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<document id="25AA047DB6CC78A671C6C3832A2B0BDF" ID-DOI="10.47121/acarolstud.1146616" ID-ISSN="2667-5684" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DB319D6A-4ADE-43BF-9CA2-FAC8E8787FA7" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1689277418030" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Yilmaz, Raşit Fikret &amp; Dizman, Mümin" docDate="2023" docId="039618015707FB79AE4323A6FE1CFE73" docLanguage="en" docName="AcarolStud.5.1.1-10.pdf" docOrigin="Acarological Studies 5 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.47121/acarolstud.1146616" docStyle="DocumentStyle:8031FE601FDA7D48DA41BA511CA8F4FB.2:AcarolStud.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="8031FE601FDA7D48DA41BA511CA8F4FB" docStyleName="AcarolStud.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Varroa destructor" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="FFAF60795706FB7FAD032138FFA2FFB6" masterDocTitle="The use of humic acids in the fight against Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae)" masterLastPageNumber="10" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1689604730950" updateUser="juliana" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
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<mods:title id="4ACBAC272BFB8F83EB8248ED688F3790">The use of humic acids in the fight against Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="039618015707FB79AE4323A6FE1CFE73" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039618015707FB79AE4323A6FE1CFE73" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039618015707FB79AE4323A6FE1CFE73" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<paragraph id="8B80A9175707FB7EAE4323A6FC64FD63" blockId="1.[832,1493,670,725]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
Drugs used for 
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<emphasis id="B94B75055707FB7EAEFF23A6FB6AFD00" box="[1020,1224,670,694]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Varroa destructor</emphasis>
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, fighting methods and humic acids
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Chemical drugs containing the active ingredients Fluvalinate, Flumethrin, Amitraz and Coumaphos are widely used in the fight against 
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<emphasis id="B94B75055707FB7EA98A220EFABDFCFB" box="[1161,1311,821,845]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">V. destructor</emphasis>
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in the world. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65707FB7EAE4B226DFBEBFCDB" author="Eguaras, M. &amp; Palacio, M. A. &amp; Faverin, C. &amp; Basualdo, M. &amp; Hoyo, M. L. D. &amp; Velis, G. &amp; Bedascarrasbure, E." box="[840,1097,853,877]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="241 - 245" refId="ref8838" refString="Eguaras, M., Palacio, M. A., Faverin, C., Basualdo, M., Hoyo, M. L. D., Velis, G. and Bedascarrasbure, E. 2003. Efficacy of formic acid in gel for varroa control in Apis mellifera importance of the dispenser position inside the hive. Veterinary Parasitology, 111 (2 - 3): 241 - 245. doi: 10.1016 / S 0304 - 4017 (02) 00377 - 1" type="journal article" year="2003">Eguaras et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
). However, recent reports have demonstrated that the parasite has gained resistance to these chemicals, leaves residues in honey and beeswax, and is not effective in capped brood cells (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65707FB7EA827228AFCDCFC5C" author="Spreafico, M. &amp; Eordegh, F. R. &amp; Bernardinelli, I. &amp; Colombo, M." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="49 - 55" refId="ref10290" refString="Spreafico, M., Eordegh, F. R., Bernardinelli, I. and Colombo, M. 2001. First detection of strains of Varroa desructor resistant to coumaphos. result of laboratory test and field trails. Apidologie, 32 (1): 49 - 55. doi: 10.1051 / apido: 2001110" type="journal article" year="2001">Spreafico et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
). These drugs should be applied in the early spring period when there are no or less capped brood cells in the hive, or in the late autumn period after the honey harvest so that they are effective. Successfully fighting against this parasite requires the right drug at the right time and the right dose. Organic acids and essential oils such as thymol have been used as alternatives because different drugs used both threaten human health by leaving residue in honey and develop resistance to these drugs (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65707FB7EA86D25F4FCDFFAB5" author="Kumova, U." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="597 - 602" refId="ref9508" refString="Kumova, U. 2001. Varroa jacobsoni kontrolunde ulkemizde kullanilan bazi ilaClarin etkinliginin arastirilmasi. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 25 (4): 597 - 602. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2001">Kumova, 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65707FB7EAE8B25D3FB33FAB5" author="Akyol, E. &amp; Ozkok, D." box="[904,1169,1257,1284]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="167 - 174" refId="ref7659" refString="Akyol, E. and Ozkok, D. 2005. Varroa (Varroa destructor) mucadelesinde organik asitlerin kullanimi. Uludag Bee Journal, 5 (4): 167 - 174. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2005">Akyol and Özkök, 2005</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175707FB7EAE43241DFCC4F818" blockId="1.[832,1494,1317,1966]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65707FB7EAE43241DFBDEFA8B" author="Koeniger, N. &amp; Fuchs, S." box="[832,1148,1317,1341]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="117 - 130" refId="ref9378" refString="Koeniger, N. and Fuchs, S. 1988 Control of Varroa jacobsoni Qudemans in honeybee colonies containing sealed brood cells. Apidologie, 19 (2): 117 - 130." type="journal article" year="1988">Koeniger and Fuchs (1988)</bibRefCitation>
reported that an efficiency of 95.6% is obtained when Fluvalinate is used during the brood period in honeybee colonies for the control of 
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<emphasis id="B94B75055707FB7EA8C2245CFC11FA2D" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65707FB7EAEC024BBFB7CFA2D" author="Kaftanoglu, O. &amp; Kumova, U. &amp; Yeninar, H." box="[963,1246,1411,1435]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref9284" refString="Kaftanoglu, O., Kumova, U. and Yeninar, H. 1995. Effectiveness of drugs commonly used against Varroa jacobsoni and their effect on honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). XXXIVth International Apicultural Congress of Apimondia, 15 - 19 August 1995, Lousanne, Sweden, p. 180." type="proceedings" year="1995">Kaftanoğlu et al. (1995)</bibRefCitation>
determined that the activity level of chemicals such as Amitraz, Perizin 
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formic acid, fluvalinate, Apistan 
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, and Vamitrat 
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on 
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<emphasis id="B94B75055707FB7EA89724FAFC3BFA4E" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">V. destructor</emphasis>
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, were 96.0%, 93.1%, 92.8%, 87.3%, 73.3%, and 70.8%, respectively. The number of dead bees in these groups was 14.9, 19.5, 23.2, 30.4, 44.2 and 98.3 units/colony, respectively. In the study by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65707FB7EA8752707FC32F9C0" author="Kumova, U." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="597 - 602" refId="ref9508" refString="Kumova, U. 2001. Varroa jacobsoni kontrolunde ulkemizde kullanilan bazi ilaClarin etkinliginin arastirilmasi. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 25 (4): 597 - 602. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2001">Kumova (2001)</bibRefCitation>
, it was reported that the effect of Fluvalinate, Amitraz and Coumaphos was 97.3%, 91.1% and 83.4%, respectively. In the study by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65707FB7EA97427A4FA1AF902" author="Portakal, P. &amp; Yarsan, E." box="[1143,1464,1692,1716]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="2" refId="ref9977" refString="Portakal, P. and Yarsan, E. 2010. Varroa jacobsoni ile dogal enfeste balarisi kolonilerinde koumafos etken maddesi iCeren farkli farmasotik sekillerin etkinligi ve baldaki kalintilarinin arastirilmasi. UCuncu Ulusal- Veteriner Farmakoloji ve Toksikoloji Kongresi, 29 Eylul- 2 Ekim 2010, Aydin, Turkiye. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2010">Portakal and Yarsan (2010)</bibRefCitation>
, it was determined that Flumethrin and Coumaphos were effective at the rates of 87.7% and 72.7%. As a result, it was reported that the applications made in the larval-free stage were more successful than the larval stage and Flumethrin was more effective than Coumaphos. Similar results have been obtained so far when the mentioned active ingredients are used in the fight against 
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<emphasis id="B94B75055707FB7EA8632640FCC0F818" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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In a study investigating the effects of different insecticides and acaricides on 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945707FB7EA92026C8FB15F7B1" baseAuthorityName="Cakmak" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[1059,1207,2031,2055]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055707FB7EA92026C8FB15F7B1" box="[1059,1207,2031,2055]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">V. destructor</emphasis>
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and honeybees, it was found that their treatment was effective in autumn at 15- 75% and in spring at 68-75% (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65704FB7DACDF21ABFD24FF1D" author="Kumova, U." box="[476,646,147,171]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="73 - 85" refId="ref9412" refString="Kumova, U. 1987. Sonbahar mevsiminde bal arisi (Apis mellifera L., 1758) paraziti Varroa jacobsoni Qudemans, 1904 ' e uygulanan Cesitli kimyasal maddelerin etkileri uzerine bir arastirma. Cumhuriyet Universitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakultesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 5 (1): 73 - 85." type="journal article" year="1987">Kumova, 1987</bibRefCitation>
). Although acaricides are preferred by beekeepers due to their low cost and ease of use, they cause the death of bees. Numerous countries have posed bans on some acaricides that leave residues in honey and other apicultural products (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65704FB7DAD7A2008FEFCFEFE" author="Johnson, R. M. &amp; Pollock, H. S. &amp; Berenbaum, M. R." box="[121,350,304,328]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="474 - 479" refId="ref9234" refString="Johnson, R. M., Pollock, H. S. and Berenbaum, M. R. 2009. Synergistic interactions between in-hive miticides in Apis mellifera. Journal of Economic Entomology, 102 (2): 474 - 479. doi: 10.1603 / 029.102.0202" type="journal article" year="2009">Johnson et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175704FB7DAD712051FE7AFDEA" blockId="2.[114,775,361,604]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Organic acids and essential oils such as thymol have been used as alternatives because different drugs used both threaten human health by leaving residue in honey and develop resistance to these drugs (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65704FB7DAF0920FFFD15FE69" author="Kumova, U." box="[522,695,455,479]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="597 - 602" refId="ref9508" refString="Kumova, U. 2001. Varroa jacobsoni kontrolunde ulkemizde kullanilan bazi ilaClarin etkinliginin arastirilmasi. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 25 (4): 597 - 602. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2001">Kumova, 2001</bibRefCitation>
; Akyol ve Özkök, 2005). Numerous countries prefer organic acids such as oxalic acid and lactic acid day by day in terms of their effectiveness against 
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<emphasis id="B94B75055704FB7DACA0231EFD93FD8B" box="[419,561,549,573]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">V. destructor</emphasis>
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, easy to apply and low cost (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65704FB7DADDE237CFE6EFDEA" author="Mutinelli, F. &amp; Baggio, A. &amp; Capolongo, F. &amp; Piro, R. &amp; Prandin, L. &amp; Biasion, L." box="[221,460,580,604]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="461 - 462" refId="ref9842" refString="Mutinelli, F., Baggio, A., Capolongo, F., Piro, R., Prandin, L. and Biasion, L. 1997. A scientific note on oxalic acid by topical application in the control of varroosis. Apidologie, 28 (6): 461 - 462." type="journal article" year="1997">Mutinelli et al., 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175704FB7DAD712347FF16FC26" blockId="2.[114,775,638,912]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
In a study investigating the effects of oxalic, formic and lactic acids on control and colony growth of 
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<emphasis id="B94B75055704FB7DAF7B23A6FCA5FD00" box="[632,775,670,694]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">V. destructor</emphasis>
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under known standard conditions (early spring and late autumn) in colonies, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65704FB7DAC6923E4FDA3FD42" author="Yucel, B." box="[362,513,732,756]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="33 - 39" refId="ref11110" refString="Yucel, B. 2005. Bal arisi (Apis mellifera L.) kolonilerinde varroa (Varroa jacobsoni Q.) ile mucadelede farkli organik asitlerin kullanilmasinin koloni performansi uzerine etkileri. Journal Animal Production, 46 (2): 33 - 39. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2005">Yücel (2005)</bibRefCitation>
determined the effectiveness of oxalic acid against 
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<emphasis id="B94B75055704FB7DACD523C4FDC7FCA5" box="[470,613,763,787]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">V. destructor</emphasis>
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as 94.04% in spring. This value was higher than formic acid and lactic acid. Also formic acid was lower than oxalic acid and lactic acid in the development of the brood population in autumn.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175704FB7DAD71228AFE60FA4B" blockId="2.[114,775,946,1533]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65704FB7DAD71228AFE02FC7D" author="Akyol, E. &amp; Yeninar, H." box="[114,416,946,971]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="285 - 288" refId="ref7740" refString="Akyol, E. and Yeninar, H. 2009. Use of oxalic acid to control Varroa destructor in honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 33 (4): 285 - 288. doi: 10.3906 / vet- 0712 - 16" type="journal article" year="2009">Akyol and Yeninar (2009)</bibRefCitation>
determined an efficiency level of 93.4% in the autumn treatment of oxalic acid among honeybee (
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945704FB7DADF022C9FED1FBBF" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[243,371,1009,1033]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Apis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mellifera">
<emphasis id="B94B75055704FB7DADF022C9FED1FBBF" box="[243,371,1009,1033]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">A. mellifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.) colonies with a varroa infestation level of around 25%. In addition, there was no queen loss, brood and adult bee death in the colony during the treatment. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65704FB7DADF32577FE33FBD1" author="Cengiz, M. M." box="[240,401,1103,1127]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="133 - 137" refId="ref8423" refString="Cengiz, M. M. 2012. Bal arisi (Apis mellifera L.) kolonilerinde Varroa destructor enfestasyonu ile mucadelede farkli organik bilesiklerin kullanimi ve koloni performansina etkileri. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 18: 133 - 137. [In Turkish] doi: 10.9775 / kvfd. 2012.6000" type="journal article" year="2012">Cengiz (2012)</bibRefCitation>
investigated the effects of oxalic acid, thymol and lactic acid on colony growth and fighting against 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945704FB7DADC825B6FEF8FB13" baseAuthorityName="Cakmak" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[203,346,1165,1189]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055704FB7DADC825B6FEF8FB13" box="[203,346,1165,1189]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingRegion id="49FB67F55704FB7DAC7C25B6FD9BFB13" box="[383,569,1165,1189]" country="Turkey" name="Erzurum" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Erzurum region</collectingRegion>
. At the end of the treatment, the efficacies of oxalic acid, thymol and lactic acid groups against 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945704FB7DAC8225F5FDBFFB52" baseAuthorityName="Cakmak" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[385,541,1228,1252]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055704FB7DAC8225F5FDBFFB52" box="[385,541,1228,1252]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were 84.90±5.60, 90.10±3.03, and 79.50±3.78%, respectively. When they applied oxalic acid to the 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945704FB7DACA02433FD90FA94" baseAuthorityName="Cakmak" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[419,562,1290,1314]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055704FB7DACA02433FD90FA94" box="[419,562,1290,1314]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
population in the early spring (March), summer (July) and late autumn (October) periods, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65704FB7DAC492471FDC8FAD7" author="Akyol, E. &amp; Unalan, A." box="[330,618,1350,1377]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="3863 - 3867" refId="ref7697" refString="Akyol, E. and Unalan, A. 2017. Effect of oxalic acid treatment in different seasons on varroa (Varroa destructor) population in honeybee colonies. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 26 (6): 3863 - 3867." type="journal article" year="2017">Akyol and Ünalan (2017)</bibRefCitation>
, reported the average efficiencies as 80.22%, 69.72% and 84.61%, respectively. According to these results, it was determined that oxalic acid application in late autumn and early spring was approximately 21% and 15% more effective than in summer, respectively.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175704FB7DAD712727FAB0FB22" blockId="2.[114,775,1567,2091]" lastBlockId="2.[832,1494,147,1172]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Upon the literature research, it has been seen that drug residues are another factor that affects food safety and threatens human health, as well as not producing an effective solution against 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945704FB7DAC892745FDB8F923" baseAuthorityName="Cakmak" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[394,538,1661,1685]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055704FB7DAC892745FDB8F923" box="[394,538,1661,1685]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These residues are also a major market problem. On the other hand, importance is placed on the establishment of bee lines resistant to bee diseases and the implementation of natural applications in a way that does not disturb the structure of honey in American and European countries (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65704FB7DAF932621FEAAF8E6" author="Akyol, E. &amp; Ozkok, D." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="167 - 174" refId="ref7659" refString="Akyol, E. and Ozkok, D. 2005. Varroa (Varroa destructor) mucadelesinde organik asitlerin kullanimi. Uludag Bee Journal, 5 (4): 167 - 174. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2005">Akyol and Özkök, 2005</bibRefCitation>
). However, the fact that these applications are difficult to implement in every country makes the struggle difficult again. The existence of important resources obtained from domestic and national raw materials in 
<collectingCountry id="F328E9875704FB7DADBC268EFEBBF87B" box="[191,281,1973,1997]" name="Turkey" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Türkiye</collectingCountry>
should not be ignored. One of these resources is humic acids, which find many areas of application owing to their broad-spectrum properties. In addition, successful results obtained in cattle and poultry have led to the idea that humic acids would play an important role in bee health. In their study investigating the effects of humic acids on bees, TunÇ et al., (2020) reported that honey yield per colony increased significantly with 10 cc sodium humate applied in syrup, the colony strengthened and brood production increased with the treatment in early spring. The commercial product containing Olvit brand humic acid, which was used as a feed additive before, was applied based on voluntariness against 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945704FB7DA89720B6FC3BFE72" baseAuthorityName="Cakmak" baseAuthorityYear="2010" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055704FB7DA89720B6FC3BFE72" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 70 colonies. The information we received from beekeepers who applied humic acid in their hives during field research, revealed that the product had a positive effect on the health of bees. We obtained the following results from beekeepers who have faced many problems in their hives. Humic acids completely eliminate Nosema, which is a digestive disorder, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945704FB7DA9C02351FAF2FD36" baseAuthorityName="Cakmak" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[1219,1360,616,640]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055704FB7DA9C02351FAF2FD36" box="[1219,1360,616,640]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
infestation, as they increase the physiological activity in the stomach and intestine of bees. Due to their antiviral effect, they are effective against viruses, they prevent the chalkbrood disease caused by turning color of the dead larvae into white and calcifying them. In addition, other effects of these acids are that they provide a significant growth in the height of the bees and prevent foulbrood by providing advanced brood abortion. It is thought that humic acids shall be an important source that both protects the bees from many diseases and enhances the quality of honey by strengthening their immune system as in other living things. They prevent nutrition-related deaths by providing an effective micronutrient transfer, remove toxic substances that may occur in the hive or come from outside, and also destroy all pesticides that pass from plants to bees in areas where chemical fertilization and pesticides are used intensively (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65704FB7DA9322544FAA4FB22" author="Anonymous &amp; ---" box="[1073,1286,1148,1172]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref8078" refString="Anonymous. 2020. Available. https: // www. humat. com. tr / OLVIT-Humik-Asit --- Hayvan-Sagligi-ve-Yem-Katkisi- 20 - L, pro _ 44662. html (Last accessed: 06 September 2022). [In Turkish]" type="url" year="2020">Anonymous, 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175704FB7DAE43258EFA0CFB78" blockId="2.[832,1454,1206,1230]" box="[832,1454,1206,1230]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Measures to be taken in fight against 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945704FB7DA9E5258EFA0CFB78" baseAuthorityName="Cakmak" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[1254,1454,1206,1230]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055704FB7DA9E5258EFA0CFB78" box="[1254,1454,1206,1230]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Varroa destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175704FB7DAE4325C8FB4AF80E" blockId="2.[832,1493,1264,1976]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Although many drugs and chemicals are used in the fight against 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945704FB7DAE9C2428FB90FA91" baseAuthorityName="Cakmak" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[927,1074,1295,1319]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055704FB7DAE9C2428FB90FA91" box="[927,1074,1295,1319]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, beekeeping techniques should be reviewed and developed in order to benefit from beekeeping economically and to become professional in this field. In the breeding seasons when number of varroa increases, the control of the hives should be done at regular intervals and consciously. Hives that have lost their queen bees for unknown reasons, weakened in strength, have a decreased population and are highly contaminated with mites should be destroyed without delay as they constitute a source for the spread of the pest to the environment. Adult field bees leave their hives in the highly infested colony (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65704FB7DAEFC275FFAF4F9C9" author="Tutkun, E. &amp; Bosgelmez, A." box="[1023,1366,1639,1663]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref10712" refString="Tutkun, E. and Bosgelmez, A. 2003. Bal arisi zararlilari ve hastaliklari, teshis ve tedavi yontemleri. Bizim Buro Basimevi, Ankara, Turkiye, 365 pp. [In Turkish]" type="book" year="2003">Tutkun and Boşgelmez, 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Beekeepers should avoid using old honeycombs that may carry eggs of varroa or other parasites into the hives, introducing brood combs and young worker bees to the colonies, and uniting weak colonies. In order to prevent the transfer of mites to other apiaries through swarms escaping from the hive, apiaries should be visited frequently and swarm prevention methods should be applied in a timely manner by making divisions in the colonies that are understood to swarm (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65704FB7DA93926B8FAD2F82E" author="Uygur, O. S. &amp; Girisgin, A. O." box="[1082,1392,1920,1944]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="130 - 142" refId="ref10749" refString="Uygur, O. S. and Girisgin, A. O. 2008. Bal arisi hastalik ve zararlilari. Uludag Bee Journal. 8 (4): 130 - 142. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2008">Uygur and Girişgin, 2008</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65704FB7DA88126B9FC65F80E" author="Anonymous" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref7951" refString="Anonymous. 2010. Bal arilarinin Varroasis' ine karsi korunma ve mucadele talimati. Available https: // www. tarimorman. gov. tr / Belgeler / Mevzuat / T alimatlar / gkgm / balarilarinin _ varroosis _ hast _ mucadele _ koruma _ talimati. pdf. (Last accessed: 03 September 2022). [In Turkish]" type="url" year="2010">Anonymous, 2010</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65704FB7DAED22698FB79F80E" author="Uzundumlu, S. A. &amp; Aksoy, A. &amp; Isik, H. B." box="[977,1243,1952,1976]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="49 - 55" refId="ref10787" refString="Uzundumlu, S. A., Aksoy, A. and Isik, H. B. 2011. Aricilik isletmelerinde mevcut yapi ve temel sorunlar; Bingol ili ornegi. Ataturk Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi Dergisi, 42 (1): 49 - 55. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2011">Uzundumlu et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175704FB7CAE4326E2FE17FF5C" blockId="2.[832,1493,2010,2097]" lastBlockId="3.[114,774,147,234]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Beekeepers who believed that antibiotics and chemicals used in the fight against 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945704FB7DA95D26C1FB4EF7A7" baseAuthorityName="Cakmak" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[1118,1260,2041,2065]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055704FB7DA95D26C1FB4EF7A7" box="[1118,1260,2041,2065]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would be beneficial for their colonies suffered losses. Unnecessary drug use, administering drugs based on what they hear from other people and lack of information have weakened beekeepers economically every year.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175705FB7CAD712034FECCFD8B" blockId="3.[114,776,268,573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
The integrated control method requires the use of control methods before it reaches the level where 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945705FB7CAF752014FCA5FEF5" baseAuthorityName="Cakmak" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[630,775,299,323]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055705FB7CAF752014FCA5FEF5" box="[630,775,299,323]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can feel its effect. A program that can be defined as an ideal integrated control method in the fight against 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945705FB7CAFF02052FF47FE17" baseAuthorityName="Cakmak" baseAuthorityYear="2010" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055705FB7CAFF02052FF47FE17" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has not been found, yet. Infestation level of varroa varies from region to region, and it is reported that it should be checked more frequently than other periods due to reasons such as different applications of breeders, climatic conditions and high population (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65705FB7CAF7F233EFF0DFD8B" author="Anonymous" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref8013" refString="Anonymous. 2001. Report to the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. A review of treatment options for control of varroa mite in New Zealand. The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand. Available https: // www. bobsbeekeeping. com. au / image / beeresources / varroa-treatment-options. pdf (Last accessed: 19 July 2022)." type="url" year="2001">Anonymous 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65705FB7CADBA231EFEC0FD8B" author="Kumova, U." box="[185,354,549,573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="597 - 602" refId="ref9508" refString="Kumova, U. 2001. Varroa jacobsoni kontrolunde ulkemizde kullanilan bazi ilaClarin etkinliginin arastirilmasi. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 25 (4): 597 - 602. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2001">Kumova, 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175705FB7CAD712367FDCDFAF0" blockId="3.[114,776,607,1350]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Today, many countries that are successful in beekeeping look for ways to get rid of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945705FB7CACC32347FDF3FD20" baseAuthorityName="Cakmak" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[448,593,638,662]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055705FB7CACC32347FDF3FD20" box="[448,593,638,662]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
without giving chemicals to the colonies and carry out highly effective studies. While synthetic substances fight against 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945705FB7CAFC62386FF69FD42" baseAuthorityName="Cakmak" baseAuthorityYear="2010" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055705FB7CAFC62386FF69FD42" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
parasites, they cause intense bee deaths and lower the economic value of honey by leaving residues in honey and beeswax. However, until now, a more accessible, low-cost, and more effective control technique that neutralizes 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945705FB7CADFE2262FE32FCC7" baseAuthorityName="Cakmak" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[253,400,857,881]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055705FB7CADFE2262FE32FCC7" box="[253,400,857,881]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, other than chemicals, has not been found, yet. In beekeeping, many countries have started to use biotechnical methods, various organic acid applications, the use of essential oils of aromatic plants, and control methods that require the use of chemicals in an integrated control system, thus resulting in positive results (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65705FB7CADD3252DFEDFFB9B" author="Kumova, U." box="[208,381,1045,1069]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="597 - 602" refId="ref9508" refString="Kumova, U. 2001. Varroa jacobsoni kontrolunde ulkemizde kullanilan bazi ilaClarin etkinliginin arastirilmasi. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 25 (4): 597 - 602. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2001">Kumova, 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65705FB7CAC88252DFD3CFB9B" author="Akyol, E. &amp; Ozkok, D." box="[395,670,1042,1069]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="167 - 174" refId="ref7659" refString="Akyol, E. and Ozkok, D. 2005. Varroa (Varroa destructor) mucadelesinde organik asitlerin kullanimi. Uludag Bee Journal, 5 (4): 167 - 174. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2005">Akyol and Özkök, 2005</bibRefCitation>
). In beekeeping, many countries have started to use biotechnical methods, various organic acid applications, the use of essential oils of aromatic plants, and control methods that require the use of chemicals in an integrated control system, thus resulting in positive results. However, organic acids and essential oils used in the fight against 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945705FB7CAF9025E9FF36FAB1" baseAuthorityName="Cakmak" baseAuthorityYear="2010" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055705FB7CAF9025E9FF36FAB1" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and obtained naturally are high cost; therefore, synthetic ones are preferred. Therefore, it would be more accurate to consider them as chemical drugs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175705FB7CAD712450FBF9FEBF" blockId="3.[114,776,1384,2097]" lastBlockId="3.[832,1493,147,265]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
The fight against 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945705FB7CAC3C2451FE6DFA36" baseAuthorityName="Cakmak" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[319,463,1384,1408]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055705FB7CAC3C2451FE6DFA36" box="[319,463,1384,1408]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is carried out in the early spring and late autumn, and the treatments in autumn are very important. Because the winter comes after the autumn struggle, the bees form winter clusters and it is difficult to intervene in the colony in this season, it will be difficult to compensate for the mistakes and deficiencies in this control. Since one of the important factors affecting the control is nutrition, it is considered to be the main cause of late winter deaths. When honeybees cannot get the necessary nutrients, the protein concentration in the body and the formation of immune response are adversely affected. It is thought that this situation causes stress within the colony and thus leads to colony losses (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65705FB7CAD7A27C7FE4AF8A1" author="Degrandi-Hoffman, G. &amp; Chen, Y. &amp; Huang, E. &amp; Huang, M. H." box="[121,488,1791,1815]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1184 - 1191" refId="ref8703" refString="Degrandi-Hoffman, G., Chen, Y., Huang, E. and Huang, M. H. 2010. The effect of diet on protein concentration, hypopharyngeal gland development and virus load in worker honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Journal of Insect Physiology, 56 (9): 1184 - 1191. doi: 10.1016 / j. jinsphys. 2010.03.017" type="journal article" year="2010">Degrandi-Hoffman et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Since humic acids are substances that increase nutrient utilization, they are thought to have the potential to prevent nutrition-related deaths (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65705FB7CADCE2665FE07F8C3" author="Anonymous &amp; ---" box="[205,421,1885,1909]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref8078" refString="Anonymous. 2020. Available. https: // www. humat. com. tr / OLVIT-Humik-Asit --- Hayvan-Sagligi-ve-Yem-Katkisi- 20 - L, pro _ 44662. html (Last accessed: 06 September 2022). [In Turkish]" type="url" year="2020">Anonymous, 2020</bibRefCitation>
). The ambition to earn money causes the honey bees to die of hunger when enough honey and pollen are not left in the hives during the winter months. A large number of colonies were used in hygienic test applications made by selecting colonies resistant to 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945705FB7CAFF026E2FF47F7A7" baseAuthorityName="Cakmak" baseAuthorityYear="2010" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055705FB7CAFF026E2FF47F7A7" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but positive results could not be obtained. It seems to be an easy solution due to the simple applicability of hygienic tests. However, although all capped brood cells of some colonies were completely cleared within 24 hours, it was reported that these colonies died of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945705FB7CA89521EAFBF5FEBF" authority="(Cakmak, 2010)" baseAuthorityName="Cakmak" baseAuthorityYear="2010" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055705FB7CA89521EAFC3BFEBF" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V. destructor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65705FB7CAEA421C9FBEDFEBF" author="Cakmak, I." box="[935,1103,241,265]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="197 - 201" refId="ref8620" refString="Cakmak, I. 2010. The over wintering survival of highly Varroa destructor infested honey bee colonies determined to be hygienic using the liquid nitrogen freeze killed brood assay. Journal of Apicultural Research, 49 (2): 197 - 201. doi: 10.3896 / IBRA. 1.49.2.09" type="journal article" year="2010">Çakmak, 2010</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175705FB7CAE432013FB7EFCE4" blockId="3.[832,1478,299,323]" lastBlockId="3.[832,1493,357,850]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
The past and future of the fight against 
<emphasis id="B94B75055705FB7CA9FE2014FA64FEF5" box="[1277,1478,299,323]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Varroa destructor</emphasis>
Fighting against 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945705FB7CAEFE205EFB29FECB" baseAuthorityName="Cakmak" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[1021,1163,357,381]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055705FB7CAEFE205EFB29FECB" box="[1021,1163,357,381]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is of vital importance for the beekeeping industry since it poses economic damages to colonies and beekeepers (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65705FB7CA97F209BFA8DFE0D" author="Kumova, U." box="[1148,1327,419,443]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="597 - 602" refId="ref9508" refString="Kumova, U. 2001. Varroa jacobsoni kontrolunde ulkemizde kullanilan bazi ilaClarin etkinliginin arastirilmasi. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 25 (4): 597 - 602. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2001">Kumova, 2001</bibRefCitation>
). Hence, beekeepers must observe their hives and bees very well and have sufficient knowledge and qualification to detect diseases that may develop in the hives. Benefiting from beekeeping economically is possible by providing appropriate care and feeding conditions and keeping bee health at the highest level in an environment where the bee species can adapt. Therefore, it is essential to regularly fight against 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945705FB7CAE9823A6FB88FD00" baseAuthorityName="Cakmak" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[923,1066,670,694]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055705FB7CAE9823A6FB88FD00" box="[923,1066,670,694]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65705FB7CA93F23A6FB6DFD00" author="Aydin, L." box="[1084,1231,670,694]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="32 - 34" refId="ref8311" refString="Aydin, L. 2001. Aricilikta ilaC kullanimi. Uludag Bee Journal, 1 (2): 32 - 34. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2001">Aydın, 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65705FB7CA9DE23A6FA6BFD00" author="Kuvanci, A. &amp; Yilmaz, F. &amp; Ozturk, S. H. &amp; Konak, F. &amp; Buldag, M." box="[1245,1481,670,694]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="47 - 55" refId="ref9599" refString="Kuvanci, A., Yilmaz, F., Ozturk, S. H., Konak, F. and Buldag, M. 2017. Dogu Karadeniz bolgesi ariciligina genel bakis. Aricilik Arastirma Dergisi, 9 (2): 47 - 55. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2017">Kuvancı et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
). One of the issues we have mastered on during the pandemic has been online education. Beekeepers should be encouraged to participate in online or face-to-face trainings, and common platforms and media where they can ask questions should be established.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175705FB7CAE43224CFAA9FC5C" blockId="3.[832,1494,884,1002]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Many methods have been developed to fight against 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945705FB7CA8C2224CFC11FC1D" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055705FB7CA8C2224CFC11FC1D" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but physical control works have not gained practicality and applicability since optimum conditions cannot be provided (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65705FB7CA92922EAFB5DFC5C" author="Anonymous" box="[1066,1279,978,1002]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref7951" refString="Anonymous. 2010. Bal arilarinin Varroasis' ine karsi korunma ve mucadele talimati. Available https: // www. tarimorman. gov. tr / Belgeler / Mevzuat / T alimatlar / gkgm / balarilarinin _ varroosis _ hast _ mucadele _ koruma _ talimati. pdf. (Last accessed: 03 September 2022). [In Turkish]" type="url" year="2010">Anonymous, 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175705FB7CAE432534FC29FAA8" blockId="3.[832,1493,1036,1310]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
It has been concluded that a visible success has not been achieved in the control works made with biological methods, these methods alone have fallen short, these methods have not yielded accurate results in highly infested colonies, and different applications should be evaluated and performed together. Studies conducted in the last 30 years have emphasized that biological methods alone are insufficient (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65705FB7CAED125DEFB6BFB48" author="Marletto, F. &amp; Pateta, A. &amp; Manino, A." box="[978,1225,1254,1278]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="219 - 224" refId="ref9702" refString="Marletto, F., Pateta, A. and Manino, A. 1991. Further tests on varroa disease control by means of periodical drone brood removal. Apicultura Moderno, 82 (6): 219 - 224." type="journal article" year="1991">Marletto et al., 1991</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65705FB7CA9DA25DEFCDCFAA8" author="Wilkinson, D. &amp; Smith, G. C." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="209 - 212" refId="ref11000" refString="Wilkinson, D. and Smith, G. C. 2001. Modeling the efficiency of sampling and trapping Varroa destructor in the drone brood of honey bees (Apis mellifera). American Bee Journal, 142 (3): 209 - 212." type="journal article" year="2001">Wilkinson and Smith, 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175705FB7CAE432478FB16F926" blockId="3.[832,1493,1344,1680]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Chemical control is the most commonly used method in the fight against 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945705FB7CA9082458FB3FFAC1" box="[1035,1181,1375,1399]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055705FB7CA9082458FB3FFAC1" box="[1035,1181,1375,1399]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, chemical products used in 
<collectingCountry id="F328E9875705FB7CAED52447FB92FA20" box="[982,1072,1406,1430]" name="Turkey" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Türkiye</collectingCountry>
and around the world, which negatively affect bee and human health, and leave residues in honey and beeswax, are among the main problems of beekeeping. It is necessary to be very careful in the use of chemicals that cause the parasite to gain immunity (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65705FB7CA89324C3FBADF984" author="Akyol, E. &amp; Ozkok, D." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="167 - 174" refId="ref7659" refString="Akyol, E. and Ozkok, D. 2005. Varroa (Varroa destructor) mucadelesinde organik asitlerin kullanimi. Uludag Bee Journal, 5 (4): 167 - 174. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2005">Akyol and Özkök, 2005</bibRefCitation>
). The use of natural compounds that have a high effect against mites and do not adversely affect human and bee health should be encouraged by limiting the use of chemical products.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175705FB7CAE43278AFA2CF813" blockId="3.[832,1493,1714,1958]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Until today, chemicals have been used excessively in the control of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945705FB7CAEBA27EAFBEAF95C" box="[953,1096,1746,1770]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055705FB7CAEBA27EAFBEAF95C" box="[953,1096,1746,1770]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the targeted success for mite control has been achieved in applications. However, due to the differences in the reproductive biology of honeybees and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945705FB7CAEBB2608FBE9F8F1" box="[952,1099,1839,1863]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055705FB7CAEBB2608FBE9F8F1" box="[952,1099,1839,1863]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the use of chemicals could not completely remove the parasite, and has kept it below the economic damage threshold that the mites can cause by using them for a long time (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65705FB7CA97526B5FA20F813" author="Akyol, E. &amp; Ozkok, D." box="[1142,1410,1931,1958]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="167 - 174" refId="ref7659" refString="Akyol, E. and Ozkok, D. 2005. Varroa (Varroa destructor) mucadelesinde organik asitlerin kullanimi. Uludag Bee Journal, 5 (4): 167 - 174. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2005">Akyol and Özkök, 2005</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175705FB7BAE4326FFFE43FE9F" blockId="3.[832,1493,1991,2109]" lastBlockId="4.[114,775,147,297]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
The properties of the chemicals to be used in the control of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945705FB7CAE5C26DFFC4CF848" box="[863,1006,2022,2046]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055705FB7CAE5C26DFFC4CF848" box="[863,1006,2022,2046]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the way of using them, the dose amount and the potency are important. Overdose, bad timing and use of chemicals bring along many undesirable side effects. The most important side effect is the emergence of drug-resistant populations among mites. The mites that gain this feature survive in the colony after spraying despite the chemical substances (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65702FB7BACD621C9FD23FEBF" author="Kumova, U." box="[469,641,241,265]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="597 - 602" refId="ref9508" refString="Kumova, U. 2001. Varroa jacobsoni kontrolunde ulkemizde kullanilan bazi ilaClarin etkinliginin arastirilmasi. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 25 (4): 597 - 602. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2001">Kumova, 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65702FB7BAF8E21C9FF76FE9F" author="Mitchell, E. A. D. &amp; Mulhauser, B. &amp; Mulot, M. &amp; Mutabazi, A. &amp; Glauser, G. &amp; Aebi, A." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="109 - 111" refId="ref9780" refString="Mitchell, E. A. D., Mulhauser, B., Mulot, M., Mutabazi, A., Glauser, G. and Aebi, A. 2017. A worldwide survey of neonicotinoids in honey. Science, 358 (6359): 109 - 111. doi: 10.1126 / science. aan 3684" type="journal article" year="2017">Mitchell et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65702FB7BADDD2028FE77FE9F" author="Rinkevich, F. D. &amp; Danka, R. G. &amp; Healy, K. B." box="[222,469,272,297]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref10063" refString="Rinkevich, F. D., Danka, R. G. and Healy, K. B. 2017. Influence of varroa mite (Varroa destructor) management practices on insecticide sensitivity in the honeybee (Apis mellifera). Insects, 8 (9): 1 - 12. doi: 10.3390 / insects 8010009" type="journal article" year="2017">Rinkevich et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175702FB7BAD712072FF1EFCAE" blockId="4.[114,776,330,792]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
The presence of capped pupa cells in the hive is important for the effectiveness of chemicals. Drugs used against 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945702FB7BAFF12052FF47FE17" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055702FB7BAFF12052FF47FE17" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should not adversely affect queen bees and other colony individuals. The drug application should be repeated several times depending on the characteristics of the chemicals, their effect on honeybees and the level of infestation in the colony. While the effectiveness of many chemicals used today varies between 70-95%, it has been observed that it reduces the number of parasites instead of completely eliminating the mites from the colony. If the density of mites in the hive can be reduced below 1% with cultural measures and an effective control, the physiological activities of colony individuals can continue for a long time without interruption (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65702FB7BACF323D9FF12FCAE" author="Tutkun, E. &amp; Bosgelmez, A." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref10712" refString="Tutkun, E. and Bosgelmez, A. 2003. Bal arisi zararlilari ve hastaliklari, teshis ve tedavi yontemleri. Bizim Buro Basimevi, Ankara, Turkiye, 365 pp. [In Turkish]" type="book" year="2003">Tutkun and Boşgelmez, 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175702FB7BAD712202FF40FB9B" blockId="4.[114,775,826,1069]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Another point to be considered in chemical control is the implementation of treatments that will not harm human health as well as bee and colony health. Medicines containing Perizin and Fluvalinate with the active ingredient Coumaphos are quite harmful for human health. It has been observed that drugs containing Coumaphos are not effective against mites in capped brood cells (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65702FB7BAF7C22CEFF70FB9B" author="Spreafico, M. &amp; Eordegh, F. R. &amp; Bernardinelli, I. &amp; Colombo, M." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="49 - 55" refId="ref10290" refString="Spreafico, M., Eordegh, F. R., Bernardinelli, I. and Colombo, M. 2001. First detection of strains of Varroa desructor resistant to coumaphos. result of laboratory test and field trails. Apidologie, 32 (1): 49 - 55. doi: 10.1051 / apido: 2001110" type="journal article" year="2001">Spreafico et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175702FB7BAD712577FEBEFA09" blockId="4.[114,776,1103,1471]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945702FB7BAD712577FEA6FBD1" box="[114,260,1103,1127]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055702FB7BAD712577FEA6FBD1" box="[114,260,1103,1127]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
completes its development period on bee larvae and pupae in capped cells and drugs are ineffective against mites during this period (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65702FB7BACE925B5FD59FB13" author="Rosenkranz, P. &amp; Aumeier, P. &amp; Ziegelmann, B." box="[490,763,1165,1189]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="96 - 119" refId="ref10123" refString="Rosenkranz, P., Aumeier, P. and Ziegelmann, B. 2010. Biology and control of Varroa destructor. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103 (1): 96 - 119. doi: 10.1016 / j. jip. 2009.07.016" type="journal article" year="2010">Rosenkranz et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Today, except for systemic drugs that affect the metabolic systems of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945702FB7BADF525F5FE24FB52" box="[246,390,1228,1252]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055702FB7BADF525F5FE24FB52" box="[246,390,1228,1252]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, none of the systemic drugs and those showing action by touch and contact has the capability to kill the mites in capped brood cells during their developmental period. This makes the fight against mites very difficult. The chemicals used in the control of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945702FB7BAFCA2472FF6EFA36" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055702FB7BAFCA2472FF6EFA36" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are given on adult bees by dropping, spraying, smoking, and food of bees in stripe form (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65702FB7BAF7524BFFEAEFA09" author="Gregorc, A. &amp; Planinc, I." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="385 - 391" refId="ref9137" refString="Gregorc, A. and Planinc, I. 2004. Dynamics of falling varroa mites in honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies following oxalic acid treatments. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 73 (3): 385 - 391. doi: 10.2754 / avb 200473030385" type="journal article" year="2004">Gregorc and Planinc, 2004</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175702FB7BAD7124D9FD40F945" blockId="4.[114,776,1505,1779]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Honeybees serve all humanity with the products they produce. These products contribute to food, health, ecological balance, biodiversity, and agricultural production. Bee diseases and pests should be minimized and the extinction of colonies should be prevented so that this continuity is ensured. Considering the techniques applied in the colonies and the beekeeping sector, the yield decreases in colonies with poor quality queen bees (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65702FB7BAF952783FEF6F945" author="Anderson, D. L. &amp; Trueman, J. W. H." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="165 - 189" refId="ref7901" refString="Anderson, D. L. and Trueman, J. W. H. 2000. Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) is more than species. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 24 (3): 165 - 189. doi: 10.1023 / A: 1006456720416" type="journal article" year="2000">Anderson and Trueman, 2000</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65702FB7BAC5D27E3FE4BF945" author="Aydin, L." box="[350,489,1755,1779]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="32 - 34" refId="ref8311" refString="Aydin, L. 2001. Aricilikta ilaC kullanimi. Uludag Bee Journal, 1 (2): 32 - 34. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2001">
<collectingRegion id="49FB67F55702FB7BAC5D27E3FE01F945" box="[350,419,1755,1779]" country="Turkey" name="Aydin" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Aydın</collectingRegion>
, 2001
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65702FB7BACF727E3FD74F945" author="Kuvanci, A. &amp; Yilmaz, F. &amp; Ozturk, S. H. &amp; Konak, F. &amp; Buldag, M." box="[500,726,1755,1779]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="47 - 55" refId="ref9599" refString="Kuvanci, A., Yilmaz, F., Ozturk, S. H., Konak, F. and Buldag, M. 2017. Dogu Karadeniz bolgesi ariciligina genel bakis. Aricilik Arastirma Dergisi, 9 (2): 47 - 55. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2017">Kuvancı et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175702FB7BAD71262DFB69FDD7" blockId="4.[114,776,1813,2087]" lastBlockId="4.[832,1493,147,609]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
The studies have proven that 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945702FB7BACD5262EFDC4F89B" box="[470,614,1813,1837]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055702FB7BACD5262EFDC4F89B" box="[470,614,1813,1837]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a significant effect on winter losses in colonies. The precautions to maintain health of colonies and ensure their survival during the year include having strong colonies for the winter, well colony nutrition, and separation of weak colonies. Beekeepers should have young and productive queens. However, they should take this precaution for in colonies that have to survive in modern beehives based on their education and knowledge. Therefore, they should have a high level of knowledge about nutritional physiology of colonies. It is necessary to feed the colonies at certain periods in order to ensure that they develop at a level suitable for that period and start the intense nectar flow with a strong population. The supplementary nutrients given to the colonies and various substances mixed into the syrup increase (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65702FB7BA9222077FAAAFED1" author="Kuvanci, A. &amp; Yilmaz, F. &amp; Ozturk, S. H. &amp; Konak, F. &amp; Buldag, M." box="[1057,1288,335,359]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="47 - 55" refId="ref9599" refString="Kuvanci, A., Yilmaz, F., Ozturk, S. H., Konak, F. and Buldag, M. 2017. Dogu Karadeniz bolgesi ariciligina genel bakis. Aricilik Arastirma Dergisi, 9 (2): 47 - 55. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2017">Kuvancı et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
). The supplementary nutrients given to the colonies and various substances mixed into the syrup increase the colony population as well as production of honey and beeswax (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65702FB7BA86D2095FCDDFE52" author="Kumova, U." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="55 - 64" refId="ref9464" refString="Kumova, U. 2000. Bal arisi (Apis mellifera L.) kolonilerinde farkli besleme yontemlerinin koloni gelisimi ve bal verimi uzerine etkilerinin arastirilmasi. Journal Animal Production, 41 (1): 55 - 64. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2000">Kumova, 2000</bibRefCitation>
). Better productivity should be targeted by making use of the colonies for a longer period of time. It is essential to have colonies resistant to mites, select them from different regions and rear queen bees from these colonies in order to minimize colony losses.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175702FB7BAE4323BBFA8AFCE1" blockId="4.[832,1493,643,855]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">When considering all bee diseases in general, beekeepers should know the content of the licensed products to be used in the control. Control should be done outside the nectar period and in sick colonies. Beekeeping should be done not with conventional methods but with technological methods, and the honeycombs in the colonies must be replaced with new ones during the control.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175702FB7BAE432240FAF4FC79" blockId="4.[832,1492,888,975]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
If chemical control continues and natural control methods are not developed, bee and human health will continue to be under threat. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65702FB7BA907228FFB3AFC79" author="Milani, N." box="[1028,1176,951,975]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="229 - 234" refId="ref9744" refString="Milani, N. 1999. The resistance of Varroa jacobsoni Oud. to acaricides. Apidologie, 30 (2 - 3): 229 - 234. doi: 10.1051 / apido: 19990211" type="journal article" year="1999">Milani, 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65702FB7BA9A1228FFAEBFC79" author="Kumova, U." box="[1186,1353,951,975]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="597 - 602" refId="ref9508" refString="Kumova, U. 2001. Varroa jacobsoni kontrolunde ulkemizde kullanilan bazi ilaClarin etkinliginin arastirilmasi. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 25 (4): 597 - 602. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2001">Kumova, 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175702FB7BAE4322C9FAA1FA68" blockId="4.[832,1494,1009,1502]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Today, there are approximately 8.5 million bee colonies in 
<collectingCountry id="F328E9875702FB7BAE432529FC3BFB9E" box="[832,921,1040,1064]" name="Turkey" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Türkiye</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65702FB7BAEAD2536FB95FB9E" author="TUIK" box="[942,1079,1038,1065]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref10466" refString="TUIK, 2021. Hayvancilik istatistikleri. Available https: // data. tuik. gov. tr / Bulten / Index? p = Hayvansal- % C 3 % 9 Cretim- % C 4 % B 0 statistikleri-Aral % C 4 % B 1 k- 2021 - 45593 &amp; dil = 1 (Last accessed: 15 March 2021). [In Turkish]" type="url" year="2021">TÜİK, 2021</bibRefCitation>
). It costs one dollar to spray each beehive once a year. The total cost of drugs used in the fight against 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945702FB7BAED52577FBC6FBD1" box="[982,1124,1103,1127]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055702FB7BAED52577FBC6FBD1" box="[982,1124,1103,1127]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is around 15-25 million dollars (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65702FB7BAE4B2556FBD4FB30" author="Turhan, M. &amp; Sengul, T." box="[840,1142,1134,1158]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="928 - 939" refId="ref10660" refString="Turhan, M. and Sengul, T. 2020. Using possibilities of common myrtle (Myritus communis L.) in the struggle against varroa in honey bee colonies. Turk Tarim ve Doga Bilimleri Dergisi, 7 (4): 928 - 939. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2020">Turhan and Şengül, 2020</bibRefCitation>
). When the honey and colony losses in the colonies infested by 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945702FB7BA9CA25B6FAFAFB13" box="[1225,1368,1165,1189]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055702FB7BA9CA25B6FAFAFB13" box="[1225,1368,1165,1189]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are added to all these economic losses, the damage rate increases exponentially, and so many beekeepers give up on their job over time. The chemicals used in the fight are both expensive and often cause serious damage to bee colonies. In order to solve all these problems optimally, it is necessary to find the best control methods that are low in cost, have a high effect, do not leave any residue on honey and beeswax, and do not have an adverse effect the honey production of bee colonies and the development of the population, but only affect 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945702FB7BA97324FFFB5FFA68" box="[1136,1277,1478,1502]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055702FB7BA97324FFFB5FFA68" box="[1136,1277,1478,1502]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175702FB7BAE432738FBD7F923" blockId="4.[832,1493,1536,1685]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Making a one-way fight against these mites using only chemicals and expecting a definite result from this treatment will mislead the beekeepers resulting in material and moral losses (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65702FB7BA9262766FB70F9C0" author="Kumova, U." box="[1061,1234,1630,1654]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="597 - 602" refId="ref9508" refString="Kumova, U. 2001. Varroa jacobsoni kontrolunde ulkemizde kullanilan bazi ilaClarin etkinliginin arastirilmasi. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 25 (4): 597 - 602. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2001">Kumova 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65702FB7BA9E62766FCDFF923" author="Akyol, E. &amp; Korkmaz, A." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="62 - 67" refId="ref7623" refString="Akyol, E. and Korkmaz, A. 2006. Varroa destructor ' un biyolojik kontrol yontemleri. Uludag Bee Journal, 6 (2): 62 - 67. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2006">Akyol and Korkmaz 2006</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65702FB7BAE8B2746FBCAF923" author="Kuvanci, A. &amp; Yilmaz, F. &amp; Konak, F. &amp; Ozturk S. H. &amp; Akdeniz, G." box="[904,1128,1661,1685]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="26 - 29" refId="ref9545" refString="Kuvanci, A., Yilmaz, F., Konak, F., Ozturk S. H. and, Akdeniz, G. 2013. Ordu-Merkez ilCede kislatma oncesi varroa mucadelesi tamamlanan kolonilerde bulasiklik duzeylerinin arastirilmasi. Aricilik Arastirma Dergisi, 9: 26 - 29. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2013">Kuvancı et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175702FB7AAE43278FFEF8FF7D" blockId="4.[832,1493,1719,2055]" lastBlockId="5.[114,775,147,203]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
In their study, Cengiz et al., (2010), reported that various methods are used to fight against these mites around the world and chemical control is the most common. They reported that organic acids are one of the most effective and residue-free methods because chemical control threatens bee and human health. However, organic acids often irritate the skin, causing allergic reactions and skin inflammation in human beings and making it difficult for beekeepers during their treatment. In addition, people can feel taste of lactic acid, which is one of the organic acids and found in the structure of honey, while consuming honey when used for the control of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945703FB7AAF7121ACFEF5FF7D" authority="(Anonymous, 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Anonymous" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055703FB7AAF7121ACFCA5FF1D" box="[626,775,147,171]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">V. destructor</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65703FB7AAD7A218BFEEFFF7D" author="Anonymous" box="[121,333,179,203]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref8013" refString="Anonymous. 2001. Report to the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. A review of treatment options for control of varroa mite in New Zealand. The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand. Available https: // www. bobsbeekeeping. com. au / image / beeresources / varroa-treatment-options. pdf (Last accessed: 19 July 2022)." type="url" year="2001">Anonymous, 2001</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175703FB7AAD7121D5FE25FD8B" blockId="5.[114,775,236,574]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
In the fight against bee diseases, nearly 150 drugs obtained from fumigants, acaricides, insecticides and vegetable oils were used, but the fight against mites could not be completed (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65703FB7AAC222072FDC5FED4" author="Cobey, S. &amp; Lawrence, T." box="[289,615,330,354]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="112 - 117" refId="ref8545" refString="Cobey, S. and Lawrence, T. 1988. Varroa mite; potential methods of control. Apis mellifera. American Bee Journal, 128 (2): 112 - 117." type="journal article" year="1988">Cobey and Lawrence, 1988</bibRefCitation>
). The control works against 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945703FB7AAC1F2052FE09FE37" baseAuthorityName="Anonymous" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[284,427,361,385]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055703FB7AAC1F2052FE09FE37" box="[284,427,361,385]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be rotated every year and it should not be thought that the method applied for one year would also be effective in other years. Colonies should be constantly followed in order to determine the level of mite infestation in the colonies and which control method will be used in which period (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65703FB7AAF53233EFCA0FDA8" author="Kumova, U." box="[592,770,518,542]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="597 - 602" refId="ref9508" refString="Kumova, U. 2001. Varroa jacobsoni kontrolunde ulkemizde kullanilan bazi ilaClarin etkinliginin arastirilmasi. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 25 (4): 597 - 602. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2001">Kumova, 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65703FB7AAD71231DFED9FD8B" author="Akyol, E. &amp; Ozkok, D." box="[114,379,547,574]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="167 - 174" refId="ref7659" refString="Akyol, E. and Ozkok, D. 2005. Varroa (Varroa destructor) mucadelesinde organik asitlerin kullanimi. Uludag Bee Journal, 5 (4): 167 - 174. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2005">Akyol and Özkök, 2005</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175703FB7AAD712367FE19FAF0" blockId="5.[114,775,607,1350]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Attention should also be paid to the selection of drugs used in the fight against 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945703FB7AAC972347FD80FD20" baseAuthorityName="Anonymous" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[404,546,638,662]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055703FB7AAC972347FD80FD20" box="[404,546,638,662]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. While the selected drug needs to kill the mites, it should not leave any residue on the honeycomb and should not harm human health. For these reasons, mites control can be done with organic acids such as oxalic acid, lactic acid, and formic acid and natural mixtures consisting of essential oils such as thymol in order to find an alternative when excessive residues are encountered on the honeycomb from time to time in the control with synthetic chemicals and the mites become resistant to these drugs. Bee mortality rates vary according to seasonal periods. Although bee losses are almost negligible in the summer months, the bee deaths have been observed mostly at the end of winter, especially since 2006. If colony mortality occurs during the winter months, it may take a long time until the beekeeper realizes it, and clues for the cause of bee deaths often disappear (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65703FB7AADB0254AFDE1FB3D" author="VanEngelsdorp, D. &amp; Meixner, M. D." box="[179,579,1138,1163]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="80 - 95" refId="ref10902" refString="VanEngelsdorp, D. and Meixner, M. D. 2010. A historical review of managed honey bee populations in Europe and the United States and the factors that may affect them. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 103 (1): 80 - 95. doi: 10.1016 / j. jip. 2009.06.011" type="journal article" year="2010">VanEngelsdorp and Meixner, 2010</bibRefCitation>
). After the honey harvest, the long pre-foraging period and inadequate and untimely nutrition lead to starvation, which is one of the most common causes of deaths at the end of winter. However, these deaths are common in colony management and it is beekeepers' responsibility to prevent this (VanEngelsdorp et al., 2010).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175703FB7AAD712451FA3FFF7C" blockId="5.[114,775,1384,2065]" lastBlockId="5.[832,1493,147,203]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
It is an important fact that 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945703FB7AACA62451FD90FA36" baseAuthorityName="Anonymous" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[421,562,1384,1408]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055703FB7AACA62451FD90FA36" box="[421,562,1384,1408]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
not only negatively affects honey production, but also reduces the production potential of all apicultural products of economic importance. Honeybees also contribute significantly to pollination of plants but the damage done by the mites on the bees causes a decrease in both their pollination efficiency and the yield of the plants (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65703FB7AACAA271CFCA0F98A" author="Goodwin, M. &amp; VanEaton, C." box="[425,770,1572,1596]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref9104" refString="Goodwin, M. and VanEaton, C. 2001. Control of varroa: a guide for New Zealand beekeepers. New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 127 pp." type="book" year="2001">Goodwin and VanEaton, 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65703FB7AAD71277BFE07F9ED" author="Akyol, E. &amp; Korkmaz, A." box="[114,421,1603,1627]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="122 - 127" refId="ref7582" refString="Akyol, E. and Korkmaz, A. 2005. Bal arisi (Apis mellifera) zararlisi Varroa destructor ' un biyolojisi. Uludag Bee Journal, 5 (3): 122 - 127. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2005">Akyol and Korkmaz, 2005</bibRefCitation>
). Honeybees characteristically collect pollen from many different plant species, providing a different diet and balance for their bodies. Honeybee colonies, which are used for pollination in agricultural lands today, are faced with a diet with less diverse pollen content due to the cultivation of a single 
<typeStatus id="548417B55703FB7AAF6F27D8FD3CF94E" box="[620,670,1760,1784]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">type</typeStatus>
of plant (Monoculture) in these lands, and this diet does not meet all the nutritional needs of honeybees. In general, diets containing 
<specimenCount id="9D39629E5703FB7AADF02606FEFAF8E0" box="[243,344,1854,1878]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="generic" typeStatus="type">one type</specimenCount>
of pollen are considered insufficient compared to mixed diets. If honeybees feed with a single 
<typeStatus id="548417B55703FB7AAD712644FF06F822" box="[114,164,1916,1940]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">type</typeStatus>
of pollen that lacks an essential nutrient, they will not be able to make up for the missing substance by consuming this poor quality pollen more. Therefore, it is thought that this nutritional stress may cause high colony mortality. In addition, a mixed diet increases some immune system properties by making the honeybee body more resistant to external factors (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65703FB7AA9CB218BFA32FF7D" author="Alaux, C. &amp; Ducloz, F. &amp; Crauser, D. &amp; Le Conte, Y." box="[1224,1424,179,203]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="562 - 565" refId="ref7854" refString="Alaux, C., Ducloz, F., Crauser, D. and Le Conte, Y. 2010. Diet effects on honeybee immunocompetence. Biology Letter, 6 (4): 562 - 565. doi: 10.1098 / rsbl. 2009.0986" type="journal article" year="2010">Alaux et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175703FB7AAE4321D5FA01FD8B" blockId="5.[832,1493,237,573]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
In the fight against 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945703FB7AA92021D5FB10FEB3" baseAuthorityName="Anonymous" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[1059,1202,237,261]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055703FB7AA92021D5FB10FEB3" box="[1059,1202,237,261]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it is suggested to obtain sufficient information about the effects, uses, and application forms of drugs and organic acids, not to ignore that the drugs will interact with each other and will be one of the main causes of bee deaths, and to prohibit the use of drugs that increase toxicity. It is also suggested to limit the use of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers in gardens and agricultural lands and for especially migratory beekeepers to carry out beekeeping activities in areas close to the soil where humic acids are used as fertilizer. Therefore, beekeeper-farmer cooperation is also important.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175703FB7AAE432367FB80FA75" blockId="5.[832,1494,607,1475]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Considering the position of technology and the world, as in all bee diseases, the control that leaves no residue in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945703FB7AA8C22347FC11FD00" baseAuthorityName="Anonymous" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055703FB7AA8C22347FC11FD00" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and does not require the use of chemical drugs is at the forefront. Despite all the methods used in the control, it has been observed that there is no effective and practical method without the use of chemicals. Again, testing the efficiency levels of the chemicals used and biological control methods are difficult and costly, even if many different treatments are made (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65703FB7AA8212261FC72FC27" author="Wilkinson, D. &amp; Smith, G. C." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="263 - 275" refId="ref11047" refString="Wilkinson, D. and Smith, G. C. 2002. A model of the mite parasite Varroa destructor, on honeybees (Apis mellifera) to investigate parameters important to mite population growth. Ecological Modelling, 148 (3): 263 - 275. doi: 10.1016 / S 0304 - 3800 (01) 00440 - 9" type="journal article" year="2002">Wilkinson and Smith, 2002</bibRefCitation>
). Colonies develop resistance to drugs such as Bromopropylate, Fluvalinate, Amitraz, Flumethrin and Coumaphos, which are the most commonly used and leave residues in the control of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945703FB7AA9C022EFFAF1FC58" baseAuthorityName="Anonymous" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[1219,1363,982,1006]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055703FB7AA9C022EFFAF1FC58" box="[1219,1363,982,1006]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, making it difficult to fight against mites. Another issue to consider is that it causes significant losses in the colonies (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65703FB7AA886252DFCDFFBFA" author="Milani, N." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="229 - 234" refId="ref9744" refString="Milani, N. 1999. The resistance of Varroa jacobsoni Oud. to acaricides. Apidologie, 30 (2 - 3): 229 - 234. doi: 10.1051 / apido: 19990211" type="journal article" year="1999">Milani, 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65703FB7AAE8E250CFBFCFBFA" author="Elzen, P. J. &amp; Baxter, J. R. &amp; Spivak, M. &amp; Wilson, W. T." box="[909,1118,1076,1100]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="437 - 441" refId="ref8929" refString="Elzen, P. J., Baxter, J. R., Spivak, M. and Wilson, W. T. 2000. Control of Varroa jacobsoni oud. resistant to fluvalinate and amitraz using coumaphos. Apidologie, 31 (3): 437 - 441. doi: 10.1051 / apido: 2000134" type="journal article" year="2000">Elzen et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65703FB7AA96D250CFACEFBFA" author="Spreafico, M. &amp; Eordegh, F. R. &amp; Bernardinelli, I. &amp; Colombo, M." box="[1134,1388,1076,1100]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="49 - 55" refId="ref10290" refString="Spreafico, M., Eordegh, F. R., Bernardinelli, I. and Colombo, M. 2001. First detection of strains of Varroa desructor resistant to coumaphos. result of laboratory test and field trails. Apidologie, 32 (1): 49 - 55. doi: 10.1051 / apido: 2001110" type="journal article" year="2001">Spreafico et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65703FB7AA87F250CFBA4FBDA" author="Girisgin, A. O. &amp; Aydin, L." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="941 - 945" refId="ref9044" refString="Girisgin, A. O. and Aydin, L. 2010. Efficacies of formic, oxalic and lactic acids against Varroa destructor in naturally infested honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies in Turkey. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 18 (6): 941 - 945. doi: 10.9775 / kvfd. 2010.1965" type="journal article" year="2010">
Girişgin and 
<collectingRegion id="49FB67F55703FB7AAE76256BFC18FBDD" box="[885,954,1107,1131]" country="Turkey" name="Aydin" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Aydın</collectingRegion>
, 2010
</bibRefCitation>
). All applications made in the colonies should be evaluated comprehensively. The use of organic acids is difficult and requires attention due to their effects on human health. Essential oils are regarded as a stressor because of their distinctive heavy odors. This can sometimes cause colony losses. There are organic acids in the structure of honey and other nutrients and there is no residue problem. However, resistance of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945703FB7AA8272417FA11FAF0" baseAuthorityName="Anonymous" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[1316,1459,1326,1350]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055703FB7AA8272417FA11FAF0" box="[1316,1459,1326,1350]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to these drugs has not been reported to date. In addition, when organic acids are used excessively, they change the taste of honey and cause financial losses by causing a marketing problem.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80A9175703FB79AE4324DDFE1CFE73" blockId="5.[832,1493,1509,2034]" lastBlockId="6.[114,775,147,453]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
The effects of antibiotics are also one of the issues that should not be forgotten. Although it is prohibited, the use of antibiotics in the control creates a residue problem and weakens the immune system of bees, causing pathogenic bacteria to gain resistance and destroy their microflora (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65703FB7AAE4427B9FBA4F92F" author="Bogdanov, S." box="[839,1030,1665,1689]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref8338" refString="Bogdanov, S. 2006. Contaminants of bee products. Apidologie, 37 (1): 1 - 18. doi: 10.1051 / apido: 2005043" type="journal article" year="2006">Bogdanov, 2006</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65703FB7AA91127BAFB09F92F" author="Borum, A. E." box="[1042,1195,1665,1689]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="21 - 24" refId="ref8367" refString="Borum, A. E. 2015. Ballarin antibakteriyel ozellikleri ve medikal kullanimi. Aricilik Arastirma Dergisi, 13: 21 - 24. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2015">Borum, 2015</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945703FB7AA9BC27BAFAEFF92F" baseAuthorityName="Anonymous" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[1215,1357,1665,1689]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055703FB7AA9BC27BAFAEFF92F" box="[1215,1357,1665,1689]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the archenemy of beekeepers and honeybees. Although beekeepers think that the drugs they use in the fight against mites, which are difficult to control, are effective, their losses are increasing every year (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65703FB7AA94027C7FB4EF8A1" author="Cakmak, I." box="[1091,1260,1791,1815]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="3 - 8" refId="ref8672" refString="Cakmak, I. 2012. Bal arisi koloni kayiplari ve Cozum yollari. Aricilik Arastirma Dergisi, 4 (1): 3 - 8. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2012">Çakmak, 2012</bibRefCitation>
). The recommended precautions to benefit from the colonies at the highest level, to increase honey yield, and to maintain the health of the colony are increasing the presence of bees, elevating the resistance of the damaged colonies, encouraging the queen to lay eggs, applying the drugs, to be used for the diseases in the colony, to bees, and increasing the growth rate of colonies (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65703FB7AA95026E2FA63F844" author="Oskay, D. &amp; Sonmez Oskay, G." box="[1107,1473,2010,2034]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref9899" refString="Oskay, D. and Sonmez Oskay, G. 2017. Bal arisi ek beslenmesinde sorunlar ve Cozum onerileri, Aricilik Arastirma Dergisi, 9 (1): 1 - 8. [In Turkish]" type="journal article" year="2017">Oskay and Sönmez Oskay, 2017</bibRefCitation>
). In colonies infested with 
<taxonomicName id="4C3FD2945700FB79AC9D21ACFD8DFF1D" baseAuthorityName="Anonymous" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[414,559,147,171]" class="Arachnida" family="Varroidae" genus="Varroa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="destructor">
<emphasis id="B94B75055700FB79AC9D21ACFD8DFF1D" box="[414,559,147,171]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">V. destructor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it is necessary to create water resources for bees in front of the hive in the apiary and make some changes in their feeding habits (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAED4E65700FB79AD7A21C9FE40FEBF" author="Tutkun, E. &amp; Bosgelmez, A." box="[121,482,241,265]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref10712" refString="Tutkun, E. and Bosgelmez, A. 2003. Bal arisi zararlilari ve hastaliklari, teshis ve tedavi yontemleri. Bizim Buro Basimevi, Ankara, Turkiye, 365 pp. [In Turkish]" type="book" year="2003">Tutkun and Boşgelmez, 2003</bibRefCitation>
). In addition, nutritious foods containing humic acid should be added to the water so that the bees can benefit from them. It is also important to use separate containers for feedings. As in all areas, attention should be paid to cleanliness in the colonies, especially after the honey harvest, honey residues in the combs should be cleaned.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>