C5959C01C659D0" pageNumber="256">(n = 12, 11 nests)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="056F19AE7DFACB522410ED8310501DF6" pageNumber="256">
<td id="DAB6F4F6B0F49C31BD4A20B778B1E530" pageNumber="256">
<taxonomicName id="CD7132A75D8E60856270A9AFB3AC995B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:152541" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex insinuator Schultz, Bekkevold &amp; Boomsma" order="Hymenoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insinuator">A. insinuator</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="C95D30676E49F8142E1C3B1DF011769B" pageNumber="256">1.4 ± 0.1</td>
<td id="2506BB2F353678DC9C2FEEB544DDE820" pageNumber="256">1.6 ± 0.1</td>
<td id="12A65CE522ED0D45B32F00D1EE4C6B0A" pageNumber="256">3.0 ± 0.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="57427D42730106ED8661F5E63AE92456" pageNumber="256">
<td id="3CFCD31412DD72FFA58C46CD0D8316E5" pageNumber="256">(n = 18, 5 nests)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="74ACC2DACC8A527F13969FCF9E2BE808" pageNumber="256">
As in
<taxonomicName id="A2285217D5569809E690C07D79965D7E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:152541" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex insinuator Schultz, Bekkevold &amp; Boomsma" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="256" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insinuator">Acromyrmex insinuator</taxonomicName>
, reproductives (females and males)
<taxonomicName id="16CBC38D3FABAC3E3DC51CEFAFAD6947" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="256" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
very much resemble the host species, although there has been a pronounced reduction in body size. From observations of nuptial flights that occurred in the laboratory, we can suspect that a mating flight occurs in the field. However, observations of nuptial flights in the field are necessary to conclude this. We found alate parasites in two different seasons (April and October), unlike the host species, which has only a single synchronized nuptial flight per year in November and December. More than one nuptial flight each year could increase their likelihood of successful invasion of new colonies. The well defined nuptial flight of the hosts is normally observed in November and December so that newly fertilized parasite queens (produced in April) can colonize established colonies of
<taxonomicName id="A51A0B0CD4206B8D14E6CEAB921E5A7A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:25059" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="256" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subterraneus" subSpecies="subterraneus">A. subterraneus subterraneus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A289D15CE60C6CA556515CC383779E6C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24719" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="256" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subterraneus" subSpecies="brunneus">A. subterraneus brunneus</taxonomicName>
well before they reproduce themselves. We suggest that further studies should investigate the chemical profile of the involved species to answer the following questions. Does the newly fertilized parasite queen lack external chemical substances, as hypothesized by Lenoir et al. (1999)? Is there an absence of colony specificity in hydrocarbons composition among hosts and parasite species? The chemical ecology of interactions between ants and their social parasites exhibits a potential field for research since it constitutes a multiplicity of complex interactions, yet it has been little studied (Lenoir et al., 2001).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2767FC24C20C7576AC7BB2C854CE4B53" pageNumber="256">
Like
<taxonomicName id="67022B1703FB66B8BE0CE37E854AE003" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:152541" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex insinuator Schultz, Bekkevold &amp; Boomsma" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="256" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insinuator">A. insinuator</taxonomicName>
(Bekkevold &amp; Boomsma, 2000),
<taxonomicName id="94FC277B995D6B19E9AF5470C8ADA5BB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="256" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
is one of the rare inquiline parasites that produces workers and resembles its host in morphology, but unlike
<taxonomicName id="0CD68308753C76EDD6972F5979CC6106" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:152541" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex insinuator Schultz, Bekkevold &amp; Boomsma" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="256" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insinuator">A. insinuator</taxonomicName>
, A. ameliae queens differ dramatically from their host queen in size. We excavated 14 colonies of
<taxonomicName id="B0B0E3113A7D657F6EB73653DDFB3EAF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24767" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex subterraneus (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="256" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subterraneus">A. subterraneus</taxonomicName>
and found all of them parasitized by
<taxonomicName id="B437B50D61A940ED17AF57F05E7129D2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="256" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
. Thus,
<taxonomicName id="48D049669F26819E3F6AA0101C9BF7EF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:222191" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares &amp; Della Lucia" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="256" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
appears to be very common, yet always overlooked in the past. Perhaps many other similar social parasites await discovery.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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