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<document id="978C814EF060787008DE0631F119B60F" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.176154" ID-GBIF-Dataset="809dd7d7-60a9-4f37-8bab-181e5ce4d2f0" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="176154" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459828830773" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kajihara, Hiroshi" docDate="2007" docId="03E32426FFD48E22FF4552E2ADB6E4CD" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01446p058.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1446" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Nemertopsis quadripunctata Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1833" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="51" masterDocId="FFDA5C5EFFD68E2AFFD25078AF5DE74F" masterDocTitle="Two species of Nemertopsis (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea: Monostilifera) living in association with Capitulum mitella (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica: Lepadomorpha)" masterLastPageNumber="58" masterPageNumber="43" pageNumber="45" updateTime="1698222638870" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="B33590CB54C25DE4664A64662075F705">Two species of Nemertopsis (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea: Monostilifera) living in association with Capitulum mitella (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica: Lepadomorpha)</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="51D1E0DA5F4465371D99760CE327A97B">2007</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03E32426FFD48E22FF4552E2ADB6E4CD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6246623" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119357388" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6246623" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E32426FFD48E22FF4552E2ADB6E4CD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E32426FFD48E22FF4552E2ADB6E4CD" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
<subSubSection id="C350C6BBFFD48E28FF4552E2ACEDE5FB" box="[151,944,666,692]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BF59530FFD48E28FF4552E2ACEDE5FB" blockId="2.[151,944,666,692]" box="[151,944,666,692]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
<heading id="D0BD225CFFD48E28FF4552E2ACEDE5FB" bold="true" box="[151,944,666,692]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD48E28FF4552E2ACEDE5FB" bold="true" box="[151,944,666,692]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName id="4C4AEEB3FFD48E28FF4552E2AC73E5FB" authority="Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833" authorityName="Quoy &amp; Gaimard" authorityYear="1833" box="[151,814,666,692]" class="Enopla" family="Emplectonematidae" genus="Nemertopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="quadripunctata">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD48E28FF4552E2AEB0E5FB" bold="true" box="[151,493,666,692]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Nemertopsis quadripunctata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE8C1FFD48E28FE2E52E2AC7BE5FB" author="Quoy" box="[508,806,666,692]" pageId="2" pageNumber="58" refString="Quoy, J. R. C. &amp; Gaimard, J. P. (1833) Voyage de decouvertes de l'Astrolabe execute par ordre du Roi, pendant les annees 1826 - 1827 - 1828 - 1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville, Zoologie 4. J. Tastu, Paris, pp. 284 - 292." type="journal article" year="1833">Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD48E28FCEF52E2ACFAE5FB" box="[829,935,666,692]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStart-3="FIGURE 5" captionStart-4="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="3.[151,255,1603,1627]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,255,1150,1174]" captionStartId-2="6.[151,255,151,175]" captionStartId-3="6.[151,255,1847,1871]" captionStartId-4="8.[151,255,1441,1465]" captionTargetBox-0="[274,1315,315,1566]" captionTargetBox-1="[221,1365,317,1123]" captionTargetBox-4="[296,1297,950,1418]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[261,1330,304,1580]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[221,1365,317,1123]" captionTargetId-4="figure@8.[286,1311,940,1429]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-4="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). A, drawing of complete specimen, showing body shape and dorsal stripes. B, enlargement of head." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through just behind brain, showing body-wall, musculature, mid-dorsal epidermal furrow, and mid-dorsal vascular plug; arrowhead indicating strongly acidophilic glandular cell in proximal portion of epidermis. B, transverse section through intestinal region, showing arrangement of testes; arrowhead indicating dorsoventral muscle fibre." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, B, transverse sections through posterior stomach region; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle fibres traversing through basophilic sub-muscular glands from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer. C, D, transverse sections through middle stomach region, showing longitudinal muscle plate along lateral nerve cord. E, transverse section through brain; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate around brain. F, transverse section through brain ring; black arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate, white arrowhead indicating fibre from muscle plate turning dorsally. G, transverse section near anterior end of brain, black arrowhead indicating proboscis insertion, gray arrowhead indicating muscle fibre from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer contributing to proboscis insertion, white arrowheads showing muscle fibres from longitudinal muscle plate covering dorsal and lateral portions of brain. H, transverse section through proboscis insertion (indicated by white arrowheads); black arrowhead indicating anterior continuation of longitudinal muscle plate running above oesophagus." captionText-3="FIGURE 5. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through apical organ. B, transverse section through oesophagus opening. C, transverse section through anterior ocelli. D, E, transverse sections through oesophagus-rhynchodaeum junction. F, transverse section through cerebral organ. G, transverse section showing anterior portion of stomach. H, transverse section showing middle portion of stomach. I, transverse section showing posterior portion of stomach. J, transverse section through pylorus-intestine junction." captionText-4="FIGURE 6. Schematic diagram of two types of oesophagus-rhynchodaeum configuration in monostiliferous hoplonemerteans. A, Africanemertes type. B, normal type." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/176156/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/176157/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/176158/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Figs 2–6</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C350C6BBFFD48E28FF45529DADF8E413" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BF59530FFD48E28FF45529DAD5DE473" blockId="2.[151,677,741,860]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName id="4C4AEEB3FFD48E28FF45529DADFCE5B3" ID-CoL="dc4d5453-7df7-413c-b5f7-a5f514926019" authority="Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833" authorityName="Quoy &amp; Gaimard" authorityYear="1833" box="[151,673,741,764]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Amphiporidae" genus="Borlasia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="quadripunctata">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD48E28FF45529DAEC0E5B3" box="[151,413,741,764]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Borlasia quadripunctata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE8C1FFD48E28FE76529DADFCE5B3" author="Quoy" box="[420,673,741,764]" pageId="2" pageNumber="58" refString="Quoy, J. R. C. &amp; Gaimard, J. P. (1833) Voyage de decouvertes de l'Astrolabe execute par ordre du Roi, pendant les annees 1826 - 1827 - 1828 - 1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville, Zoologie 4. J. Tastu, Paris, pp. 284 - 292." type="journal article" year="1833">Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C4AEEB3FFD48E28FF45537DADCDE453" authority="Diesing, 1850" authorityName="Diesing" authorityYear="1850" box="[151,656,773,796]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Emplectonematidae" genus="Colpocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="quadripunctatus">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD48E28FF45537DAEB0E453" box="[151,493,773,796]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Colpocephalus quadripunctatus</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE8C1FFD48E28FE28537DADCDE453" author="Diesing" box="[506,656,773,796]" pageId="2" pageNumber="58" refString="Diesing, C. M. (1850) Systema Helminthum. Wilhelmum Braumuller, Vindobonae, 588 pp." type="book" year="1850">Diesing, 1850</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C4AEEB3FFD48E28FF45535DAD5DE473" authority="Iwata, 1954" authorityName="Iwata" authorityYear="1954" box="[151,512,805,828]" class="Enopla" family="Emplectonematidae" genus="Nemertopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD48E28FF45535DAE28E473" box="[151,373,805,828]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Nemertopsis gracilis</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE8C1FFD48E28FE50535DAD5DE473" author="Iwata" box="[386,512,805,828]" pageId="2" pageNumber="58" refString="Iwata, F. (1954) Some nemerteans from the coasts of the Kii Peninsula. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 4, 33 - 42." type="journal article" year="1954">Iwata, 1954</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF59530FFD48E28FF45533DADF8E413" blockId="2.[151,677,741,860]" box="[151,677,837,860]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName id="4C4AEEB3FFD48E28FF45533DAE8FE413" box="[151,466,837,860]" class="Enopla" family="Emplectonematidae" genus="Nemertopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="quadripunctatus">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD48E28FF45533DAE8FE413" box="[151,466,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Nemertopsis quadripunctatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[sic]:
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE8C1FFD48E28FDC7533DADF8E413" author="Gibson" box="[533,677,837,860]" pageId="2" pageNumber="58" refString="Gibson, R. (1990) The Macrobenthic Nemertean Fauna of Hong Kong. In: Morton, B. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Second International Marine Biological Workshop: the Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China, Hong Kong, 1986, Vol. 1. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, pp. 33 - 212." type="book" year="1990">Gibson, 1990</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C350C6BBFFD48E28FF4553F5AFE6E3A8" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BF59530FFD48E28FF4553F5AB67E4B8" blockId="2.[151,1437,909,2015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD48E28FF4553F5AEDEE4E9" box="[151,387,909,934]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Material examined:</emphasis>
Twenty live individuals, intertidal, among the gooseneck barnacle,
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD48E28FB1153F5AAC1E4E9" box="[1219,1436,909,934]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Capitulum mitella</emphasis>
(Cirripedia: Lepadomorpha), Shirahama, Wakayama Prefecture,
<collectingCountry id="F35DD5A0FFD48E28FC5C53CDAC89E480" box="[910,980,949,975]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Japan</collectingCountry>
,
<date id="FFF4B3F0FFD48E28FC3253CDAB31E480" box="[992,1132,949,975]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" value="1999-07-08">8 July 1999</date>
; ZIHU-3207, serial transverse sections of the anterior tip of the head (about
<quantity id="4CB238D5FFD48E28FD2353A5AC77E4B8" box="[753,810,989,1015]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
long), 6 µm, 15 slides.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF59530FFD48E28FF14547DAFE6E3A8" blockId="2.[151,1437,909,2015]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD48E28FF14547DAEC4E351" box="[198,409,1029,1054]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">External features:</emphasis>
Specimens examined alive ranged in length from
<quantity id="4CB238D5FFD48E28FC36547DAB63E350" box="[996,1086,1029,1055]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" unit="cm" value="6.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="5.0">5–8 cm</quantity>
, in width from 0.6–1.0 mm in normal creeping state before anaesthetization. Body slender, rather voluminous, gradually narrowing near posterior tip of body, ending in bluntly pointed tail (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD48E28FD20542DAC12E320" box="[754,847,1109,1135]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A – D" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1807,1831]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,869,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[188,1398,869,1783]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. A – D, maps showing the sampling locality at increasing enlargements; arrowheads indicate the sampling site, Engetsu Island (modified from © 2006 Google Earth images)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176155/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
). Head rounded, wider than succeeding body, possessing four eyes arranged in corners of trapezium (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD48E28FD295405AC0AE3D8" box="[763,855,1149,1175]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A – D" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1807,1831]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,869,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[188,1398,869,1783]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. A – D, maps showing the sampling locality at increasing enlargements; arrowheads indicate the sampling site, Engetsu Island (modified from © 2006 Google Earth images)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176155/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
). No evidence of cephalic furrows on dorsal surface. Body colour milky white, dorsally marked by two dark brown stripes not meeting anteriorly (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD48E28FAEA54DDAFF3E3A8" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A – D" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1807,1831]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,869,1782]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[188,1398,869,1783]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. A – D, maps showing the sampling locality at increasing enlargements; arrowheads indicate the sampling site, Engetsu Island (modified from © 2006 Google Earth images)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176155/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 1A, B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C350C6BBFFD48E2CFF14548DAA10E4F5" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="2" pageNumber="45" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF59530FFD48E29FF14548DAE4AE795" blockId="2.[151,1437,909,2015]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,152,218]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD48E28FF14548DADE6E241" box="[198,699,1269,1294]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Body wall, musculature, and parenchyma:</emphasis>
Ciliated epidermis (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD48E28FC7C548DACAEE240" box="[942,1011,1269,1295]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1150,1174]" captionTargetBox="[221,1365,317,1123]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[221,1365,317,1123]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through just behind brain, showing body-wall, musculature, mid-dorsal epidermal furrow, and mid-dorsal vascular plug; arrowhead indicating strongly acidophilic glandular cell in proximal portion of epidermis. B, transverse section through intestinal region, showing arrangement of testes; arrowhead indicating dorsoventral muscle fibre." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176157/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A), mostly 30–40 µm thick in brain region, possessing strongly acidophilic glandular cells arranged proximally in post-cerebral region of body. Mid-dorsal epidermal furrow present (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD48E28FD8B553DADC3E210" box="[601,670,1349,1375]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1150,1174]" captionTargetBox="[221,1365,317,1123]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[221,1365,317,1123]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through just behind brain, showing body-wall, musculature, mid-dorsal epidermal furrow, and mid-dorsal vascular plug; arrowhead indicating strongly acidophilic glandular cell in proximal portion of epidermis. B, transverse section through intestinal region, showing arrangement of testes; arrowhead indicating dorsoventral muscle fibre." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176157/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A), extending from tip of head above apical organ, pre-cerebrally interrupted three times, post-cerebrally continuous at least to intestinal region; strongly acidophilic glandular cells absent in proximal portion of furrow (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD48E28FD4455EDAD86E2E0" box="[662,731,1429,1455]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1150,1174]" captionTargetBox="[221,1365,317,1123]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[221,1365,317,1123]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through just behind brain, showing body-wall, musculature, mid-dorsal epidermal furrow, and mid-dorsal vascular plug; arrowhead indicating strongly acidophilic glandular cell in proximal portion of epidermis. B, transverse section through intestinal region, showing arrangement of testes; arrowhead indicating dorsoventral muscle fibre." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176157/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A). Dermis, mostly 2–3 µm thick, its distal surface forming cup-like structure (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD48E28FEA655C5AEE4E298" box="[372,441,1469,1495]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1150,1174]" captionTargetBox="[221,1365,317,1123]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[221,1365,317,1123]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through just behind brain, showing body-wall, musculature, mid-dorsal epidermal furrow, and mid-dorsal vascular plug; arrowhead indicating strongly acidophilic glandular cell in proximal portion of epidermis. B, transverse section through intestinal region, showing arrangement of testes; arrowhead indicating dorsoventral muscle fibre." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176157/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A). Body wall musculature composed of outer circular and inner longitudinal muscle layers; diagonal muscle layer of lattice
<typeStatus id="54F12B92FFD48E28FDB7559DADCAE2B0" box="[613,663,1509,1535]" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
present between outer circular and inner longitudinal muscle layers (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD48E28FF1E5675AE49E168" box="[204,276,1549,1575]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1150,1174]" captionTargetBox="[221,1365,317,1123]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[221,1365,317,1123]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through just behind brain, showing body-wall, musculature, mid-dorsal epidermal furrow, and mid-dorsal vascular plug; arrowhead indicating strongly acidophilic glandular cell in proximal portion of epidermis. B, transverse section through intestinal region, showing arrangement of testes; arrowhead indicating dorsoventral muscle fibre." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176157/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A). In foregut region, outer circular layer up to 2–3 µm thick, inner longitudinal layer 8–30 µm thick. Dorsoventral muscle bundles found in foregut and intestinal regions (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD48E28FBCF564DAB37E100" box="[1053,1130,1589,1615]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1150,1174]" captionTargetBox="[221,1365,317,1123]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[221,1365,317,1123]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through just behind brain, showing body-wall, musculature, mid-dorsal epidermal furrow, and mid-dorsal vascular plug; arrowhead indicating strongly acidophilic glandular cell in proximal portion of epidermis. B, transverse section through intestinal region, showing arrangement of testes; arrowhead indicating dorsoventral muscle fibre." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176157/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Figs 3</figureCitation>
B, 4D). In foregut region, ventro-lateral portions of body-wall inner longitudinal muscle layer sending fibres medio-anteriorly traversing through basophilic sub-muscular glands (= posterior continuation of cephalic glands) (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD48E28FB6956FDAA5BE1D0" box="[1211,1286,1669,1695]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, B, transverse sections through posterior stomach region; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle fibres traversing through basophilic sub-muscular glands from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer. C, D, transverse sections through middle stomach region, showing longitudinal muscle plate along lateral nerve cord. E, transverse section through brain; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate around brain. F, transverse section through brain ring; black arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate, white arrowhead indicating fibre from muscle plate turning dorsally. G, transverse section near anterior end of brain, black arrowhead indicating proboscis insertion, gray arrowhead indicating muscle fibre from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer contributing to proboscis insertion, white arrowheads showing muscle fibres from longitudinal muscle plate covering dorsal and lateral portions of brain. H, transverse section through proboscis insertion (indicated by white arrowheads); black arrowhead indicating anterior continuation of longitudinal muscle plate running above oesophagus." pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A, B); these fibres running forward immediately adjacent to ventro-lateral side of lateral nerve to form muscular plate (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD48E28FABF56D5AFFAE1A0" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, B, transverse sections through posterior stomach region; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle fibres traversing through basophilic sub-muscular glands from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer. C, D, transverse sections through middle stomach region, showing longitudinal muscle plate along lateral nerve cord. E, transverse section through brain; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate around brain. F, transverse section through brain ring; black arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate, white arrowhead indicating fibre from muscle plate turning dorsally. G, transverse section near anterior end of brain, black arrowhead indicating proboscis insertion, gray arrowhead indicating muscle fibre from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer contributing to proboscis insertion, white arrowheads showing muscle fibres from longitudinal muscle plate covering dorsal and lateral portions of brain. H, transverse section through proboscis insertion (indicated by white arrowheads); black arrowhead indicating anterior continuation of longitudinal muscle plate running above oesophagus." pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
C, D); in brain region, muscular plate on each side of body uniting between ventral cerebral commissure and oesophagus (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD48E28FEE35685AE24E058" box="[305,377,1789,1815]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, B, transverse sections through posterior stomach region; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle fibres traversing through basophilic sub-muscular glands from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer. C, D, transverse sections through middle stomach region, showing longitudinal muscle plate along lateral nerve cord. E, transverse section through brain; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate around brain. F, transverse section through brain ring; black arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate, white arrowhead indicating fibre from muscle plate turning dorsally. G, transverse section near anterior end of brain, black arrowhead indicating proboscis insertion, gray arrowhead indicating muscle fibre from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer contributing to proboscis insertion, white arrowheads showing muscle fibres from longitudinal muscle plate covering dorsal and lateral portions of brain. H, transverse section through proboscis insertion (indicated by white arrowheads); black arrowhead indicating anterior continuation of longitudinal muscle plate running above oesophagus." pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
E, F); anterior to brain ring, muscle plate latero-dorsally extending upward along edge of brain to loosely surround anterior surface of brain (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD48E28FD3D575DAC68E070" box="[751,821,1829,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, B, transverse sections through posterior stomach region; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle fibres traversing through basophilic sub-muscular glands from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer. C, D, transverse sections through middle stomach region, showing longitudinal muscle plate along lateral nerve cord. E, transverse section through brain; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate around brain. F, transverse section through brain ring; black arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate, white arrowhead indicating fibre from muscle plate turning dorsally. G, transverse section near anterior end of brain, black arrowhead indicating proboscis insertion, gray arrowhead indicating muscle fibre from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer contributing to proboscis insertion, white arrowheads showing muscle fibres from longitudinal muscle plate covering dorsal and lateral portions of brain. H, transverse section through proboscis insertion (indicated by white arrowheads); black arrowhead indicating anterior continuation of longitudinal muscle plate running above oesophagus." pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
F, G), fibres from muscular plate eventually contributing to proboscis insertion (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD48E28FE3B5735AD73E028" box="[489,558,1869,1895]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, B, transverse sections through posterior stomach region; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle fibres traversing through basophilic sub-muscular glands from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer. C, D, transverse sections through middle stomach region, showing longitudinal muscle plate along lateral nerve cord. E, transverse section through brain; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate around brain. F, transverse section through brain ring; black arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate, white arrowhead indicating fibre from muscle plate turning dorsally. G, transverse section near anterior end of brain, black arrowhead indicating proboscis insertion, gray arrowhead indicating muscle fibre from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer contributing to proboscis insertion, white arrowheads showing muscle fibres from longitudinal muscle plate covering dorsal and lateral portions of brain. H, transverse section through proboscis insertion (indicated by white arrowheads); black arrowhead indicating anterior continuation of longitudinal muscle plate running above oesophagus." pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
G, H). Additional fibres from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer in brain region also appears to contribute to proboscis insertion (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD48E28FCE0570DAC27E0C0" box="[818,890,1909,1935]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, B, transverse sections through posterior stomach region; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle fibres traversing through basophilic sub-muscular glands from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer. C, D, transverse sections through middle stomach region, showing longitudinal muscle plate along lateral nerve cord. E, transverse section through brain; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate around brain. F, transverse section through brain ring; black arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate, white arrowhead indicating fibre from muscle plate turning dorsally. G, transverse section near anterior end of brain, black arrowhead indicating proboscis insertion, gray arrowhead indicating muscle fibre from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer contributing to proboscis insertion, white arrowheads showing muscle fibres from longitudinal muscle plate covering dorsal and lateral portions of brain. H, transverse section through proboscis insertion (indicated by white arrowheads); black arrowhead indicating anterior continuation of longitudinal muscle plate running above oesophagus." pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
G). Most fibres from muscle plate terminating at proboscis insertion, but small amount of fibres from muscle plate leading farther anteriorly beyond proboscis insertion, running around rhynchodaeum and oesophagus (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD48E28FC5557BDAC8FE090" box="[903,978,1989,2015]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, B, transverse sections through posterior stomach region; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle fibres traversing through basophilic sub-muscular glands from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer. C, D, transverse sections through middle stomach region, showing longitudinal muscle plate along lateral nerve cord. E, transverse section through brain; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate around brain. F, transverse section through brain ring; black arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate, white arrowhead indicating fibre from muscle plate turning dorsally. G, transverse section near anterior end of brain, black arrowhead indicating proboscis insertion, gray arrowhead indicating muscle fibre from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer contributing to proboscis insertion, white arrowheads showing muscle fibres from longitudinal muscle plate covering dorsal and lateral portions of brain. H, transverse section through proboscis insertion (indicated by white arrowheads); black arrowhead indicating anterior continuation of longitudinal muscle plate running above oesophagus." pageId="2" pageNumber="45">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
H). Pre-cerebrally, muscle fibres from body-wall inner longitudinal muscle layer running criss-cross. Parenchymatous connective tissues not well developed.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF35C5B8FFD58E29FF45563BADFFE132" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176156/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" targetBox="[274,1315,315,1566]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BF59530FFD58E29FF45563BADFFE132" blockId="3.[151,1436,1603,1661]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD58E29FF45563BAE46E114" bold="true" box="[151,283,1603,1627]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4AEEB3FFD58E29FEF6563CAC2AE114" authority="Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833" authorityName="Quoy &amp; Gaimard" authorityYear="1833" box="[292,887,1604,1627]" class="Enopla" family="Emplectonematidae" genus="Nemertopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="quadripunctata">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD58E29FEF6563CAD0AE114" box="[292,599,1604,1627]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Nemertopsis quadripunctata</emphasis>
(Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833)
</taxonomicName>
. A, drawing of complete specimen, showing body shape and dorsal stripes. B, enlargement of head.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF59530FFD58E29FF1456C9AC0DE00C" blockId="3.[151,1437,1713,2019]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD58E29FF1456C9AE9EE185" box="[198,451,1713,1738]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Proboscis apparatus:</emphasis>
Rhynchodaeum opening into dorsal wall of oesophagus (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD58E29FBB656C9ABF3E184" box="[1124,1198,1713,1739]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1847,1871]" captionText="FIGURE 5. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through apical organ. B, transverse section through oesophagus opening. C, transverse section through anterior ocelli. D, E, transverse sections through oesophagus-rhynchodaeum junction. F, transverse section through cerebral organ. G, transverse section showing anterior portion of stomach. H, transverse section showing middle portion of stomach. I, transverse section showing posterior portion of stomach. J, transverse section through pylorus-intestine junction." pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Figs 5</figureCitation>
D, 6A), with epithelium mostly about 5 µm thick, possessing neither cilia nor glandular cells (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD58E29FBD556A1AB11E1BC" box="[1031,1100,1753,1779]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1847,1871]" captionText="FIGURE 5. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through apical organ. B, transverse section through oesophagus opening. C, transverse section through anterior ocelli. D, E, transverse sections through oesophagus-rhynchodaeum junction. F, transverse section through cerebral organ. G, transverse section showing anterior portion of stomach. H, transverse section showing middle portion of stomach. I, transverse section showing posterior portion of stomach. J, transverse section through pylorus-intestine junction." pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
E, F). Rhynchodaeal sphincter not found. Rhynchocoel narrow and shorter than body length, with wall composed of thin muscle layer (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD58E29FF4D5751AFB5E00C" box="[159,232,1833,1859]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1150,1174]" captionTargetBox="[221,1365,317,1123]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[221,1365,317,1123]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through just behind brain, showing body-wall, musculature, mid-dorsal epidermal furrow, and mid-dorsal vascular plug; arrowhead indicating strongly acidophilic glandular cell in proximal portion of epidermis. B, transverse section through intestinal region, showing arrangement of testes; arrowhead indicating dorsoventral muscle fibre." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176157/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Figs 3</figureCitation>
A, 4E, 5G). Proboscis missing in sectioned material.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF59530FFD58E2EFF145729AB40E64D" blockId="3.[151,1437,1713,2019]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,152,258]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD58E29FF145729AEF4E025" box="[198,425,1873,1898]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Alimentary system:</emphasis>
Oesophagus opening subterminally (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD58E29FCB35729ACF0E024" box="[865,941,1873,1899]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1847,1871]" captionText="FIGURE 5. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through apical organ. B, transverse section through oesophagus opening. C, transverse section through anterior ocelli. D, E, transverse sections through oesophagus-rhynchodaeum junction. F, transverse section through cerebral organ. G, transverse section showing anterior portion of stomach. H, transverse section showing middle portion of stomach. I, transverse section showing posterior portion of stomach. J, transverse section through pylorus-intestine junction." pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Figs 5</figureCitation>
B, 6A), basally invested with longitudinal muscle fibres, with epithelium lacking cilia and gland cells, up to 8 µm thick (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD58E29FBFF5701AB2FE0DC" box="[1069,1138,1913,1939]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1847,1871]" captionText="FIGURE 5. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through apical organ. B, transverse section through oesophagus opening. C, transverse section through anterior ocelli. D, E, transverse sections through oesophagus-rhynchodaeum junction. F, transverse section through cerebral organ. G, transverse section showing anterior portion of stomach. H, transverse section showing middle portion of stomach. I, transverse section showing posterior portion of stomach. J, transverse section through pylorus-intestine junction." pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
C–F). Stomach histologically divisible into three regions: anterior and posterior portions possessing epithelium dominated by acidophilic glandular cells (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD58E29FE7857B1AEAFE0AC" box="[426,498,1993,2019]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1847,1871]" captionText="FIGURE 5. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through apical organ. B, transverse section through oesophagus opening. C, transverse section through anterior ocelli. D, E, transverse sections through oesophagus-rhynchodaeum junction. F, transverse section through cerebral organ. G, transverse section showing anterior portion of stomach. H, transverse section showing middle portion of stomach. I, transverse section showing posterior portion of stomach. J, transverse section through pylorus-intestine junction." pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
G, I); middle portion mainly containing basophilic glandular cells (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD58E29FAF957B1AA28E0AC" box="[1323,1397,1993,2019]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1847,1871]" captionText="FIGURE 5. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through apical organ. B, transverse section through oesophagus opening. C, transverse section through anterior ocelli. D, E, transverse sections through oesophagus-rhynchodaeum junction. F, transverse section through cerebral organ. G, transverse section showing anterior portion of stomach. H, transverse section showing middle portion of stomach. I, transverse section showing posterior portion of stomach. J, transverse section through pylorus-intestine junction." pageId="3" pageNumber="46">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
H); stomach epithelium mostly 20–50 µm thick. Pylorus less glandular, opening to dorsal wall of intestine (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD28E2EFABF50E0AFFBE795" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1847,1871]" captionText="FIGURE 5. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through apical organ. B, transverse section through oesophagus opening. C, transverse section through anterior ocelli. D, E, transverse sections through oesophagus-rhynchodaeum junction. F, transverse section through cerebral organ. G, transverse section showing anterior portion of stomach. H, transverse section showing middle portion of stomach. I, transverse section showing posterior portion of stomach. J, transverse section through pylorus-intestine junction." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
J). Intestinal caecum with neither anterior nor lateral diverticula, extending below stomach to reach middle portion of stomach (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD28E2EFE565090AE94E64D" box="[388,457,232,258]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1847,1871]" captionText="FIGURE 5. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through apical organ. B, transverse section through oesophagus opening. C, transverse section through anterior ocelli. D, E, transverse sections through oesophagus-rhynchodaeum junction. F, transverse section through cerebral organ. G, transverse section showing anterior portion of stomach. H, transverse section showing middle portion of stomach. I, transverse section showing posterior portion of stomach. J, transverse section through pylorus-intestine junction." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
H, I). Main intestinal canal with lateral diverticula.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF35C5B8FFD28E2EFF455406AB61E3B2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176157/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" targetBox="[221,1365,317,1123]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BF59530FFD28E2EFF455406AB61E3B2" blockId="4.[151,1437,1150,1277]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD28E2EFF455406AE40E3D9" bold="true" box="[151,285,1150,1174]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4AEEB3FFD28E2EFEFA5406ACDAE3DA" authority="Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833" authorityName="Quoy &amp; Gaimard" authorityYear="1833" box="[296,903,1150,1173]" class="Enopla" family="Emplectonematidae" genus="Nemertopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="quadripunctata">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD28E2EFEFA5406AD00E3DA" box="[296,605,1150,1173]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Nemertopsis quadripunctata</emphasis>
(Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833)
</taxonomicName>
. ZIHU-3207. A, transverse section through just behind brain, showing body-wall, musculature, mid-dorsal epidermal furrow, and mid-dorsal vascular plug; arrowhead indicating strongly acidophilic glandular cell in proximal portion of epidermis. B, transverse section through intestinal region, showing arrangement of testes; arrowhead indicating dorsoventral muscle fibre.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF59530FFD28E2EFF145521AB89E15C" blockId="4.[151,1436,1369,2035]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD28E2EFF145521AE8AE23D" box="[198,471,1369,1394]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Blood vascular system:</emphasis>
Pair of cephalic vessels meeting anteriorly above rhynchodaeal opening (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD28E2EFAE15521AA24E23C" box="[1331,1401,1369,1395]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1847,1871]" captionText="FIGURE 5. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through apical organ. B, transverse section through oesophagus opening. C, transverse section through anterior ocelli. D, E, transverse sections through oesophagus-rhynchodaeum junction. F, transverse section through cerebral organ. G, transverse section showing anterior portion of stomach. H, transverse section showing middle portion of stomach. I, transverse section showing posterior portion of stomach. J, transverse section through pylorus-intestine junction." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
E), posteriorly passing through cerebral ring (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD28E2EFD5955F9AD8EE2D4" box="[651,723,1409,1435]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, B, transverse sections through posterior stomach region; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle fibres traversing through basophilic sub-muscular glands from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer. C, D, transverse sections through middle stomach region, showing longitudinal muscle plate along lateral nerve cord. E, transverse section through brain; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate around brain. F, transverse section through brain ring; black arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate, white arrowhead indicating fibre from muscle plate turning dorsally. G, transverse section near anterior end of brain, black arrowhead indicating proboscis insertion, gray arrowhead indicating muscle fibre from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer contributing to proboscis insertion, white arrowheads showing muscle fibres from longitudinal muscle plate covering dorsal and lateral portions of brain. H, transverse section through proboscis insertion (indicated by white arrowheads); black arrowhead indicating anterior continuation of longitudinal muscle plate running above oesophagus." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
E, F), leading to lateral vessels (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD28E2EFB8155F9ABC1E2D4" box="[1107,1180,1409,1435]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, B, transverse sections through posterior stomach region; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle fibres traversing through basophilic sub-muscular glands from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer. C, D, transverse sections through middle stomach region, showing longitudinal muscle plate along lateral nerve cord. E, transverse section through brain; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate around brain. F, transverse section through brain ring; black arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate, white arrowhead indicating fibre from muscle plate turning dorsally. G, transverse section near anterior end of brain, black arrowhead indicating proboscis insertion, gray arrowhead indicating muscle fibre from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer contributing to proboscis insertion, white arrowheads showing muscle fibres from longitudinal muscle plate covering dorsal and lateral portions of brain. H, transverse section through proboscis insertion (indicated by white arrowheads); black arrowhead indicating anterior continuation of longitudinal muscle plate running above oesophagus." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
D). Mid-dorsal vessel branching off from right lateral vessel, entering rhynchocoel just posterior to dorsal ganglia to form vascular plug, 20 µm in diameter (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD28E2EFE1155A9AD55E2A4" box="[451,520,1489,1515]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1150,1174]" captionTargetBox="[221,1365,317,1123]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[221,1365,317,1123]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through just behind brain, showing body-wall, musculature, mid-dorsal epidermal furrow, and mid-dorsal vascular plug; arrowhead indicating strongly acidophilic glandular cell in proximal portion of epidermis. B, transverse section through intestinal region, showing arrangement of testes; arrowhead indicating dorsoventral muscle fibre." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176157/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A); mid-dorsal vessel soon coming down to run between rhynchocoel and alimentary canal. No transverse metameric connectives between mid-dorsal and lateral vessels.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF59530FFD28E2EFF145659AE56E1FC" blockId="4.[151,1436,1369,2035]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD28E2EFF145659AED7E175" box="[198,394,1569,1594]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Nervous system:</emphasis>
Brain with outer neurilemma, but with neither inner neurilemma nor neurochord cells. Dorsal and ventral commissures about 20 µm and 45 µm thick respectively (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD28E2EFBC05631AB04E12C" box="[1042,1113,1609,1635]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, B, transverse sections through posterior stomach region; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle fibres traversing through basophilic sub-muscular glands from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer. C, D, transverse sections through middle stomach region, showing longitudinal muscle plate along lateral nerve cord. E, transverse section through brain; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate around brain. F, transverse section through brain ring; black arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate, white arrowhead indicating fibre from muscle plate turning dorsally. G, transverse section near anterior end of brain, black arrowhead indicating proboscis insertion, gray arrowhead indicating muscle fibre from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer contributing to proboscis insertion, white arrowheads showing muscle fibres from longitudinal muscle plate covering dorsal and lateral portions of brain. H, transverse section through proboscis insertion (indicated by white arrowheads); black arrowhead indicating anterior continuation of longitudinal muscle plate running above oesophagus." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
F). Lateral nerve cords with neither accessory lateral nerve nor neurochord, containing single myofibril running in upper part of neuropile (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD28E2EFF4D56E1AFBBE1FC" box="[159,230,1689,1715]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, B, transverse sections through posterior stomach region; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle fibres traversing through basophilic sub-muscular glands from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer. C, D, transverse sections through middle stomach region, showing longitudinal muscle plate along lateral nerve cord. E, transverse section through brain; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate around brain. F, transverse section through brain ring; black arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate, white arrowhead indicating fibre from muscle plate turning dorsally. G, transverse section near anterior end of brain, black arrowhead indicating proboscis insertion, gray arrowhead indicating muscle fibre from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer contributing to proboscis insertion, white arrowheads showing muscle fibres from longitudinal muscle plate covering dorsal and lateral portions of brain. H, transverse section through proboscis insertion (indicated by white arrowheads); black arrowhead indicating anterior continuation of longitudinal muscle plate running above oesophagus." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
D).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF59530FFD28E2EFF1456B9AB4DE0BC" blockId="4.[151,1436,1369,2035]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD28E2EFF1456B9AD3EE195" box="[198,611,1729,1754]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Apical organ and cephalic glands:</emphasis>
Single apical organ present (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD28E2EFC6D56B9AB5BE194" box="[959,1030,1729,1755]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1847,1871]" captionText="FIGURE 5. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through apical organ. B, transverse section through oesophagus opening. C, transverse section through anterior ocelli. D, E, transverse sections through oesophagus-rhynchodaeum junction. F, transverse section through cerebral organ. G, transverse section showing anterior portion of stomach. H, transverse section showing middle portion of stomach. I, transverse section showing posterior portion of stomach. J, transverse section through pylorus-intestine junction." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
A), about 20 µm wide, opening at tip of head just anterior to oesophagus opening. Basophilic cephalic glandular lobes (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD28E2EFB445691AB83E04C" box="[1174,1246,1769,1795]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1847,1871]" captionText="FIGURE 5. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through apical organ. B, transverse section through oesophagus opening. C, transverse section through anterior ocelli. D, E, transverse sections through oesophagus-rhynchodaeum junction. F, transverse section through cerebral organ. G, transverse section showing anterior portion of stomach. H, transverse section showing middle portion of stomach. I, transverse section showing posterior portion of stomach. J, transverse section through pylorus-intestine junction." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
B, C) extending post-cerebrally as sub-muscular glands beneath body-wall longitudinal muscle layer (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD28E2EFB4B5769ABBFE064" box="[1177,1250,1809,1835]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, B, transverse sections through posterior stomach region; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle fibres traversing through basophilic sub-muscular glands from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer. C, D, transverse sections through middle stomach region, showing longitudinal muscle plate along lateral nerve cord. E, transverse section through brain; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate around brain. F, transverse section through brain ring; black arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate, white arrowhead indicating fibre from muscle plate turning dorsally. G, transverse section near anterior end of brain, black arrowhead indicating proboscis insertion, gray arrowhead indicating muscle fibre from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer contributing to proboscis insertion, white arrowheads showing muscle fibres from longitudinal muscle plate covering dorsal and lateral portions of brain. H, transverse section through proboscis insertion (indicated by white arrowheads); black arrowhead indicating anterior continuation of longitudinal muscle plate running above oesophagus." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A), enormously developed in foregut region filling space between body-wall longitudinal muscle layer and various internal organs, gradually reducing posteriorly to be sporadically situated above and below lateral nerve cords. Acidophilic sub-muscular glandular cells scattered throughout body among basophilic glands (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD28E2EFB6157F1ABA6E0EC" box="[1203,1275,1929,1955]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, B, transverse sections through posterior stomach region; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle fibres traversing through basophilic sub-muscular glands from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer. C, D, transverse sections through middle stomach region, showing longitudinal muscle plate along lateral nerve cord. E, transverse section through brain; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate around brain. F, transverse section through brain ring; black arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate, white arrowhead indicating fibre from muscle plate turning dorsally. G, transverse section near anterior end of brain, black arrowhead indicating proboscis insertion, gray arrowhead indicating muscle fibre from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer contributing to proboscis insertion, white arrowheads showing muscle fibres from longitudinal muscle plate covering dorsal and lateral portions of brain. H, transverse section through proboscis insertion (indicated by white arrowheads); black arrowhead indicating anterior continuation of longitudinal muscle plate running above oesophagus." pageId="4" pageNumber="47">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
C), especially dense in dorsolateral portion of foregut and ventral side of intestine. Numerous ducts leading ventrally from acidophilic glandular cells, passing through body wall to open in epidermis.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF35C5B8FFD08E2CFF4550EFAAD1E54F" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<paragraph id="8BF59530FFD08E2CFF4550EFAAD1E54F" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,512]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD08E2CFF4550EFAE44E7E0" bold="true" box="[151,281,151,175]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4AEEB3FFD08E2CFEF350E0AC31E7E0" authority="Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833" authorityName="Quoy &amp; Gaimard" authorityYear="1833" box="[289,876,152,175]" class="Enopla" family="Emplectonematidae" genus="Nemertopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="quadripunctata">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD08E2CFEF350E0AD0FE7E0" box="[289,594,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Nemertopsis quadripunctata</emphasis>
(Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833)
</taxonomicName>
. ZIHU-3207. A, B, transverse sections through posterior stomach region; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle fibres traversing through basophilic sub-muscular glands from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer. C, D, transverse sections through middle stomach region, showing longitudinal muscle plate along lateral nerve cord. E, transverse section through brain; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate around brain. F, transverse section through brain ring; black arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate, white arrowhead indicating fibre from muscle plate turning dorsally. G, transverse section near anterior end of brain, black arrowhead indicating proboscis insertion, gray arrowhead indicating muscle fibre from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer contributing to proboscis insertion, white arrowheads showing muscle fibres from longitudinal muscle plate covering dorsal and lateral portions of brain. H, transverse section through proboscis insertion (indicated by white arrowheads); black arrowhead indicating anterior continuation of longitudinal muscle plate running above oesophagus.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF59530FFD08E2CFF145218AA1BE585" blockId="6.[151,1437,608,1714]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD08E2CFF145218AE36E536" box="[198,363,608,633]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Sense organs:</emphasis>
Pigment cup ocelli about 60–70 µm in diameter (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD08E2CFC675218ACA6E535" box="[949,1019,608,634]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1847,1871]" captionText="FIGURE 5. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through apical organ. B, transverse section through oesophagus opening. C, transverse section through anterior ocelli. D, E, transverse sections through oesophagus-rhynchodaeum junction. F, transverse section through cerebral organ. G, transverse section showing anterior portion of stomach. H, transverse section showing middle portion of stomach. I, transverse section showing posterior portion of stomach. J, transverse section through pylorus-intestine junction." pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
C, F); anterior pair situated near tip of head, posterior pair just in front of proboscis insertion. Cerebral organs simple, about 50 µm in diameter, situated in front of brain (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD08E2CFE1152C8AD54E585" box="[451,521,688,714]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1847,1871]" captionText="FIGURE 5. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through apical organ. B, transverse section through oesophagus opening. C, transverse section through anterior ocelli. D, E, transverse sections through oesophagus-rhynchodaeum junction. F, transverse section through cerebral organ. G, transverse section showing anterior portion of stomach. H, transverse section showing middle portion of stomach. I, transverse section showing posterior portion of stomach. J, transverse section through pylorus-intestine junction." pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
F); cerebral organ canal opening ventrally near anterior eyes (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD08E2CFB0E52C8AA7FE585" box="[1244,1314,688,714]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1847,1871]" captionText="FIGURE 5. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through apical organ. B, transverse section through oesophagus opening. C, transverse section through anterior ocelli. D, E, transverse sections through oesophagus-rhynchodaeum junction. F, transverse section through cerebral organ. G, transverse section showing anterior portion of stomach. H, transverse section showing middle portion of stomach. I, transverse section showing posterior portion of stomach. J, transverse section through pylorus-intestine junction." pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF59530FFD08E2CFF1452A0AE37E425" blockId="6.[151,1437,608,1714]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD08E2CFF1452A0AEC7E5BE" box="[198,410,728,753]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Excretory system:</emphasis>
Excretory system extending from brain region to anterior intestinal region, consisting of thin-walled collecting tubules, up to 20 µm in diameter, running along lateral nerve cords in foregut region (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD08E2CFF4D5350AFB7E40D" box="[159,234,808,834]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, B, transverse sections through posterior stomach region; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle fibres traversing through basophilic sub-muscular glands from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer. C, D, transverse sections through middle stomach region, showing longitudinal muscle plate along lateral nerve cord. E, transverse section through brain; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate around brain. F, transverse section through brain ring; black arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate, white arrowhead indicating fibre from muscle plate turning dorsally. G, transverse section near anterior end of brain, black arrowhead indicating proboscis insertion, gray arrowhead indicating muscle fibre from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer contributing to proboscis insertion, white arrowheads showing muscle fibres from longitudinal muscle plate covering dorsal and lateral portions of brain. H, transverse section through proboscis insertion (indicated by white arrowheads); black arrowhead indicating anterior continuation of longitudinal muscle plate running above oesophagus." pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
B); efferent canals opening laterally or ventrally to exterior (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD08E2CFC105350AB57E40D" box="[962,1034,808,834]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, B, transverse sections through posterior stomach region; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle fibres traversing through basophilic sub-muscular glands from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer. C, D, transverse sections through middle stomach region, showing longitudinal muscle plate along lateral nerve cord. E, transverse section through brain; arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate around brain. F, transverse section through brain ring; black arrowheads indicating longitudinal muscle plate, white arrowhead indicating fibre from muscle plate turning dorsally. G, transverse section near anterior end of brain, black arrowhead indicating proboscis insertion, gray arrowhead indicating muscle fibre from body-wall longitudinal muscle layer contributing to proboscis insertion, white arrowheads showing muscle fibres from longitudinal muscle plate covering dorsal and lateral portions of brain. H, transverse section through proboscis insertion (indicated by white arrowheads); black arrowhead indicating anterior continuation of longitudinal muscle plate running above oesophagus." pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A, B); two nephridiopores on left side, one on right.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF59530FFD08E2CFF145300AA10E4F5" blockId="6.[151,1437,608,1714]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD08E2CFF145300AE9DE4DE" box="[198,448,888,913]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Reproductive system:</emphasis>
The sectioned material was a mature male. Testes distributed around lateral margins of body above lateral nerve cords between intestine and body-wall longitudinal muscle layer (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFD08E2CFB3153D8AA75E4F5" box="[1251,1320,928,954]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1150,1174]" captionTargetBox="[221,1365,317,1123]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[221,1365,317,1123]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through just behind brain, showing body-wall, musculature, mid-dorsal epidermal furrow, and mid-dorsal vascular plug; arrowhead indicating strongly acidophilic glandular cell in proximal portion of epidermis. B, transverse section through intestinal region, showing arrangement of testes; arrowhead indicating dorsoventral muscle fibre." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176157/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
B).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C350C6BBFFD08E22FF1453B0ADB6E4CD" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BF59530FFD08E2CFF1453B0AC83E2D5" blockId="6.[151,1437,608,1714]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD08E2CFF1453B0AE6BE4AE" box="[198,310,968,993]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Remarks:</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F35DD5A0FFD08E2CFEED53B0AE3DE4AD" box="[319,352,968,994]" name="American Samoa" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">As</collectingCountry>
to the external features, specimens from Shirahama differ from those of
<collectingCountry id="F35DD5A0FFD08E2CFB1553B0AA42E4AD" box="[1223,1311,968,994]" name="Indonesia" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Ambon</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F35DD5A0FFD08E2CFA8953B0AF85E345" name="Hong Kong" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
in that their dorsal body coloration between the two longitudinal stripes is the same as that outside the stripes (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE8C1FFD08E2CFF245460AD6CE37D" author="Iwata" box="[246,561,1048,1074]" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" refString="Iwata, F. (1954) Some nemerteans from the coasts of the Kii Peninsula. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 4, 33 - 42." type="journal article" year="1954">Iwata 1954; present study</bibRefCitation>
) rather than possessing a light yellowish tinge as reported by
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE8C1FFD08E2CFAF45460AE0EE315" author="Quoy" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" refString="Quoy, J. R. C. &amp; Gaimard, J. P. (1833) Voyage de decouvertes de l'Astrolabe execute par ordre du Roi, pendant les annees 1826 - 1827 - 1828 - 1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville, Zoologie 4. J. Tastu, Paris, pp. 284 - 292." type="journal article" year="1833">Quoy and Gaimard (1833)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE8C1FFD08E2CFE595438AD64E315" author="Gibson" box="[395,569,1088,1114]" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" refString="Gibson, R. (1990) The Macrobenthic Nemertean Fauna of Hong Kong. In: Morton, B. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Second International Marine Biological Workshop: the Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China, Hong Kong, 1986, Vol. 1. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, pp. 33 - 212." type="book" year="1990">Gibson (1990)</bibRefCitation>
. In addition,
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE8C1FFD08E2CFD005438AC21E315" author="Gibson" box="[722,892,1088,1114]" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" refString="Gibson, R. (1990) The Macrobenthic Nemertean Fauna of Hong Kong. In: Morton, B. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Second International Marine Biological Workshop: the Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China, Hong Kong, 1986, Vol. 1. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, pp. 33 - 212." type="book" year="1990">Gibson (1990)</bibRefCitation>
noted that the dorsal stripes usually met at the tip of the head in
<collectingCountry id="F35DD5A0FFD08E2CFEB75410AEB3E3CD" box="[357,494,1128,1154]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
material, whereas in the present material, as well as in the previous descriptions by
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE8C1FFD08E2CFF6954E8AEB2E3E5" author="Quoy" box="[187,495,1168,1194]" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" refString="Quoy, J. R. C. &amp; Gaimard, J. P. (1833) Voyage de decouvertes de l'Astrolabe execute par ordre du Roi, pendant les annees 1826 - 1827 - 1828 - 1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville, Zoologie 4. J. Tastu, Paris, pp. 284 - 292." type="journal article" year="1833">Quoy and Gaimard (1833)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE8C1FFD08E2CFDF554E8ADE2E3E5" author="Iwata" box="[551,703,1168,1194]" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" refString="Iwata, F. (1954) Some nemerteans from the coasts of the Kii Peninsula. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 4, 33 - 42." type="journal article" year="1954">Iwata (1954)</bibRefCitation>
, these did not unite anteriorly. The body length observed in the present study measured
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, while
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recorded it varied from
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in specimens collected in Shirahama, the same locality as the present study. Whether this difference in body size is due to seasonal variety or age remains uncertain, since
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did not give the date of collection of his samples. By comparison, Gibson’s (1990) material from
<collectingCountry id="F35DD5A0FFD08E2CFD775548AC6CE205" box="[677,817,1328,1354]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
ranged from
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, though he quoted student reports giving a maximum length of
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.
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE8C1FFD08E2CFD635520ACB1E23D" author="Quoy" box="[689,1004,1368,1394]" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" refString="Quoy, J. R. C. &amp; Gaimard, J. P. (1833) Voyage de decouvertes de l'Astrolabe execute par ordre du Roi, pendant les annees 1826 - 1827 - 1828 - 1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville, Zoologie 4. J. Tastu, Paris, pp. 284 - 292." type="journal article" year="1833">Quoy and Gaimard (1833)</bibRefCitation>
noted the worm was “a tout au plus deux pouces de longeur” (= at most two inches in length = about
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF59530FFD08E2CFF1455D0AE40E1FD" blockId="6.[151,1437,608,1714]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
The mid-dorsal epidermal furrow, an unusual feature among whole phylum and first described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE8C1FFD08E2CFA9555D0AFB9E2A5" author="Gibson" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" refString="Gibson, R. (1990) The Macrobenthic Nemertean Fauna of Hong Kong. In: Morton, B. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Second International Marine Biological Workshop: the Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China, Hong Kong, 1986, Vol. 1. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, pp. 33 - 212." type="book" year="1990">Gibson (1990)</bibRefCitation>
[‘dorsal epidermal pit’ in his terminology], was also confirmed in the present material. In
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specimens, the pits are reported to be arranged in a row (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE8C1FFD08E2CFCEF5580AC86E15D" author="Gibson" box="[829,987,1528,1554]" pageId="6" pageNumber="58" refString="Gibson, R. (1990) The Macrobenthic Nemertean Fauna of Hong Kong. In: Morton, B. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Second International Marine Biological Workshop: the Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China, Hong Kong, 1986, Vol. 1. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, pp. 33 - 212." type="book" year="1990">Gibson 1990</bibRefCitation>
). In the present specimen from Shirahama, the ‘pits’ are antero-posteriorly continuous to a large degree, forming a sagittal furrow along the middorsal portion of the epidermis. The furrow is discontinuous by three short shallow portions in the pre-cerebral region, and completely contiguous post-cerebrally, at least in the sectioned part of the body (anterior tip,
<quantity id="4CB238D5FFD08E2CFF4556E0AF8CE1FD" box="[151,209,1688,1714]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
long).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF35C5B8FFD08E2CFF45574FABDEE096" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<paragraph id="8BF59530FFD08E2CFF45574FABDEE096" blockId="6.[151,1436,1847,2009]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD08E2CFF45574FAE41E000" bold="true" box="[151,284,1847,1871]" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4AEEB3FFD08E2CFEF65740AC24E000" authority="Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833" authorityName="Quoy &amp; Gaimard" authorityYear="1833" box="[292,889,1848,1871]" class="Enopla" family="Emplectonematidae" genus="Nemertopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="quadripunctata">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFD08E2CFEF65740AD0AE000" box="[292,599,1848,1871]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Nemertopsis quadripunctata</emphasis>
(Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833)
</taxonomicName>
. ZIHU-3207. A, transverse section through apical organ. B, transverse section through oesophagus opening. C, transverse section through anterior ocelli. D, E, transverse sections through oesophagus-rhynchodaeum junction. F, transverse section through cerebral organ. G, transverse section showing anterior portion of stomach. H, transverse section showing middle portion of stomach. I, transverse section showing posterior portion of stomach. J, transverse section through pylorus-intestine junction.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BF59530FFDE8E22FF1450E0AEB7E61D" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE8C1FFDE8E22FF1450E0AE2FE7FD" author="Gibson" box="[198,370,152,178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="58" refString="Gibson, R. (1990) The Macrobenthic Nemertean Fauna of Hong Kong. In: Morton, B. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Second International Marine Biological Workshop: the Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China, Hong Kong, 1986, Vol. 1. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, pp. 33 - 212." type="book" year="1990">Gibson (1990)</bibRefCitation>
noted that a mid-dorsal vascular plug was not found in
<collectingCountry id="F35DD5A0FFDE8E22FBC650E0ABFDE7FD" box="[1044,1184,152,178]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
specimens, probably due to the small size of the body; the vascular plug may difficult to observe when it is pressed by the proboscis against the ventral surface of the rhynchocoel. The sectioned specimen from Shirahama had lost its proboscis, which enabled confirmation of the presence of the vascular plug, in spite of the narrowness of the rhynchocoel in the brain region (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFDE8E22FEAC5140AE9EE61D" box="[382,451,312,338]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1150,1174]" captionTargetBox="[221,1365,317,1123]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[221,1365,317,1123]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through just behind brain, showing body-wall, musculature, mid-dorsal epidermal furrow, and mid-dorsal vascular plug; arrowhead indicating strongly acidophilic glandular cell in proximal portion of epidermis. B, transverse section through intestinal region, showing arrangement of testes; arrowhead indicating dorsoventral muscle fibre." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176157/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF59530FFDE8E22FF145118AE94E445" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
Unlike in most monostiliferous hoplonemerteans, the rhynchodaeum in the present material appeared to open to the dorsal portion of the oesophagus (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFDE8E22FD6C51F0AC58E6ED" box="[702,773,392,418]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1441,1465]" captionTargetBox="[296,1297,950,1418]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[286,1311,940,1429]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Schematic diagram of two types of oesophagus-rhynchodaeum configuration in monostiliferous hoplonemerteans. A, Africanemertes type. B, normal type." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176158/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
A); the canal anterior to the oesophagus-rhynchodaeum junction appeared posteriorly continuous to the oesophagus, instead of the rhynchodaeum, both as to the width of the canal and the nature of its wall, including the thickness and histological appearance (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFDE8E22FAC351A0AA0BE6BD" box="[1297,1366,472,498]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1847,1871]" captionText="FIGURE 5. Nemertopsis quadripunctata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833). ZIHU- 3207. A, transverse section through apical organ. B, transverse section through oesophagus opening. C, transverse section through anterior ocelli. D, E, transverse sections through oesophagus-rhynchodaeum junction. F, transverse section through cerebral organ. G, transverse section showing anterior portion of stomach. H, transverse section showing middle portion of stomach. I, transverse section showing posterior portion of stomach. J, transverse section through pylorus-intestine junction." pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
C–E). A similar oesophageal-rhynchodaeal relationship has been recorded in five species of monostiliferous hoplonemerteans:
<taxonomicName id="4C4AEEB3FFDE8E22FE995250AC1FE50D" authority="Kirsteuer, 1965" authorityName="Kirsteuer" authorityYear="1965" box="[331,834,552,578]" class="Enopla" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Africanemertes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="ruetzleri">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFDE8E22FE995250AD2CE50E" box="[331,625,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Africanemertes ruetzleri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE8C1FFDE8E22FD535250AC1FE50D" author="Kirsteuer" box="[641,834,552,578]" pageId="8" pageNumber="58" refString="Kirsteuer, E. (1965) Uber das Vorkommen von Nemertinen in einem tropischen Korallenriff. 4. Hoplonemertini monostilifera. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere, 92, 289 - 326." type="journal article" year="1965">Kirsteuer, 1965</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C4AEEB3FFDE8E22FC855250AF88E525" authority="Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942" authorityName="Stiasny-Wijnhoff" authorityYear="1942" class="Enopla" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Africanemertes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="swakopmundi">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFDE8E22FC855250ABE6E50E" box="[855,1211,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Africanemertes swakopmundi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE8C1FFDE8E22FB195250AF88E525" author="Stiasny-Wijnhoff" pageId="8" pageNumber="58" refString="Stiasny-Wijnhoff, G. (1942) Nemertinen der westafrikanischen Kuste. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere, 75, 121 - 194." type="journal article" year="1942">Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C4AEEB3FFDE8E22FF305228AD31E525" authority="Gibson, 1973" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1973" box="[226,620,592,618]" class="Enopla" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Divanella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="evelinae">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFDE8E22FF305228AE9CE526" box="[226,449,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Divanella evelinae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE8C1FFDE8E22FE1B5228AD31E525" author="Gibson" box="[457,620,592,618]" pageId="8" pageNumber="58" refString="Gibson, R. (1973) A new littoral hoplonemertean (Divanella evelinae, gen. et sp. nov.) from the coast of Brazil. Bulletin of Marine Science, 23, 793 - 810." type="journal article" year="1973">Gibson, 1973</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C4AEEB3FFDE8E22FDAB5228AB51E525" authority="Correa, 1957" authorityName="Correa" authorityYear="1957" box="[633,1036,592,618]" class="Enopla" family="Tetrastemmatidae" genus="Itanemertes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="nonatoi">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFDE8E22FDAB5228AC3BE526" box="[633,870,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Itanemertes nonatoi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE8C1FFDE8E22FCBD5228AB51E525" author="Correa" box="[879,1036,592,618]" pageId="8" pageNumber="58" refString="Correa, D. D. (1957) Nemertinos do litoral brasileiro. VI. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 29, 251 - 271." type="journal article" year="1957">Corrêa, 1957</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; and
<taxonomicName id="4C4AEEB3FFDE8E22FB9F5228AD16E5DD" authority="(Delle Chiaje, 1841) sensu Correa (1955)" authorityName="(Delle Chiaje, 1841) sensu Correa" authorityYear="1955" class="Enopla" family="Emplectonematidae" genus="Nemertopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="bivittata">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFDE8E22FB9F5228AA17E526" box="[1101,1354,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Nemertopsis bivittata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE8C1FFDE8E22FA895228AE68E5DD" author="Delle" pageId="8" pageNumber="58" refString="Delle Chiaje, S. (1841) Descrizione e notomia degli animali invertebrati della Sicilia citeriore osservati vivi negli anni 1822 - 1830. Vol. 3. Molluschi, Acefali, Bracciopedi, Cirropedi, Crostacei, Anellosi. C. Batelli, Napoli, 142 pp." type="book chapter" year="1841">Delle Chiaje, 1841</bibRefCitation>
)
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFDE8E22FE9E5200AED0E5DE" box="[332,397,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE8C1FFDE8E22FE495200AD16E5DD" author="Correa" box="[411,587,632,658]" pageId="8" pageNumber="58" refString="Correa, D. D. (1955) Os generos Emplectonema Stimpson e Nemertopsis Burger (Hoplonemertini Monostilifera). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 20, 67 - 78." type="journal article" year="1955">Corrêa (1955)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Meanwhile, specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C4AEEB3FFDE8E22FC775200ABD9E5DE" box="[933,1156,632,657]" class="Enopla" family="Emplectonematidae" genus="Nemertopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="quadripunctata">
<emphasis id="B93E4922FFDE8E22FC775200ABD9E5DE" box="[933,1156,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">N. quadripunctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F35DD5A0FFDE8E22FB0B5200AA37E5DD" box="[1241,1386,632,658]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
are reported to possess a normal oesophagus-rhynchodaeum configuration (
<figureCitation id="137189B5FFDE8E22FC3552D8AB72E5F5" box="[999,1071,672,698]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1441,1465]" captionTargetBox="[296,1297,950,1418]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[286,1311,940,1429]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Schematic diagram of two types of oesophagus-rhynchodaeum configuration in monostiliferous hoplonemerteans. A, Africanemertes type. B, normal type." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176158/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
B), i.e., oesophagus opening to ventral portion of rhynchodaeum (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE8C1FFDE8E22FDF552B0AD99E5AD" author="Gibson" box="[551,708,712,738]" pageId="8" pageNumber="58" refString="Gibson, R. (1990) The Macrobenthic Nemertean Fauna of Hong Kong. In: Morton, B. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Second International Marine Biological Workshop: the Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China, Hong Kong, 1986, Vol. 1. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, pp. 33 - 212." type="book" year="1990">Gibson 1990</bibRefCitation>
). Future studies will elucidate the intra- and inter-populational variation of this character.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF59530FFDE8E22FF145360ADB6E4CD" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">In life, the worms secreted viscous mucus from their ventral surface; the viscosity of the mucus was so strong that when an attempt was made to peel a worm away from the surface of a petri dish by sucking up a free end with a pipette, the animal was torn in two.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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