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<document id="9679A919599FF181CF99E18C11806935" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4267.1.1SLASH11021" ID-CLB-Dataset="33061" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.575641" ID-GBIF-Dataset="810b55e4-b8ba-4368-bf9c-8517ee33e7d0" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="575641" ID-ZooBank="8920893E-E5F8-482A-A60D-7A248D2B0DCB" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1494577389872" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Skelley, Paul, Xu, Guang, Tang, William, Lindström, Anders J., Marler, Thomas, Khuraijam, Jibankumar Singh, Singh, Rita &amp; Rich, Stephen" docDate="2017" docId="03A38781FFF3FF9AFF70FD17FDD1C1AA" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4267.1.1SLASH11021.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4267 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Cycadophila nigra" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="22" masterDocId="FF9AFFF9FFE6FF8FFFE7FFEBFFD5C639" masterDocTitle="Review of Cycadophila Xu, Tang &amp; Skelley (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting Cycas (Cycadaceae) in Asia, with descriptions of a new subgenus and thirteen new species" masterLastPageNumber="63" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="22" updateTime="1698439510239" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="41D9164660016382893FF71042AD4B6D">Review of Cycadophila Xu, Tang &amp; Skelley (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting Cycas (Cycadaceae) in Asia, with descriptions of a new subgenus and thirteen new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D3E46D52B0DF0CA1DEAC55E767A2763E">Lindström, Anders J.</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="C310651CFFF3FF9AFF70FD17FE5BC52F" box="[151,398,764,790]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB53697FFF3FF9AFF70FD17FE5BC52F" blockId="21.[151,398,764,790]" box="[151,398,764,790]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<heading id="D0FD81FBFFF3FF9AFF70FD17FE5BC52F" bold="true" box="[151,398,764,790]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFF3FF9AFF70FD17FE5BC52F" bold="true" box="[151,398,764,790]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFF3FF9AFF70FD17FF0AC52F" box="[151,223,764,790]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Cycadophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigra">Nigra</taxonomicName>
species group
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C310651CFFF3FF9AFF70FCA9FC83C316" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BB53697FFF3FF9AFF70FCA9FC83C316" blockId="21.[151,1437,834,1939]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFF3FF9AFF70FCA9FE8DC562" bold="true" box="[151,344,834,859]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Adult diagnosis.</emphasis>
The
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFF3FF9AFE74FCA9FD1EC562" box="[403,715,834,859]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Cycadophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFF3FF9AFE74FCA9FDF7C562" box="[403,546,834,859]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Cycadophila</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFF3FF9AFDD4FCA9FD17C562" box="[563,706,834,859]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Cycadophila</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFF3FF9AFD34FCA9FCD8C562" box="[723,781,834,859]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Cycadophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigra">nigra</taxonomicName>
species group is easily distinguished from other members of
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<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFF3FF9AFF52FC8DFE91C546" box="[181,324,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Cycadophila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the dark brown to black body often with elytral markings; head dorsal surface convex in profile, most notable over frons and clypeus; supraocular stria present, short, &lt;1/2 posterior length of eye; maxillary palpi normal in length, not more than 2× longer than labial palpi; ventral interocular distance approximately 1/2 head width; submental-gular suture primarily flattened, medially with depression between two pits, depression and pits variable in depth from just notable to sharply defined; pronotal angles sharply angulate, surface near anterior angle usually more convex (reflexed), lateral carinae straight most of middle length, basal margin appearing quadrate, straight at sides, angulate next to juncture with discal groove and pore, then evenly rounded (lobed) at middle; pronotal lateral carina thin in lateral view, with single row of setose punctation on marginal surface; prosternal process broad (&gt;1/2 width of profemur), truncated at apex, apex not notably depressed, in lateral view flattened; protibia weakly dilated distally, lacking fringe of stout setae along apical and lateral margins, may have couple of stout setae at disto-lateral angle; coxal line behind mesocoxae usually with large deep punctures; male genitalia with tegmen moderately twisted basally, penile strut
<date id="FFB41057FFF3FF9AFD1EFB19FC9FC332" box="[761,842,1266,1291]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2000-05-06">5.006.</date>
0 0× length of median lobe; and sexual dimorphism when present involves some modification to the male hind leg.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C310651CFFF3FF9AFF20FAD1FDD1C1AA" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB53697FFF3FF9AFF20FAD1FE23C012" blockId="21.[151,1437,834,1939]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFF3FF9AFF20FAD1FEEEC36A" bold="true" box="[199,315,1338,1363]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Remarks.</emphasis>
Some members of the
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFF3FF9AFDB9FAD1FD4DC36A" box="[606,664,1338,1363]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Cycadophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigra">nigra</taxonomicName>
species group are superficially similar in general appearance to
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFF3FF9AFF70FAB5FE40C34E" box="[151,405,1374,1399]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kirschii">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFF3FF9AFF70FAB5FE40C34E" box="[151,405,1374,1399]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Pharaxonotha kirschii</emphasis>
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(a New World species, occasionally reported as a stored product pest, the Mexican grain beetle;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B66FFF3FF9AFF0EFA69FEACC3A2" author="Hinton" box="[233,377,1410,1435]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Hinton, H. E. (1945) A Monograph of the Beetles Associated with Stored Products. Folume 1. British Museum (Natural History), London, 443 pp." type="book" year="1945">Hinton 1945</bibRefCitation>
; USDA 2015). The similarity is so striking that entirely dark specimens of the
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFF3FF9AFB0BFA69FAF0C3A2" box="[1260,1317,1410,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Cycadophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigra">nigra</taxonomicName>
group can be easily confused with
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFF3FF9AFE5CFA4CFDE5C386" box="[443,560,1446,1471]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kirschii">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFF3FF9AFE5CFA4CFDE5C386" box="[443,560,1446,1471]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">P. kirschii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, the presence of a small temple behind the eye, dorsoventrally flattened male genitalia, male with small tooth on apex of last abdominal ventrite, and distribution readily distinguish
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFF3FF9AFEFEFA04FE5DC03E" box="[281,392,1518,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kirschii">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFF3FF9AFEFEFA04FE5DC03E" box="[281,392,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">P. kirschii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFF3FF9AFE11FA05FDE5C03E" box="[502,560,1518,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Cycadophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigra">nigra</taxonomicName>
group which mostly lack the temple, have twisted genitalia, and lack sexually dimorphic abdominal ventrites.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB53697FFF3FF9AFF20F9DDFAB7C13A" blockId="21.[151,1437,834,1939]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
The striking similarity in general body plans between the cycad-inhabiting members of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFF3FF9AFB2EF9DDFABCC076" box="[1225,1385,1590,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFF3FF9AFB2EF9DDFABCC076" box="[1225,1385,1590,1615]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Pharaxonotha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and those of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFF3FF9AFF11F9B1FE50C04A" box="[246,389,1626,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Cycadophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFF3FF9AFF11F9B1FE50C04A" box="[246,389,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Cycadophila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
other than the
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFF3FF9AFDCBF9B1FDB3C04A" box="[556,614,1626,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Cycadophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigra">nigra</taxonomicName>
species group, may be convergences based on similarities in life histories on cycads. In contrast, the superficial similarity of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFF3FF9AFD14F994FCB2C0AE" box="[755,871,1662,1687]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kirschii">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFF3FF9AFD14F994FCB2C0AE" box="[755,871,1662,1687]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">P. kirschii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(the only
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFF3FF9AFC01F995FB53C0AE" box="[998,1158,1662,1687]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFF3FF9AFC01F995FB53C0AE" box="[998,1158,1662,1687]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Pharaxonotha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. not associated with cycads) and those of the
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFF3FF9AFE55F949FE3EC082" box="[434,491,1698,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Cycadophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigra">nigra</taxonomicName>
species group, may indicate similarities in life histories not involving cycad cones. The general paucity of some of these species in available materials collected on cycads supports the hypothesis that some members of the
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFF3FF9AFE69F901FE1DC13A" box="[398,456,1770,1795]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Cycadophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigra">nigra</taxonomicName>
species group are not obligate cycad cone associates and may feed on other hosts.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB53697FFF3FF9AFF20F8E5FDD1C1AA" blockId="21.[151,1437,834,1939]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
The
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFF3FF9AFF1AF8E5FEE2C11E" box="[253,311,1806,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Cycadophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigra">nigra</taxonomicName>
species group is the most diverse group of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFF3FF9AFCD8F8E5FC1BC11E" box="[831,974,1806,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Cycadophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFF3FF9AFCD8F8E5FC1BC11E" box="[831,974,1806,1831]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Cycadophila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Molecular analyses of two species are presented in this paper and they are consistent with the concept of a monophyletic clade, but the variability in morphological characters of taxa lacking molecular data do not yet warrant naming of this group as a distinct subgenus or to split it up further.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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