188 lines
30 KiB
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188 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="266383EA344B558C1133B1B43A6979BA" ID-DOI="10.4202/app.01054.2023" ID-ISSN="1732-2421" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10981125" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1713285152458" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Zamora, Samuel & Gutiérrez-Marco, Juan Carlos" docDate="2023" docId="038887FFFFD4FF90FCE4CBBAFF259DA3" docLanguage="en" docName="ActaPalaeontolPol.68.2.185-192.pdf" docOrigin="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 68 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.01054.2023" docStyle="DocumentStyle:E4780F6D34569985EDF9CACFB9BC780E.2:ActaPalaeontolPol.2015-.journal_article" docStyleId="E4780F6D34569985EDF9CACFB9BC780E" docStyleName="ActaPalaeontolPol.2015-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Dehmicystis Caster 1968" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="187" masterDocId="FFB1FF87FFD6FF93FFBAC908FFE79B28" masterDocTitle="Filling the Silurian gap of solutan echinoderms with the description of new species of Dehmicystis from Spain" masterLastPageNumber="192" masterPageNumber="185" pageNumber="187" updateTime="1713359753001" updateUser="felipe" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="8973C1D1FCF78FBA042FD802DD44F241">Filling the Silurian gap of solutan echinoderms with the description of new species of Dehmicystis from Spain</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EF12527B57657279F1828D567ABFFDEC">Zamora, Samuel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DF1F566AF04B7196DD3AD195C344362A">Gutiérrez-Marco, Juan Carlos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="526A94F75287FD80FCC71B7C958352B7">Acta Palaeontologica Polonica</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="FAA5A5D22748ED8FDCB84517AD002214">
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<mods:date id="F9FE3457B85CC8758327EFF6AF2D5A3A">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="28713EC4EE96F8FD76FC982A390D1982">2023-05-09</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="80279E4229D48A8FF2B7B42648BEB1AC">68</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="12229BFC26915339FB33D2C63126C7CF" type="DOI">10.4202/app.01054.2023</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="6D412398E45E02D78C9D6A4D254209DD" type="ISSN">1732-2421</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="038887FFFFD4FF90FCE4CBBAFF259DA3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038887FFFFD4FF90FCE4CBBAFF259DA3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038887FFFFD4FF90FCE4CBBAFF259DA3" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="187" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">
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<subSubSection id="C33B6562FFD4FF91FCE4CBBAFB1B99E7" box="[862,1276,690,719]" pageId="2" pageNumber="187" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E36E9FFD4FF91FCE4CBBAFB1B99E7" blockId="2.[862,1276,690,719]" box="[862,1276,690,719]" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">
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<heading id="D0D68185FFD4FF91FCE4CBBAFB1B99E7" box="[862,1276,690,719]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="187" reason="2">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D6AFFD4FF91FC0DCBBAFB1B99E7" authority="Caster, 1968" authorityName="Caster" authorityYear="1968" box="[951,1276,690,719]" family="Dendrocystitidae" genus="Dehmicystis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dendrocystitida" pageId="2" pageNumber="187" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955EAFBFFD4FF91FC0DCBBAFBB499E7" box="[951,1107,690,719]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Dehmicystis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B18FFD4FF91FBE6CBBAFB1B99E7" author="Caster, K. E." box="[1116,1276,690,719]" pageId="2" pageNumber="187" pagination="627" refId="ref4893" refString="Caster, K. E. 1968. Homoiostela. In: R. C. Moore (ed.), Treatise on Inverte- brate Paleontology. Part S. Echinodermata 1 (2), S 581 - S 627. Geological Society of America, New York and University of Kansas, Lawrence." type="book chapter" year="1968">Caster, 1968</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B6562FFD4FF90FCE4CBD7FF259DA3" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="188" pageId="2" pageNumber="187" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B9E36E9FFD4FF91FCE4CBD7FABD9839" blockId="2.[862,1535,734,785]" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">
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<emphasis id="B955EAFBFFD4FF91FCE4CBD7FC3999DC" box="[862,990,735,756]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">
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<typeStatus id="549A884BFFD4FF91FCE4CBD7FC6C99DC" box="[862,907,735,756]" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Type</typeStatus>
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species
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</emphasis>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D6AFFD4FF91FC4ECBD6FB6499DB" authorityName="Barrande" authorityYear="1887" box="[1012,1155,734,755]" family="Dendrocystitidae" genus="Dendrocystites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="187" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955EAFBFFD4FF91FC4ECBD6FB6499DB" box="[1012,1155,734,755]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Dendrocystites</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D6AFFD4FF91FB20CBD6FADD99DB" authorityName="Jaekel" authorityYear="1918" box="[1178,1338,734,755]" family="Dendrocystitidae" genus="Dendrocystoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="187" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955EAFBFFD4FF91FB20CBD6FADD99DB" box="[1178,1338,734,755]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Dendrocystoides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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?)
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D6AFFD4FF91FAE6CBD6FC779838" authority="Dehm, 1934" authorityName="Dehm" authorityYear="1934" family="Dendrocystitidae" genus="Dehmicystis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="187" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="globulus">
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<emphasis id="B955EAFBFFD4FF91FAE6CBD6FA4899DB" box="[1372,1455,734,755]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">globulus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B18FFD4FF91FA04CBD6FC779838" author="Dehm, R." pageId="2" pageNumber="187" pagination="19 - 43" refId="ref5088" refString="Dehm, R. 1934. Untersuchungen an Cystoideen des rheinischen Unterdevons. Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Abteilung der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Munchen fur 1934: 19 - 43." type="journal article" year="1934">Dehm, 1934</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, Lower Devonian of western
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<collectingCountry id="F3367679FFD4FF91FB16CBF3FAE29838" box="[1196,1285,763,784]" name="Germany" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Germany</collectingCountry>
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(
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<figureCitation id="131A2A6CFFD4FF91FAA9CBF2FAA99839" box="[1299,1358,762,785]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[96,129,695,717]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,161,669]" captionTargetId="figure-611@3.[99,1479,161,669]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Solutan echinoderm Dehmicystis globulus (Dehm, 1934) from the the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate, Germany. A. Holotype (SMF-HS 432), almost complete specimen showing the theca and posterior appendage. Note anus in on right side. B. SMF-HS 969, slab containing three individuals. Note that individual 1 has the anus on “left” position.Repository number assigned to a replica of the newly prepared slab.Photographs courtesy of Ulrich Jansen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981129/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E36E9FFD4FF91FCE4CA29FA0E9F34" blockId="2.[862,1535,801,1052]" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">
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<emphasis id="B955EAFBFFD4FF91FCE4CA29FBA29813" box="[862,1093,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Emended diagnosis</emphasis>
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.—Solutan with a rounded flattened theca composed of polygonal plates. Medium-size feeding appendage on one of the thecal surfaces, with the hydropore and gonopore on same surface but separated one from each other. Periproct on the opposite face of the theca than the feeding appendage, consisting of a terminal anal pyramid, right to the homoiostele insertion. Large tetramerous proxistele and long dististele composed of paired ossicles.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E36E9FFD4FF90FCE4CD24FF259DA3" blockId="2.[862,1535,1068,1960]" lastBlockId="3.[97,771,803,1675]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="188" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">
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<emphasis id="B955EAFBFFD4FF91FCE4CD24FC239F6E" box="[862,964,1068,1094]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Remarks</emphasis>
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.—From all characters listed by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B18FFD4FF91FAD9CD24FC0E9F4F" author="Rahman, I. A. & Lintz, H." pageId="2" pageNumber="187" pagination="59 - 70" refId="ref5986" refString="Rahman, I. A. and Lintz, H. 2012. Dehmicystis globulus, an enigmatic solute (Echinodermata) from the Lower Devonian Hunsruck Slate, Germany. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 86: 59 - 70." type="journal article" year="2012">Rahman and Lintz (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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for the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D6AFFD4FF91FB34CD44FAFB9F4E" authorityName="Caster" authorityYear="1968" box="[1166,1308,1100,1126]" family="Dendrocystitidae" genus="Dehmicystis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="187" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955EAFBFFD4FF91FB34CD44FAFB9F4E" box="[1166,1308,1100,1126]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Dehmicystis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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the most important is the presence of a feeding appendage (arm) and anus “on the same face of the theca” (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B18FFD4FF91FB67CD84FC9A9FEF" author="Rahman, I. A. & Lintz, H." pageId="2" pageNumber="187" pagination="59 - 70" refId="ref5986" refString="Rahman, I. A. and Lintz, H. 2012. Dehmicystis globulus, an enigmatic solute (Echinodermata) from the Lower Devonian Hunsruck Slate, Germany. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 86: 59 - 70." type="journal article" year="2012">Rahman and Lintz 2012: 62</bibRefCitation>
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). The position of the anal pyramid in
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D6AFFD4FF91FAE8CDA4FA079FEE" authorityName="Caster" authorityYear="1968" box="[1362,1504,1196,1222]" family="Dendrocystitidae" genus="Dehmicystis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="187" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955EAFBFFD4FF91FAE8CDA4FA079FEE" box="[1362,1504,1196,1222]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Dehmicystis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is problematic due in part to the poorly preservation of the material and also because the limited number of specimens available for study.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B18FFD4FF91FBF3CC05FA909E0F" author="Rahman, I. A. & Lintz, H." box="[1097,1399,1293,1319]" pageId="2" pageNumber="187" pagination="59 - 70" refId="ref5986" refString="Rahman, I. A. and Lintz, H. 2012. Dehmicystis globulus, an enigmatic solute (Echinodermata) from the Lower Devonian Hunsruck Slate, Germany. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 86: 59 - 70." type="journal article" year="2012">Rahman and Lintz (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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considered that both structures are on the same face of the theca based on a new studied specimen (
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<figureCitation id="131A2A6CFFD4FF91FB0DCC45FAF49E4F" box="[1207,1299,1357,1383]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[96,129,695,717]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,161,669]" captionTargetId="figure-611@3.[99,1479,161,669]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Solutan echinoderm Dehmicystis globulus (Dehm, 1934) from the the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate, Germany. A. Holotype (SMF-HS 432), almost complete specimen showing the theca and posterior appendage. Note anus in on right side. B. SMF-HS 969, slab containing three individuals. Note that individual 1 has the anus on “left” position.Repository number assigned to a replica of the newly prepared slab.Photographs courtesy of Ulrich Jansen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981129/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
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: individual 1). This contradicts the position of the anus in the
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<typeStatus id="549A884BFFD4FF91FAE3CC65FA599EAF" box="[1369,1470,1389,1415]" pageId="2" pageNumber="187" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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(
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<figureCitation id="131A2A6CFFD4FF91FA6BCC65FC679E8F" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[96,129,695,717]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,161,669]" captionTargetId="figure-611@3.[99,1479,161,669]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Solutan echinoderm Dehmicystis globulus (Dehm, 1934) from the the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate, Germany. A. Holotype (SMF-HS 432), almost complete specimen showing the theca and posterior appendage. Note anus in on right side. B. SMF-HS 969, slab containing three individuals. Note that individual 1 has the anus on “left” position.Repository number assigned to a replica of the newly prepared slab.Photographs courtesy of Ulrich Jansen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981129" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981129/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
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) which appears in the right side and opposite to the face where the feeding appendage is located. Specimens from
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<collectingCountry id="F3367679FFD4FF91FCE4CCC5FC2D9ECF" box="[862,970,1485,1511]" name="Germany" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Germany</collectingCountry>
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are extremely flattened and distorted resulting in the superimposition of both faces of the theca.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B18FFD4FF91FA27CCE5FBC09D0F" author="Rahman, I. A. & Lintz, H." pageId="2" pageNumber="187" pagination="59 - 70" refId="ref5986" refString="Rahman, I. A. and Lintz, H. 2012. Dehmicystis globulus, an enigmatic solute (Echinodermata) from the Lower Devonian Hunsruck Slate, Germany. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 86: 59 - 70." type="journal article" year="2012">Rahman and Lintz (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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proposed three hypotheses explaining such position of the anus. The first of them considers this was a result of preservation, in which thecal plates have been displaced to partly reveal the opposing thecal surface where the anus is located, so that it appears to be on the opposite side of the theca. The second as a result of a “situs inversus” where structures located on one side of the theca are transposed to the opposite side, presumably as a result of developmental abnormalities. Finally, they choose a favored scenario in which flattening trajectories during burial affected the position of the anus. Our new material from
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<collectingCountry id="F3367679FFD4FF91FC1ACE65FC069CAF" box="[928,993,1901,1927]" name="Spain" pageId="2" pageNumber="187">Spain</collectingCountry>
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is less f lattened than German specimens because different preservation in a coarser rock. The single specimen shows the arm and anus in the same face (
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<figureCitation id="131A2A6CFFD5FF90FD6FCA2BFF629876" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,184,1796,1818]" captionTargetBox="[153,1532,160,1771]" captionTargetId="figure-10@4.[153,1532,160,1771]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Solutan echinoderm Dehmicystis ariasi sp. nov. from the Llagarinos Formation, Ludlow, Silurian, northern Central Iberian Zone, Spain. A. MGM- 208S.A1, complete specimen in dorsal aspect preserving proxistele and feeding appendage above the body. A2, counterpart of same specimen.A3, detail of feeding appendage consisting on biserial floor plates and cover plates. Gonopore on single plate, and a possible hydropore close to the feeding appendage attachment. A4, detail of the periproct on right position. Note that the periproct is visible from the inside and was located on dorsal right part of the theca.A5, detail of the appendage preserving the complete proxistele and proximal dististele. Photographs are from latex casts whitened with ammonium chloride sublimated." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981131/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="188">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
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), but close observations of the anal pyramid (
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<figureCitation id="131A2A6CFFD5FF90FD23CA4BFD089876" box="[665,751,835,862]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,184,1796,1818]" captionTargetBox="[153,1532,160,1771]" captionTargetId="figure-10@4.[153,1532,160,1771]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Solutan echinoderm Dehmicystis ariasi sp. nov. from the Llagarinos Formation, Ludlow, Silurian, northern Central Iberian Zone, Spain. A. MGM- 208S.A1, complete specimen in dorsal aspect preserving proxistele and feeding appendage above the body. A2, counterpart of same specimen.A3, detail of feeding appendage consisting on biserial floor plates and cover plates. Gonopore on single plate, and a possible hydropore close to the feeding appendage attachment. A4, detail of the periproct on right position. Note that the periproct is visible from the inside and was located on dorsal right part of the theca.A5, detail of the appendage preserving the complete proxistele and proximal dististele. Photographs are from latex casts whitened with ammonium chloride sublimated." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981131/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="188">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="131A2A6CFFD5FF90FD55CA58FD1E9849" box="[751,761,848,865]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[98,131,1052,1074]" captionTargetBox="[105,1478,161,1027]" captionTargetId="figure-285@5.[101,1478,161,1028]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Camera lucida drawings of solutan echinoderm Dehmicystis ariasi sp. nov. from the Llagarinos Formation, Ludlow, Silurian, northern Central Iberian Zone, Spain; with interpretation of main anatomical parts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981133" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981133/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="188">
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<subScript id="17A534ACFFD5FF90FD55CA58FD1E9849" attach="left" box="[751,761,848,865]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="188">4</subScript>
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</figureCitation>
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) suggest that it is preserved in a different plane than the feeding appendage. This supports the first scenario suggested by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B18FFD5FF90FF63CAADFDE49897" author="Rahman, I. A. & Lintz, H." box="[217,515,933,959]" pageId="3" pageNumber="188" pagination="59 - 70" refId="ref5986" refString="Rahman, I. A. and Lintz, H. 2012. Dehmicystis globulus, an enigmatic solute (Echinodermata) from the Lower Devonian Hunsruck Slate, Germany. Palaontologische Zeitschrift 86: 59 - 70." type="journal article" year="2012">Rahman and Lintz (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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in which some plates have been displaced revealing the opposite side of the theca where the anus was located. We thus consider that in
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D6AFFD5FF90FFD8CD0FFF179F09" authorityName="Caster" authorityYear="1968" box="[98,240,1031,1057]" family="Dendrocystitidae" genus="Dehmicystis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="188" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955EAFBFFD5FF90FFD8CD0FFF179F09" box="[98,240,1031,1057]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="188">Dehmicystis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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the arm and anus are on opposite faces. Other solutans (i.e.,
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D6AFFD5FF90FEBBCD2FFD8E9F69" authority="Barrande, 1887" authorityName="Barrande" authorityYear="1887" box="[257,617,1063,1089]" family="Dendrocystitidae" genus="Dendrocystites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="188" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955EAFBFFD5FF90FEBBCD2FFE489F69" box="[257,431,1063,1089]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="188">Dendrocystites</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B18FFD5FF90FE0DCD2FFD8E9F69" author="Barrande, J." box="[439,617,1063,1089]" pageId="3" pageNumber="188" refId="ref4745" refString="Barrande, J. 1887. Systeme silurien du centre de la Boheme. 1 ere Partie: Recherches paleontologiques. Volume 7. Classe des Echinodermes. Ordre des Cystidees. 233 pp. Gerhard, Leipzig." type="book" year="1887">Barrande, 1887</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D6AFFD5FF90FDCFCD2FFF0A9F4A" authority="Daley, 1996" authorityName="Daley" authorityYear="1996" genus="Coleicarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="188" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955EAFBFFD5FF90FDCFCD2FFCE59F69" box="[629,770,1063,1089]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="188">Coleicarpus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B18FFD5FF90FFD8CD40FF0A9F4A" author="Daley, P. E. J." box="[98,237,1096,1122]" pageId="3" pageNumber="188" pagination="405 - 440" refId="ref5004" refString="Daley, P. E. J. 1996. The first solute which is attached as an adult: a Mid- Cambrian fossil from Utah with echinoderm and chordate affinities. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 117: 405 - 440." type="journal article" year="1996">Daley, 1996</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D6AFFD5FF90FE90CD40FD1D9F4B" authority="Rozhnov and Jefferies, 1996" authorityName="Rozhnov and Jefferies" authorityYear="1996" box="[298,762,1096,1123]" family="Dendrocystitidae" genus="Maennilia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="188" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955EAFBFFD5FF90FE90CD40FE479F4A" box="[298,416,1096,1122]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="188">Maennilia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B18FFD5FF90FE10CD40FD1D9F4B" author="Rozhnov, S. V. & Jefferies, R. P. S." box="[426,762,1096,1123]" pageId="3" pageNumber="188" pagination="91 - 109" refId="ref6184" refString="Rozhnov, S. V. and Jefferies, R. P. S. 1996. A new stem-chordate solute from the middle Ordovician of Estonia. Geobios 29: 91 - 109." type="journal article" year="1996">Rozhnov and Jefferies, 1996</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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) also have the arm and anus on opposite extremities; or have a terminal arm and the anus on one of the integuments (
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D6AFFD5FF90FF70CDA2FE829FEC" authorityName="Caster" authorityYear="1967" box="[202,357,1194,1220]" family="Dendrocystitidae" genus="Girvanicystis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="188" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955EAFBFFD5FF90FF70CDA2FE829FEC" box="[202,357,1194,1220]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="188">Girvanicystis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B18FFD5FF90FE39CDA1FD9F9FEC" author="Noailles, F. & Lefebvre, B. & Kasicka, L." box="[387,632,1193,1220]" pageId="3" pageNumber="188" pagination="451 - 476" refId="ref5841" refString="Noailles, F., Lefebvre, B., and Kasicka, L. 2014. A probable case of heter- ochrony in the solutan Dendrocystites Barrande, 1887 (Echinodermata: Blastozoa) from the Upper Ordovician of the Prague Basin (Czech Republic) and a revision of the family Dendrocystitidae Bassler, 1938. Bulletin of Geosciences 89: 451 - 476." type="journal article" year="2014">Noailles et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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). An undescribed Ordovician species from Hope Shale Formation in Shropshire shows the arm and stele on the same thecal face, and the anus on opposite face. A similar situation occurs in “Solutan indet., gen. et sp. nov.”, from the Middle Ordovician of
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<collectingCountry id="F3367679FFD5FF90FEB2CC44FE889E4E" box="[264,367,1356,1382]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="3" pageNumber="188">Bohemia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B18FFD5FF90FEC7CC44FD819E4E" author="Lefebvre, B. & Derstler, K. & Sumrall, C. D." box="[381,614,1356,1383]" pageId="3" pageNumber="188" pagination="287 - 306" refId="ref5722" refString="Lefebvre, B., Derstler, K., and Sumrall, C. D. 2012. A reinterpretation of the solutan Plasiacystis mobilis (Echinodermata) from the Middle Ordovician of Bohemia. In: A. Kroh and M. Reich (eds.), Echinoderm Research 2010. Proceedings of the Seventh European Conference on Echinoderms, Gottingen, Germany, 2 - 9 October 2010. Zoosymposia 7: 287 - 306." type="journal article" year="2012">Lefebvre et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
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). For contrast
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D6AFFD5FF90FFD8CC65FF179EAF" authorityName="Caster" authorityYear="1968" box="[98,240,1389,1415]" family="Dendrocystitidae" genus="Dehmicystis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="188" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955EAFBFFD5FF90FFD8CC65FF179EAF" box="[98,240,1389,1415]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="188">Dehmicystis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has a terminal homoiostele, offset arm on one of the integuments and anus on the opposite side, right to the homoiostele insertion.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B18FFD5FF90FE1BCCA6FD6D9EE0" author="Kolata, D. R. & Strimple, H. L. & Leverson, C. O." box="[417,650,1454,1480]" pageId="3" pageNumber="188" pagination="529 - 557" refId="ref5642" refString="Kolata, D. R., Strimple, H. L., and Leverson, C. O. 1977. Revision of the Ordovician carpoid family Iowacystidae. Palaeontology 20: 529 - 557." type="journal article" year="1977">Kolata et al. (1977)</bibRefCitation>
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also consider that
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D6AFFD5FF90FF67CCC6FF7C9D21" authority="Miller and Gurley, 1894" authorityName="Miller and Gurley" authorityYear="1894" family="Iowacystidae" genus="Belemnocystites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="188" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="wetherbyi">
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<emphasis id="B955EAFBFFD5FF90FF67CCC6FDF19EC0" box="[221,534,1486,1512]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="188">Belemnocystites wetherbyi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B18FFD5FF90FD98CCC6FF7C9D21" author="Miller, S. A. & Gurley, W. F. E." pageId="3" pageNumber="188" pagination="5 - 53" refId="ref5802" refString="Miller, S. A. and Gurley, W. F. E. 1894. New genera and species of Echinodermata. Bulletin of the Illinois State Museum of Natural History 5: 5 - 53." type="journal article" year="1894">Miller and Gurley, 1894</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, had the arm located some distance away from the margin.
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D6AFFD5FF90FF78CF18FE959D01" authorityName="Ubaghs & Caster" authorityYear="1967" box="[194,370,1552,1577]" family="Minervaecystidae" genus="Minervaecystis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="188" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955EAFBFFD5FF90FF78CF18FE959D01" box="[194,370,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="188">Minervaecystis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B18FFD5FF90FE17CF07FDA19D01" author="Ubaghs, G." box="[429,582,1551,1577]" pageId="3" pageNumber="188" refId="ref6345" refString="Ubaghs, G. 1970. Les echinodermes carpoides de l'Ordovicien inferieur de la Montagne Noire (France). 112 pp. Editions du CNRS, Paris." type="book" year="1970">Ubaghs 1970</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D6AFFD5FF90FDE3CF07FCE59D01" authorityName="Lefebvre & Lerosey-Aubril" authorityYear="2018" box="[601,770,1551,1577]" family="Syringocrinidae" genus="Pahvanticystis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="188" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955EAFBFFD5FF90FDE3CF07FCE59D01" box="[601,770,1551,1577]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="188">Pahvanticystis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B18FFD5FF90FF23CF38FDD59D62" author="Lefebvre, B. & Lerosey-Aubril, R." box="[153,562,1584,1610]" pageId="3" pageNumber="188" pagination="1190 - 1204" refId="ref5680" refString="Lefebvre, B. and Lerosey-Aubril, R. 2018. Laurentian origin of solutan echinoderms: new evidence from the Guzhangian (Cambrian Series 3) Weeks Formation of Utah, USA. Geological Magazine 155: 1190 - 1204." type="journal article" year="2018">Lefebvre and Lerosey-Aubril 2018</bibRefCitation>
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) and
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D6AFFD5FF90FDC2CF38FCE59D62" authorityName="Prokop & Petr" authorityYear="2003" box="[632,770,1584,1610]" family="Plasiacystidae" genus="Plasiacystis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="188" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B955EAFBFFD5FF90FDC2CF38FCE59D62" box="[632,770,1584,1610]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="188">Plasiacystis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B18FFD5FF90FF23CF58FE6F9D43" author="Lefebvre, B. & Derstler, K. & Sumrall, C. D." box="[153,392,1616,1643]" pageId="3" pageNumber="188" pagination="287 - 306" refId="ref5722" refString="Lefebvre, B., Derstler, K., and Sumrall, C. D. 2012. A reinterpretation of the solutan Plasiacystis mobilis (Echinodermata) from the Middle Ordovician of Bohemia. In: A. Kroh and M. Reich (eds.), Echinoderm Research 2010. Proceedings of the Seventh European Conference on Echinoderms, Gottingen, Germany, 2 - 9 October 2010. Zoosymposia 7: 287 - 306." type="journal article" year="2012">Lefebvre et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
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) also have an offset position of the arm.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |