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305 lines
40 KiB
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<document id="95A2AB8DB1C4B791AAD03BB05AE3E644" ID-CLB-Dataset="157785" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b8beacf0-8401-4c8b-8b7e-8e97dc1a199e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7144073" ID-ZooBank="B66F9DFC-3BF3-42CA-B08F-F983FD615F4E" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1664794547649" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Macià, Ramon, Ylla, Josep, Gastón, Javier, Huertas, Manuel & Bau, Josep" docDate="2022" docId="039487ACFFD1BA79FF11E26050E4FAD4" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5191.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5191 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Lithosiina Billberg 1820" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="FFADFFD4FFDBBA72FF86E7365171FFE5" masterDocTitle="The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini)" masterLastPageNumber="87" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="11" updateTime="1699386762070" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="1D886A73D52BE2902C300FA48AE75595">
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<mods:title id="BC2D71AFDE042147B5A40523D8A42EB3">The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="31EE172A9DF5023EF5FB172A0FBF7AF5">Macià, Ramon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="0641E09CBB9338DCB181F13A73C14664" type="ORCID">0000-0002-2166-1540</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="FF9CA07D69484CF959EFC015E4AE2F0F">Corresponding author</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="95CC159F3224B743BEC95EDC1025009E" type="email">rmaciavila@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm id="C8773F62AAC44399BC9239DEDDC2053A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D29493B00865217017CD962F1D06521A">Ylla, Josep</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="36875D804EFB64506078B91A888F2BDF" type="ORCID">0000-0001-7280-9421</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="9779B42CC0FF7980A32EA33CF2DC67D5">Gastón, Javier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="5AE00A00F546893F992837884C978710" type="ORCID">0000-0003-3382-3874</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="3DED1EFCEA4A172D4414AC7D86F409A9">Huertas, Manuel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="6682819DD5F975BF301EBFE116536740" type="ORCID">0000-0002-6758-1984</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="16C995FCEDB39B2F9FB18861CA46263D">Apartado de Correos 47, 21080 Huelva, Spain. huertasdionisio @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6758 - 1984</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="029A59F3EBCD2E3A31DD6B174718DF9C" type="email">huertasdionisio@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="894765D422F767A9714D761D5A2D5C30">Bau, Josep</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="BFC5398BE1554E7C16A237B43F3DCC68" type="ORCID">0000-0002-9231-2356</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="80A80C54F4DF9D296C30D33E9AB7FD34">Biosciences Department, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia, 08500, Vic, Spain. josep. bau @ uvic. cat; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9231 - 2356</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B65D1A14E8D29C22F2FD2F8AD412DAAC" type="email">josep.bau@uvic.cat</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="7ED7D1FB79C0B3288C70180AF9A2F14E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="882BCECB032C3CD53435D4F9D8F5C3D5">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="17456A800788D49DE48DA1A331A9F307">2022-10-03</mods:number>
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<treatment id="039487ACFFD1BA79FF11E26050E4FAD4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7144077" ID-GBIF-Taxon="202132976" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7144077" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039487ACFFD1BA79FF11E26050E4FAD4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039487ACFFD1BA79FF11E26050E4FAD4" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<subSubSection id="C3276531FFD1BA78FF11E2605330FA95" box="[151,577,1366,1392]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8236BAFFD1BA78FF11E2605330FA95" blockId="10.[151,577,1366,1392]" box="[151,577,1366,1392]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD1BA78FF11E2605330FA95" bold="true" box="[151,577,1366,1392]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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Subtribe
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD1BA78FE8AE2605330FA95" authority="Billberg, 1820" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[268,577,1366,1392]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Lithosiina">
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Lithosiina
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAC4B4BFFD1BA78FE14E2605330FA95" author="Billberg, G. J." box="[402,577,1366,1392]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref57642" refString="Billberg, G. J. (1820) Enumeratio insectorum in museo G. J. Billberg. Typis Gadelianis, Holmiae, II + 138 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49763" type="book" year="1820">Billberg, 1820</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3276531FFD1BA79FF11E2A8519DFCB8" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8236BAFFD1BA78FF11E2A85304F9AD" blockId="10.[151,1437,1438,2041]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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The
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD1BA78FF41E2A850A3FA5C" authority="Leach, [1815]" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[199,466,1438,1465]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arctiinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Arctiinae Leach, [1815]</taxonomicName>
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, constitutes a very extensive subfamily of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD1BA78FC23E2A8555DFA5D" box="[933,1068,1438,1464]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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belonging to the family
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD1BA78FABFE2A8503AFA38" authority="(Leach, [1815])" baseAuthorityName="Leach" baseAuthorityYear="1815" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Erebidae (Leach, [1815])</taxonomicName>
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. Globally, the number of the tribe
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD1BA78FD49E2F45297FA39" authority="Billberg, 1820" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[719,998,1474,1500]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Lithosiini" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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Lithosiini
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAC4B4BFFD1BA78FCC2E2F45297FA39" author="Billberg, G. J." box="[836,998,1474,1500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref57642" refString="Billberg, G. J. (1820) Enumeratio insectorum in museo G. J. Billberg. Typis Gadelianis, Holmiae, II + 138 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49763" type="book" year="1820">Billberg, 1820</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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described is approximately 3150, with an estimated total around 6000 species (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAC4B4BFFD1BA78FDD0E2D05246F9E5" author="Wagner, D. L. & Rota, J. & Mc Cabe, T. L." box="[598,823,1510,1537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="40 - 52" refId="ref60879" refString="Wagner, D. L., Rota, J. & Mc Cabe, T. L. (2008). Larva of Abablemma (Noctuidae) with notes on algivory and lichenovory in macrolepidoptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 101, 40 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / 0013 - 8746 (2008) 101 [40: LOANWN] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2008">
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Wagner
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<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD1BA78FD33E2D15397F9E5" box="[693,742,1510,1536]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
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., 2008
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</bibRefCitation>
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), the most of them belonging to the subtribe
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD1BA78FAADE2D0504DF9C1" authority="Billberg, 1820" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Lithosiina">
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Lithosiina
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAC4B4BFFD1BA78FF11E13C504DF9C1" author="Billberg, G. J." box="[151,316,1546,1572]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref57642" refString="Billberg, G. J. (1820) Enumeratio insectorum in museo G. J. Billberg. Typis Gadelianis, Holmiae, II + 138 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 49763" type="book" year="1820">Billberg, 1820</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD1BA78FECEE13D50F7F9C1" box="[328,390,1547,1572]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">sensu</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAC4B4BFFD1BA78FE08E13C5307F9C0" author="Birket-Smith, J." box="[398,630,1546,1573]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 161" refId="ref57685" refString="Birket-Smith, J. (1965) A revision of the West African eilemic moths, based on the male genitalia (Lep, Arctidae, Lithosinae; incl. Gena. Crocosia, Eilema, Lithosia, Pelosia, Phyganopsis a. o.). Papers from the Faculty of Science, Haile Selassie I University, Series C: Zoology, 1, 1 - 161. [31]" type="journal article" year="1965">Birket-Smith (1965)</bibRefCitation>
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. This extensive group is named as the “lichen moths”, although lichens are not always their only trophic substrate.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8236BAFFD1BA78FF41E1645181F8C5" blockId="10.[151,1437,1438,2041]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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The subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD1BA78FEF1E16450AEF989" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[375,479,1618,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Arctiinae">Arctiinae</taxonomicName>
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was previously placed in the family
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD1BA78FC1EE1645572F989" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[920,1027,1618,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Arctiidae</taxonomicName>
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, and subsequently reclassified as a subfamily within the
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD1BA78FE08E14053ADF975" authority="(Zahiri et al. 2012)" baseAuthorityName="Zahiri" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[398,732,1654,1681]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
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Erebidae (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAC4B4BFFD1BA78FD85E14053A5F975" author="Zahiri, R. & Holloway, J. D. & Kitching, I. J. & Lafontaine, J. D. & Mutanen, M. & Wahlberg, N." box="[515,724,1654,1681]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="102 - 124" refId="ref61372" refString="Zahiri, R., Holloway, J. D., Kitching, I. J., Lafontaine, J. D., Mutanen, M. & Wahlberg, N. (2012). Molecular phylogeneticsof Erebidae. Systematic Entomology 37, 102 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2011.00607. x" type="journal article" year="2012">
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Zahiri
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<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD1BA78FDD5E14153F6F975" box="[595,647,1654,1680]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
