404 lines
48 KiB
XML
404 lines
48 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="DF3D82677B3EBCBEE0AAE1D9748F61E7">Discovery of the centipede family Plutoniumidae (Chilopoda) in Asia: a new species of Theatops from China, and the taxonomic value of spiracle distributions in Scolopendromorpha</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EA111F6D0C6290F3E1837C1D3EBC506F">Di, Zhiyong</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D322CA8609CEF46A71D8C9021D3AE0EE">Cao, Zhijian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="28BEF30EE6810AF32AEFDF64334871E5">Wu, Yingliang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1E6B00179F1609BF9C5537F2F0B06694">Yin, Shijin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="46D168D4124B2E0F3807A4B5AF1BBAE1">Li, Wenxin</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03BB87EFB433BE772D9B6307FD5DEADC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6200569" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119403789" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6200569" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BB87EFB433BE772D9B6307FD5DEADC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87EFB433BE772D9B6307FD5DEADC" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
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<subSubSection id="C3086572B433BE712D9B6307FE3CEF22" box="[151,451,1871,1897]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BAD36F9B433BE712D9B6307FE3CEF22" blockId="3.[151,451,1871,1897]" box="[151,451,1871,1897]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
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<heading id="D0E58195B433BE712D9B6307FE3CEF22" bold="true" box="[151,451,1871,1897]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB433BE712D9B6307FE3CEF22" ID-CoL="646L5" ID-ENA="60165" authority="Newport, 1844" authorityName="Newport" authorityYear="1844" box="[151,451,1871,1897]" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Theatops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB433BE712D9B6307FE3CEF22" bold="true" box="[151,451,1871,1897]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
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<emphasis id="B966EAEBB433BE712D9B6307FEF9EF22" bold="true" box="[151,262,1871,1897]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Theatops</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B433BE712C016307FE3CEF22" author="Newport" box="[269,451,1871,1897]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Newport, G. (1844) [Conclusion of the monograph on the Myriapoda Chilopoda]. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, 1, 191 - 197." type="journal article" year="1844">Newport, 1844</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3086572B433BE712D9B63D0FD74EFA4" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BAD36F9B433BE712D9B63D0FCB3EF84" blockId="3.[151,1436,1944,2031]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB0211D7B433BE712D9B63D0FCB3EF84" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB433BE712D9B63D0FE28EFE4" ID-CoL="646L5" authority="Newport, 1844: 409" authorityName="Newport" authorityPageNumber="409" authorityYear="1844" box="[151,471,1944,1967]" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Theatops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B966EAEBB433BE712D9B63D0FF06EFE4" box="[151,249,1944,1967]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Theatops</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AB310E8B433BE712DF263D0FE28EFE4" author="Newport" box="[254,471,1944,1967]" page="409" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" year="1844">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B433BE712DF263D0FE5DEFE4" author="Newport" box="[254,418,1944,1967]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Newport, G. (1844) [Conclusion of the monograph on the Myriapoda Chilopoda]. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, 1, 191 - 197." type="journal article" year="1844">Newport, 1844</bibRefCitation>
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: 409
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<treatmentCitation id="0AB310E8B433BE712CED63D0FD5EEFE4" author="Attems" box="[481,673,1944,1967]" page="250" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" year="1930">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B433BE712CED63D0FD92EFE4" author="Attems" box="[481,621,1944,1967]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Attems, C. (1930) Myriapoda 2. Scolopendromorpha. In: Schulze, F. E., Kukenthal, W. (eds.), Das Tierreich, 54. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 1 - 308." type="journal article" year="1930">Attems 1930</bibRefCitation>
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: 250
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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–251.
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<treatmentCitation id="0AB310E8B433BE712FEE63D0FC6BEFE4" author="Shelley" box="[738,916,1944,1967]" page="71" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" year="1997">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B433BE712FEE63D0FC8EEFE4" author="Shelley" box="[738,881,1944,1967]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Shelley, R. M. (1997) The Holarctic centipede subfamily Plutoniuminae (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Cryptopidae) (nomen correctum ex subfamily Plutoniinae Bollman, 1893). Brimleyana, 24, 51 - 113." type="journal article" year="1997">Shelley 1997</bibRefCitation>
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: 71
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</treatmentCitation>
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–74 (see full synonymy p. 71);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AB310E8B433BE7129ED63D0FA67EFE4" author="Shelley" box="[1249,1432,1944,1967]" page="81" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" year="2002">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B433BE7129ED63D0FA8EEFE4" author="Shelley" box="[1249,1393,1944,1967]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Shelley, R. M. (2002) A synopsis of the North American centipedes of the order Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda). Virginia Museum of Natural History Memoir, 5, 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="2002">Shelley 2002</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 81
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB433BE712D9B63F0FE2AEF84" authority="Wood, 1862: 35" authorityName="Wood" authorityPageNumber="35" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,469,1976,1999]" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Opisthemega" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B966EAEBB433BE712D9B63F0FEDBEF84" box="[151,292,1976,1999]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Opisthemega</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AB310E8B433BE712C2663F0FE2AEF84" author="Wood" box="[298,469,1976,1999]" page="35" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" year="1862">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B433BE712C2663F0FE50EF84" author="Wood" box="[298,431,1976,1999]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Wood, H. C. (1862) On the Chilopoda of North America, with a catalogue of all the specimens in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution. Journal of the Acadaemy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Series 2, 5, 2 - 52." type="journal article" year="1862">Wood, 1862</bibRefCitation>
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: 35
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
(synonymy by
|
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<treatmentCitation id="0AB310E8B433BE712F7763F0FCC0EF84" author="Pocock" box="[635,831,1976,1999]" page="287" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" year="1888">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B433BE712F7763F0FCF6EF84" author="Pocock" box="[635,777,1976,1999]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Pocock, R. I. (1888) On the genus Theatops. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 1, 283 - 290." type="journal article" year="1888">Pocock 1888</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 287
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36F9B433BE712D9B6390FD74EFA4" blockId="3.[151,1436,1944,2031]" box="[151,651,2008,2031]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">
|
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<emphasis id="B966EAEBB433BE712D9B6390FEDAEFA4" box="[151,293,2008,2031]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="54">Opisthomega</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B433BE712C206390FDADEFA4" author="Saussure" box="[300,594,2008,2031]" pageId="3" pageNumber="54" refString="Saussure, H. de & Humbert, A (1872) Etudes sur les myriapodes. In: Milne-Edwards, H. (ed.), Mission scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale, recherches zoologiques. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 6, 2, 1 - 211." type="journal article" year="1872">Saussure & Humbert, 1872</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 200.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="C3086572B434BE762D9B64DFFF0DE89C" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36F9B434BE762D9B64DFFF0DE89C" blockId="4.[151,1438,151,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762D9B64DFFEC0E8FA" bold="true" box="[151,319,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
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||
<typeStatus id="54A9885BB434BE762D9B64DFFF2AE8FA" box="[151,213,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE762C4B64D0FD6BE8F9" authority="Say, 1821" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1821" box="[327,660,152,178]" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Cryptops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="postica">
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<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762C4B64D0FDECE8FA" box="[327,531,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Cryptops postica</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B434BE762F1764D0FD6BE8F9" author="Say" box="[539,660,152,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Say, T. (1821) Descriptions of the Myriapodae of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 2, 102 - 114." type="journal article" year="1821">Say, 1821</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, by subsequent monotypy of
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<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B434BE762EFA64D0FB49E8F9" author="Newport" box="[1014,1206,152,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Newport, G. (1845) Monograph of the Class Myriapoda, Order Chilopoda; with observations on the general arrangement of the Articulata, Parts 1 and 2. Transactions of Linnean Society of London (1844), 19, 265 - 302, 349 - 439." type="journal article" year="1845">Newport (1845)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B434BE7629FA64D0FA67E8F9" author="Shelley" box="[1270,1432,152,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Shelley, R. M. (1997) The Holarctic centipede subfamily Plutoniuminae (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Cryptopidae) (nomen correctum ex subfamily Plutoniinae Bollman, 1893). Brimleyana, 24, 51 - 113." type="journal article" year="1997">Shelley 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 72–73).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3086572B434BE762DC964AAFBFFE927" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36F9B434BE762DC964AAFF12E969" blockId="4.[151,1438,151,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762DC964AAFEB8E8B7" bold="true" box="[197,327,226,252]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
Plutoniumidae with 9–10 pairs of spiracles, on segments 3, 5, 7 (variable), 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20.
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BAD36F9B434BE762DC96565FBFFE927" blockId="4.[151,1438,151,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762DC96565FE58E90C" bold="true" box="[197,423,301,327]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Assigned species:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE762CA36565FCA0E90C" authority="Chamberlin, 1902" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1902" box="[431,863,301,327]" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Theatops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="californiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762CA36565FD8AE90D" box="[431,629,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">T. californiensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B434BE762F716565FCA0E90C" author="Chamberlin" box="[637,863,301,327]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Chamberlin, R. V. (1902) A new genus and three new species of chilopods. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 54, 39 - 43." type="journal article" year="1902">Chamberlin, 1902</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE762E606565FBECE90D" box="[876,1043,301,326]" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Theatops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chuanensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762E606565FBECE90D" box="[876,1043,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">T. chuanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2555790B434BE7629106565FB9EE90C" box="[1052,1121,301,327]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE7629636565FED3E927" authority="C.L. Koch, 1847" authorityName="C.L. Koch" authorityYear="1847" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Theatops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erythrocephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE7629636565FAACE90D" box="[1135,1363,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">T. erythrocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B434BE76286A6565FEDCE927" author="Koch" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Koch, C. L. (1847) System der Myriapoden. In: Herrich-Schaffer, L. (ed.), Kritische Revision der Insectenfauna Deutschlands, 3. Pustet, Regensburg, pp. 1 - 270." type="journal article" year="1847">C.L. Koch, 1847</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE762C34651AFD65E927" authority="Chamberlin, 1951" authorityName="Chamberlin" authorityYear="1951" box="[312,666,338,364]" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Theatops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762C34651AFE56E920" box="[312,425,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">T. phanus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B434BE762CB5651AFD6DE927" author="Chamberlin" box="[441,658,338,364]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Chamberlin, R. V. (1951) A new species in the chilopod genus Theatops. Psyche, 58, 100 - 101." type="journal article" year="1951">Chamberlin, 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE762FAA651AFC02E927" authority="Wood, 1862" authorityName="Wood" authorityYear="1862" box="[678,1021,338,364]" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Theatops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinicaudus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762FAA651AFCB0E920" box="[678,847,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">T. spinicaudus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B434BE762E52651AFC0CE927" author="Wood" box="[862,1011,338,364]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Wood, H. C. (1862) On the Chilopoda of North America, with a catalogue of all the specimens in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution. Journal of the Acadaemy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Series 2, 5, 2 - 52." type="journal article" year="1862">Wood, 1862</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3086572B434BE772DC9653FFD5DEADC" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36F9B434BE762DC9653FFF14EB19" blockId="4.[151,1438,151,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762DC9653FFEA7E9DA" bold="true" box="[197,344,375,401]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Discussion:</emphasis>
|
||
The concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE762F2E6530FD6DE9DA" box="[546,658,376,401]" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Theatops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762F2E6530FD6DE9DA" box="[546,658,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Theatops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
employed here differs from previous diagnoses in allowing for variability with respect to the absence or presence of a spiracle on segment 7. All previously known species have nine pairs of spiracles but the morphological spectrum of Plutoniumidae is altered by the discovery of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE76288A658AFEE6EA4A" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Theatops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chuanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE76288A658AFEE6EA4A" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">T. chuanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, described below, that corresponds to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE762FD765A0FCB8EA4A" box="[731,839,488,513]" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Theatops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762FD765A0FCB8EA4A" box="[731,839,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Theatops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in every respect apart from having an extra pair of spiracles, on segment 7. The presence or absence of a spiracle on segment 7 is a character that has traditionally been interpreted as a generic-level feature in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE762E6A667AFAE6EA07" authority="Attems 1930" authorityName="Attems" authorityYear="1930" box="[870,1305,562,588]" class="Chilopoda" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">
|
||
Scolopendromorpha (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B434BE762963667AFAEEEA07" author="Attems" box="[1135,1297,562,588]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Attems, C. (1930) Myriapoda 2. Scolopendromorpha. In: Schulze, F. E., Kukenthal, W. (eds.), Das Tierreich, 54. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 1 - 308." type="journal article" year="1930">Attems 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or even at higher taxonomic levels, such as subfamilies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B434BE762FCA6610FC75EA39" author="Schileyko" box="[710,906,600,626]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Schileyko, A. A. (1992) Scolopenders of Viet-Nam and some aspects of the system of Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda Epimorpha). Part 1. Arthropoda Selecta, 1, 5 - 19." type="journal article" year="1992">Schileyko 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Examples of genera that are distinguished solely by this character include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE762F1C6635FC70EADC" authority="Newport, 1844" authorityName="Newport" authorityYear="1844" box="[528,911,637,663]" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopocryptopidae" genus="Scolopocryptops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762F1C6635FD2BEADD" box="[528,724,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Scolopocryptops</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B434BE762FD16635FC70EADC" author="Newport" box="[733,911,637,663]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Newport, G. (1844) [Conclusion of the monograph on the Myriapoda Chilopoda]. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, 1, 191 - 197." type="journal article" year="1844">Newport, 1844</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(without it) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE76295B6635FA63EADC" authority="Crabill, 1953" authorityName="Crabill" authorityYear="1953" box="[1111,1436,637,663]" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopocryptopidae" genus="Dinocryptops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE76295B6635FB08EADD" box="[1111,1271,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Dinocryptops</emphasis>
|
||
Crabill, 1953
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(with the spiracle) in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE762CC066EAFD3DEAF7" box="[460,706,674,700]" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopocryptopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scolopocryptopidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE762E0F66EAFBDDEAF7" authority="Porat, 1876" authorityName="Porat" authorityYear="1876" box="[771,1058,674,700]" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Otostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762E0F66EAFC72EAF0" box="[771,909,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Otostigmus</emphasis>
|
||
Porat, 1876
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(without it) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE7629FD66EAFEC3EAA9" authority="Pocock, 1898" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1898" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Ethmostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE7629FD66EAFA63EAF0" box="[1265,1436,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Ethmostigmus</emphasis>
|
||
Pocock, 1898
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE762C716680FD87EAA9" authority="Wood, 1862" authorityName="Wood" authorityYear="1862" box="[381,632,712,738]" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Rhysida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762C716680FE22EAAA" box="[381,477,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Rhysida</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B434BE762CE96680FD87EAA9" author="Wood" box="[485,632,712,738]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Wood, H. C. (1862) On the Chilopoda of North America, with a catalogue of all the specimens in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution. Journal of the Acadaemy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Series 2, 5, 2 - 52." type="journal article" year="1862">Wood, 1862</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(with the spiracle) in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE762EA36680FB96EAA9" box="[943,1129,712,738]" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scolopendridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B434BE7629756680FAC7EAA9" author="Kraepelin" box="[1145,1336,712,738]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Kraepelin, K. (1903) Revision der Scolopendriden. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 20, 1 - 276." type="journal article" year="1903">Kraepelin 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B434BE76284A6680FF25EB4C" author="Attems" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Attems, C. (1930) Myriapoda 2. Scolopendromorpha. In: Schulze, F. E., Kukenthal, W. (eds.), Das Tierreich, 54. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 1 - 308." type="journal article" year="1930">Attems 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Following traditional taxonomic practice,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE762FF066A5FC01EB4D" box="[764,1022,749,774]" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Theatops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chuanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762FF066A5FC01EB4D" box="[764,1022,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Theatops chuanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would be regarded as a separate, monotypic genus, diagnosed by the spiracle on segment 7. Here we advance arguments for not following this course.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36F9B434BE762DC96715FB1DEDC9" blockId="4.[151,1438,151,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
|
||
Evidence is increasingly accumulating to indicate that the presence or absence of a spiracle on segment 7 is less reliable as a phylogenetic and taxonomic character than previously thought. In the case of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE762D9B67E0FEA3EB8A" box="[151,348,936,961]" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopocryptopidae" genus="Scolopocryptops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762D9B67E0FEA3EB8A" box="[151,348,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Scolopocryptops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
versus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE762CB467E0FDA6EB8A" box="[440,601,936,961]" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopocryptopidae" genus="Dinocryptops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762CB467E0FDA6EB8A" box="[440,601,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Dinocryptops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the absence of a spiracle on segment 7 maps onto morphology-based cladograms as a shared primitive character and the group lacking the spiracle (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE7629906785FA8DEBAD" box="[1180,1394,973,998]" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopocryptopidae" genus="Scolopocryptops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE7629906785FA8DEBAD" box="[1180,1394,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Scolopocryptops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is paraphyletic with respect to the one that possesses it (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE762E1B67BAFC48EC40" box="[791,951,1010,1035]" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopocryptopidae" genus="Dinocryptops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762E1B67BAFC48EC40" box="[791,951,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Dinocryptops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B434BE762EDD67BAFAF4EC47" author="Edgecombe" box="[977,1291,1010,1036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Edgecombe, G. D. & Koch, M. (2008) Phylogeny of scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda): morphological analysis featuring characters from the peristomatic area. Cladistics, 24, 872 - 901." type="journal article" year="2008">Edgecombe & Koch 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Koch
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE76286C67BAFA63EC40" box="[1376,1436,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009, 2010). The evolutionary lability of the spiracle on segment
|
||
<quantity id="4CEA9B1CB434BE762EC86050FC0BEC79" box="[964,1012,1048,1074]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.778" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" unit="in" value="7.0">7 in</quantity>
|
||
Scolopocryptopinae was noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B434BE762D9B6075FEBEEC1C" author="Crabill" box="[151,321,1085,1111]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Crabill, R. E., Jr. (1955) On the reappearance of a possible ancestral characteristic in a modern chilopod (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Cryptopidae). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 50, 133 - 136." type="journal article" year="1955">Crabill (1955)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who reported an otherwise normal specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE762E8F6075FB26EC1D" box="[899,1241,1085,1110]" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopocryptopidae" genus="Scolopocryptops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sexspinosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762E8F6075FB26EC1D" box="[899,1241,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Scolopocryptops sexspinosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that had a small but evidently functional spiracle on segment 7 (Crabill based his interpretation of function on the presence of tracheae in segment 7 of the specimen).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B434BE762F7860C0FCA4ECE9" author="Crabill" box="[628,859,1160,1186]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Crabill, R. E., Jr. (1955) On the reappearance of a possible ancestral characteristic in a modern chilopod (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Cryptopidae). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 50, 133 - 136." type="journal article" year="1955">Crabill (1955: 134)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, however, interpreted character polarity opposite to that optimised on cladograms: he “assume[d] the presence of seventh somite spiracles to be primitive possessions”, and despite “the loss of seventh somite spiracles… as evidence of parallel evolution in this character”, he maintained their taxonomic value (“That this is a sound generic distinction cannot, at the present state of knowledge, be seriously doubted”). This confidence is undermined by the discovery that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE762D9B610BFD1BED17" authority="Song et al., 2004" authorityName="Song et al." authorityYear="2004" box="[151,740,1346,1372]" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopocryptopidae" genus="Scolopocryptops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrimaculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762D9B610BFDEDED17" box="[151,530,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Scolopocryptops nigrimaculatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B434BE762F16610AFD1BED17" author="Song" box="[538,740,1346,1372]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Song, Z. S., Song D. X. & Zhu, M. S. (2004) On a new species and a new record of the genus Scolopocryptops from China (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopocryptopidae). Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei, 7, 80 - 85." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Song
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762F51610BFD68ED17" box="[605,663,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, may exceptionally show a small segment 7 spiracle on one side of the body only versus its (normal) absence on the other side (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B434BE762EA26120FB8AEDC9" author="Song" box="[942,1141,1384,1410]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Song, Z. S., Song D. X. & Zhu, M. S. (2004) On a new species and a new record of the genus Scolopocryptops from China (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopocryptopidae). Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei, 7, 80 - 85." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Song
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762EF86120FBD1EDCA" box="[1012,1070,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 3C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36F9B434BE762DC961C5FBB5EF57" blockId="4.[151,1438,151,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
|
||
With respect to non-monophyly at least, the situation is not dissimilar in Otostigminae. Apart from lacking the autapomorphies of other genera,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE762F5361FBFD14ED87" box="[607,747,1459,1484]" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Otostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762F5361FBFD14ED87" box="[607,747,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Otostigmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is diagnosed only by a single character (absence of the segment 7 spiracle), and analyses of molecular data in progress retrieve both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE76295C6190FB24EDBA" box="[1104,1243,1496,1521]" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Otostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE76295C6190FB24EDBA" box="[1104,1243,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Otostigmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE7628146190FA85EDBA" box="[1304,1402,1496,1521]" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Rhysida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE7628146190FA85EDBA" box="[1304,1402,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Rhysida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as polyphyletic groups. Although genera (or subfamilies:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B434BE762E3061B5FC02EE5C" author="Schileyko" box="[828,1021,1533,1559]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Schileyko, A. A. (1992) Scolopenders of Viet-Nam and some aspects of the system of Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda Epimorpha). Part 1. Arthropoda Selecta, 1, 5 - 19." type="journal article" year="1992">Schileyko 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) distinguished by the presence or absence of a spiracle on segment 7 are easily identified and taxonomically convenient, in the case of Otostigminae they do not reflect phylogeny accurately.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B434BE762E136200FC44EE29" author="Lewis" box="[799,955,1608,1634]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Lewis, J. G. E. (2004) Redescription and reassignment of the type material of the African centipedes Otostigmus reichardti Kraepelin and Otostigmus tanganjikus Verhoeff, with remarks on the genera Digitipes Attems, Otostigmus Porat and Rhysida Wood (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha). African Invertebrates, 45, 279 - 286." type="journal article" year="2004">Lewis (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided a possibly relevant observation from Otostigminae in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3057669B434BE762CAA6225FDE9EECC" box="[422,534,1645,1671]" name="Tanzania" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, wherein
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE762F806225FB92EECC" authority="Verhoeff, 1941" authorityName="Verhoeff" authorityYear="1941" box="[652,1133,1645,1671]" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Otostigmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanganjikus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762F806225FC52EECD" box="[652,941,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Otostigmus tanganjikus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B434BE762EB86225FB92EECC" author="Verhoeff" box="[948,1133,1645,1671]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Verhoeff, K. W. (1941) Aliquid novi ex Africa 4. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 135, 196 - 204." type="journal article" year="1941">Verhoeff, 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE7629A36225FEC2EEE7" authority="Attems, 1910" authorityName="Attems" authorityYear="1910" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopendridae" genus="Rhysida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intermedia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE7629A36225FA63EECD" box="[1199,1436,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Rhysida intermedia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B434BE762D9B62DAFEC2EEE7" author="Attems" box="[151,317,1682,1708]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Attems, C. (1910) Myriopoden von Madagaskar den Comoren und den Inseln Ostafrikas. In: Voeltzkov (ed.), Reise in Ostafrika, 3. Schweizerbart'sche E. Nagele & Dr. Sproessner, Stuttgart, pp. 73 - 115." type="journal article" year="1910">Attems, 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are apparently distinguished by no character apart from the spiracle on segment 7; in these instances it might be anticipated that the similar species pairs are more closely related than either is to most species assigned to the same genus under the standard classification. In this case, the segment 7 spiracle may remain a reliable character at the species level, but likely not at the generic level.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36F9B434BE772DC96360FDC8E90C" blockId="4.[151,1438,151,2007]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,152,663]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">
|
||
In Plutoniumidae, the morphological analyses of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B434BE762E0F6360FBB9EF09" author="Edgecombe" box="[771,1094,1832,1858]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Edgecombe, G. D. & Koch, M. (2008) Phylogeny of scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda): morphological analysis featuring characters from the peristomatic area. Cladistics, 24, 872 - 901." type="journal article" year="2008">Edgecombe & Koch (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Koch
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE7629C86360FB00EF0A" box="[1220,1279,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009, 2010) retrieved
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE762C006305FE84EF2D" box="[268,379,1869,1894]" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Theatops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762C006305FE84EF2D" box="[268,379,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Theatops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a paraphyletic group, i.e.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE762FE56305FC98EF2D" box="[745,871,1869,1894]" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Plutonium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762FE56305FC98EF2D" box="[745,871,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Plutonium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is nested within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE7629376305FB54EF2D" box="[1083,1195,1869,1894]" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Theatops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE7629376305FB54EF2D" box="[1083,1195,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Theatops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3057669B434BE7629B76305FB22EF2C" box="[1211,1245,1869,1895]" name="American Samoa" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the previous examples in which spiracle distributions are the principal basis for diagnosing genera, paraphyly of one genus is not surprising because
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE762CEC63D0FDAAEFFA" box="[480,597,1944,1969]" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Theatops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE762CEC63D0FDAAEFFA" box="[480,597,1944,1969]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Theatops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is diagnosed only by primitive characters (the primitive spiracle arrangement, contra Crabill’s inferred ancestral condition). A three-genus classification (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB434BE7629CA63F5FACCEF9D" box="[1222,1331,1981,2006]" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Theatops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB434BE7629CA63F5FACCEF9D" box="[1222,1331,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="55">Theatops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lacking spiracles on segment 7; a new genus for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB435BE772F8064D0FCCDE8FA" box="[652,818,152,177]" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Theatops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chuanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB435BE772F8064D0FCCDE8FA" box="[652,818,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">T. chuanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with spiracles on segment 7; and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB435BE7729DA64D0FAABE8FA" box="[1238,1364,152,177]" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Plutonium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB435BE7729DA64D0FAABE8FA" box="[1238,1364,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">Plutonium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: with spiracles on segments 2–20) would increase paraphyly rather than lessen it, i.e.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB435BE7729A564F5FAE2E89D" box="[1193,1309,189,214]" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Theatops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB435BE7729A564F5FAE2E89D" box="[1193,1309,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">Theatops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would be paraphyletic to two genera rather than one. We do not place
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB435BE772E6B64AAFC1DE8B0" box="[871,994,226,251]" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Plutonium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB435BE772E6B64AAFC1DE8B0" box="[871,994,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">Plutonium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in synonymy under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB435BE7729D464AAFABBE8B0" box="[1240,1348,226,251]" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Theatops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB435BE7729D464AAFABBE8B0" box="[1240,1348,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">Theatops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which would eliminate non-monophyletic taxa from Plutoniumidae, but we do discard the option of erecting a monotypic genus for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB435BE772C9D6565FDD0E90D" box="[401,559,301,326]" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Theatops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chuanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB435BE772C9D6565FDD0E90D" box="[401,559,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">T. chuanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAD36F9B435BE772DC9651AFD5DEADC" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,663]" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">
|
||
Knowledge of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB435BE772C72651AFD7DE920" box="[382,642,338,363]" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Theatops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chuanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB435BE772C72651AFD7DE920" box="[382,642,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">Theatops chuanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is limited to a single specimen and it can rightly be questioned whether its segment 7 spiracle could be an abnormality in a population or species that more commonly lacks a spiracle, by comparison to the examples cited above in which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB435BE772E8065D5FBAAE9FD" box="[908,1109,413,438]" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopocryptopidae" genus="Scolopocryptops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB435BE772E8065D5FBAAE9FD" box="[908,1109,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">Scolopocryptops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species only exceptionally have a spiracle on that segment. The likelihood that the segment 7 spiracle is an aberration in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB435BE7729EE658AFA7EE990" box="[1250,1409,450,475]" class="Chilopoda" family="Cryptopidae" genus="Theatops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chuanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB435BE7729EE658AFA7EE990" box="[1250,1409,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">T. chuanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is contradicted by the fact that the spiracles on segment 7 are as large as those on segment 8, are equally developed on both sides of the body, and the two segments have identical proportions of the stigmatopleurites. In contrast, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C124D7AB435BE772C4C667AFDFCEA00" box="[320,515,562,587]" class="Chilopoda" family="Scolopocryptopidae" genus="Scolopocryptops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scolopendromorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB435BE772C4C667AFDFCEA00" box="[320,515,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">Scolopocryptops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species that only rarely display a segment 7 spiracle, it is either conspicuously smaller than that on other segments (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B435BE772F586610FD10EA39" author="Crabill" box="[596,751,600,626]" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" refString="Crabill, R. E., Jr. (1955) On the reappearance of a possible ancestral characteristic in a modern chilopod (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Cryptopidae). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 50, 133 - 136." type="journal article" year="1955">Crabill 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or both smaller than that on segment 8 and restricted to only one side of the body (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF834B08B435BE772CC36635FD6AEADC" author="Song" box="[463,661,637,663]" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" refString="Song, Z. S., Song D. X. & Zhu, M. S. (2004) On a new species and a new record of the genus Scolopocryptops from China (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopocryptopidae). Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei, 7, 80 - 85." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Song
|
||
<emphasis id="B966EAEBB435BE772F186635FDB0EADD" box="[532,591,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="56">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |