317 lines
34 KiB
XML
317 lines
34 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="AA09E0369406BC26623C334B0294B1CC">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="C30316722CE8C36DD3D2EEC092AA54FF" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="FAF07808D31CC79BCFFA16464104BD54">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="410BF863573FE5A7754363DB95AE56AE" type="email">r.harbach@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="59D2F6501C61BD39D41752DB4F2CBCBF">Wilkerson, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="0B6CE63F636BC6A42F22446AC6502530" type="email">wilkersonr@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="B21EF6E6C8B85EAFB6057BDF900171E7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="9A7EA961F91A26E48B9DCAD70A3F074B">
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<mods:date id="467FACE16F454C2DF6914D324A7DE994">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1419BAA087D6AD97C13C5D992B4C1033">2023-06-15</mods:number>
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<treatment id="161B87CDBAB60AD1FF54F90CFC105CB8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8064311" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700321" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8064311" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBAB60AD1FF54F90CFC105CB8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBAB60AD1FF54F90CFC105CB8" lastPageId="134" lastPageNumber="135" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BAB60AD2FF54F90CFD615CB8" box="[151,752,1698,1725]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB60AD2FF54F90CFD615CB8" blockId="133.[151,752,1698,1725]" box="[151,752,1698,1725]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">
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<heading id="C54581B7BAB60AD2FF54F90CFD615CB8" bold="true" box="[151,752,1698,1725]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB60AD2FF54F90CFD615CB8" ID-CoL="8FKMQ" authority="Peters" authorityName="Peters" box="[151,752,1698,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="novaguinensis" subGenus="Uranotaenia">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FF54F90CFD615CB8" bold="true" box="[151,752,1698,1725]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FF54F90CFEA15CB8" bold="true" box="[151,304,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">Uranotaenia</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FE82F90CFE4B5CB8" bold="true" box="[321,474,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">Uranotaenia</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FE2FF90CFD0B5CB8" bold="true" box="[492,666,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">novaguinensis</emphasis>
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Peters
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BAB60AD2FF54F948FD985D5E" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB60AD2FF54F948FEC75D1B" blockId="133.[151,1436,1767,1883]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB60AD2FEC9F948FE485CFA" ID-CoL="7DPHN" authority="Peters, 1963" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1963" box="[266,473,1767,1791]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alticola">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FEC9F948FEC65CFA" bold="true" box="[266,343,1767,1791]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">alticola</emphasis>
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Peters, 1963
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</taxonomicName>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB60AD2FD15F947FBD25CFA" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1963" box="[726,1091,1767,1791]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="novaguinensis" subSpecies="alticola">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FD15F947FBD25CFA" box="[726,1091,1767,1791]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">Uranotaenia novaguinensis alticola</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Distribution:
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB60AD2FB1BF947FA0D5CFA" box="[1240,1436,1767,1791]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
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(Peters 1963).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB60AD2FF54F88BFD985D5E" blockId="133.[151,1436,1767,1883]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB60AD2FECAF88BFD8F5D39" ID-CoL="8FKMQ" authority="Peters, 1963" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1963" box="[265,542,1828,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="novaguinensis">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FECAF88BFE315D39" bold="true" box="[265,416,1828,1852]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">novaguinensis</emphasis>
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Peters, 1963
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</taxonomicName>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB60AD2FCDAF88AFBA15D39" ID-CoL="8FKMQ" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1963" box="[793,1072,1829,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="novaguinensis">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FCDAF88AFBA15D39" box="[793,1072,1829,1852]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">Uranotaenia novaguinensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Distribution:
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB60AD2FB02F88BFAB05D39" box="[1217,1313,1828,1852]" name="Australia" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">Australia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB60AD2FAEAF88AFA0D5D39" box="[1321,1436,1829,1852]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">Papua New</collectingCountry>
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Guinea (
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB60AD2FEDEF8ECFE6F5D5E" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." box="[285,510,1859,1883]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
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Wilkerson
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FE4DF8EBFE2A5D5E" box="[398,443,1859,1883]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">et al</emphasis>
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. 2021
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BAB60AD1FF54F825FC105CB8" lastPageId="134" lastPageNumber="135" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB60AD1FF54F825FBF15BA8" blockId="133.[151,1437,1929,2028]" lastBlockId="134.[151,1437,151,429]" lastPageId="134" lastPageNumber="135" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">
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Peters (1963) described both the nominate form of this species and subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB60AD2FC35F826FBDD5DA6" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1963" box="[1014,1100,1929,1955]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alticola">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FC35F826FBDD5DA6" box="[1014,1100,1929,1955]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">alticola</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the former reared from larvae collected at the “edge of a slow running stream” near Maprik town in the present-day
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB60AD2FB97F802FA905DC2" box="[1108,1281,1965,1991]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">Maprik District</collectingRegion>
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of
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB60AD2FAE5F801FF6A5DEE" country="Papua New Guinea" name="East Sepik" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">East Sepik Province</collectingRegion>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB60AD2FEE2F87DFE6F5DEE" box="[289,510,2001,2028]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
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, and the latter from a male (
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<typeStatus id="41098879BAB60AD2FC83F87EFC345DEE" box="[832,933,2001,2027]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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) and female collected at Goroka, the capital of the
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB50AD1FF26FF38FDB55AB4" box="[229,548,151,177]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Eastern Highlands" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Eastern Highlands Province</collectingRegion>
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and Minj in
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB50AD1FD7CFF38FC645AB4" box="[703,1013,151,177]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Western Highlands" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Western Highlands District</collectingRegion>
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of
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB50AD1FBE2FF38FA935AB4" box="[1057,1282,151,177]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
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, respectively. Peters stated that the larva of the nominate form was indistinguishable from the larva of
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB50AD1FBB0FF14FAE05AD1" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1963" box="[1139,1393,187,212]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paranovaguinensis">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FBB0FF14FAE05AD1" box="[1139,1393,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Ur. paranovaguinensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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but the pupa differed slightly from the pupa of that species, which he described as a new species in the same paper. He distinguished subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB50AD1FE75FEACFD9D5B18" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1963" box="[438,524,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alticola">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FE75FEACFD9D5B18" box="[438,524,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">alticola</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FD90FEACFC1A5B19" box="[595,907,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB50AD1FD90FEACFD625B19" box="[595,755,259,284]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="novaguinensis">novaguinensis</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BAB50AD1FD3FFEACFC1A5B19" box="[764,907,259,284]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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based principally on “less extensive pale hind tarsal scaling in both sexes” and noted that the larval and pupal stages, although “not definitely associated” with the adults, were “apparently indistinguishable, except for slightly greater size, from the type form.” The descriptions of both forms were very superficial, especially for the immature stages, and Peters only crudely illustrated the aedeagus of the nominate form. The following extract from Peters (1963) is insightful.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB50AD1FF34FE72FCBF5881" blockId="134.[199,1383,476,932]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">
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In the absence of distinguishing features in the females of
|
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB50AD1FC83FE72FB8E5BF1" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1963" box="[832,1055,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paranovaguinensis">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FC83FE72FB8E5BF1" box="[832,1055,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">U. paranovaguinensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB50AD1FB8CFE72FB715BF1" box="[1103,1248,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="novaguinensis">
|
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FB8CFE72FB715BF1" box="[1103,1248,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">novaguinensis</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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, it is difficult to be dogmatic about their respective distributions.… Males of
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||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB50AD1FC9AFDAEFC7B581D" box="[857,1002,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="novaguinensis">
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FC9AFDAEFC7B581D" box="[857,1002,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">novaguinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
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have been found in association with the former species at Maprik and Koitaki but so far not in the
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB50AD1FCF7FD8BFC315838" box="[820,928,548,573]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Milne Bay" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Milne Bay</collectingRegion>
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area. Females, so far unidentified, have been found in all three areas as well as at Iamalele (Fergusson Island, D’Entrecastaux Islands,
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<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB50AD1FBADFDE7FAA75865" box="[1134,1334,584,609]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Milne Bay" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Milne Bay District</collectingRegion>
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). No differences could be observed between any of these females.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB50AD1FF34FD3EFCE558C9" blockId="134.[199,1383,476,932]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">
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<materialsCitation id="2EDA3C86BAB50AD1FF34FD3EFCCA58C9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4134363305" county="These" location="Yambi" municipality="Maprik" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
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A series of
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BAB50AD1FEA4FD3FFE7F58AD" box="[359,494,656,680]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" type="female">eight females</specimenCount>
|
||
of this
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FDFBFD3EFD0358AC" bold="true" box="[568,658,657,681]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">complex</emphasis>
|
||
[emphasis ours] was taken in a
|
||
<collectingMethod id="47F34ECCBAB50AD1FC13FD3FFBBA58AD" box="[976,1067,656,680]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">light trap</collectingMethod>
|
||
at
|
||
<location id="9B6D6000BAB50AD1FB84FD3FFB1858AD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBAB60AD1FF54F90CFC105CB8:9B6D6000BAB50AD1FB84FD3FFB1858AD" box="[1095,1161,656,680]" county="These" municipality="Maprik" name="Yambi" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Yambi</location>
|
||
(about
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBAB50AD1FB16FD3FFABA58AD" box="[1237,1323,656,680]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.414016" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" unit="mi" value="15.0">15 miles</quantity>
|
||
south of
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="7E69ACA1BAB50AD1FF20FD1BFEA358C9" box="[227,306,692,716]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Maprik</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCounty id="776C4E57BAB50AD1FE81FD1BFEEF58C9" box="[322,382,692,716]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">These</collectingCounty>
|
||
were slightly different from “typical” females
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
….
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB50AD1FF34FD77FEC759A1" blockId="134.[199,1383,476,932]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">
|
||
The highland subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB50AD1FE34FD77FDD558F5" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1963" box="[503,580,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alticola">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FE34FD77FDD558F5" box="[503,580,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">alticola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been taken in all three highland districts at altitudes of
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBAB50AD1FB5DFD77FB6C58F5" box="[1182,1277,728,752]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" unit="ft" value="5000.0">5000 feet</quantity>
|
||
[
|
||
<quantity id="594A9B3EBAB50AD1FACAFD77FAF058F5" box="[1289,1377,728,752]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" unit="m" value="1.524">1,524 m</quantity>
|
||
] and above, but so far nowhere below this altitude. Much more extensive collecting, particularly of associated larvae, pupae and adults is required to define the distribution of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FCC8FC8FFC74593C" bold="true" box="[779,997,800,825]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">this species complex</emphasis>
|
||
[emphasis ours]. It is most likely that such collecting will reveal not only that the complex is widely distributed throughout the New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB50AD1FB73FCEBFB685959" box="[1200,1273,836,860]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
mainland, including that of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB50AD1FEB4FCC7FE605985" box="[375,497,872,896]" name="Netherlands" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Netherlands</collectingCountry>
|
||
New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB50AD1FDECFCC7FDEA5985" box="[559,635,872,896]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but that several other species or subspecies exist that have so far evaded identification.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB50AD1FF04FC7CFB335E5C" blockId="134.[151,1436,979,1725]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB50AD1FF04FC7CFECF59E8" author="Peters, W." box="[199,350,979,1005]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" pagination="19 - 29" refId="ref172998" refString="Peters, W. (1964) Mosquitoes of New Guinea (Diptera: Culicidae). Part IX. - Further new species of Uranotaenia Lynch Arribalzaga and notes on the genus. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London, Series B: Taxonomy, 33 (1 - 2), 19 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1964. tb 01221. x" type="journal article" year="1964">Peters (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
diagrammatically compared the lengths of the proboscis and legs of seven
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB50AD1FB77FC7CFA0D59E8" box="[1204,1436,979,1005]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FB77FC7CFAD259E9" box="[1204,1347,979,1004]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Uranotaenia</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the two subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB50AD1FE11FC58FDE35E15" box="[466,626,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="novaguinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FE11FC58FDE35E15" box="[466,626,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">novaguinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that were known at the time to occur on New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB50AD1FB65FC58FADB5E14" box="[1190,1354,1015,1041]" name="Guinea Island" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Guinea Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Those comparisons clearly indicate, as observed by Peters (1963), that the male of subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB50AD1FBBCFBB4FB445E30" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1963" box="[1151,1237,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alticola">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FBBCFBB4FB445E30" box="[1151,1237,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">alticola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is larger than the male of the nominate form, approximately 1.3 times larger, which is a significant difference.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB50AD1FF04FBCCFE8C5F50" blockId="134.[151,1436,979,1725]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">
|
||
In a summary of what is known about subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB50AD1FCDDFBCCFBCD5E78" authority=", Lee et al. (1989 b)" authorityName="Lee" authorityYear="1989" box="[798,1116,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alticola">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FCDDFBCCFCE55E78" box="[798,884,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">alticola</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB50AD1FC45FBCCFBCD5E78" author="Lee, D. J. & Hicks, M. M. & Griffiths, M. & Debenham, M. L. & Marks, E. N. & Bryan, J. H. & Russell, R. C." box="[902,1116,1123,1149]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" refId="ref164561" refString="Lee, D. J., Hicks, M. M., Griffiths, M., Debenham, M. L., Marks, E. N., Bryan, J. H. & Russell, R. C. (1989 b) The Culicidae of the Australasian Region. Vol. 11. Nomenclature, synonymy, literature, distribution, biology and relation to disease. Genera Tripteroides, Uranotaenia, Wyeomyia, Zeugnomyia. Monograph Series, Entomology Monograph No. 2. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, ix + 306 pp." type="book" year="1989">
|
||
Lee
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FC78FBCCFC605E78" box="[955,1009,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1989b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
noted that “Peters (1963d) examined unassociated larvae from Minj which showed no apparent differences from the larva of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BAB50AD1FAE5FB28FAC75EA4" box="[1318,1366,1159,1185]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">type</typeStatus>
|
||
form,
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FF54FB04FEC75EC1" box="[151,342,1195,1220]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">
|
||
n.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB50AD1FF75FB04FEC75EC1" box="[182,342,1195,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="novaguinensis">novaguinensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. At a later date he collected larvae associated with adults of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FBDEFB04FB005EC0" box="[1053,1169,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">
|
||
n.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB50AD1FBF8FB04FB005EC0" box="[1083,1169,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alticola">alticola</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
which differed at least superficially from the original batch. He concluded that it is possible that more than one species or subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB50AD1FF54FB5CFEB75F09" authorityName="Lynch Arribalzaga" authorityYear="1891" box="[151,294,1267,1292]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FF54FB5CFEB75F09" box="[151,294,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Uranotaenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is present at Minj, although he originally considered that only the form described as
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FB15FB5CFAD65F08" box="[1238,1351,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">
|
||
n.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB50AD1FB32FB5CFAD65F08" box="[1265,1351,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alticola">alticola</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
existed there.” We were unable to find a reference to a “later date” when Peters “collected larvae associated with adults of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FF54FA94FE985F50" box="[151,265,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">
|
||
n.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB50AD1FF70FA94FE985F50" box="[179,265,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alticola">alticola</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB50AD1FF04FAF0FC105CB8" blockId="134.[151,1436,979,1725]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">
|
||
Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB50AD1FE82FAF0FE415F7D" authorityName="Lynch Arribalzaga" authorityYear="1891" box="[321,464,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FE82FAF0FE415F7D" box="[321,464,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Uranotaenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, especially those of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB50AD1FC8AFAF0FC495F7D" authorityName="Lynch Arribalzaga" authorityYear="1891" box="[841,984,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FC8AFAF0FC495F7D" box="[841,984,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Uranotaenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are markedly “homogeneous” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB50AD1FA83FAF0FE855F98" author="Galindo, P. & Blanton, F. S. & Peyton, E. L." pageId="134" pageNumber="135" pagination="107 - 177" refId="ref156175" refString="Galindo, P., Blanton, F. S. & Peyton, E. L. (1954) A revision of the Uranotaenia of Panama with notes on other American species of the genus (Diptera, Culicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 47 (1), 107 - 177. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 47.1.107" type="journal article" year="1954">
|
||
Galindo
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FF54FA2CFF5B5F98" box="[151,202,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1954
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB50AD1FEE2FA2CFE255F98" author="Peyton, E. L." box="[289,436,1411,1437]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" pagination="16 - 40" refId="ref173181" refString="Peyton, E. L. (1972) A subgeneric classification of the genus Uranotaenia Lynch Arribalzaga, with a historical review and notes on other categories. Mosquito Systematics, 4 (2), 16 - 40." type="journal article" year="1972">Peyton 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). That said, the immature stages of most species are not fully known and have not been adequately studied. In his study of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB50AD1FD7FFA08FCF55FC4" box="[700,868,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pseudoficalbia">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FD7FFA08FCF55FC4" box="[700,868,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Pseudoficalbia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB50AD1FC49FA08FC665FC4" box="[906,1015,1447,1473]" country="Botswana" name="South East" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Southeast</collectingRegion>
|
||
Asia,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB50AD1FBFCFA08FB4E5FC4" author="Peyton, E. L." box="[1087,1247,1447,1473]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" pagination="1 - 273" refId="ref173222" refString="Peyton, E. L. (1977) Medical entomology studies - X. A revision of the subgenus Pseudoficalbia of the genus Uranotaenia in Southeast Asia (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 14 (3), iv + 1 - 273." type="journal article" year="1977">Peyton (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
flatly stated that “The immature stages are extremely diverse and offer many good characters for subgeneric, group and specific determinations. These are often of paramount importance in the diagnosis of species with extremely similar adults and male terminalia [genitalia].” Consequently, in view of differences in body size, pale scaling of the hindtarsi and altitudinal distribution, we believe that features of the immature stages, when definitely known for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB50AD1FB1EF998FAA25C54" box="[1245,1331,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alticola">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FB1EF998FAA25C54" box="[1245,1331,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">alticola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and fully compared with those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB50AD1FE6BF9F4FDD95C71" box="[424,584,1627,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="novaguinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FE6BF9F4FDD95C71" box="[424,584,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">novaguinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, will show that the two forms are separate species. Accordingly, we hereby formally recognize
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB50AD1FEB5F9D0FE5D5C9C" box="[374,460,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alticola">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FEB5F9D0FE5D5C9C" box="[374,460,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">alticola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a distinct species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB50AD1FD06F9D0FB6F5C9D" authority="Peters, 1963" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1963" box="[709,1278,1662,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alticola" subGenus="Uranotaenia">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FD06F9D0FB6F5C9D" bold="true" box="[709,1278,1662,1689]" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FD06F9D0FCC65C9C" bold="true" box="[709,855,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Uranotaenia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FCAAF9D0FC6A5C9C" bold="true" box="[873,1019,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Uranotaenia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FBCEF9D1FBF25C9C" bold="true" box="[1037,1123,1662,1689]" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">alticola</emphasis>
|
||
Peters, 1963
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB50AD1FACEF9D0FF7C5CB8" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1963" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="134" pageNumber="135" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alticola">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB50AD1FACEF9D0FF7C5CB8" italics="true" pageId="134" pageNumber="135">Uranotaenia alticola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently listed as a species in the Encyclopedia of Life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |