treatments-xml/data/1B/34/38/1B34382C5F2CFFD914CED950D1D06B25.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6093404" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0bebb184-403d-416b-8cab-3d986ebe7885" ID-GBIF-Taxon="114926102" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6093404" ID-ZooBank="06A4E13C-94D3-445B-BB05-9A362352DCC6" checkinTime="1447226046388" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Fernandes, Itanna O., Souza, Jorge L. P., C, Fernando Fernández, Delabie, Jacques H. C. &amp; Schultz, Ted R." docDate="2015" docId="1B34382C5F2CFFD914CED950D1D06B25" docLanguage="en" docName="28898.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3956 (2)" docTitle="Simopelta anomma Fernandes, Souza, C, Delabie &amp; Schultz, 2015, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="299" masterDocId="E70D40545F2EFFDD1459D876D06E6F7D" masterDocTitle="A new species of Simopelta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) from Brazil and Costa Rica" masterLastPageNumber="300" masterPageNumber="295" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" updateTime="1644948054347" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A new species of Simopelta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) from Brazil and Costa Rica</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Fernandes, Itanna O.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Souza, Jorge L. P.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>C, Fernando Fernández</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Delabie, Jacques H. C.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Schultz, Ted R.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>3956</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>2</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>295</mods:start>
<mods:end>300</mods:end>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.10</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">06A4E13C-94D3-445B-BB05-9A362352DCC6</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6093404" ID-GBIF-Taxon="114926102" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6093404" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1B34382C5F2CFFD914CED950D1D06B25" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1B34382C5F2CFFD914CED950D1D06B25" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="299" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<subSubSection box="[151,485,294,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph box="[151,485,294,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<heading bold="true" box="[151,485,294,320]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" reason="1">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,485,294,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,384,294,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<taxonomicName box="[151,384,294,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma" status="sp. nov.">Simopelta anomma</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[391,485,294,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[151,302,329,353]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="description">
<paragraph box="[151,302,329,353]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
(
<figureCitation box="[159,293,329,353]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="3.[151,263,1954,1975]" captionTargetBox="[343,1242,206,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[325,1261,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Holotype of Simopelta anomma sp. nov.. in full – face, lateral, and dorsal view." pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
Figures 
<number box="[251,293,329,353]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3</number>
</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1227780299" collectingDate="2014-01-19" collectionCode="INPA" collectorName="A. H. C. Oliveira" country="Brazil" latitude="-9.138333" location="Rio Madeira (modulo da Ilha do Bufalo" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-64.48944" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" specimenCode="USNMENT 00923312" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-worker="1" stateProvince="Rondonia" typeStatus="type">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,322,401,425]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<typeStatus box="[151,209,402,425]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Type</typeStatus>
material
</emphasis>
. 
<typeStatus box="[340,444,401,425]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Holotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCount box="[455,539,401,425]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="worker">worker</specimenCount>
: 
<collectingCountry box="[553,657,401,425]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="Brazil">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingRegion box="[672,784,401,425]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Rondônia</collectingRegion>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1B34382C5F2CFFD914CED950D1D06B25:9642DFE15F2CFFDF1779D9E7D4976ED4" box="[800,1273,401,425]" country="Brazil" latitude="-9.138333" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-64.48944" name="Rio Madeira (modulo da Ilha do Bufalo" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" stateProvince="Rondonia">Rio Madeira (módulo da Ilha do Búfalo</location>
), 
<geoCoordinate box="[1297,1431,401,425]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" precision="15" value="-9.138333">
09°08’ 
<number box="[1375,1403,401,425]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="18.0">18</number>
”S
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[151,294,437,461]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" precision="15" value="-64.48944">
<number box="[151,180,437,461]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="64.0">64</number>
° 
<number box="[189,219,437,461]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="29.0">29</number>
’ 
<number box="[223,253,437,461]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="22.0">22</number>
”W
</geoCoordinate>
, km 
<number box="[352,368,438,461]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2.0">2</number>
, subparcela 200, 
<date box="[570,677,437,461]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2014-01-19">
<collectingDate box="[570,677,437,461]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2014-01-19">
19.i. 
<number box="[612,677,437,461]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2014.0">2014</number>
</collectingDate>
</date>
, leg. 
<collectorName box="[742,944,437,461]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">A. H. C. Oliveira</collectorName>
, pin labeled 
<specimenCode box="[1092,1339,438,461]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">USNMENT00923312</specimenCode>
(
<collectionCode box="[1356,1425,437,461]" collectionName="Brazil, Amazonas, Manaus, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazoonia, Colecao Sistematica da Entomologia" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">INPA</collectionCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1227780296" box="[151,1141,473,497]" collectingDate="2014-01-19" collectionCode="MZSP" collectorName="A. H. C. Oliveira" country="Brazil" latitude="-9.138333" location="One" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-64.48944" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" specimenCode="USNMENT 00923313" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Rondonia" typeStatus="paratype">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1B34382C5F2CFFD914CED950D1D06B25:9642DFE15F2CFFDF14CED9AFD0AB6E8C" box="[151,197,473,497]" country="Brazil" name="One" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" stateProvince="Rondonia">One</location>
<typeStatus box="[205,305,474,497]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">paratype</typeStatus>
: same data as the 
<typeStatus box="[506,606,473,497]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">holotype</typeStatus>
, but pin labeled 
<specimenCode box="[791,1039,473,497]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">USNMENT00923313</specimenCode>
(
<collectionCode box="[1054,1133,473,497]" collectionName="Brazil, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">MZSP</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1227780297" collectingDate="2006-07-26" collectionCode="INBio" collectorName="M. Marcos &amp; H. Gilberth &amp; C. Felix" country="Costa Rica" elevation="160" latitude="10.409721" location="La Selva Biological Station" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-84.03917" municipality="Cordillera Volcanica Central" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" specimenCode="INB 0003695155, AMI - 2 - W - 088 - 08" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-worker="1">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,446,509,533]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Additional material.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry box="[458,628,510,533]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="Costa Rica">COSTA RICA</collectingCountry>
, 
<specimenCount box="[644,751,509,533]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="worker">
<number box="[644,658,510,533]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="1.0">1</number>
worker
</specimenCount>
, 
<collectingMunicipality box="[766,1098,509,533]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Cordillera Volcanica Central</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1B34382C5F2CFFD914CED950D1D06B25:9642DFE15F2CFFDF1003D988D5F26D68" box="[1114,1436,509,533]" country="Costa Rica" latitude="10.409721" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-84.03917" municipality="Cordillera Volcanica Central" name="La Selva Biological Station" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">La Selva Biological Station</location>
(Conservation International's TEAM Project), 
<geoCoordinate box="[684,823,545,569]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" precision="15" value="10.409721">
<number box="[684,712,545,569]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="10.0">10</number>
° 
<number box="[722,753,545,569]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="24.0">24</number>
’ 
<number box="[758,787,545,569]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="35.0">35</number>
”N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[839,982,545,569]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" precision="15" value="-84.03917">
<number box="[839,868,545,569]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="84.0">84</number>
°02’ 
<number box="[912,940,545,569]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="21.0">21</number>
”W
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity box="[997,1071,545,569]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" unit="m" value="160.0">
<elevation box="[997,1071,545,569]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" unit="m" value="160.0">160 m</elevation>
</quantity>
elevation, 
<date box="[1201,1331,545,569]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2006-07-26">
<collectingDate box="[1201,1331,545,569]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2006-07-26">
<number box="[1201,1231,545,569]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="26.0">26</number>
.vii. 
<number box="[1270,1331,545,569]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2006.0">2006</number>
</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1B34382C5F2CFFD914CED950D1D06B25:9642DFE15F2CFFDF111BDA57D5F26D44" box="[1346,1436,545,569]" country="Costa Rica" latitude="10.409721" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-84.03917" municipality="Cordillera Volcanica Central" name="Winkler" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Winkler</location>
sample, pin labeled 
<specimenCode box="[375,566,582,605]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">INB0003695155</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode box="[577,801,582,605]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
AMI– 
<number box="[648,661,582,605]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2.0">2</number>
–W–088–08
</specimenCode>
, leg. 
<collectorName box="[860,986,582,605]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">M. Marcos</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[997,1251,581,605]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">H. Gilberth &amp; C. Felix</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode box="[1266,1342,581,605]" collectionName="Costa Rica, Santo Domingo de Heredia, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio)" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">INBio</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,314,617,642]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Diagnosis</emphasis>
(worker). Eyes absent; antennal club 
<number box="[741,752,617,642]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="3.0">3</number>
–segmented; midtibiae covered by short, golden, stout setae; arolia reduced and translucent; ventral petiolar process rounded; body yellow.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,490,690,713]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Measurements, workers</emphasis>
(n= 
<number box="[543,557,689,714]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2.0">2</number>
): HL: 
<number box="[636,780,690,713]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="0.472" valueMax="0.48" valueMin="0.464">0.464–0.480</number>
; HW: 0.400– 
<number box="[938,1002,690,713]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="0.416">0.416</number>
; SL: 
<number box="[1068,1211,690,713]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="0.304" valueMax="0.32" valueMin="0.288">0.288–0.320</number>
; WL: 
<number box="[1288,1432,690,713]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="0.696" valueMax="0.72" valueMin="0.672">0.672–0.720</number>
; PW: 
<number box="[206,350,726,749]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="0.276" valueMax="0.288" valueMin="0.264">0.264–0.288</number>
; NH: 
<number box="[417,560,726,749]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="0.18" valueMax="0.192" valueMin="0.168">0.168–0.192</number>
; NL: 
<number box="[624,767,726,749]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="0.18" valueMax="0.192" valueMin="0.168">0.168–0.192</number>
; GL: 
<number box="[830,974,726,749]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="0.9119999999999999" valueMax="0.984" valueMin="0.84">0.840–0.984</number>
; TL: 
<number box="[1034,1178,726,749]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2.26" valueMax="2.36" valueMin="2.16">2.160–2.360</number>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,345,761,786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Description.</emphasis>
Head rectangular, sides almost straight and parallel with one another, occipital corners rounded. Mandibles subtriangular with acute basal tooth, two closely spaced apical teeth, and no teeth or denticles between basal and apical teeth; eyes absent; antennae with 
<number box="[733,761,834,857]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="12.0">12</number>
segments; antennal scapes not extending beyond posterior cephalic margin; antennae with distinct 
<number box="[611,622,869,893]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="3.0">3</number>
-segmented club; last funicular segment as long as the preceding three together; frontal lobes elevated by a narrow and deep furrow; clypeus triangular, elevated in the middle, with a sharp and almost cylindrical median spine. Pronotum as long as the propodeum; laterocervical plate inflated; promesonotal groove well marked. Metanotal groove deep dorsally and well marked laterally; katepisternum and anepisternum not separated by a suture. Propodeum in dorsal view subrectangular with posterior superior corners slightly rounded; in lateral view, propodeal spiracles round, large, almost reaching the dorsal surface. Petiole in lateral view as long as high, subquadrate, with subparallel anterior and posterior sides; ventral petiolar process rounded. Gaster with constriction between abdominal segment III and IV; coxae, femurs, and tibiae robust; arolia reduced and translucent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Body predominantly yellow. Mandibles and legs smooth and shiny. Head and antennae finely punctulate and shiny. Mesosoma finely punctulate and shining laterally.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Body covered with fine, short, golden hairs, most abundant on the dorsal surface; middle area of clypeus and mandibles along the masticatory border with long, subdecumbent, golden hairs; sparse golden hairs on the coxae, trochanters, and femurs; pectinate spur present on the legs; tibiae on the forelegs and hindlegs covered by thick, short, golden hairs on the ventral surface; tibiae on the middle legs with abundant, golden, stout setae on all surfaces; tarsus covered by short, golden, stout setae, more abundant on the ventral surface.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[199,1342,1445,1469]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="etymology">
<paragraph box="[199,1342,1445,1469]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,571,1445,1469]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Etymology of the species name.</emphasis>
Greek origin: 
<emphasis box="[735,782,1446,1469]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">an=</emphasis>
without and 
<emphasis box="[922,990,1446,1469]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">omma</emphasis>
=eyes, due the absence of eyes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,345,1481,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Distribution</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[360,497,1481,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Costa Rica,</emphasis>
La Selva Biological Station (Cordillera Volcanica Central); 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1179,1252,1481,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Brazil</emphasis>
(Rondônia, Ilha do Búfalo–Rio Madeira).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="299" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,332,1553,1578]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Discussion.</emphasis>
The combination of eyes absent, yellow coloration, a distinct 
<number box="[1069,1081,1553,1578]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="3.0">3</number>
-segmented antennal club, and midtibia covered by short, golden, stout setae has so far never been documented in a species of 
<taxonomicName box="[1255,1367,1589,1613]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1255,1367,1589,1613]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Simopelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As a result, we modify Schmidt and Shattuck's (
<number box="[654,712,1625,1650]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2014.0">2014</number>
) generic diagnosis as follows: subtriangular mandibles; raised clypeal rostrum; eyes small or absent, when present often consisting of only a single enlarged ommatidium; metapleural gland orifice with a posterior U-shaped lip; usually an absence of stout traction setae on the middle and hind legs (present in 
<taxonomicName box="[386,510,1734,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">
<emphasis box="[386,510,1734,1757]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">S. anomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); and usually with prominent arolia (highly reduced in 
<taxonomicName box="[1131,1256,1734,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">
<emphasis box="[1131,1256,1734,1757]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">S. anomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
The form of the clypeus, mesosoma, petiole, and the gastral constriction in 
<emphasis box="[1037,1161,1770,1794]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<taxonomicName box="[1037,1161,1770,1794]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">S. anomma</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
are similar to those in 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">S. pergandei</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but eyes are present in the latter species. 
<taxonomicName authority="Brandao" authorityName="Brandao" box="[748,1074,1805,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minima">
<emphasis box="[748,952,1805,1829]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Simopelta minima</emphasis>
(Brandão)
</taxonomicName>
is also similar to 
<emphasis box="[1280,1406,1806,1829]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<taxonomicName box="[1280,1406,1806,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">S. anomma</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
in total length (
<collectionCode box="[293,331,1841,1866]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">TL</collectionCode>
: 
<number box="[342,455,1841,1866]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2.24" valueMax="2.4" valueMin="2.08">2.08–2.40</number>
) and presence of the clypeal spine, but, again, differs by the presence of eyes, as well as in its 
<number box="[213,226,1877,1901]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="4.0">4</number>
-segmented antennal club; lack of short, golden, stout setae on the midtibia; triangular anteroventral petiolar process; finer sculpture; and darker color. 
<emphasis box="[653,874,1913,1938]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
<taxonomicName box="[653,874,1913,1938]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">Simopelta anomma</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is apparently a member of the 
<emphasis box="[1257,1343,1914,1938]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">curvata</emphasis>
species complex created by Mackay and Mackay (
<number box="[631,689,1949,1973]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2008.0">2008</number>
) due to the presence of an elongate spine on the median border of the clypeus and the total length less than 
<quantity box="[611,673,1986,2010]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" unit="mm" value="4.0">4mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<caption box="[151,1113,1953,1975]" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" targetBox="[343,1242,206,1915]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph box="[151,1113,1953,1975]" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,314,1954,1975]" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">FIGURES 1–3.</emphasis>
Holotype of 
<emphasis box="[448,643,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">
<taxonomicName box="[448,643,1953,1975]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma" status="sp. nov.">Simopelta anomma</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[649,730,1954,1975]" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[649,730,1954,1975]" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
. in full–face, lateral, and dorsal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="299">
The robust forecoxa, lack of eyes, and clubbed (
<number box="[768,779,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" value="3.0">3</number>
-segmented) antennae of 
<emphasis box="[1076,1205,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">
<taxonomicName box="[1076,1205,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">S. anomma</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
all suggest that the species is subterranean. Most cryptobiotic ponerines have at least moderately clubbed antennae, which may facilitate movement and prey detection in lightless conditions (Schmidt &amp; Shattuck 
<number box="[1092,1153,223,248]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" value="2014.0">2014</number>
). The legs are often short and stocky, and are sometimes armed with stout setae to facilitate traction in soil or wood (present in 
<emphasis box="[151,618,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">
<taxonomicName authority="Feroponera, Promyopias" authorityName="Feroponera, Promyopias" box="[151,614,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Centromyrmex, Feroponera, Promyopias</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and most 
<emphasis box="[732,864,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">
<taxonomicName box="[732,864,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cryptopone</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
species) (Schmidt &amp; Shattuck 
<number box="[1210,1271,295,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" value="2014.0">2014</number>
). According to Schmidt and Shattuck (
<number box="[410,470,332,356]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" value="2014.0">2014</number>
), cryptobiotic ponerines are typically small-bodied, extremely so in many 
<taxonomicName box="[1297,1429,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1297,1429,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Cryptopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis box="[151,458,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">
<taxonomicName box="[151,297,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolioponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dolioponera</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[311,454,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis box="[520,602,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">
<taxonomicName box="[520,602,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ponera</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
species. The eyes are typically greatly reduced in size or even entirely absent (including in 
<emphasis box="[390,522,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Boloponera</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis box="[539,705,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">
<taxonomicName box="[539,705,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Centromyrmex</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Feroponera, Promyopias" authorityName="Feroponera, Promyopias" box="[722,1166,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolioponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[722,865,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Dolioponera</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis box="[882,1015,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Feroponera</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis box="[1032,1166,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Promyopias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and some 
<taxonomicName box="[1304,1436,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1304,1436,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Cryptopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[204,343,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[204,343,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Hypoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species). Although these characteristics strongly suggest that 
<taxonomicName box="[1082,1212,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">
<emphasis box="[1082,1212,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">S. anomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be mostly or entirely subterranean, the fact that the three known specimens were collected by Winkler leaf-litter sifting suggests that it may occasionally forage above ground in the leaf litter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="299">
The area where the workers were sampled in Rondônia (Ilha do Búfalo, Rio Madeira, km 
<number box="[1205,1217,548,572]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" value="2.0">2</number>
–subparcela 
<number box="[1360,1403,548,572]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" value="200.0">200</number>
) is part of a conservation monitoring project supported by the Santo Antônio Energia Hydroelectric Plant. At the time when the ants were collected, the water level of the Madeira River had risen 
<quantity box="[1006,1062,620,644]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" unit="m" value="19.0">19 m</quantity>
above the maximum limit for the first time in four years of monitoring. Due to the elevation of the river water, the groundwater was also climbing, perhaps forcing normally subterranean species to the surface (Fernandes 
<emphasis box="[967,1024,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">et al.</emphasis>
in press). Following the elevation of the river water no additional specimens of 
<taxonomicName box="[629,754,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">
<emphasis box="[629,754,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">S. anomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were encountered.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="299">
Virtually nothing is known about the life histories, population structures, or reproductive biologies of most rare ant species (Brandão 
<emphasis box="[389,446,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">et al.</emphasis>
<number box="[451,511,799,824]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" value="2008.0">2008</number>
). Rare species may have low population densities at the localities in which they are collected for a variety of reasons. They may be rare immigrants from a nearby source locality in which they are more populous, e.g., rare epigaeic foragers of a mostly subterranean species; they may be temporarily rare due to fluctuations in population size; or they may represent remnants of a declining population or the first individuals of an increasing population (Longino &amp; Colwell 
<number box="[679,738,943,968]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" value="1997.0">1997</number>
). The rarity of this species and 
<taxonomicName box="[1100,1211,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jeckylli">
<emphasis box="[1100,1211,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">S. jeckylli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(reported below) is perhaps explained by inadequate sampling of their microhabitat. Winkler extraction or other common sampling techniques (see Bestelmeyer 
<emphasis box="[490,551,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">et al.</emphasis>
<number box="[561,619,1015,1040]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" value="2000.0">2000</number>
) may be inadequate for sampling some cryptobiotic ant assemblages, including subterranean species. The discovery of the 
<taxonomicName box="[751,877,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">
<emphasis box="[751,877,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">S. anomma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
emphasizes the need for increased exploration of subterranean ant diversity.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>