228 lines
18 KiB
XML
228 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734" ID-GBIF-Dataset="58b3b015-a919-456b-9175-f96878341e31" ID-PMC="PMC3497256" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-239-1" ID-PubMed="23226711" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-239-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 239" ModsDocTitle="Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres ( Cyamon and Trikentrion)" checkinTime="1451248578713" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Soest, Rob van, Carballo, Jose Luis & Hooper, John" docDate="2012" docId="6E8B3AA6A6B0F8055BD620EE476FBECF" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 239: 1-70" docOrigin="ZooKeys 239" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734" docTitle="Trikentrion helium Dickinson 1945" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="44" masterDocId="3639FF9B0F54FFEACF6A573ADC3CDF3D" masterDocTitle="Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion)" masterLastPageNumber="70" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="42" updateTime="1668154678110" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Soest, Rob van</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Carballo, Jose Luis</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hooper, John</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>239</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>70</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-239-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152037781" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6E8B3AA6A6B0F8055BD620EE476FBECF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6E8B3AA6A6B0F8055BD620EE476FBECF" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Trikentrion_helium" authority="Dickinson, 1945" authorityName="Dickinson" authorityYear="1945" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion helium" order="Axinellida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="helium">Trikentrion helium Dickinson, 1945</taxonomicName>
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Figs 24
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion helium" order="Axinellida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="helium">Trikentrion helium</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Dickinson, MG" journalOrPublisher="The University of Southern California Press, Los Angeles" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" title="Sponges of the Gulf of California. Reports on the collections obtained by Alan Hancock Pacific Expeditions of Velero III off the coast of Mexico, Central America, South America, and Galapagos Islands in 1932, in 1933, in 1934, in 1935, in 1936, in 1937, in 1939, and 1940." year="1945">Dickinson 1945</bibRefCitation>
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: 15, pl. 20 figs 39-40 (Mexican Pacific);
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<bibRefCitation pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Luke 1998</bibRefCitation>
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: 10 (La Jolla, Southern California).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion catalina" order="Axinellida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="catalina">? Trikentrion catalina</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Gomez, P" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="223 - 237" title="New records for the sponge fauna (Porifea: Demospongiae) of the Pacific coast of Mexico (eastern Pacific Ocean)." volume="115" year="2002">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Gómez">Gomez</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2002
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 230, fig. 5 (Mexican Pacific).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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Holotype AHF-NMHLA L-35535 (D33), preserved in alcohol, Hancock Pacific Expeditions, Mexican Pacific, Cedros island, South Bay, approximately
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="555" value="28.07">28.07°N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5555" value="-115.3">115.3°W</geoCoordinate>
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, 18-27 m depth, Velero Station 287-34, 10 March 1934.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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Description. Undulating thin-bladed sheets together forming a bushy mass (Fig. 24A) of 7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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5 cm. The surface bears a thick spicule brush of 3 mm thickness. Conistency firm, brittle. Colour reddish brown (alcohol).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Skeleton: built chiefly by polyactines (no oxeas), supporting the bases of long styles, which are surrounded by dense brushes of short thin styles.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Spicules: long thin styles, short thin styles, polyactines among which numerous diactinal forms, trichodragmas.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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Long thin styles (Figs 24B, B1), variably thinner and thicker, but not divisible in two thickness categories, 952
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–1808.1–">-1808.1-</normalizedToken>
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3393
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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18
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–25.8–">-25.8-</normalizedToken>
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42
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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Short thin styles (Fig. 24C), usually curved, and often with a subterminal tyle, 372
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–438.0–">-438.0-</normalizedToken>
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510
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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2.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–3.1–">-3.1-</normalizedToken>
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3.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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Polyactines (Fig. 24D), predominantly wide-angled triactines (Fig. 24D), with basal cladi provided with course conical spines (Fig. 24D2), lateral cladi usually much longer than basal cladi, with smooth, rounded endings (Fig. 24D3); basal cladi 66
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–105.4–">-105.4-</normalizedToken>
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144
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–22.1–">-22.1-</normalizedToken>
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30
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, lateral cladi 96
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–146.5–">-146.5-</normalizedToken>
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192
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–23.6–">-23.6-</normalizedToken>
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36
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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; few, mostly smaller, tetractinal polyactines occur, with cladi 27-63
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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9
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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; more frequently diactinal reduced polyactines (Fig. 24D1) occur, asymmetrical, sometimes style-like, smooth, recognizable by an excentric swollen tyle, 192
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–235.2–">-235.2-</normalizedToken>
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306
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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13
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–19.8–">-19.8-</normalizedToken>
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27
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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Trichodragmas (Fig. 24E) abundant, occurring throughout the choanosomal and ectosomal regions, 84
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–100.7–">-100.7-</normalizedToken>
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123
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–12.1–">-12.1-</normalizedToken>
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15
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. Individual raphides less than 0.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in thickness.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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Figure 24.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion helium" order="Axinellida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="helium">Trikentrion helium</taxonomicName>
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Dickinson, 1945, holotype AHF-NMHLA L-35535 (D33), A shape of holotype (photo Phyllis Sun) B long thin style B1 detail of head of long thin style C details of short thin style D polyactines D1 reduced diactinal polyactine D2 detail of spination of basal clade of three-claded polyactine D3 detail of apex of lateral clade of three-claded polyactine E trichodragmas.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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The holotype was collected in the Southern Californian Bight (Mexican Pacific).
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<bibRefCitation pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Luke (1998)</bibRefCitation>
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records several specimens from La Jolla, California
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<pageBreakToken pageId="42" pageNumber="43" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
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USA). If specimens of
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<bibRefCitation author="Gomez, P" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="223 - 237" title="New records for the sponge fauna (Porifea: Demospongiae) of the Pacific coast of Mexico (eastern Pacific Ocean)." volume="115" year="2002">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Gómez">Gomez</normalizedToken>
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et al. (2002)
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</bibRefCitation>
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belong to this species, it occurs in the Sea of Cortez and further south along the Mexican Pacific coast.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Ecology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Rocks and reefs at depths of 15-28 m.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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The trichodragmas were not cited in the original description.
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion helium" order="Axinellida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="helium">Trikentrion helium</taxonomicName>
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shares the dominance of three-claded polyactines with relatively long lateral cladi
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<pageBreakToken pageId="43" pageNumber="44" start="start">with</pageBreakToken>
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion catalina" order="Axinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="catalina">Trikentrion catalina</taxonomicName>
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(see below), to which it seems closely related. This species differs quite strongly from the other
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion" order="Axinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Trikentrion</taxonomicName>
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species by its possession of numerous diactinal or style-like reduced polyactines, which resemble, but clearly are not proper, oxeas like those of
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion muricatum" order="Axinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricatum">Trikentrion muricatum</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion flabelliforme" order="Axinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="flabelliforme">Trikentrion flabelliforme</taxonomicName>
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. The spicules are recognizable as polyactines by the substantial difference between the smoothly rounded end, resembling the ends of the lateral cladi of the three-claded polyactines, and the dissimilar pointed end which shows an irregular surface and is connected to the other end by a swollen, often irregular middle part. Their lengths coincide with the added lengths of a lateral and a basal clade of the three-claded forms. Such reduced diactinal polyactines are also common in
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Cyamon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyamon neon" order="Axinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="neon">Cyamon neon</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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The specimens described by
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<bibRefCitation author="Gomez, P" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="223 - 237" title="New records for the sponge fauna (Porifea: Demospongiae) of the Pacific coast of Mexico (eastern Pacific Ocean)." volume="115" year="2002">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Gómez">Gomez</normalizedToken>
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et al. (2002)
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</bibRefCitation>
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under the name
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion catalina" order="Axinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="catalina">Trikentrion catalina</taxonomicName>
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were branching erect rather than bladed, but branches were typically flattened, 2-4 mm in thickness. We reassign these specimens to
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion helium" order="Axinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="helium">Trikentrion helium</taxonomicName>
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, because they apparently possess oxea-like polyactines [described as oxeas but confirmed as reduced polyactines by one of us (JLC)], whereas in
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion catalina" order="Axinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="catalina">Trikentrion catalina</taxonomicName>
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there are neither oxeas forming the main skeleton as in
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion flabelliforme" order="Axinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="flabelliforme">Trikentrion flabelliforme</taxonomicName>
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nor diactinal polyactines as in
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion helium" order="Axinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="helium">Trikentrion helium</taxonomicName>
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. The difference in shape between the type of
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion helium" order="Axinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="helium">Trikentrion helium</taxonomicName>
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and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Gómez">Gomez</normalizedToken>
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et al.'s specimens is here considered to be mere variation (comparable to variation in
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion flabelliforme" order="Axinellida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="flabelliforme">Trikentrion flabelliforme</taxonomicName>
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, see above) but further studies might reveal there is more specific diversity along the Pacific coast of Mexico.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |