370 lines
56 KiB
XML
370 lines
56 KiB
XML
<document id="E9933FFC443F7B8DF62067E3A4220D12" ID-CLB-Dataset="22108" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4778.3.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4010e46d-214a-425a-b551-a8c40481708b" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3828807" ID-ZooBank="F0D3226B-1728-4213-AAF6-F32F4FEB8E27" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1589541027701" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rosa, Simone Policena, Mariano, Raone Dos Reis, Viviani, Vadim R. & Costa, Cleide" docDate="2020" docId="03A387C95715FFD2FF0B903713987019" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4778.3.7.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4778 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pyrearinus pumilus" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="568" masterDocId="FF9AFFB15717FFD5FF9C941216127466" masterDocTitle="Morphology of immature stages of Pyrearinus pumilus (Candèze, 1863) (Coleoptera: Elateridae: Pyrophorini): the click beetle responsible for the luminous canga caves in the state of Pará, Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="570" masterPageNumber="561" pageNumber="563" updateTime="1698839838565" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="FB1D085FBC58DFB4A64DCCA8BFF4AB97">Morphology of immature stages of Pyrearinus pumilus (Candèze, 1863) (Coleoptera: Elateridae: Pyrophorini): the click beetle responsible for the luminous canga caves in the state of Pará, Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="98FBEB0E3FFE6C0B35FA54C1BA1BCF09">Rosa, Simone Policena</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5702282E7BCFE2209EB3A1F8F427FF4F">Mariano, Raone Dos Reis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="40E4759A0D26D5D61D7E064EE2041BE6">Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia e Monitoramento Ambiental, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, campus Sorocaba, Sorocaba-SP, Brazil. raone. reis 2 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5692 - 2782</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4F4F49BDC3C26E9277588DAAE4C9A550">Viviani, Vadim R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0E2CBCBF9775172B45C276EB0F538C4B">Departamento de Física, Química e Matemática (DFQM), Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias para Sustentabilidade (CCTS), Universidade Federal de São Carlos, campus Sorocaba, Sorocaba-SP, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8921F764D6FB5E6E84F20ED7E6EAFA13">Costa, Cleide</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4C48296261CE48E1D7E51288F29F0A91">Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Nazaré, 481, CEP 04263 - 000 São Paulo-SP, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="57A084A13EEE177A11F1DF8EAB0B211A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="CF222EF4B03D72708C2EBA73D8D1E616">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="7088AA7B98A2C0AFC3D2FC56A0F17389">2020-05-15</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="52020DEC8962F69B4B60DD6CDEBAE696">4778</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="6C083396E5B0AB72CFD2546A3FE12F9B" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4778.3.7</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A387C95715FFD2FF0B903713987019" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3848000" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164159740" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3848000" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A387C95715FFD2FF0B903713987019" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A387C95715FFD2FF0B903713987019" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="568" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">
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<subSubSection id="C31065545715FFD7FF0B903714477059" box="[151,597,1061,1088]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB536DF5715FFD7FF0B903714477059" blockId="2.[151,597,1061,1088]" box="[151,597,1061,1088]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">
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<heading id="D0FD81B35715FFD7FF0B903714477059" bold="true" box="[151,597,1061,1088]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5C5715FFD7FF0B903714477059" authority="(Candeze, 1863)" baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[151,597,1061,1088]" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Pyrearinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumilus">
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<emphasis id="B97EEACD5715FFD7FF0B903714477059" bold="true" box="[151,597,1061,1088]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">
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<emphasis id="B97EEACD5715FFD7FF0B903717947026" bold="true" box="[151,390,1061,1088]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Pyrearinus pumilus</emphasis>
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(Candèze, 1863)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31065545715FFD7FF0B907F14697095" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BB536DF5715FFD7FF0B907F14697095" blockId="2.[151,1437,1133,1952]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">
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<emphasis id="B97EEACD5715FFD7FF0B907F17C370EE" bold="true" box="[151,465,1133,1160]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Diagnosis of mature larva</emphasis>
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. Body weakly sclerotized, mostly pale yellow, except anterior margin of frons, mandibles, spiniform setae on legs, spines and tubercles on segments IX and X dark brown to black (Figs 2; 4A); tergite IX with four pairs of spiniform tubercles along lateral margins and one pair at middle (
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<figureCitation id="13312A5A5715FFD7FBF890A712CC70A9" box="[1124,1246,1205,1231]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1829,1854]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,814,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,813,1804]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Morphology of Pyrearinus pumilus mature larva. (A) habitus, dorsal view, (B, C) head (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (D) maxillolabial complex (ventral view); (E, F) left antenna (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (G–I) left mandible (dorsal, lateral and ventral view, respectively), (J) left galea (ventral view), (K) anterior leg (lateral view), (L) abdominal segment IX (dorsal view), (M) abdominal segments IX and X (lateral view)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828811/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Figs 3L,M</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13312A5A5715FFD7FB7790A7131D70A9" box="[1259,1295,1205,1231]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1102,1127]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,382,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,381,1077]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Diagnostic features of the known larvae of Pyrearinus pumilus species group. (A–F) dorsal view of head and abdominal apex, respectively: (A, B) P. pumilus; (C, D) P. termitilluminans, (E, F) P. fragilis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828813" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828813/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">4B</figureCitation>
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); segment X with a row of 5–6 spine-like setae laterally.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31065545715FFD3FF5B90EF17957501" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="567" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB536DF5715FFD7FF5B90EF14267139" blockId="2.[151,1437,1133,1952]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">
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<emphasis id="B97EEACD5715FFD7FF5B90EF17A6717E" bold="true" box="[199,436,1277,1304]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Description of larva</emphasis>
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. Mature larva (Figs 2, 3, 4A,B, 5A,B). Length:
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<quantity id="4CF29B3A5715FFD7FC5590EF122C717E" box="[969,1086,1277,1304]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="563" unit="mm" value="17.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="15.0">15–20mm</quantity>
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. Body (Figs 2, 3A, 5A,B) elongate, parallel-sided, almost cylindrical; tegument pale yellow, except for anterior margin of frons and mandibles dark brown to black; antenna brown.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB536DF5715FFD7FF5B917B12C773C6" blockId="2.[151,1437,1133,1952]" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">
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Head (
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<figureCitation id="13312A5A5715FFD7FE8F917B179971E5" box="[275,395,1385,1411]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1829,1854]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,814,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,813,1804]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Morphology of Pyrearinus pumilus mature larva. (A) habitus, dorsal view, (B, C) head (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (D) maxillolabial complex (ventral view); (E, F) left antenna (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (G–I) left mandible (dorsal, lateral and ventral view, respectively), (J) left galea (ventral view), (K) anterior leg (lateral view), (L) abdominal segment IX (dorsal view), (M) abdominal segments IX and X (lateral view)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828811/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Figs 3B,C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13312A5A5715FFD7FE05917B17AF71E5" box="[409,445,1385,1411]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1102,1127]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,382,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,381,1077]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Diagnostic features of the known larvae of Pyrearinus pumilus species group. (A–F) dorsal view of head and abdominal apex, respectively: (A, B) P. pumilus; (C, D) P. termitilluminans, (E, F) P. fragilis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828813" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828813/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">4A</figureCitation>
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) prognathous, subparallel-sided,1.0–1.2 times as wide as long, sparsely punctate, with regular longitudinal row of setae along lateral and posterior regions, three pairs of small setae at posterolateral margin. Posterior margin curved. Epicranial stem absent. Frontal arms lyriform; one stemma on each side. Nasale with three teeth, with one stout and two fine setae between each tooth; adnasalia as long as the nasale, with three setae. Antenna (
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<figureCitation id="13312A5A5715FFD7FE9891EB17617275" box="[260,371,1529,1555]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1829,1854]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,814,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,813,1804]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Morphology of Pyrearinus pumilus mature larva. (A) habitus, dorsal view, (B, C) head (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (D) maxillolabial complex (ventral view); (E, F) left antenna (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (G–I) left mandible (dorsal, lateral and ventral view, respectively), (J) left galea (ventral view), (K) anterior leg (lateral view), (L) abdominal segment IX (dorsal view), (M) abdominal segments IX and X (lateral view)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828811/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Figs 3E,F</figureCitation>
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) 3-segmented; basal antennomere with one seta ventrally and several short and long setae along distal lateral and dorsal parts; antennomere 2 sparsely setose, with conical sensorium ventrally, 3 times longer than wide; apical antennomere about 1/2 as long as antennomere 2, with one long seta and few stout and fine microsetae at apex. Mandible (
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<figureCitation id="13312A5A5715FFD7FEF1927717A37219" box="[365,433,1637,1663]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1829,1854]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,814,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,813,1804]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Morphology of Pyrearinus pumilus mature larva. (A) habitus, dorsal view, (B, C) head (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (D) maxillolabial complex (ventral view); (E, F) left antenna (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (G–I) left mandible (dorsal, lateral and ventral view, respectively), (J) left galea (ventral view), (K) anterior leg (lateral view), (L) abdominal segment IX (dorsal view), (M) abdominal segments IX and X (lateral view)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828811/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Figs 3</figureCitation>
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G–I) gradually curved to apex, unidentate, ventrobasal surface with one seta, lateroventral margin with one seta, penicillus absent. Hypocephalic carina (
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<figureCitation id="13312A5A5715FFD7FCD3929B15B772C5" box="[847,933,1673,1699]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1829,1854]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,814,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,813,1804]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Morphology of Pyrearinus pumilus mature larva. (A) habitus, dorsal view, (B, C) head (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (D) maxillolabial complex (ventral view); (E, F) left antenna (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (G–I) left mandible (dorsal, lateral and ventral view, respectively), (J) left galea (ventral view), (K) anterior leg (lateral view), (L) abdominal segment IX (dorsal view), (M) abdominal segments IX and X (lateral view)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828811/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
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) reaching 4/5 of head length in ventral view, with row of 5–7 setae. Ventral mouthparts forming maxillolabial complex (
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<figureCitation id="13312A5A5715FFD7FC6692BF126672A1" box="[1018,1140,1709,1735]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1829,1854]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,814,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,813,1804]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Morphology of Pyrearinus pumilus mature larva. (A) habitus, dorsal view, (B, C) head (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (D) maxillolabial complex (ventral view); (E, F) left antenna (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (G–I) left mandible (dorsal, lateral and ventral view, respectively), (J) left galea (ventral view), (K) anterior leg (lateral view), (L) abdominal segment IX (dorsal view), (M) abdominal segments IX and X (lateral view)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828811/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Figs 3C,D</figureCitation>
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); maxillae (
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<figureCitation id="13312A5A5715FFD7FB6292BF134A72A1" box="[1278,1368,1709,1735]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1829,1854]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,814,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,813,1804]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Morphology of Pyrearinus pumilus mature larva. (A) habitus, dorsal view, (B, C) head (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (D) maxillolabial complex (ventral view); (E, F) left antenna (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (G–I) left mandible (dorsal, lateral and ventral view, respectively), (J) left galea (ventral view), (K) anterior leg (lateral view), (L) abdominal segment IX (dorsal view), (M) abdominal segments IX and X (lateral view)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828811/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
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) with cardines narrow and sinuous, contiguous to each other at midline, stipites elongate sparsely setose along lateral border, setae denser on anterior corner; palp 4-segmented, palpomeres with sparse setae along apical border, apical palpomere with very small basiconic sensilla; galea (
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<figureCitation id="13312A5A5715FFD7FD6D930B15527355" box="[753,832,1817,1843]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1829,1854]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,814,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,813,1804]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Morphology of Pyrearinus pumilus mature larva. (A) habitus, dorsal view, (B, C) head (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (D) maxillolabial complex (ventral view); (E, F) left antenna (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (G–I) left mandible (dorsal, lateral and ventral view, respectively), (J) left galea (ventral view), (K) anterior leg (lateral view), (L) abdominal segment IX (dorsal view), (M) abdominal segments IX and X (lateral view)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828811/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Fig. 3J</figureCitation>
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) 2-segmented, apex densely covered with very small basiconic sensilla and one long seta. Postmentum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A5A5715FFD7FD7C932F15287331" box="[736,826,1853,1879]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1829,1854]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,814,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,813,1804]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Morphology of Pyrearinus pumilus mature larva. (A) habitus, dorsal view, (B, C) head (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (D) maxillolabial complex (ventral view); (E, F) left antenna (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (G–I) left mandible (dorsal, lateral and ventral view, respectively), (J) left galea (ventral view), (K) anterior leg (lateral view), (L) abdominal segment IX (dorsal view), (M) abdominal segments IX and X (lateral view)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828811/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="563">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
|
||
) triangular widened anteriorly with row of 2–3 setae anterolaterally and pair of setae posteriorly; prementum with two lateral setae at midlength and two setae apically, ligula very short and rounded apically; labial palp 2-segmented, widely separate, sparsely setose.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7566575714FFD6FF0B92E9127E7351" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828809" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3828809" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828809/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="564" startId="3.[151,250,1787,1812]" targetBox="[151,1435,179,1760]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536DF5714FFD6FF0B92E9127E7351" blockId="3.[151,1436,1787,1848]" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5714FFD6FF0B92E9171D7372" bold="true" box="[151,271,1787,1812]" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsal habitus of the adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5C5714FFD6FDFE92EF15387372" baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[610,810,1788,1812]" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Pyrearinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="564" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5714FFD6FDFE92EF15387372" box="[610,810,1788,1812]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">Pyrearinus pumilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group. (A–F) males: (A)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5C5714FFD6FB1792EF135F7372" authorityName="Costa" authorityYear="1982" box="[1163,1357,1788,1812]" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Pyrearinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="564" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="termitilluminans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5714FFD6FB1792EF135F7372" box="[1163,1357,1788,1812]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">P. termitilluminans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (B)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5C5714FFD6FA1A92EF16F2735E" authorityName="Costa" authorityYear="1978" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Pyrearinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="564" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fragilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5714FFD6FA1A92EF13877372" box="[1414,1429,1789,1812]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">P</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5714FFD6FF0B933216F2735E" box="[151,224,1824,1848]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">fragilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (C)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5C5714FFD6FE899333179E735E" baseAuthorityName="Germar" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[277,396,1824,1848]" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Pyrearinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="564" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitticollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5714FFD6FE899333179E735E" box="[277,396,1824,1848]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">P. vitticollis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (D)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5C5714FFD6FE5E93331401735E" authorityName="Costa" authorityYear="1975" box="[450,531,1824,1848]" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Pyrearinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="564" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5714FFD6FE5E93331401735E" box="[450,531,1824,1848]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">P. flatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (E)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5C5714FFD6FDDB933314D7735E" baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[583,709,1824,1848]" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Pyrearinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="564" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scintillula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5714FFD6FDDB933314D7735E" box="[583,709,1824,1848]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">P. scintillula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (F)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5C5714FFD6FD6B93331572735E" baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[759,864,1824,1848]" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Pyrearinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="564" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5714FFD6FD6B93331572735E" box="[759,864,1824,1848]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">P. pumilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (G) female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5C5714FFD6FC6193331274735E" baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[1021,1126,1824,1848]" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Pyrearinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="564" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5714FFD6FC6193331274735E" box="[1021,1126,1824,1848]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">P. pumilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536DF5714FFD1FF5B937417517501" blockId="3.[151,1437,1894,2029]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,153,359]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="565" pageId="3" pageNumber="564">
|
||
Thorax (Figs 2A, 3A). Prothorax 0.8 times as long as meso– and metathorax combined; meso- and metathorax subequal. Pronotal lateral margin with row of six long setae, each lateral half of dorsal surface with three setae anteriorly, one seta at midlength and three setae posteriorly. Meso- and metanotum with two long setae on lateral margin, each lateral half of dorsal surface with two setae near anterior margin and three setae near posterior margin. Prosternum triangular, each side with two setae near anterior margin and one seta posteriorly; postgular region with four pairs of setae (S1, S2, S3 and S4), one small transverse sclerite (P2) externally to S1, one sclerotized transverse line (P1) medially between S1, and very small sclerite (P4) anteriorly to S1. Meso- and metasternum with one lateral seta; mesothoracic spiracle in lateroventral position. Leg (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A5A5713FFD1FC82951715667579" box="[798,884,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1829,1854]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,814,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,813,1804]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Morphology of Pyrearinus pumilus mature larva. (A) habitus, dorsal view, (B, C) head (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (D) maxillolabial complex (ventral view); (E, F) left antenna (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (G–I) left mandible (dorsal, lateral and ventral view, respectively), (J) left galea (ventral view), (K) anterior leg (lateral view), (L) abdominal segment IX (dorsal view), (M) abdominal segments IX and X (lateral view)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828811/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="565">Fig. 3K</figureCitation>
|
||
) stout, trochanter, femur and tibia with spiniform setae ventrally; shorter, fine and sparse setae dorsally; pretarsus slender, as long as tibia with two setae lying side by side at base.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536DF5713FFD1FF0B9396122C73FB" blockId="4.[151,1086,1924,1949]" box="[151,1086,1924,1949]" pageId="4" pageNumber="565">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5713FFD1FF0B9396170B73FB" bold="true" box="[151,281,1924,1949]" pageId="4" pageNumber="565">FIGURE. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Habitus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5C5713FFD1FE0C9397144473FA" baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[400,598,1924,1948]" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Pyrearinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="565" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5713FFD1FE0C9397144473FA" box="[400,598,1924,1948]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="565">Pyrearinus pumilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mature larva. (A) dorsal view, (B) ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536DF5712FFD0FF5B948B154D75B5" blockId="5.[151,1437,153,791]" pageId="5" pageNumber="566">
|
||
Abdomen. Terga I–VIII with each side (Figs 2A, 3A) with pair of setae near the anterior margin, four setae near posterior margin, and spiracles near anterior margin. Sterna I–VIII (Fig. 2B) with pair of lateral longitudinal depressions, each side with three short setae on anterior corner, one at midlength and three on posterior corner; lateral margin with log setae. Segment IX (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A5A5712FFD0FDAF951714BC7579" box="[563,686,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1829,1854]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,814,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,813,1804]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Morphology of Pyrearinus pumilus mature larva. (A) habitus, dorsal view, (B, C) head (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (D) maxillolabial complex (ventral view); (E, F) left antenna (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (G–I) left mandible (dorsal, lateral and ventral view, respectively), (J) left galea (ventral view), (K) anterior leg (lateral view), (L) abdominal segment IX (dorsal view), (M) abdominal segments IX and X (lateral view)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828811/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="566">Figs 3L,M</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A5A5712FFD0FD27951714CF7579" box="[699,733,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1102,1127]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,382,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,381,1077]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Diagnostic features of the known larvae of Pyrearinus pumilus species group. (A–F) dorsal view of head and abdominal apex, respectively: (A, B) P. pumilus; (C, D) P. termitilluminans, (E, F) P. fragilis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828813" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828813/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="566">4B</figureCitation>
|
||
) as long as VIII, 1.2 times longer than wide, posterior margin notched at middle forming urogomphi; dorsal surface setose on posterior 2/3, with pair of parasagittal tubercles; two tubercles on lateroposterior margin, and two tubercles at apex of each urogomphus; tubercles spine-like and bordered by 1–3 setae; lateral margin and ventral surface densely covered with long setae. Segment X (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A5A5712FFD0FAAA9563138175ED" box="[1334,1427,369,395]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1829,1854]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,814,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,813,1804]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Morphology of Pyrearinus pumilus mature larva. (A) habitus, dorsal view, (B, C) head (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (D) maxillolabial complex (ventral view); (E, F) left antenna (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (G–I) left mandible (dorsal, lateral and ventral view, respectively), (J) left galea (ventral view), (K) anterior leg (lateral view), (L) abdominal segment IX (dorsal view), (M) abdominal segments IX and X (lateral view)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828811/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="566">Fig. 3M</figureCitation>
|
||
) ventral; near anal opening: row of short setae along the posterior margin, pair of large anal hooks, row of 5–6 spinelike setae laterally, and fine, longer setae along anterior margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536DF5712FFD0FF5B95CF15E17771" blockId="5.[151,1437,153,791]" pageId="5" pageNumber="566">
|
||
Abdomen. Terga I–VIII with each side (Figs 2A, 3A) with a pair of setae near the anterior margin, four setae near the posterior margin, and spiracles near anterior margin. Sterna I–VIII (Fig. 2B) with a pair of lateral longitudinal depressions, each side with three short setae on the anterior corner, one at midlength and three on posterior corner; lateral margin with log setae. Segment IX (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A5A5712FFD0FD59965B152C7605" box="[709,830,585,611]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1829,1854]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,814,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,813,1804]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Morphology of Pyrearinus pumilus mature larva. (A) habitus, dorsal view, (B, C) head (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (D) maxillolabial complex (ventral view); (E, F) left antenna (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (G–I) left mandible (dorsal, lateral and ventral view, respectively), (J) left galea (ventral view), (K) anterior leg (lateral view), (L) abdominal segment IX (dorsal view), (M) abdominal segments IX and X (lateral view)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828811/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="566">Figs 3L,M</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A5A5712FFD0FCD4965B15787605" box="[840,874,585,611]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1102,1127]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,382,1077]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,381,1077]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Diagnostic features of the known larvae of Pyrearinus pumilus species group. (A–F) dorsal view of head and abdominal apex, respectively: (A, B) P. pumilus; (C, D) P. termitilluminans, (E, F) P. fragilis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828813" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828813/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="566">4B</figureCitation>
|
||
) as long as VIII, 1.2 times longer than wide, posterior margin notched at middle forming urogomphi; dorsal surface setose on posterior 2/3, with a pair of parasagittal tubercles; two tubercles on lateroposterior margin, and two tubercles at apex of each urogomphusi; tubercles spinelike and bordered by 1–3 setae; lateral margin and ventral surface densely covered with long setae. Segment X (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A5A5712FFD0FAF396A716AD7695" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1829,1854]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,814,1800]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,813,1804]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Morphology of Pyrearinus pumilus mature larva. (A) habitus, dorsal view, (B, C) head (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (D) maxillolabial complex (ventral view); (E, F) left antenna (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (G–I) left mandible (dorsal, lateral and ventral view, respectively), (J) left galea (ventral view), (K) anterior leg (lateral view), (L) abdominal segment IX (dorsal view), (M) abdominal segments IX and X (lateral view)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828811/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="566">Fig. 3M</figureCitation>
|
||
) ventral; near the anal opening: a row of short setae along the posterior margin, a pair of large anal hooks, a row of 5–6 spine-like setae laterally, and fine, longer setae along anterior margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7566575712FFD0FF0B933715D073CC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828811" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3828811" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828811/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="566" startId="5.[151,250,1829,1854]" targetBox="[159,1431,814,1800]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536DF5712FFD0FF0B933715D073CC" blockId="5.[151,1436,1829,1962]" pageId="5" pageNumber="566">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5712FFD0FF0B933717067358" bold="true" box="[151,276,1829,1854]" pageId="5" pageNumber="566">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5C5712FFD0FE2293341497735B" baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[446,645,1829,1853]" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Pyrearinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="566" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5712FFD0FE2293341497735B" box="[446,645,1829,1853]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="566">Pyrearinus pumilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mature larva. (A) habitus, dorsal view, (B, C) head (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (D) maxillolabial complex (ventral view); (E, F) left antenna (dorsal and ventral view, respectively), (G–I) left mandible (dorsal, lateral and ventral view, respectively), (J) left galea (ventral view), (K) anterior leg (lateral view), (L) abdominal segment IX (dorsal view), (M) abdominal segments IX and X (lateral view).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536DF5711FFD3FF5B948A17957501" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,359]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5711FFD3FF5B948A17A874D5" bold="true" box="[199,442,152,179]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Description of pupa.</emphasis>
|
||
Pupa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A5A5711FFD3FD9B948B146E74D5" box="[519,636,152,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1937,1962]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1185,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,1185,1912]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Bioluminescence of Pyrearinus pumilus immatures. (A, B) mature larvae (dorsal view); (C, D) pupa (ventral and dorsal view, respectively)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828815" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828815/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Figs 5C,D</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<quantity id="4CF29B3A5711FFD3FD10948B151674D5" box="[652,772,153,179]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" unit="mm" value="11.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="10.0">10–12 mm</quantity>
|
||
length; adecticous, exarate, body smooth, glabrous, creamwhite. Head directed ventrally; eyes shortly inserted into prothorax; pronotum with two pairs of cuticular prolongations: one erect pair at anterior margin and one curved pair at tips of posterior angles; one pair of very small parasagittal spines on posterior margin. Abdomen with laterodorsal functional spiracles near anterior margin of segments I–VII, tergite IX with pair of bifurcated urogomphi, covered with stout microsetae; inner rami of each urogomphus longer, with one seta.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF7566575711FFD3FF0B905C122270EC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828813" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3828813" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828813/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" startId="6.[151,250,1102,1127]" targetBox="[151,1435,382,1077]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536DF5711FFD3FF0B905C122270EC" blockId="6.[151,1436,1102,1163]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5711FFD3FF0B905C17067001" bold="true" box="[151,276,1102,1127]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Diagnostic features of the known larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5C5711FFD3FD499042158E7001" baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[725,924,1103,1127]" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Pyrearinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5711FFD3FD499042158E7001" box="[725,924,1103,1127]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Pyrearinus pumilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group. (A–F) dorsal view of head and abdominal apex, respectively: (A, B)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5C5711FFD3FE609066147770ED" baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[508,613,1139,1163]" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Pyrearinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5711FFD3FE609066147770ED" box="[508,613,1139,1163]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">P. pumilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; (C, D)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5C5711FFD3FD259066156B70ED" authorityName="Costa" authorityYear="1982" box="[697,889,1139,1163]" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Pyrearinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="termitilluminans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5711FFD3FD259066156B70ED" box="[697,889,1139,1163]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">P. termitilluminans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (E, F)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5C5711FFD3FC549066123870ED" authorityName="Costa" authorityYear="1978" box="[968,1066,1139,1163]" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Pyrearinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fragilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5711FFD3FC549066123870ED" box="[968,1066,1139,1163]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">P. fragilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF7566575711FFD3FF0B938317B073A8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828815" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3828815" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828815/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" startId="6.[151,250,1937,1962]" targetBox="[151,1435,1185,1912]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536DF5711FFD3FF0B938317B073A8" blockId="6.[151,1437,1937,1998]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5711FFD3FF0B9383170173CC" bold="true" box="[151,275,1937,1962]" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Bioluminescence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5C5711FFD3FE70938114A173CC" baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[492,691,1938,1962]" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Pyrearinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="567" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5711FFD3FE70938114A173CC" box="[492,691,1938,1962]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="567">Pyrearinus pumilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
immatures. (A, B) mature larvae (dorsal view); (C, D) pupa (ventral and dorsal view, respectively).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31065545710FFD2FF5B948A14AB7525" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536DF5710FFD2FF5B948A14AB7525" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,1151]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5710FFD2FF5B948A17BB74D5" bold="true" box="[199,425,152,179]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">Material examined</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B623C825710FFD2FE2B948B149474B1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2620266301" collectingDate="2016-11-23" collectingDateMax="2018-04-02" collectingDateMin="2016-11-23" collectionCode="V, MZUSP" collectorName="Viviani" country="Brazil" county="Canaa" location="Caverna de Canga." municipality="Carajas" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Para">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31D764F5710FFD2FE2B948B140C74D5" box="[439,542,153,179]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">BRASIL</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CEF83D5710FFD2FDB5948B144C74D5" box="[553,606,153,179]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">Pará</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62D44E535710FFD2FDF5948B14BD74D5" box="[617,687,153,179]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">Canaã</collectingCounty>
|
||
dos
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD1ACA55710FFD2FD7F948B152874D5" box="[739,826,153,179]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">Carajás</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="8ED560045710FFD2FCD9948B120874D5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A387C95715FFD2FF0B903713987019:8ED560045710FFD2FCD9948B120874D5" box="[837,1050,153,179]" country="Brazil" county="Canaa" municipality="Carajas" name="Caverna de Canga." pageId="7" pageNumber="568" stateProvince="Para">Caverna de Canga.</location>
|
||
<date id="FFB4101F5710FFD2FBBC948B12B174D5" box="[1056,1187,153,179]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" value="2016-11-23">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFF0E9F75710FFD2FBBC948B12B174D5" box="[1056,1187,153,179]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" value="2016-11-23">23.XI.2016</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1BAE1A5710FFD2FB31948B12D374D5" box="[1197,1217,153,179]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="26FF53095710FFD2FB57948B130F74D5" box="[1227,1309,153,179]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">Viviani</collectorName>
|
||
col., 1 mature larva (L5) fixed on
|
||
<date id="FFB4101F5710FFD2FE0394AF141F74B1" box="[415,525,189,215]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" value="2018-04-02">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFF0E9F75710FFD2FE0394AF141F74B1" box="[415,525,189,215]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" value="2018-04-02">2.IV.2018</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1BAE1A5710FFD2FD8694AF146C74B1" box="[538,638,189,215]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">MZUSP</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B623C825710FFD2FD0C94AF138A74B1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2620266306" box="[656,1432,189,215]" collectingDate="2018-07-04" collectionCode="UNIFEI" country="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Para">
|
||
1 larval exuvia and 1 mature larva (L3) fixed on
|
||
<date id="FFB4101F5710FFD2FB3994AF133274B1" box="[1189,1312,189,215]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" value="2018-07-04">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFF0E9F75710FFD2FB3994AF133274B1" box="[1189,1312,189,215]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" value="2018-07-04">4.VII.2018</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1BAE1A5710FFD2FAB294AF138274B1" box="[1326,1424,189,215]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">UNIFEI</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B623C825710FFD2FF0B94F3150B749D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2620266305" box="[151,793,225,251]" collectionCode="UNIFEI" country="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-adult="1" stateProvince="Para">
|
||
1 larval and 1 pupal exuvia,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0CFD565710FFD2FE4F94F31432749D" box="[467,544,225,251]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" type="adult">1 adult</specimenCount>
|
||
male (L12) (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1BAE1A5710FFD2FD2E94F31503749D" box="[690,785,225,251]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">UNIFEI</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B623C825710FFD2FC8394F314917579" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2620266302" collectingDate="2018-04-26" collectingDateMax="2018-10-23" collectingDateMin="2018-04-26" collectionCode="UNIFEI" country="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-adult="1" stateProvince="Para">
|
||
fixed on
|
||
<date id="FFB4101F5710FFD2FC1E94F315E9749D" box="[898,1019,225,251]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" value="2018-10-23">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFF0E9F75710FFD2FC1E94F315E9749D" box="[898,1019,225,251]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" value="2018-10-23">23.X.2018</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; 1 larval and 1 pupal exuviae,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0CFD565710FFD2FACC94F3138E749D" box="[1360,1436,225,251]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" type="adult">1 adult</specimenCount>
|
||
female (L1) fixed on
|
||
<date id="FFB4101F5710FFD2FE109517141A7579" box="[396,520,261,287]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" value="2018-04-26">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFF0E9F75710FFD2FE109517141A7579" box="[396,520,261,287]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" value="2018-04-26">26.IV.2018</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1BAE1A5710FFD2FD84951714687579" box="[536,634,261,287]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">UNIFEI</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B623C825710FFD2FD13951713907579" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2620266304" box="[655,1410,261,287]" collectingDate="2018-06-20" collectionCode="VI, UNIFEI" country="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Para">
|
||
1 larval exuvia and 1 pupal exuvia fixed on
|
||
<date id="FFB4101F5710FFD2FB149517131A7579" box="[1160,1288,261,287]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" value="2018-06-20">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFF0E9F75710FFD2FB149517131A7579" box="[1160,1288,261,287]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" value="2018-06-20">
|
||
20.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1BAE1A5710FFD2FB35951712DA7579" box="[1193,1224,261,287]" country="Norway" name="Mykotektet, National Veterinary Institute" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">VI</collectionCode>
|
||
.2018
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1BAE1A5710FFD2FA84951713687579" box="[1304,1402,261,287]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">UNIFEI</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B623C825710FFD2FA12951714A77525" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2620266303" collectingDate="2018-10-18" collectionCode="UNIFEI" country="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-adult="1" stateProvince="Para">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0CFD565710FFD2FA12951716DD7525" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" type="adult">1 adult</specimenCount>
|
||
female (L8) fixed on
|
||
<date id="FFB4101F5710FFD2FE5A953B142E7525" box="[454,572,297,323]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" value="2018-10-18">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFF0E9F75710FFD2FE5A953B142E7525" box="[454,572,297,323]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" value="2018-10-18">18.X.2018</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1BAE1A5710FFD2FDD7953B14BF7525" box="[587,685,297,323]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">UNIFEI</collectionCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31065545710FFD2FF5B955E13987019" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536DF5710FFD2FF5B955E176276CD" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,1151]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5710FFD2FF5B955E143B7501" bold="true" box="[199,553,332,359]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">Biology and bioluminescence.</emphasis>
|
||
Some of the biological observations made in
|
||
<date id="FFB4101F5710FFD2FBB2955F12C47501" box="[1070,1238,332,359]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" value="2014" valueMax="2015">2014 and 2015</date>
|
||
had already been reported (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B2E5710FFD2FE9F9563140B75EA" author="Viviani, V. R. & Amaral, D. T." box="[259,537,369,396]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" pagination="534 - 541" refId="ref6336" refString="Viviani, V. R. & Amaral, D. T. (2016) First report of Pyrearinus larvae (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in clayish canga caves and luminous termite mounds in the Amazon Forest with a preliminary molecular-based phylogenetic analysis of the P. pumilus group. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 109 (4), 534 - 541. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / saw 002" type="journal article" year="2016">Viviani & Amaral, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Here we point out some additional ones from an expedition in 2016. Larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5C5710FFD2FF0B9584171E75C9" baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[151,268,405,431]" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Pyrearinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5710FFD2FF0B9584171E75C9" box="[151,268,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">P. pumilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were found in crevices on the clayish walls, and the bottom of the caves, exposing their bioluminescent thorax (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A5A5710FFD2FF7395AB174C75B5" box="[239,350,440,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1937,1962]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1185,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,1185,1912]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Bioluminescence of Pyrearinus pumilus immatures. (A, B) mature larvae (dorsal view); (C, D) pupa (ventral and dorsal view, respectively)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828815" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828815/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">Fig 5A,B</figureCitation>
|
||
). There were patches with several larvae. However, they could be found spread out in different depths of the tunnels, even far from the entrances. At the end of the day, several tiny mosquitoes could be found coming in and out the entrance of the cave, suggesting that they could be putative flying prey attracted by the larval lights inside the cave. Adult females could be found inside and mainly at the entrance of the cave, whereas one male was found outside, suggesting that courtship and copula may occur outside the cave and that pregnant females may lay eggs inside the cave. However, more studies are necessary to understand the courtship and infestation by the larvae of the caves.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB536DF5710FFD2FF5B96A713987019" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,1151]" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">
|
||
Larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5C5710FFD2FEA396A417A476A9" baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[319,438,693,719]" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Pyrearinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5710FFD2FEA396A417A476A9" box="[319,438,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">P. pumilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
displays green bioluminescence from a prothoracic luminous organ and several lateral luminous spots along the mesothorax, metathorax and abdominal segments I–VIII and a dorsal luminous spot in the IX abdominal segment (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A5A5710FFD2FE3B96EF14327771" box="[423,544,764,791]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1937,1962]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1185,1912]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1435,1185,1912]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Bioluminescence of Pyrearinus pumilus immatures. (A, B) mature larvae (dorsal view); (C, D) pupa (ventral and dorsal view, respectively)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828815" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828815/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">Figs 5A,B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Visually, the bioluminescence color was green, similar to that observed for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5C5710FFD2FA1496EC1742775D" authorityName="Costa" authorityYear="1982" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Pyrearinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="termitilluminans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5710FFD2FA1496EC1742775D" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">P. termitilluminans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae that live in Cerrado termite mounds. The uncorrected luminescence spectrum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5C5710FFD2FAB49730138F775D" baseAuthorityName="Candeze" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[1320,1437,801,827]" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Pyrearinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5710FFD2FAB49730138F775D" box="[1320,1437,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">P. pumilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in the green region with the peak at
|
||
<quantity id="4CF29B3A5710FFD2FDD49756148F7739" box="[584,669,836,863]" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" unit="nm" value="550.0">550 nm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13312A5A5710FFD2FD31975714E07706" box="[685,754,837,864]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,250,2008,2033]" captionTargetBox="[235,1358,1178,1977]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[223,1364,1173,1982]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Uncorrected in vivo bioluminescence spectrum of Pyrearinus pumilus larva." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3828817" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3828817/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). The uncorrected luminescence spectrum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5C5710FFD2FB6F975416DE77E5" authorityName="Costa" authorityYear="1982" class="Insecta" family="Elateridae" genus="Pyrearinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="termitilluminans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97EEACD5710FFD2FB6F975416DE77E5" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="568">P. termitilluminans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae, measured with the same equipment has a peak at
|
||
<quantity id="4CF29B3A5710FFD2FCC3977A15AB77E5" box="[863,953,872,899]" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.46" pageId="7" pageNumber="568" unit="nm" value="546.0">546 nm</quantity>
|
||
. Luminescence of the prothoracic organ is easily stimulated upon touch, such as in the case of most other luminescent click beetle larvae, and may suggest a defensive function, besides the prey attraction. Larvae expose their luminescent prothorax outside crevices in the clayish walls and eventually on the ground and near the roof. V. R.V. had observed bioluminescent activity in the dark caves already earlier in the afternoon, around 3:00 PM in early November at temperatures ranging from 24–26 degrees C. The adult female and male display the two typical luminescent vesicles on the pronotum which produce greenish light. In the laboratory, larvae always stayed buried in the substrate and moved in a circular tunnel digging along the border of the glass. They only emitted light using the prothoracic luminous organ after being disturbed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |