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<mods:title id="A4C7097D00840863D334C0253012E2F5">Higher classification of the Monostilifera (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)</mods:title>
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Suborder
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5DFFDEFFE9FEA29BB9AA2FC5FA" box="[277,570,654,680]" class="Enopla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Nemertea" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Eumonostilifera">EUMONOSTILIFERA</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BB536DEFFDEFFE9FF209BE0A9E3C5A2" blockId="6.[151,1437,727,933]" box="[151,502,727,753]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
<emphasis id="B97EEACCFFDEFFE9FF209BE0A9E3C5A2" box="[151,502,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Morphological circumscription</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3106555FFDEFFE9FF709BCCAAB2C15B" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB536DEFFDEFFE9FF709BCCAAEAC4F7" blockId="6.[151,1437,727,933]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
Given by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B2FFFDEFFE9FE8B9BCCAA74C447" author="Chernyshev, A. V." box="[316,609,763,789]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" refId="ref21190" refString="Chernyshev, A. V. (2011 a) Comparative Morphology, Systematics and Phylogeny of the Nemerteans. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, 309 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="2011">Chernyshev (2011a: 191)</bibRefCitation>
. Monostiliferans having cerebral organs not extending behind the brain (exceptions include
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5DFFDEFFE9FECE9A28AB8DC46B" authority="Chernyshev &amp; Polyakova, 2019" authorityName="Chernyshev &amp; Polyakova" authorityYear="2019" box="[377,920,799,825]" class="Hoplonemertea" family="Amphiporidae" genus="Proamphiporus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97EEACCFFDEFFE9FECE9A28AA3DC46B" box="[377,552,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Proamphiporus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B2FFFDEFFE9FD999A28AB8DC46B" author="Chernyshev, A. V. &amp; Polyakova, N. E." box="[558,920,799,825]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="102148" refId="ref21485" refString="Chernyshev, A. V. &amp; Polyakova, N. E. (2019) Nemerteans from the deep-sea expedition KuramBio II with descriptions of three new hoplonemerteans from the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench. Progress in Oceanography, 178, 102148. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. pocean. 2019.102148" type="journal article" year="2019">Chernyshev &amp; Polyakova, 2019</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
), with simple canal, but rarely with forked canal bearing a sac-shaped cavity; mouth and rhynchodaeum merge into rhynchostomodeum, or open into a common atrium; rhynchocoel wall of either two-layered (inner longitudinal and outer circular) or interwoven musculature; myofibrils located in fibrous core of lateral nerve cord.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB536DEFFDEFFE9FF209AE4A959C4BF" blockId="6.[151,1437,979,1077]" box="[151,332,979,1005]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
<emphasis id="B97EEACCFFDEFFE9FF209AE4A959C4BF" box="[151,332,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Clade definition</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB536DEFFDEFFE9FF709AC0AA3DC367" blockId="6.[151,1437,979,1077]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
Monostiliferans that are more closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5DFFDEFFE9FD4F9AC0ACC1C343" authority="(Johnston, 1828)" baseAuthorityName="Johnston" baseAuthorityYear="1828" box="[760,1236,1015,1041]" class="Enopla" family="Amphiporidae" genus="Amphiporus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="lactifloreus">
<emphasis id="B97EEACCFFDEFFE9FD4F9AC0AC1FC343" box="[760,1034,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Amphiporus lactifloreus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B2FFFDEFFE9FBAB9AC0ACDEC343" author="Johnston, G." box="[1052,1227,1015,1041]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="486 - 491" refId="ref27377" refString="Johnston, G. (1828) Contributions to the British fauna. Zoological Journal, 3, 486 - 491. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 19597 # page / 548 / mode / 1 up]" type="journal article" year="1828">Johnston, 1828</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
than to
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5DFFDEFFE9FA8E9AC0AA31C367" authority="(Burger, 1890)" baseAuthorityName="Burger" baseAuthorityYear="1890" class="Enopla" family="Cratenemertidae" genus="Cratenemertes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Nemertea" rank="species" species="amboinensis">
<emphasis id="B97EEACCFFDEFFE9FA8E9AC0A960C367" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Cratenemertes amboinensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B2FFFDEFFE9FE349D2CAA0EC367" author="Burger, O." box="[387,539,1051,1077]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="1 - 277" refId="ref20031" refString="Burger, O. (1890) Untersuchungen uber die Anatomie und Histologie der Nemertinen nebst Beitragen zur Systematik. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoolgie, 50, 1 - 277. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 135257 # page / 11 / mode / 1 up]" type="journal article" year="1890">Bürger, 1890</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB536DEFFDEFFE9FF209D54A8ECC32F" blockId="6.[151,1437,1123,1545]" box="[151,249,1123,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
<emphasis id="B97EEACCFFDEFFE9FF209D54A8ECC32F" box="[151,249,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Remarks</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB536DEFFDEFFE9FF709DB0AB99C263" blockId="6.[151,1437,1123,1545]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B2FFFDEFFE9FF709DB0AA62C3F3" author="Thollesson, M. &amp; Norenburg, J. L." box="[199,631,1159,1185]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="407 - 415" refId="ref35462" refString="Thollesson, M. &amp; Norenburg, J. L. (2003) Ribbon worm relationships: a phylogeny of the phylum Nemertea. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 270, 407 - 415. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2002.2254" type="journal article" year="2003">Thollesson &amp; Norenburg (2003: 414)</bibRefCitation>
defined Distromatonemertea as “the most inclusive clade comprising all monostiliferous nemertea except
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5DFFDEFFE9FD869D9CAACEC397" baseAuthorityName="Gibson &amp; Crandall" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[561,731,1195,1221]" class="Enopla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Nemertea" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Cratenemertea">Cratenemertea</taxonomicName>
”. Ambiguity remains in this definition, because
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5DFFDEFFE9FB4E9D9CAD89C397" baseAuthorityName="Gibson &amp; Crandall" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[1273,1436,1195,1221]" class="Enopla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Nemertea" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Cratenemertea">Cratenemertea</taxonomicName>
was not clearly defined (see above). In descriptive terms, Distromatonemertea sounds as though it consists only of members with a two-layered rhynchocoel wall, which excludes
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5DFFDEFFE9FCDA9DC4AC26C25F" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="1990" box="[877,1075,1267,1293]" class="Enopla" family="Plectonemertidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Nemertea" rank="family">Plectonemertidae</taxonomicName>
. The name Distromatonemertea in the sense of
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B2FFFDEFFE9FE889C20AABDC263" author="Thollesson, M. &amp; Norenburg, J. L." box="[319,680,1303,1329]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="407 - 415" refId="ref35462" refString="Thollesson, M. &amp; Norenburg, J. L. (2003) Ribbon worm relationships: a phylogeny of the phylum Nemertea. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 270, 407 - 415. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2002.2254" type="journal article" year="2003">Thollesson &amp; Norenburg (2003)</bibRefCitation>
is thus problematic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB536DEFFDEFFE9FF709C0CAAB2C15B" blockId="6.[151,1437,1123,1545]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B2FFFDEFFE9FF709C0CA9B9C207" author="Chernyshev, A. V." box="[199,428,1339,1365]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="1" refId="ref20939" refString="Chernyshev, A. V. (2003 a) Classification system of the higher taxa of enoplan nemerteans (Nemertea, Enopla). Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 29 (Supplement 1), S 57 - S 65. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / B: RUMB. 0000011717.06390.30" type="journal article" year="2003">Chernyshev (2003a)</bibRefCitation>
placed
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5DFFDEFFE9FDB39C0CAA46C207" box="[516,595,1339,1365]" class="Enopla" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Nemertea" rank="class">Enopla</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5DFFDEFFE9FDCC9C0CAB3FC204" authorityName="Hubrecht" authorityYear="1879" box="[635,810,1339,1366]" class="Hoplonemertea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Nemertea" rank="class">Hoplonemertea</taxonomicName>
) at the rank of subclass and included in it five orders— Pelagica, Reptantia,
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5DFFDEFFE9FE359C68AA3DC22B" baseAuthorityName="Gibson &amp; Crandall" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[386,552,1375,1401]" class="Enopla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Nemertea" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Cratenemertea">Cratenemertea</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5DFFDEFFE9FD829C68AAF9C22B" box="[565,748,1375,1401]" class="Enopla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Nemertea" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Eumonostilifera">Eumonostilifera</taxonomicName>
, and Bdellomorpha, abandoning
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B2FFFDEFFE9FBD09C68AD5EC22B" author="Brinkmann, A." box="[1127,1355,1375,1401]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref19929" refString="Brinkmann, A. (1917) Pelagic nemerteans from the &quot; Michael Sars &quot; North Atlantic Deep-Sea Expedition 1910. Report on the Scientific Results of the &quot; Michael Sars &quot; North Atlantic Deep-Sea Expedition 1910, 3 (2), 1 - 18. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 120117 # page / 19 / mode / 1 up]" type="journal article" year="1917">Brinkmanns (1917)</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5DFFDEFFE9FAE29C68A8F7C2CF" class="Enopla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polystilifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Nemertea" rank="order">Polystilifera</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5DFFDEFFE9FEA99CB4A9AFC2CF" baseAuthorityName="Chernyshev &amp; Polyakova" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[286,442,1411,1437]" class="Enopla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Nemertea" rank="order">Monostilifera</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B2FFFDEFFE9FE709CB4AABDC2CF" author="Chernyshev, A. V." box="[455,680,1411,1437]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="1" refId="ref20939" refString="Chernyshev, A. V. (2003 a) Classification system of the higher taxa of enoplan nemerteans (Nemertea, Enopla). Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 29 (Supplement 1), S 57 - S 65. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / B: RUMB. 0000011717.06390.30" type="journal article" year="2003">
Chernyshev (2003
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B2FFFDEFFE9FD2C9CB4AABDC2CF" author="Chernyshev, A. V." box="[667,680,1411,1437]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" pagination="1" refId="ref21073" refString="Chernyshev, A. V. (2005 a) System of families of enoplan nemerteans of the order Eumonostilifera (Nemertea: Enopla). Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 31 (Supplement 1), S 27 - S 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11179 - 006 - 0012 - 6" type="journal article" year="2005">a</bibRefCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
, 2005a) originally regarded
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5DFFDEFFE9FC479CB4ACB1C2CF" box="[1008,1188,1411,1437]" class="Enopla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Nemertea" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Eumonostilifera">Eumonostilifera</taxonomicName>
as not encompassing
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5DFFDEFFE9FF209C90A926C293" authorityName="Blainville" authorityYear="1827" box="[151,307,1447,1473]" class="Enopla" family="Malacobdellidae" genus="Malacobdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97EEACCFFDEFFE9FF209C90A926C293" box="[151,307,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Malacobdella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Later,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B2FFFDEFFE9FE3C9C90AABCC293" author="Chernyshev, A. V." box="[395,681,1447,1473]" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" refId="ref21190" refString="Chernyshev, A. V. (2011 a) Comparative Morphology, Systematics and Phylogeny of the Nemerteans. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, 309 pp. [in Russian]" type="book" year="2011">Chernyshev (2011a: 191)</bibRefCitation>
amended the diagnosis of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5DFFDEFFE9FC6D9C90AC9BC293" box="[986,1166,1447,1473]" class="Enopla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Nemertea" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Eumonostilifera">Eumonostilifera</taxonomicName>
to accommodate
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5DFFDEFFE9FAEF9C90A8E2C2B7" authorityName="Blainville" authorityYear="1827" class="Enopla" family="Malacobdellidae" genus="Malacobdella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97EEACCFFDEFFE9FAEF9C90A8E2C2B7" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="157">Malacobdella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although Distromatonemertea has nomenclatural precedence over
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D5DFFDEFFE9FC5A9CFCACB1C2B7" box="[1005,1188,1483,1509]" class="Enopla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Monostilifera" pageId="6" pageNumber="157" phylum="Nemertea" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Eumonostilifera">Eumonostilifera</taxonomicName>
, I here adopt the latter due to the taxonomic uncertainty in the former.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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