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. 2012
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</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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. The original subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD1BA78FC7EE1405507F975" box="[1016,1142,1654,1680]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lithosiinae">Lithosiinae</taxonomicName>
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was downgraded to tribe status as
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD1BA78FE82E1AC5004F951" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[260,373,1690,1716]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Lithosiini">Lithosiini</taxonomicName>
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. Certain specialists do not fully agree with all these changes, and an exhaustive review of
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD1BA78FF11E1885075F93D" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[151,260,1726,1752]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Lithosiini">Lithosiini</taxonomicName>
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systematics is required.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAC4B4BFFD1BA78FD93E188521AF93D" author="Dubatolov, V. V. & Zolotuhin, V. V." box="[533,875,1726,1752]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="367 - 379" refId="ref58185" refString="Dubatolov, V. V. & Zolotuhin, V. V. (2011) Does Eilema Hubner, [1819] (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae, Lithosiinae) present one or several genera? Eurasian Entomological Journal, 10 (3), 367 - 379." type="journal article" year="2011">Dubatolov & Zolotuhin (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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refer to this in their attempt to separate the
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<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD1BA78FACBE1885199F919" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD1BA78FACBE18854EDF93D" box="[1357,1436,1726,1752]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Eilema</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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into monophyletic groups that could be treated as good genera or subgenera, focusing only on Palaeartic species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8236BAFFD1BA78FF41E01D553BF81D" blockId="10.[151,1437,1438,2041]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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We must also mention the eastern, Afrotropical or Australian species.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAC4B4BFFD1BA78FB8AE01C5586F8A0" author="Birket-Smith, J." box="[1036,1271,1834,1861]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 161" refId="ref57685" refString="Birket-Smith, J. (1965) A revision of the West African eilemic moths, based on the male genitalia (Lep, Arctidae, Lithosinae; incl. Gena. Crocosia, Eilema, Lithosia, Pelosia, Phyganopsis a. o.). Papers from the Faculty of Science, Haile Selassie I University, Series C: Zoology, 1, 1 - 161. [31]" type="journal article" year="1965">Birket-Smith (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, in a detailed analysis, dealt with some Palaeartic and African genera in a generic revision of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD1BA78FBBFE07855D7F88D" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[1081,1190,1870,1896]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Lithosiini">Lithosiini</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC4B4BFFD1BA78FB5AE07854EDF88D" author="Holloway, J. D." box="[1244,1436,1870,1896]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="279 - 458" refId="ref58646" refString="Holloway, J. D. (2001) The Moths of Borneo: family Arctiidae, subfamily Lithosiinae. Malayan Natature Journal 55, 279 - 458." type="journal article" year="2001">Holloway (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
transferred several eastern species to the genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD1BA78FD37E04552EAF869" authority="Moore, 1878" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1878" box="[689,923,1906,1933]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bruniaceae" genus="Brunia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bruniales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD1BA78FD37E045538EF869" box="[689,767,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Brunia</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC4B4BFFD1BA78FC80E04552EAF869" author="Moore, F." box="[774,923,1906,1933]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="3 - 37" refId="ref59474" refString="Moore, F. (1878) A revision of certain Genera of European and Asiatic Lithosiinae, with characters of new Genera and Species. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London, 3 - 37 pl. 1 - 3. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1878. tb 07927. x" type="book chapter" year="1878">Moore, 1878</bibRefCitation>
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|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. These authors relied only on the structure of male genitalia, although similar characters are often also well developed in the female genitalia (eg, presence of bulla or additional vaginal sclerites), but for some groups special research on female attributes is needed. Later,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC4B4BFFD1BA78FAEAE08C502DF81D" author="Witt, T. J. & Ronkay, L." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref61167" refString="Witt, T. J. & Ronkay, L. (2011) Lymantrinae and Arctiinae including Phylogeny and Check List of the Quadrifid Noctuoidea of Europe. Noctuidae Europaeae 13. Entomological Press, Soro, 448 pp." type="book" year="2011">Witt & Ronkay (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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|
disregarded some of these changes affecting Palaeartic specimens.
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|
</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph id="8B8236BAFFD0BA79FF41E7A15260FE6C" blockId="11.[151,1437,150,861]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
It cannot be forgotten the paper of
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC4B4BFFD0BA79FDCCE7A1539FFF54" author="Kruger M." box="[586,750,150,177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 176" refId="ref59115" refString="Kruger M. (2015) Generic classification of Afrotropical footman moths sensu stricto (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini (partim )). Transvaal Museum Memoir, 15, 1 - 176." type="journal article" year="2015">Krüger (2015)</bibRefCitation>
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. It deals with the 333 species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD0BA79FBDFE7A155B7FF54" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[1113,1222,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Lithosiini">Lithosiini</taxonomicName>
|
|
of the Afrotropical fauna, revising the generic concepts based on the tribal and subtribal classification proposed by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC4B4BFFD0BA79FB3FE78D54EDFF30" author="Birket-Smith, J." box="[1209,1436,186,213]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 161" refId="ref57685" refString="Birket-Smith, J. (1965) A revision of the West African eilemic moths, based on the male genitalia (Lep, Arctidae, Lithosinae; incl. Gena. Crocosia, Eilema, Lithosia, Pelosia, Phyganopsis a. o.). Papers from the Faculty of Science, Haile Selassie I University, Series C: Zoology, 1, 1 - 161. [31]" type="journal article" year="1965">Birket-Smith (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and describes a total of 60 new genera. However, it must be pointed out that their huge effort has been based solely on the study and comparison of the genitalic structure. The combination of DNA barcode sequence analysis and morphological characteristics, a very common procedure in many of today studies, has not been done, so they do not present any phylogenetic results. It is worth to mention that there are no coincidences between the genera and species of the Afrotropical fauna and the European ones.
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|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B8236BAFFD0BA79FF41E6A5526EFD60" blockId="11.[151,1437,150,861]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
If we compare the genera proposed by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC4B4BFFD0BA79FDF1E6A55266FE48" author="Kruger M." box="[631,791,402,429]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 176" refId="ref59115" refString="Kruger M. (2015) Generic classification of Afrotropical footman moths sensu stricto (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini (partim )). Transvaal Museum Memoir, 15, 1 - 176." type="journal article" year="2015">Krüger (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
with the genera present in Europe and North Africa based on their genital structure, we observe that some of these genera may be related to
|
|
<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD0BA79FB98E6815595FE34" box="[1054,1252,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD0BA79FB98E681551CFE34" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[1054,1133,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Eilema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Eilema</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A57D3FFD0BA79FBF5E6815595FE34" box="[1139,1252,439,465]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
close to
|
|
<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD0BA79FAC3E681518AFE10" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD0BA79FAC3E68154E1FE34" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[1349,1424,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Eilema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eilema</taxonomicName>
|
|
/
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD0BA79FF11E6ED518AFE10" authorityName="Wallengren" authorityYear="1863" box="[151,251,475,501]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Manulea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Manulea</taxonomicName>
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
but closer to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD0BA79FE1EE6ED508DFE10" authorityName="Wallengren" authorityYear="1863" box="[408,508,475,501]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Manulea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD0BA79FE1EE6ED508DFE10" box="[408,508,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Manulea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
than
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD0BA79FDBAE6ED53FAFE10" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[572,651,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Eilema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD0BA79FDBAE6ED53FAFE10" box="[572,651,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Eilema</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The similar structure of the vinculum is also known in several other genera such as those proposed by Krüger, the African
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD0BA79FC86E6C95539FDFC" authority="Aurivillius, 1910" authorityName="Aurivillius" authorityYear="1910" box="[768,1096,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Lepidilema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD0BA79FC86E6C9520FFDFC" box="[768,894,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lepidilema</emphasis>
|
|
Aurivillius, 1910
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD0BA79FBD2E6C954E9FDFC" authority="Kruger, 2015" authorityName="Kruger" authorityYear="2015" box="[1108,1432,510,537]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Dimorphilema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD0BA79FBD2E6C95586FDFC" box="[1108,1271,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Dimorphilema</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC4B4BFFD0BA79FA86E6C954E9FDFC" author="Kruger M." box="[1280,1432,510,537]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 176" refId="ref59115" refString="Kruger M. (2015) Generic classification of Afrotropical footman moths sensu stricto (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini (partim )). Transvaal Museum Memoir, 15, 1 - 176." type="journal article" year="2015">Krüger, 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD0BA79FF11E51550A0FDD8" authority="Kruger, 2015" authorityName="Kruger" authorityYear="2015" box="[151,465,546,573]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Syntemnilema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD0BA79FF11E5155045FDD8" box="[151,308,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Syntemnilema</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC4B4BFFD0BA79FEBAE51550A0FDD8" author="Kruger M." box="[316,465,546,573]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 176" refId="ref59115" refString="Kruger M. (2015) Generic classification of Afrotropical footman moths sensu stricto (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini (partim )). Transvaal Museum Memoir, 15, 1 - 176." type="journal article" year="2015">Krüger, 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD0BA79FD8FE515523AFDD8" authority="Aurivillius, 1910" authorityName="Aurivillius" authorityYear="1910" box="[521,843,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Lophilema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD0BA79FD8FE51553F0FDD8" box="[521,641,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lophilema</emphasis>
|
|
Aurivillius, 1910
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but all these genera differ in their valvae structures. If we could include any of these Afrotropical taxa in a phylogenetic analysis with European and North African taxa, we would surely obtain some similar taxonomics overlap.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B8236BAFFD0BA79FF41E5B9519DFCB8" blockId="11.[151,1437,150,861]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
The present work addresses the study of 21 species previously assigned to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD0BA79FBB6E5B9550EFD4C" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[1072,1151,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Eilema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD0BA79FBB6E5B9550EFD4C" box="[1072,1151,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Eilema</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, combining the study of genetic markers with morphological characters, and concludes with the need to separate them into the 11 distinct genera discussed below. In all cases, molecular study has provided a very strong BI support at species level (PP = 1), a clear result reinforced by the RESL clusterisation algorithm that grouped almost all of them in a single Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) that were consistent, when available, with already published Barcoding
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD0BA79FB6AE42954ECFCDC" authority="Numbers" authorityName="Numbers" box="[1260,1437,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Arctiinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="index">Index Numbers</taxonomicName>
|
|
(BINs).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C3276531FFD0BA79FF11E4BC5014FC41" box="[151,357,906,932]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="multiple">
|
|
<paragraph id="8B8236BAFFD0BA79FF11E4BC5014FC41" blockId="11.[151,464,906,1329]" box="[151,357,906,932]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD0BA79FF11E4BC5014FC41" bold="true" box="[151,357,906,932]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Genera included.</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="C3276531FFD0BA79FF11E49950E4FAD4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="synonymic_list">
|
|
<paragraph id="8B8236BAFFD0BA79FF11E49950E8FC2C" blockId="11.[151,464,906,1329]" box="[151,409,943,969]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD0BA79FF11E49950E8FC2C" authority="Hubner, [1819]" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1819" box="[151,409,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Eilema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD0BA79FF11E4995197FC2C" box="[151,230,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Eilema</emphasis>
|
|
Hübner, [1819]
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B8236BAFFD0BA79FF11E4E550B9FC08" blockId="11.[151,464,906,1329]" box="[151,456,979,1005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD0BA79FF11E4E550B9FC08" authority="Wallengren, 1863" authorityName="Wallengren" authorityYear="1863" box="[151,456,979,1005]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Manulea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD0BA79FF11E4E5518AFC08" box="[151,251,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Manulea</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC4B4BFFD0BA79FE87E4E550B9FC08" author="Wallengren, H. D. J." box="[257,456,979,1005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="137 - 151" refId="ref61078" refString="Wallengren, H. D. J. (1863) Lepidopterologische Mittheilungen 3. Wiener entomologische Monatschrift, 7, 137 - 151." type="journal article" year="1863">Wallengren, 1863</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B8236BAFFD0BA79FF11E4C1500CFBF4" blockId="11.[151,464,906,1329]" box="[151,381,1015,1041]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD0BA79FF11E4C1500CFBF4" authority="Moore, 1878" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1878" box="[151,381,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Collita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD0BA79FF11E4C15194FBF4" box="[151,229,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Collita</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC4B4BFFD0BA79FF6AE4C1500CFBF4" author="Moore, F." box="[236,381,1015,1041]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="3 - 37" refId="ref59474" refString="Moore, F. (1878) A revision of certain Genera of European and Asiatic Lithosiinae, with characters of new Genera and Species. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London, 3 - 37 pl. 1 - 3. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1878. tb 07927. x" type="book chapter" year="1878">Moore, 1878</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B8236BAFFD0BA79FF11E32D5002FBD0" blockId="11.[151,464,906,1329]" box="[151,371,1051,1077]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD0BA79FF11E32D5002FBD0" authority="Moore, 1878" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1878" box="[151,371,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Katha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD0BA79FF11E32D51AAFBD0" box="[151,219,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Katha</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC4B4BFFD0BA79FF65E32D5002FBD0" author="Moore, F." box="[227,371,1051,1077]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="3 - 37" refId="ref59474" refString="Moore, F. (1878) A revision of certain Genera of European and Asiatic Lithosiinae, with characters of new Genera and Species. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London, 3 - 37 pl. 1 - 3. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1878. tb 07927. x" type="book chapter" year="1878">Moore, 1878</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B8236BAFFD0BA79FF11E30950B7FBBC" blockId="11.[151,464,906,1329]" box="[151,454,1086,1113]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD0BA79FF11E30950B7FBBC" authority="Birket-Smith, 1965" authorityName="Birket-Smith" authorityYear="1965" box="[151,454,1086,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Zobida" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD0BA79FF11E3095197FBBC" box="[151,230,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Zobida</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC4B4BFFD0BA79FF68E30950B7FBBC" author="Birket-Smith, J." box="[238,454,1086,1113]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 161" refId="ref57685" refString="Birket-Smith, J. (1965) A revision of the West African eilemic moths, based on the male genitalia (Lep, Arctidae, Lithosinae; incl. Gena. Crocosia, Eilema, Lithosia, Pelosia, Phyganopsis a. o.). Papers from the Faculty of Science, Haile Selassie I University, Series C: Zoology, 1, 1 - 161. [31]" type="journal article" year="1965">Birket-Smith, 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B8236BAFFD0BA79FF11E35550E1FB98" blockId="11.[151,464,906,1329]" box="[151,400,1123,1149]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD0BA79FF11E35550E1FB98" authority="de Freina, 1980" authorityName="de Freina" authorityYear="1980" box="[151,400,1123,1149]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Wittia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD0BA79FF11E35551ABFB99" box="[151,218,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Wittia</emphasis>
|
|
de
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC4B4BFFD0BA79FE85E35550E1FB98" author="Freina, J. J." box="[259,400,1123,1149]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref58322" refString="Freina, J. J. (1980) Wittia nom. nov. (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) Nachrichtenblatt der Bayerischen Entomologen Bd. 29. S. 80." type="book" year="1980">Freina, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B8236BAFFD0BA79FF11E3B15001FB44" blockId="11.[151,464,906,1329]" box="[151,368,1159,1185]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD0BA79FF11E3B15001FB44" authority="Agenjo, 1983" authorityName="Agenjo" authorityYear="1983" box="[151,368,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Nyea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD0BA79FF11E3B151A0FB45" box="[151,209,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nyea</emphasis>
|
|
Agenjo, 1983
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B8236BAFFD0BA79FF11E39D50A1FB20" blockId="11.[151,464,906,1329]" box="[151,464,1195,1221]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD0BA79FF11E39D50A1FB20" authority="Freina & Witt, 1984" authorityName="de Freina & Witt" authorityYear="1984" box="[151,464,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Setema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD0BA79FF11E39D5199FB20" box="[151,232,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Setema</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC4B4BFFD0BA79FF69E39D50A1FB20" author="Freina, J. J. & Witt, T." box="[239,464,1195,1221]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="330 - 336" refId="ref58353" refString="Freina, J. J. & Witt, T. (1984) Taxonomische Veranderungen bei den Bombyces und Sphinges Europas und Nordwestafrikas (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea: Arctiidae VI). Nota lepidopterologica, 7 (4), 330 - 336." type="journal article" year="1984">Freina & Witt, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B8236BAFFD0BA79FF11E3F950FFFB0C" blockId="11.[151,464,906,1329]" box="[151,398,1231,1257]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD0BA79FF11E3F950FFFB0C" authority="Kocak, 1991" authorityName="Kocak" authorityYear="1991" box="[151,398,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Muscula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
|
<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD0BA79FF11E3F95186FB0C" box="[151,247,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Muscula</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC4B4BFFD0BA79FF79E3F950FFFB0C" author="Kocak, A. J." box="[255,398,1231,1257]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="122 - 149" refId="ref58987" refString="Kocak, A. J. (1991) On the Arctiidae of Turkey on the collection of CES with some taxonomical and ecological notes (Lepidoptera). Priamus, 5 (4), 122 - 149." type="journal article" year="1991">Koçak, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B8236BAFFD0BA79FF11E3C55024FAE8" blockId="11.[151,464,906,1329]" box="[151,341,1267,1293]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD0BA79FF11E3C55199FAE8" authority="Macià & Ylla & Gastón & Huertas & Bau, 2022" authorityName="Macià & Ylla & Gastón & Huertas & Bau" authorityYear="2022" box="[151,232,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Indalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
|
<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD0BA79FF11E3C55199FAE8" box="[151,232,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Indalia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A57D3FFD0BA79FF69E3C55024FAE8" box="[239,341,1267,1293]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B8236BAFFD0BA79FF11E22150E4FAD4" blockId="11.[151,464,906,1329]" box="[151,405,1303,1329]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3D4D39FFD0BA79FF11E2215059FAD4" authority="Macià & Ylla & Gastón & Huertas & Bau, 2022" authorityName="Macià & Ylla & Gastón & Huertas & Bau" authorityYear="2022" box="[151,296,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Pseudokatha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
|
<emphasis id="B949EAA8FFD0BA79FF11E2215059FAD4" box="[151,296,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Pseudokatha</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27A57D3FFD0BA79FEA9E22150E4FAD4" box="[303,405,1303,1329]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |