486 lines
56 KiB
XML
486 lines
56 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="3D517C056D60DEB6FA2E44B741EE594E">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8AAC090D89E7F8F96C7695EA78E05EA8">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="A83C6D9D74EB1AA5F2148DEF46F84E25" type="email">r.harbach@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="43D6F46678756E59804B8E4929EC46CC">Wilkerson, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="D582F1A24C6986673431C7E3FA1953D1" type="email">wilkersonr@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="634BE4501ADA399012A47942B62E8EF2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="09B7BC916B64BC2D2770E30BA24B1BBB">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="DD3D6018C313B80DAE0FE3E58A84C747">2023-06-15</mods:number>
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<treatment id="161B87CDBA4E0A29FF54FAB2FD665FBA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8064297" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700335" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8064297" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBA4E0A29FF54FAB2FD665FBA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBA4E0A29FF54FAB2FD665FBA" lastPageId="126" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
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<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA4E0A2AFF54FAB2FCA65F3D" box="[151,823,1309,1336]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4E0A2AFF54FAB2FCA65F3D" blockId="125.[151,823,1309,1336]" box="[151,823,1309,1336]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
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<heading id="C54581B7BA4E0A2AFF54FAB2FCA65F3D" bold="true" box="[151,823,1309,1336]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4E0A2AFF54FAB2FCA65F3D" ID-CoL="8FGS7" ID-ENA="2498889" authority="(Edwards)" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1921" box="[151,823,1309,1336]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manicatus" subGenus="Toxorhynchites">
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFF54FAB2FCA65F3D" bold="true" box="[151,823,1309,1336]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFF54FAB2FEC05F3D" bold="true" box="[151,337,1309,1336]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Toxorhynchites</emphasis>
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||
(
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFEA0FAB2FD8C5F3D" bold="true" box="[355,541,1309,1336]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Toxorhynchites</emphasis>
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||
)
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFDEDFAB1FD3D5F3D" bold="true" box="[558,684,1310,1336]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">manicatus</emphasis>
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(Edwards)
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</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA4E0A2AFF54FACDFD5A5C11" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4E0A2AFF54FACDFED35F9C" blockId="125.[151,1437,1378,1556]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4E0A2AFECBFACDFDB65F7F" ID-CoL="8FGS7" authority="(Edwards, 1921a)" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1921" box="[264,551,1378,1402]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manicatus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFECBFACDFEE55F7F" bold="true" box="[264,372,1378,1402]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">manicatus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4E0A2AFE43FACDFDB15F7F" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[384,544,1378,1402]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="629 - 632" refId="ref153513" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1921 a) H. Sauter's Formosan collections: Culicidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 9, 8 (48), 629 - 632. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932108632632" type="journal article" year="1921">Edwards, 1921a</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4E0A2AFCE1FACDFB995F7F" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1921" box="[802,1032,1378,1402]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manicatus">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFCE1FACDFB995F7F" box="[802,1032,1378,1402]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Megarhinus manicatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Distribution:
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4E0A2AFB5AFACCFB445F7F" box="[1177,1237,1379,1402]" name="Japan" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Japan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4E0A2AFB1EFACDFAB65F7F" box="[1245,1319,1378,1402]" name="Taiwan" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4E0A2AFAF1FACDFEA65F9C" author="Wilkerson, R. C. & Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D." pageId="125" pageNumber="126" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. & Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 & 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
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Wilkerson
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFF04FA2DFF655F9C" box="[199,244,1409,1433]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2021
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4E0A2AFF54FA0FFC255FD2" blockId="125.[151,1437,1378,1556]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4E0A2AFECEFA30FE6D5FBD" authority="(Ouchi, 1939)" baseAuthorityName="Ouchi" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[269,508,1439,1466]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yamadai">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFECEFA30FEF75FB2" bold="true" box="[269,358,1439,1463]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">yamadai</emphasis>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4E0A2AFEB6FA0EFE645FBD" author="Ouchi, Y." box="[373,501,1440,1466]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="223 - 225" refId="ref172363" refString="Ouchi, Y. (1939) A new species of Megarhinus mosquito from Amami-Oshiina, the southern Japan. Journal of the Shanghai Science Institute, Section III, 4 (21), 223 - 225, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1939">Ôuchi, 1939</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4E0A2AFD3CFA0FFC485FBD" authorityName="Ôuchi" authorityYear="1939" box="[767,985,1440,1464]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yamadai">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFD3CFA0FFC485FBD" box="[767,985,1440,1464]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Megarhinus yamadai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(subspecific status by
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4E0A2AFB08FA0FFA035FBD" author="Tanaka, K. & Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S." box="[1227,1426,1440,1464]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="1 - 987" refId="ref180905" refString="Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S. (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, vii + 1 - 987." type="journal article" year="1979">
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Tanaka
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFADFFA0EFADD5FBD" box="[1308,1356,1440,1464]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">et al</emphasis>
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. 1979
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Distribution:
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4E0A2AFE8CFA10FE185FD3" box="[335,393,1471,1494]" name="Japan" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Japan</collectingCountry>
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(Amami Ôshima, Ryukyu Archipelago) (
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4E0A2AFCEFFA6FFC385FD2" author="Ouchi, Y." box="[812,937,1471,1497]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="223 - 225" refId="ref172363" refString="Ouchi, Y. (1939) A new species of Megarhinus mosquito from Amami-Oshiina, the southern Japan. Journal of the Shanghai Science Institute, Section III, 4 (21), 223 - 225, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1939">Ôuchi 1939</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4E0A2AFF54FA72FD5A5C11" blockId="125.[151,1437,1378,1556]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
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subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4E0A2AFECAFA72FE675FF0" authority="Bohart, 1956" authorityName="Bohart" authorityYear="1956" box="[265,502,1501,1525]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yaeyamae">
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<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFECAFA72FEE15FF1" bold="true" box="[265,368,1501,1524]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">yaeyamae</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4E0A2AFEB6FA72FE675FF0" author="Bohart, R. M." box="[373,502,1501,1525]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="29 - 34" refId="ref145666" refString="Bohart, R. M. (1956) New species of mosquitoes from the southern Ryukyu Islands. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 51 (2), 29 - 34." type="journal article" year="1956">Bohart, 1956</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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—original combination:
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4E0A2AFD33FA72FC655FF0" authorityName="Bohart" authorityYear="1956" box="[752,1012,1501,1525]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yaeyamae">
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFD33FA72FC655FF0" box="[752,1012,1501,1525]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Toxorhynchites yaeyamae</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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(subspecific status by
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4E0A2AFB15FA72FA035FF0" author="Tanaka, K. & Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S." box="[1238,1426,1501,1525]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="1 - 987" refId="ref180905" refString="Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S. (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, vii + 1 - 987." type="journal article" year="1979">
|
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Tanaka
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||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFAE7FA71FAC15FF0" box="[1316,1360,1501,1525]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1979
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Distribution:
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4E0A2AFE8CFA53FE185C16" box="[335,393,1532,1555]" name="Japan" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Japan</collectingCountry>
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(Ryukyu-Retto) (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4E0A2AFDFFFA53FD2E5C11" author="Bohart, R. M." box="[572,703,1532,1556]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="29 - 34" refId="ref145666" refString="Bohart, R. M. (1956) New species of mosquitoes from the southern Ryukyu Islands. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 51 (2), 29 - 34." type="journal article" year="1956">Bohart 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BA4E0A29FF54F9EDFD665FBA" lastPageId="126" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4E0A2AFF54F9EDFEB35D5D" blockId="125.[151,1437,1602,1880]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
|
||
These three nominal forms were originally described as separate species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4E0A2AFC27F9ECFBC65C59" box="[996,1111,1603,1628]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manicatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFC27F9ECFBC65C59" box="[996,1111,1603,1628]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">manicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
from
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<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4E0A2AFB63F9EDFB635C59" box="[1184,1266,1602,1628]" name="Taiwan" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4E0A2AFAEFF9ECFA0D5C59" authorityName="Bohart" authorityYear="1956" box="[1324,1436,1603,1628]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yaeyamae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFAEFF9ECFA0D5C59" box="[1324,1436,1603,1628]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">yaeyamae</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
and
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<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4E0A2AFF09F9C9FEBB5C85" box="[202,298,1638,1664]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yamadai">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFF09F9C9FEBB5C85" box="[202,298,1638,1664]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">yamadai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from islands of the Ryukyu Archipelago (see below).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4E0A2AFC66F9C9FBDE5C85" author="Tanaka, K." box="[933,1103,1638,1664]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" refId="ref180702" refString="Tanaka, K. (1971 a) Mosquitoes of the Ryukyu Islands. A list of the family Culicidae from the Ryukyu Islands. Abstracts 23 rd Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Sanitary Zoology, 4." type="proceedings paper" year="1971">Tanaka (1971a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4E0A2AFB71F9C9FA0D5C84" author="Tanaka, K. & Saugstad, E. S. & Mizusawa, K." box="[1202,1436,1638,1665]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="207 - 233" refId="ref180967" refString="Tanaka, K., Saugstad, E. S. & Mizusawa, K. (1975) Mosquitoes of the Ryukyu Archipelago (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics, 7 (3), 207 - 233." type="journal article" year="1975">
|
||
Tanaka
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFACFF9C8FAD05C85" box="[1292,1345,1638,1664]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1975)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recognized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4E0A2AFEDDF924FE1F5CA1" authorityName="Bohart" authorityYear="1956" box="[286,398,1675,1700]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yaeyamae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFEDDF924FE1F5CA1" box="[286,398,1675,1700]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">yaeyamae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4E0A2AFDB8F925FD4A5CA1" box="[635,731,1674,1700]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yamadai">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFDB8F925FD4A5CA1" box="[635,731,1674,1700]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">yamadai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on examination of all life stages of the former from Iriomote (provenance of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA4E0A2AFE19F900FD9B5CCC" box="[474,522,1711,1737]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality) and Ishigaki Islands and the latter from Amami Ōshima (provenance of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="41098879BA4E0A2AFF03F97CFF615CE8" box="[192,240,1747,1773]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality), stating that the adults and larvae are identical with the exception that the postpronotal lobes of the adults have a broad dark-scaled dorsal area in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4E0A2AFD67F959FC955D15" box="[676,772,1782,1808]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yamadai">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFD67F959FC955D15" box="[676,772,1782,1808]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">yamadai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and a narrow dark-scaled dorsal margin in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4E0A2AFB31F958FAF35D15" authorityName="Bohart" authorityYear="1956" box="[1266,1378,1783,1808]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yaeyamae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFB31F958FAF35D15" box="[1266,1378,1783,1808]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">yaeyamae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The subspecific status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4E0A2AFE47F8B5FE755D31" box="[388,484,1818,1844]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yamadai">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFE47F8B5FE755D31" box="[388,484,1818,1844]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">yamadai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4E0A2AFDDFF8B4FD1D5D31" authorityName="Bohart" authorityYear="1956" box="[540,652,1819,1844]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yaeyamae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFDDFF8B4FD1D5D31" box="[540,652,1819,1844]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">yaeyamae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was established by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4E0A2AFCACF8B5FBC45D31" author="Tanaka, K. & Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S." box="[879,1109,1818,1845]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="1 - 987" refId="ref180905" refString="Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S. (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, vii + 1 - 987." type="journal article" year="1979">
|
||
Tanaka
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFC0BF8B4FC6B5D31" box="[968,1018,1818,1844]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1979)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who provided the following explanation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4E0A29FF04F827FAC158EA" blockId="125.[199,1384,1928,2024]" lastBlockId="126.[199,1384,150,751]" lastPageId="126" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
|
||
The characteristics differentiating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4E0A2AFDE5F827FDEC5DA5" box="[550,637,1928,1952]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yamadai">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFDE5F827FDEC5DA5" box="[550,637,1928,1952]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">yamadai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4E0A2AFD48F826FD615DA5" authorityName="Bohart" authorityYear="1956" box="[651,752,1929,1952]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yaeyamae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFD48F826FD615DA5" box="[651,752,1929,1952]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">yaeyamae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4E0A2AFCE0F827FC1A5D9A" box="[803,907,1928,1951]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manicatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4E0A2AFCE0F827FC1A5D9A" box="[803,907,1928,1951]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">manicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not appear sufficient to consider them as 3 distinct species. However, they may be recognized as 3 subspecies, because of the existence of rather distinct and not clinal local variations and their definite allopatricity. The posterior pronotal lobe is covered with dark metallic purple or indigo-blue scales on upper 0.5–0.6 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FDBEFF38FD455AAA" box="[637,724,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yamadai">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FDBEFF38FD455AAA" box="[637,724,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yamadai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FCC9FF38FCE35AAB" box="[778,882,151,174]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manicatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FCC9FF38FCE35AAB" box="[778,882,151,174]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">manicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the upper 0.25 or less in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FB75FF38FA8A5AAB" authorityName="Bohart" authorityYear="1956" box="[1206,1307,151,174]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yaeyamae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FB75FF38FA8A5AAB" box="[1206,1307,151,174]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yaeyamae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. White scaling on the tarsi is most developed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FDBAFF14FD705AD7" box="[633,737,187,210]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manicatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FDBAFF14FD705AD7" box="[633,737,187,210]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">manicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, least in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FC86FF14FC0D5AD6" box="[837,924,187,211]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yamadai">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FC86FF14FC0D5AD6" box="[837,924,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yamadai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and intermediate in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FBBBFF14FB4C5AD7" authorityName="Bohart" authorityYear="1956" box="[1144,1245,187,210]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yaeyamae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FBBBFF14FB4C5AD7" box="[1144,1245,187,210]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yaeyamae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; this may be clinal. Transverse bands of white scales on female abdominal terga are most developed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FB92FF70FB395AF2" box="[1105,1192,223,247]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yamadai">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FB92FF70FB395AF2" box="[1105,1192,223,247]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yamadai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, least in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FAC1FF70FAF65AF3" authorityName="Bohart" authorityYear="1956" box="[1282,1383,223,246]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yaeyamae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FAC1FF70FAF65AF3" box="[1282,1383,223,246]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yaeyamae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and intermediate in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FE5FFEACFD955B1F" box="[412,516,259,282]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manicatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FE5FFEACFD955B1F" box="[412,516,259,282]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">manicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but these are also highly variable within each subspecies. Lateral bristles [setae] of abdominal terga VI–VIII are most developed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FD1BFE88FCD15B3B" box="[728,832,295,318]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manicatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FD1BFE88FCD15B3B" box="[728,832,295,318]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">manicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the bristles are stiffer and denser than in the other 2 subspecies, though not so conspicuous as in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FD73FEE4FCB05B66" baseAuthorityName="Matsumara" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[688,801,331,355]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="towadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FD73FEE4FCB05B66" box="[688,801,331,355]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">towadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group; these bristles are nearly equal to those on anterior terga in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FEE3FEC0FE145B83" authorityName="Bohart" authorityYear="1956" box="[288,389,367,390]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yaeyamae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FEE3FEC0FE145B83" box="[288,389,367,390]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yaeyamae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FE37FEC0FDDA5B82" box="[500,587,367,391]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yamadai">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FE37FEC0FDDA5B82" box="[500,587,367,391]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yamadai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, they are more developed than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FC79FEC0FB8E5B83" authorityName="Bohart" authorityYear="1956" box="[954,1055,367,390]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yaeyamae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FC79FEC0FB8E5B83" box="[954,1055,367,390]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yaeyamae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and less so than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FB3AFEC0FAF05B83" box="[1273,1377,367,390]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manicatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FB3AFEC0FAF05B83" box="[1273,1377,367,390]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">manicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Purple scaling on the median line of the abdominal sterna is most developed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FC32FE3CFB115BAF" authority=", IV" authorityName="IV" box="[1009,1152,403,426]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manicatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FC32FE3CFBC85BAF" box="[1009,1113,403,426]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">manicatus</emphasis>
|
||
, IV
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is usually golden only in narrow lateral margins or small lateroapical patches, VII has a broad median line of purple scales, II, V and VI usually have complete, narrow to moderately broad median lines, II often has an incomplete one. The purple scaling is least developed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FE5FFE50FD905813" authorityName="Bohart" authorityYear="1956" box="[412,513,511,534]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yaeyamae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FE5FFE50FD905813" box="[412,513,511,534]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yaeyamae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and intermediate in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FD12FE50FCB95812" box="[721,808,511,535]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yamadai">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FD12FE50FCB95812" box="[721,808,511,535]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yamadai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BA4D0A29FCF6FE50FCF85812" box="[821,873,511,535]" country="Maldives" name="Maale" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Male</collectingRegion>
|
||
tergum IX is broad, parallel-sided, with the apical margin straight, having 21,22 bristles on each side in
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA4D0A29FD19FD8CFCF5583E" box="[730,868,547,571]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FC40FD8CFC4B583E" box="[899,986,547,571]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yamadai">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FC40FD8CFC4B583E" box="[899,986,547,571]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yamadai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FBC3FD8CFBF4583F" authorityName="Bohart" authorityYear="1956" box="[1024,1125,547,570]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yaeyamae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FBC3FD8CFBF4583F" box="[1024,1125,547,570]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yaeyamae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FB57FD8CFB6D583F" box="[1172,1276,547,570]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manicatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FB57FD8CFB6D583F" box="[1172,1276,547,570]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">manicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is fairly variable, but usually more or less apically narrowed, or having the more strongly rounded lateroapical angle, and the apical margin slightly to deeply concave; the setae are 12–16 (6) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FCB5FDC4FC4A5887" authorityName="Bohart" authorityYear="1956" box="[886,987,619,642]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yaeyamae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FCB5FDC4FC4A5887" box="[886,987,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yaeyamae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 10–14 (2) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FBAFFDC4FB455887" box="[1132,1236,619,642]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manicatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FBAFFDC4FB455887" box="[1132,1236,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">manicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The claspette is 0.96–1.09 (1) as wide as long in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FDEBFD20FDEE58A2" box="[552,639,655,679]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yamadai">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FDEBFD20FDEE58A2" box="[552,639,655,679]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yamadai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while it is 1.10–l.40 (7) in the other 2. The shape of tergum IX is usually quite variable in this genus. At present, we have only
|
||
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BA4D0A29FD1DFD1CFCB058CE" box="[734,801,691,715]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
|
||
specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FC65FD1CFC6C58CE" box="[934,1021,691,715]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yamadai">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FC65FD1CFC6C58CE" box="[934,1021,691,715]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yamadai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and consider its 9th tergite [tergum IX] as a case of individual variation which is rather more remarkable than other variable characters of this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBA4D0A29FF04FCB2FD665FBA" blockId="126.[151,1437,797,1471]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">
|
||
As mentioned above for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FE17FCB2FC8E5932" authority="Yamada, 1917" authorityName="Yamada" authorityYear="1917" box="[468,799,797,823]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Culex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hayashii">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FE17FCB2FDE85932" box="[468,633,797,823]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Culex hayashii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4D0A29FDBEFCB2FC8E5932" author="Yamada, S." box="[637,799,797,823]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="61 - 72" refId="ref185379" refString="Yamada, S. (1917) On two new species of mosquitoes from Japan. Dobutsugaku zasshi [Zoological Magazine], 29 (341), 61 - 72. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="1917">Yamada, 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the islands of the Ryukyu Archipelago are separated from Palaearctic
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4D0A29FEDBFCEEFEC9595E" box="[280,344,833,859]" name="Japan" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4D0A29FE4EFCEEFE4E595E" box="[397,479,833,859]" name="Taiwan" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
by two large gaps, and the flora and fauna of the Archipelago tend to be very different from the flora and fauna on the northern and southern sides of those gaps, respectively. We noted above that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4D0A29FA9EFCCAFEB059A6" author="Toma, T. & Taira, K. & Oosiro, A. & Azama, Y. & Fukuchi, Y. & Miyagi, I." pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="15 - 23" refId="ref182672" refString="Toma, T., Taira, K., Oosiro, A., Azama, Y., Fukuchi, Y. & Miyagi, I. (2019) New taxonomic status of Tripteroides bambusa (Yamada), 1917 [sic] from Japan, based on experimental crossing and COI sequence divergence. Medical Entomology and Zoology, 70 (1), 15 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.7601 / mez. 70.15" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Toma
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FF54FC25FF5959A6" box="[151,200,905,931]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2019)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had elevated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FE79FC26FB7A59A6" authority="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad, 1979" authorityName="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad" authorityYear="1979" box="[442,1259,905,931]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Tripteroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="bambusa" subSpecies="yaeyamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FE79FC26FCD259A6" box="[442,835,905,931]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Tripteroides bambusa yaeyamensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4D0A29FC8AFC26FB7A59A6" author="Tanaka, K. & Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S." box="[841,1259,905,931]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="1 - 987" refId="ref180905" refString="Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S. (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, vii + 1 - 987." type="journal article" year="1979">Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is found in the central and southern regions of the archipelago, to specific status based on molecular and genetic distinctions from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FF15FC7DFDB659EE" authority="(Yamada, 1917)" baseAuthorityName="Yamada" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[214,551,977,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Tripteroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bambusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FF15FC7DFEF859EE" box="[214,361,977,1003]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Tp. bambusa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4D0A29FEBAFC7EFD8F59EE" author="Yamada, S." box="[377,542,977,1003]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="61 - 72" refId="ref185379" refString="Yamada, S. (1917) On two new species of mosquitoes from Japan. Dobutsugaku zasshi [Zoological Magazine], 29 (341), 61 - 72. [in Japanese]" type="journal article" year="1917">Yamada, 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the northern Palaearctic region of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4D0A29FC17FC7EFB8659EE" box="[980,1047,977,1003]" name="Japan" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
. What we neglected to mention is that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FF09FC59FECC5E0A" baseAuthorityName="Yamada" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[202,349,1013,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Tripteroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bambusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FF09FC59FECC5E0A" box="[202,349,1013,1039]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Tp. bambusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FE2DFC59FD1F5E0A" box="[494,654,1014,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manicatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FE2DFC59FD1F5E0A" box="[494,654,1014,1039]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Tx. manicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
develops in plant cavities, is actually three species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FB29FC59FAEC5E0A" baseAuthorityName="Yamada" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1258,1405,1013,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Tripteroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bambusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FB29FC59FAEC5E0A" box="[1258,1405,1013,1039]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Tp. bambusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Palaearctic region of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4D0A29FE76FBB6FE645E36" box="[437,501,1049,1075]" name="Japan" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
north of the northern gap;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FCEFFBB5FA095E36" authority="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad, 1979" authorityName="Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad" authorityYear="1979" box="[812,1432,1049,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yaeyamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FCEFFBB5FC765E36" box="[812,999,1050,1075]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Tp. yaeyamensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4D0A29FC2CFBB6FA095E36" author="Tanaka, K. & Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S." box="[1007,1432,1049,1075]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="1 - 987" refId="ref180905" refString="Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S. (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, vii + 1 - 987." type="journal article" year="1979">Tanaka, Mizusawa & Saugstad, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, originally described as a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FD99FB91FD7C5E52" baseAuthorityName="Yamada" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[602,749,1085,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Tripteroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bambusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FD99FB91FD7C5E52" box="[602,749,1085,1111]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Tp. bambusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in the central and southern regions of the archipelago; and an undescribed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FE89FBCEFE3E5E7E" baseAuthorityName="Yamada" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[330,431,1121,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Tripteroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bambusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FE89FBCEFE3E5E7E" box="[330,431,1121,1147]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">bambusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like species in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBA4D0A29FDA1FBCEFD295E7E" box="[610,696,1121,1147]" name="Taiwan" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Considering (1) the morphological comparisons of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4D0A29FAC9FBCEFF755E9A" author="Tanaka, K. & Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S." pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="1 - 987" refId="ref180905" refString="Tanaka, K., Mizusawa, K. & Saugstad, E. S. (1979) A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 16, vii + 1 - 987." type="journal article" year="1979">
|
||
Tanaka
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FAA0FBCDFA045E7E" box="[1379,1429,1121,1147]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1979)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, (2) the parallel distributions of
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FDA7FB29FCE25E9A" box="[612,883,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FDA7FB29FD465E9A" box="[612,727,1158,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="manicatus">manicatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="B7F557B2BA4D0A29FD21FB29FCE25E9A" box="[738,883,1158,1183]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(Taiwan) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FBE3FB29FB015E9A" authorityName="Bohart" authorityYear="1956" box="[1056,1168,1158,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yaeyamae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FBE3FB29FB015E9A" box="[1056,1168,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yaeyamae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FAC7FB2AFAF85E9A" baseAuthorityName="Yamada" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1284,1385,1157,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Tripteroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bambusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FAC7FB2AFAF85E9A" box="[1284,1385,1157,1183]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">bambusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like species (Taiwan) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FE4DFB05FCB55EC6" authority="(Yaeyama Islands)" baseAuthorityName="Yaeyama Islands" box="[398,804,1193,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Aedes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yaeyamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FE4DFB05FDD95EC6" box="[398,584,1194,1219]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Tp. yaeyamensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Yaeyama Islands)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively, (3) the allopatric occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FAEFFB05FA0D5EC6" authorityName="Bohart" authorityYear="1956" box="[1324,1436,1194,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yaeyamae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FAEFFB05FA0D5EC6" box="[1324,1436,1194,1219]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yaeyamae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FF0BFB62FEB95EE2" box="[200,296,1229,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yamadai">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FF0BFB62FEB95EE2" box="[200,296,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yamadai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the southern and central regions of the Ryukyu Archipelago, respectively, and (4) because island species are known to evolve independently from species on other islands, we believe that molecular data, once available, will show that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FE7CFAB9FDA35F2A" box="[447,562,1302,1327]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manicatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FE7CFAB9FDA35F2A" box="[447,562,1302,1327]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">manicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FD87FAB9FD255F2A" authorityName="Bohart" authorityYear="1956" box="[580,692,1302,1327]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yaeyamae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FD87FAB9FD255F2A" box="[580,692,1302,1327]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yaeyamae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FD31FABAFCC35F2A" box="[754,850,1301,1327]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yamadai">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FD31FABAFCC35F2A" box="[754,850,1301,1327]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yamadai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are separate species (a
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FBAEFABAFB0C5F2A" box="[1133,1181,1301,1327]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">COI</emphasis>
|
||
sequence is currently available for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FEECFA95FD885F56" authority=", GenBank" authorityName="GenBank" box="[303,537,1337,1363]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yaeyamae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FEECFA95FE0E5F56" box="[303,415,1338,1363]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yaeyamae</emphasis>
|
||
, GenBank
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
accession LC441028,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4D0A29FCDDFA96FC775F56" author="Toma, T. & Taira, K. & Oosiro, A. & Azama, Y. & Fukuchi, Y. & Miyagi, I." box="[798,998,1337,1363]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="15 - 23" refId="ref182672" refString="Toma, T., Taira, K., Oosiro, A., Azama, Y., Fukuchi, Y. & Miyagi, I. (2019) New taxonomic status of Tripteroides bambusa (Yamada), 1917 [sic] from Japan, based on experimental crossing and COI sequence divergence. Medical Entomology and Zoology, 70 (1), 15 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.7601 / mez. 70.15" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Toma
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FCA5FA95FC085F56" box="[870,921,1337,1363]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For these reasons, we hereby restore
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FF54FAF1FE965F72" box="[151,263,1374,1399]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yaeyamae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FF54FAF1FE965F72" box="[151,263,1374,1399]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yaeyamae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FEFEFAF2FE0C5F72" box="[317,413,1373,1399]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Megarhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yamadai">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FEFEFAF2FE0C5F72" box="[317,413,1373,1399]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yamadai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to their original specific status:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FCC5FAF3FA0D5F72" authority="Bohart, 1956" authorityName="Bohart" authorityYear="1956" box="[774,1436,1372,1399]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yaeyamae" subGenus="Toxorhynchites">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FCC5FAF3FA0D5F72" bold="true" box="[774,1436,1372,1399]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FCC5FAF3FC295F72" bold="true" box="[774,952,1372,1399]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Toxorhynchites</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FC0BFAF3FBEB5F72" bold="true" box="[968,1146,1372,1399]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Toxorhynchites</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FB49FAF2FB6D5F72" bold="true" box="[1162,1276,1373,1399]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yaeyamae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4D0A29FAC1FAF2FA0D5F72" author="Bohart, R. M." box="[1282,1436,1373,1399]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="29 - 34" refId="ref145666" refString="Bohart, R. M. (1956) New species of mosquitoes from the southern Ryukyu Islands. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 51 (2), 29 - 34." type="journal article" year="1956">Bohart, 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FF05FA2FFCC05F9F" authority="(Ouchi, 1939)" baseAuthorityName="Ouchi" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[198,849,1408,1438]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yamadai" subGenus="Toxorhynchites">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FF05FA2FFCC05F9F" bold="true" box="[198,849,1408,1438]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FF05FA2FFEE95F9E" bold="true" box="[198,376,1408,1435]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Toxorhynchites</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FE44FA2FFDA85F9E" bold="true" box="[391,569,1408,1435]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Toxorhynchites</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FD8BFA2FFD3B5F9E" bold="true" box="[584,682,1408,1435]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">yamadai</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABA4D0A29FD7BFA2DFCD85F9F" author="Ouchi, Y." box="[696,841,1408,1438]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="223 - 225" refId="ref172363" refString="Ouchi, Y. (1939) A new species of Megarhinus mosquito from Amami-Oshiina, the southern Japan. Journal of the Shanghai Science Institute, Section III, 4 (21), 223 - 225, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1939">Ôuchi, 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FC9DFA2EFBEF5F9E" authorityName="Bohart" authorityYear="1956" box="[862,1150,1409,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yaeyamae">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FC9DFA2EFBEF5F9E" box="[862,1150,1409,1435]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Toxorhynchites yaeyamae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BA4D0A29FB70FA2DFAAD5F9E" baseAuthorityName="Ouchi" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[1203,1340,1409,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Toxorhynchites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yamadai">
|
||
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BA4D0A29FB70FA2DFAAD5F9E" box="[1203,1340,1409,1435]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Tx. yamadai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are both currently listed as species in the Encyclopedia of Life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |