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<mods:title id="C4C8FBE34A76980CB45F450FA4F4FD40">Mammals of Korea: a review of their taxonomy, distribution and conservation status</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4A67642F2EC89D8EEB07D5347C029DD9">Jo, Yeong-Seok</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03A0BE3B646AFFDDFF4FF933FD1550CB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4571310" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154499193" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4571310" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A0BE3B646AFFDDFF4FF933FD1550CB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A0BE3B646AFFDDFF4FF933FD1550CB" lastPageId="98" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
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<paragraph id="8BB60F2D646AFFDFFF4FF933FCE551D5" blockId="96.[151,804,1701,1727]" box="[151,804,1701,1727]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<heading id="D0FEB841646AFFDFFF4FF933FCE551D5" bold="true" box="[151,804,1701,1727]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" reason="4">
<emphasis id="B97DD33F646AFFDFFF4FF933FCE551D5" bold="true" box="[151,804,1701,1727]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicName id="4C0974AE646AFFDFFF4FF933FE1251D5" ID-CoL="6VBY4" ID-ENA="39090" authority="Pallas, 1811" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1811" box="[151,467,1701,1727]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Phoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="largha">
<emphasis id="B97DD33F646AFFDFFF4FF933FEFA51D5" bold="true" box="[151,315,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Phoca largha</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9872DC646AFFDFFE9AF933FE1251D5" author="Pallas" box="[322,467,1701,1727]" firstAuthor="Pallas" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref117546" refString="Pallas, P. S. (1811 [1831]) Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, sistens omnium Animalium in extensor Imperio Rossico et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicillia, mores et descriptions, anatomen atque icons plurimorum. 3. Fol. 1. Academiae Scientiarum, St. Petersburg, 568 pp. [in Latin]" type="book" year="1811">Pallas, 1811</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
—Spotted Seal, largha seal
</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AA8293C646AFFDFFF4FF97AFE225068" author="Pallas" box="[151,483,1772,1794]" page="" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" year="1811">
<taxonomicName id="4C0974AE646AFFDFFF4FF97AFE225068" ID-CoL="6VBY4" authority="Pallas, 1811 p. 113" authorityName="Pallas" authorityPageNumber="113" authorityYear="1811" box="[151,483,1772,1794]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Phoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="largha">
<emphasis id="B97DD33F646AFFDFFF4FF97AFEE05068" box="[151,289,1772,1794]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<emphasis id="B97DD33F646AFFDFFF4FF97AFF195068" box="[151,216,1772,1794]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Phoca</emphasis>
largha
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9872DC646AFFDFFEFFF97AFE225068" author="Pallas" box="[295,483,1772,1794]" firstAuthor="Pallas" page="113" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref117546" refString="Pallas, P. S. (1811 [1831]) Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, sistens omnium Animalium in extensor Imperio Rossico et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicillia, mores et descriptions, anatomen atque icons plurimorum. 3. Fol. 1. Academiae Scientiarum, St. Petersburg, 568 pp. [in Latin]" type="book" year="1811">Pallas, 1811 p.113</bibRefCitation>
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;
<typeStatus id="54B2B18F646AFFDFFE35F97BFDDE5068" box="[493,543,1773,1794]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Type</typeStatus>
locality- eastern coast of
<collectingRegion id="49CDC1CF646AFFDFFCFCF97AFC5B5068" box="[804,922,1772,1794]" country="Russia" name="Kamchatka" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Kamchatka</collectingRegion>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AA8293C646AFFDFFC7DF97BFB645068" author="Won &amp; Smith" box="[933,1189,1772,1794]" page="" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" year="1999">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9872DC646AFFDFFC7DF97BFB645068" author="Won &amp; Smith" box="[933,1189,1772,1794]" firstAuthor="Won" page="29" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="3 - 33" refId="ref125289" refString="Won, C. M. &amp; Smith, K. G. (1999) History and current status of mammals of the Korean Peninsula. Mammal Review, 29, 3 - 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2907.1999.00034. x" type="journal article" year="1999">Won &amp; Smith, 1999 p.29</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="0AA8293C646AFFDFFB68F97AFA9F5068" author="Kim" box="[1200,1374,1772,1794]" page="" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" year="2004">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9872DC646AFFDFFB68F97AFA9F5068" author="Kim, Z. G." box="[1200,1374,1772,1794]" editor="Won, B. O." firstAuthor="Kim" journalOrPublisher="Dongbang Media Press, Seoul" page="194" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="184 - 254" refId="ref107731" refString="Kim, Z. G. (2004) Suborder Pinnipedia &amp; Order Cetacea. In: Won, B. O. (Ed.), The mammals of Korea. Dongbang Media Press, Seoul, pp. 184 - 254. [in Korean]" title="Suborder Pinnipedia &amp; Order Cetacea" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The mammals of Korea" year="2004">Kim, 2004 p.194</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB60F2D646AFFDFFF4FF89DFCA3504A" blockId="96.[151,1378,1772,1855]" box="[151,866,1802,1824]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB192803646AFFDFFF4FF89DFCA3504A" box="[151,866,1802,1824]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<treatmentCitation id="0AA8293C646AFFDFFF4FF89DFD62504A" author="Ellerman &amp; Morrison-Scott" box="[151,675,1802,1824]" page="" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" year="1951">
<taxonomicName id="4C0974AE646AFFDFFF4FF89DFD62504A" ID-CoL="4GK65" authority=": Ellerman &amp; Morrison-Scott, 1951 p. 328" authorityName=": Ellerman &amp; Morrison-Scott" authorityPageNumber="328" authorityYear="1951" box="[151,675,1802,1824]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Phoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vitulina">
<emphasis id="B97DD33F646AFFDFFF4FF89DFF3C504A" box="[151,253,1802,1824]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">P. vitulina</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF9872DC646AFFDFFED2F89CFD62504A" author="Ellerman &amp; Morrison-Scott" box="[266,675,1802,1824]" firstAuthor="Ellerman" page="328" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref99704" refString="Ellerman, J. R. &amp; Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1951) Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals 1758 to 1946. British Museum (Natural History), London, 810 pp." type="book" year="1951">Ellerman &amp; Morrison-Scott, 1951 p.328</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="0AA8293C646AFFDFFD76F89DFC9E504A" author="Won" box="[686,863,1802,1824]" page="" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" year="1968">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9872DC646AFFDFFD76F89DFC9E504A" author="Won" box="[686,863,1802,1824]" firstAuthor="Won" page="336" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref125422" refString="Won, H. K. (1968) The mammals of Korea. Institute of Science Press, Pyeongyang, 408 pp. [in Korean]" type="book" year="1968">Won, 1968 p.336</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB60F2D646AFFDFFF4FF8BCFBA65055" blockId="96.[151,1378,1772,1855]" box="[151,1127,1833,1855]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB192803646AFFDFFF4FF8BCFBA65055" box="[151,1127,1833,1855]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<treatmentCitation id="0AA8293C646AFFDFFF4FF8BCFD2D5055" author="Ellerman &amp; Morrison-Scott" box="[151,748,1833,1855]" page="" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" year="1951">
<taxonomicName id="4C0974AE646AFFDFFF4FF8BCFD2D5055" ID-CoL="6VBY4" authority=": Ellerman &amp; Morrison-Scott, 1951 p. 328" authorityName=": Ellerman &amp; Morrison-Scott" authorityPageNumber="328" authorityYear="1951" box="[151,748,1833,1855]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Phoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vitulina" subSpecies="largha">
<emphasis id="B97DD33F646AFFDFFF4FF8BCFE875055" box="[151,326,1833,1855]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">P. vitulina largha</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF9872DC646AFFDFFE8BF8BFFD2D5055" author="Ellerman &amp; Morrison-Scott" box="[339,748,1833,1855]" firstAuthor="Ellerman" page="328" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref99704" refString="Ellerman, J. R. &amp; Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1951) Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals 1758 to 1946. British Museum (Natural History), London, 810 pp." type="book" year="1951">Ellerman &amp; Morrison-Scott, 1951 p.328</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AA8293C646AFFDFFD2FF8BCFC695055" author="Won" box="[759,936,1833,1855]" page="" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" year="1958">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9872DC646AFFDFFD2FF8BCFC695055" author="Won" box="[759,936,1833,1855]" firstAuthor="Won" page="436" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="427 - 460" refId="ref125450" refString="Won, P. H. (1958) A hand list of Korean mammals. Bulletin of Kyung-Hee University, 1, 427 - 460." type="journal article" year="1958">Won, 1958 p.436</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AA8293C646AFFDFFC6AF8BCFBA35055" author="Won" box="[946,1122,1833,1855]" page="" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" year="1968">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9872DC646AFFDFFC6AF8BCFBA35055" author="Won" box="[946,1122,1833,1855]" firstAuthor="Won" page="338" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" refId="ref125422" refString="Won, H. K. (1968) The mammals of Korea. Institute of Science Press, Pyeongyang, 408 pp. [in Korean]" type="book" year="1968">Won, 1968 p.338</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3135CA6646AFFDFFF4FF8FAFD58509B" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BB60F2D646AFFDFFF4FF8FAFD58509B" blockId="96.[151,1436,1900,2033]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<emphasis id="B97DD33F646AFFDFFF4FF8FAFF2D50EE" bold="true" box="[151,236,1900,1924]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Range:</emphasis>
A large colony of several hundred
<taxonomicName id="4C0974AE646AFFDFFD49F8FBFD3A50EF" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1811" box="[657,763,1900,1925]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Phoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="largha">
<emphasis id="B97DD33F646AFFDFFD49F8FBFD5E50EE" box="[657,671,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B97DD33F646AFFDFFD69F8FAFD3A50EF" box="[689,763,1900,1925]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">largha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
migrates annually through the Yellow Sea, East Sea, and
<collectingCountry id="F31E4FBD646AFFDFFF4FF806FF1D50CD" box="[151,220,1936,1959]" name="South Korea" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Korea</collectingCountry>
Strait and moves onto Baengnyeong Island in the Yellow Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9872DC646AFFDFFC64F806FB3050C2" author="Won, C. M. &amp; Yoo, B. H." box="[956,1265,1935,1960]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="109 - 112" refId="ref125341" refString="Won, C. M. &amp; Yoo, B. H. (2004) Abundance, seasonal haul-out patterns and conservation of spotted seals Phoca largha along the coast of Bak-ryoung Island, South Korea. Oryx, 38, 109 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0030605304000171" type="journal article" year="2004">
Won &amp; Yoo 2004;
<figureCitation id="133213A8646AFFDFFB43F819FB3050C2" box="[1179,1265,1935,1960]" captionStart="FIGURE 64" captionStartId="98.[151,250,1687,1709]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,193,1666]" captionTargetId="figure@98.[340,1247,193,1666]" captionTargetPageId="98" captionText="FIGURE 64. Range map of Phoca largha in Korea." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4571872" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4571872/files/figure.png" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Fig. 64</figureCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
). Also, several individuals reside along the coast in small rocky islets near Gyeongpo beach, Gangneung City in the East Sea and Garorim Bay in the Yellow Sea (NIBR 2015).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3135CA6646BFFDDFF1FFF0EFD1550CB" lastPageId="98" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB60F2D646BFFDEFF1FFF0EFE8C560E" blockId="97.[151,1437,151,357]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
<emphasis id="B97DD33F646BFFDEFF1FFF0EFEFC57DA" bold="true" box="[199,317,152,176]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Remarks:</emphasis>
Based on external appearances, harbor and spotted seals are not readily distinguishable from each other. The two species are very similar in appearance, but the spots of the harbor seal tend to appear more faded and sparser on the underside of the body. The spotted seal is slightly smaller than the harbor seal and has a darker face and muzzle, and there are behavioral differences between the two species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9872DC646BFFDEFBC9FE92FAE95677" author="Shirihai &amp; Jarrett" box="[1041,1320,260,285]" firstAuthor="Shirihai" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" refId="ref120323" refString="Shirihai, H. &amp; Jarrett, B. (2006) Whales, dolphins and other marine mammals of the world. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 384 pp." type="book" year="2006">Shirihai &amp; Jarrett 2006</bibRefCitation>
). MtDNA studies confirmed the respective uniqueness of harbor and spotted seals at the species level (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9872DC646BFFDEFB10FEBEFE81560E" author="O'Corry-Crowe &amp; Westlake" firstAuthor="O'Corry-Crowe" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" pagination="291 - 304" refId="ref115833" refString="O'Corry-Crowe, G. M. &amp; Westlake, R. L. (1997) Molecular investigations of spotted seals (Phoca largha) and harbor seals (P. vitulina), and their relationship in areas of sympatry. In: Dizon, A. E., Chivers, S. J. &amp; Perrin, W. F. (Eds.), Molecular genetics of marine mammals. The Society of Marine Mammalogy, pp. 291 - 304." type="book chapter" year="1997">O’Corry-Crowe &amp; Westlake 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF765FA5646BFFDEFF4FF8F9FD3A50EF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4571870" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4571870" box="[151,763,1903,1925]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4571870/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" targetBox="[340,1247,409,1882]" targetPageId="97">
<paragraph id="8BB60F2D646BFFDEFF4FF8F9FD3A50EF" blockId="97.[151,763,1903,1925]" box="[151,763,1903,1925]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
<emphasis id="B97DD33F646BFFDEFF4FF8F9FEDE50EE" bold="true" box="[151,287,1903,1925]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">FIGURE 63.</emphasis>
Range map of
<taxonomicName id="4C0974AE646BFFDEFE62F8F9FD5750EF" authorityName=": Won" authorityYear="1968" box="[442,662,1903,1925]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Histriophoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciata">
<emphasis id="B97DD33F646BFFDEFE62F8F9FD5750EF" box="[442,662,1903,1925]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Histriophoca fasciata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Korea.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF765FA56468FFDDFF4FF901FD6851C7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4571872" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4571872" box="[151,681,1687,1709]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4571872/files/figure.png" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" targetBox="[340,1247,193,1666]" targetPageId="98">
<paragraph id="8BB60F2D6468FFDDFF4FF901FD6851C7" blockId="98.[151,681,1687,1709]" box="[151,681,1687,1709]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
<emphasis id="B97DD33F6468FFDDFF4FF901FEDE51C6" bold="true" box="[151,287,1687,1709]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">FIGURE 64.</emphasis>
Range map of
<taxonomicName id="4C0974AE6468FFDDFE62F901FD8551C7" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1811" box="[442,580,1687,1709]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Phoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="largha">
<emphasis id="B97DD33F6468FFDDFE62F901FD8551C7" box="[442,580,1687,1709]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Phoca largha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Korea.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB60F2D6468FFDDFF1FF942FD1550CB" blockId="98.[151,1437,1748,1953]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
<emphasis id="B97DD33F6468FFDDFF1FF942FE005187" bold="true" box="[199,449,1748,1773]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Conservation status:</emphasis>
The Cultural and Heritage Administration in
<collectingCountry id="F31E4FBD6468FFDDFC04F942FBAC5186" box="[988,1133,1748,1773]" name="South Korea" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">South Korea</collectingCountry>
designated
<taxonomicName id="4C0974AE6468FFDDFB22F940FAA25187" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1811" box="[1274,1379,1748,1773]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Phoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="largha">
<emphasis id="B97DD33F6468FFDDFB22F940FAA25187" box="[1274,1379,1748,1773]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">P. largha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a Natural Monument in 1982, followed by a declaration as an Endangered Species in 1997 by the Ministry of Environment and a Protected Marine Species in 2007 by the Ministry of Land, Transports and Maritime Affairs. Korean populations are regarded as ‘Endangered’ in both the North and South Korean Red Data Books (MAB
<bibRefCitation id="EF9872DC6468FFDDFF4FF8F2FDAF5017" author="National Committee of DPR Korea" box="[151,622,1892,1917]" firstAuthor="National Committee of DPR Korea" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" refId="ref112594" refString="MAB National Committee of DPR Korea (2002) Red Data Book of DPRK (Animal). Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Pyongyang, 316 pp." type="book" year="2002">
National Committee of DPR
<collectingCountry id="F31E4FBD6468FFDDFE3EF8F3FDEB5016" box="[486,554,1893,1916]" name="South Korea" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Korea</collectingCountry>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
; NIBR 2012). Populations declined from 8,000 individuals in 1940s to
<quantity id="4CF1A2C86468FFDDFF4FF81FFF3250CB" box="[151,243,1928,1953]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.842" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" unit="in" value="2300.0">2,300 in</quantity>
1980s and
<quantity id="4CF1A2C86468FFDDFEABF81EFE3350CB" box="[371,498,1928,1953]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.778" metricValueMax="2.032" metricValueMin="1.524" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" unit="in" value="700.0" valueMax="800.0" valueMin="600.0">600–800 in</quantity>
2010 (NIBR 2012).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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