214 lines
30 KiB
XML
214 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1038/s41467-017-01550-z" ID-GBIF-Dataset="32f87f69-77ed-42f8-9d23-58933dde1ecc" ID-PMC="PMC5727220" ID-PubMed="29233973" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1116358" checkinTime="1513278482622" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Enrique Peñalver, Antonio Arillo, Xavier Delclòs, David Peris, David A. Grimaldi, Scott R. Anderson, Paul C. Nascimbene & Ricardo Pérez-de la Fuente" docDate="2017" docId="038A8794FFD2FFAEACBDFB91C3A0FD40" docLanguage="en" docName="natureCommunications.s41467-017-01550-z.pdf" docOrigin="Nature Communications 8 (1924)" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Cornupalpatum burmanicum Poinar and Brown 2003" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="2" masterDocId="FFB3FFECFFD3FFAFAC22FFD9C766FFD5" masterDocTitle="parasitised feathered dinosaurs as Cretaceous amber assemblages revealed" masterLastPageNumber="13" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1668137181108" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>parasitised feathered dinosaurs as Cretaceous amber assemblages revealed</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Enrique Peñalver</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Antonio Arillo</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Xavier Delclòs</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>David Peris</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>David A. Grimaldi</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Scott R. Anderson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Paul C. Nascimbene</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Ricardo Pérez-de la Fuente</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Nature Communications</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2017-12-12</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>8</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>1924</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>13</mods:end>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1038/s41467-017-01550-z</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">32f87f69-77ed-42f8-9d23-58933dde1ecc</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PMC">PMC5727220</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PubMed">29233973</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1116358</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="137765462" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A8794FFD2FFAEACBDFB91C3A0FD40" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8794FFD2FFAEACBDFB91C3A0FD40" lastPageNumber="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[159,735,961,1118]" lastBlockId="1.[116,779,1169,1972]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<subSubSection box="[159,735,1089,1118]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName authority="Poinar and Brown, 2003" authorityName="Poinar and Brown" authorityYear="2003" box="[159,715,1096,1118]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Cornupalpatum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmanicum">
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<emphasis box="[159,456,1096,1117]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Cornupalpatum burmanicum</emphasis>
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Poinar and Brown, 2003
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</taxonomicName>
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12
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="discussion">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[116,208,1169,1190]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Remarks</emphasis>
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. The specimen
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<collectionCode box="[374,452,1169,1190]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">AMNH</collectionCode>
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Bu JZC-F18, preserved in Burmese amber, is a nymph based on its eight legs and absent genital pore (
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<figureCitation box="[179,250,1225,1247]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="2.[116,146,1398,1418]" captionTargetBox="[378,1210,136,1374]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[378,1210,136,1374]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1 Cornupalpatum burmanicum hard tick entangled in a feather. a Photograph of the Burmese amber piece (Bu JZC-F18) showing a semicomplete pennaceous feather. Scale bar, 5mm. b Detail of the nymphal tick in dorsal view and barbs (inset in a). Scale bar, 1mm. c Detail of the tick’s capitulum (mouthparts), showing palpi and hypostome with teeth (arrow). Scale bar, 0.1mm. d Detail of a barb. Scale bar, 0.2mm. e Drawing of the tick in dorsal view indicating the point of entanglement.Scale bar, 0.2mm. f Detached barbule pennulum showing hooklets on one of its sides (arrow in a indicates its location but in the opposite side of the amber piece). Scale bar, 0.2mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116362/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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Figs.
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<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[238,250,1225,1246]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Biol. Sci." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="255" part="271" refString="1. Wappler, T., Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C. Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil" type="journal article" year="2004">1</bibRefCitation>
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</figureCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[266,278,1225,1246]" journalOrPublisher="Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="59 - 74" part="21" refString="2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein. Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg 21, 59 - 74 (1952)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004). 2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein" type="journal article" year="1952">
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<figureCitation box="[266,278,1225,1246]" captionStart="Fig.2" captionStartId="3.[116,146,558,578]" captionTargetBox="[310,1278,137,533]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[309,1279,135,534]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2 Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showing the hard tick morphology. a Habitus in ventral view of the Cornupalpatum burmanicum nymph associated with feathers.Scale bar,0.2mm.b Detail of the gnathosoma and coxal area in ventral view revealing the absence of genital pore.Scale bar,0.1 mm. c Dorsal view detail of the gnathosoma and anterior part of the scutum (arrow indicates the lateral margin of the scutum). Scale bar, 0.1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116364/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">2</figureCitation>
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
). The tick, ca.
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<quantity box="[444,519,1225,1246]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
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long from the posterior margin to the apex of hypostome, has ventrolateral claws on palpomere III, lacks eyes, has all coxae with spurs, and shows 11 festoons (
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<figureCitation box="[215,285,1308,1330]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="2.[116,146,1398,1418]" captionTargetBox="[378,1210,136,1374]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[378,1210,136,1374]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1 Cornupalpatum burmanicum hard tick entangled in a feather. a Photograph of the Burmese amber piece (Bu JZC-F18) showing a semicomplete pennaceous feather. Scale bar, 5mm. b Detail of the nymphal tick in dorsal view and barbs (inset in a). Scale bar, 1mm. c Detail of the tick’s capitulum (mouthparts), showing palpi and hypostome with teeth (arrow). Scale bar, 0.1mm. d Detail of a barb. Scale bar, 0.2mm. e Drawing of the tick in dorsal view indicating the point of entanglement.Scale bar, 0.2mm. f Detached barbule pennulum showing hooklets on one of its sides (arrow in a indicates its location but in the opposite side of the amber piece). Scale bar, 0.2mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116362/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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Figs.
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<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[273,285,1308,1329]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Biol. Sci." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="255" part="271" refString="1. Wappler, T., Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C. Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil" type="journal article" year="2004">1</bibRefCitation>
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</figureCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[300,312,1308,1329]" journalOrPublisher="Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="59 - 74" part="21" refString="2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein. Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg 21, 59 - 74 (1952)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004). 2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein" type="journal article" year="1952">
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<figureCitation box="[300,312,1308,1329]" captionStart="Fig.2" captionStartId="3.[116,146,558,578]" captionTargetBox="[310,1278,137,533]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[309,1279,135,534]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2 Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showing the hard tick morphology. a Habitus in ventral view of the Cornupalpatum burmanicum nymph associated with feathers.Scale bar,0.2mm.b Detail of the gnathosoma and coxal area in ventral view revealing the absence of genital pore.Scale bar,0.1 mm. c Dorsal view detail of the gnathosoma and anterior part of the scutum (arrow indicates the lateral margin of the scutum). Scale bar, 0.1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116364/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">2</figureCitation>
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
; Supplementary
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<figureCitation box="[488,560,1308,1330]" captionStart="Fig.2" captionStartId="3.[116,146,558,578]" captionTargetBox="[310,1278,137,533]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[309,1279,135,534]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2 Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showing the hard tick morphology. a Habitus in ventral view of the Cornupalpatum burmanicum nymph associated with feathers.Scale bar,0.2mm.b Detail of the gnathosoma and coxal area in ventral view revealing the absence of genital pore.Scale bar,0.1 mm. c Dorsal view detail of the gnathosoma and anterior part of the scutum (arrow indicates the lateral margin of the scutum). Scale bar, 0.1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116364/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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Fig.
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<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[534,546,1308,1329]" journalOrPublisher="Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="59 - 74" part="21" refString="2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein. Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg 21, 59 - 74 (1952)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004). 2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein" type="journal article" year="1952">2</bibRefCitation>
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a
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</figureCitation>
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||
). Within the current diversity of Cretaceous hard ticks, none of them described as a nymph, these characters classify
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<collectionCode box="[478,556,1364,1385]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">AMNH</collectionCode>
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Bu JZC-F18 within
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Poinar and Brown" authorityYear="2003" box="[116,415,1392,1413]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Cornupalpatum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmanicum">
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<emphasis box="[116,415,1392,1413]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Cornupalpatum burmanicum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, described on the basis of two larvae12. The scutum, the teeth in the hypostome, the Haller
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<emphasis box="[693,699,1420,1441]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">’</emphasis>
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s organ, and the striate integument were not visible in the
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<typeStatus box="[632,720,1448,1470]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">holotype</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Poinar and Brown" authorityYear="2003" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Cornupalpatum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmanicum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">C. burmanicum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, likely due to the specimen
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<emphasis box="[519,525,1476,1497]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">’</emphasis>
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s state of preservation. In addition, the new specimen does not fit some of the characters in the original description of the species, some of which could represent ontogenetic variation: the ventrolateral claws in the third palpal segment are less developed, the central festoon is as wide as the others (not narrower), and the second palpal segment is more elongated. In any case, we acknowledge that
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Poinar and Brown" authorityYear="2003" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Cornupalpatum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmanicum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">C. burmanicum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<emphasis box="[231,484,1671,1692]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Poinar & Buckley" authorityYear="2008" box="[231,396,1671,1692]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Compluriscutula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Compluriscutula</taxonomicName>
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vetulum
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</emphasis>
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, the other Cretaceous ixodid species based on a larval stage13, show a high degree of similarity with ticks of the extant genus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[436,565,1727,1748]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[436,565,1727,1748]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Amblyomma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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14, and a Cretaceous species within that genus based on an adult was recently named15. A future revision of the described Cretaceous hard ticks reevaluating all the critical characters is necessary to elucidate their relationships.
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<paragraph blockId="1.[116,779,1169,1972]" lastBlockId="1.[810,1472,137,661]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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Most significantly, the hard tick has one leg entangled in the barb of a pennaceous feather with a rather thick rachis basally (
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<figureCitation box="[123,183,1922,1944]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="2.[116,146,1398,1418]" captionTargetBox="[378,1210,136,1374]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[378,1210,136,1374]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1 Cornupalpatum burmanicum hard tick entangled in a feather. a Photograph of the Burmese amber piece (Bu JZC-F18) showing a semicomplete pennaceous feather. Scale bar, 5mm. b Detail of the nymphal tick in dorsal view and barbs (inset in a). Scale bar, 1mm. c Detail of the tick’s capitulum (mouthparts), showing palpi and hypostome with teeth (arrow). Scale bar, 0.1mm. d Detail of a barb. Scale bar, 0.2mm. e Drawing of the tick in dorsal view indicating the point of entanglement.Scale bar, 0.2mm. f Detached barbule pennulum showing hooklets on one of its sides (arrow in a indicates its location but in the opposite side of the amber piece). Scale bar, 0.2mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116362/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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Fig.
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<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[171,183,1922,1943]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Biol. Sci." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="255" part="271" refString="1. Wappler, T., Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C. Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil" type="journal article" year="2004">1</bibRefCitation>
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||
</figureCitation>
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||
; Supplementary
|
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<figureCitation box="[360,419,1922,1944]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="2.[116,146,1398,1418]" captionTargetBox="[378,1210,136,1374]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[378,1210,136,1374]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1 Cornupalpatum burmanicum hard tick entangled in a feather. a Photograph of the Burmese amber piece (Bu JZC-F18) showing a semicomplete pennaceous feather. Scale bar, 5mm. b Detail of the nymphal tick in dorsal view and barbs (inset in a). Scale bar, 1mm. c Detail of the tick’s capitulum (mouthparts), showing palpi and hypostome with teeth (arrow). Scale bar, 0.1mm. d Detail of a barb. Scale bar, 0.2mm. e Drawing of the tick in dorsal view indicating the point of entanglement.Scale bar, 0.2mm. f Detached barbule pennulum showing hooklets on one of its sides (arrow in a indicates its location but in the opposite side of the amber piece). Scale bar, 0.2mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116362/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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||
Fig.
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[407,419,1922,1943]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Biol. Sci." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="255" part="271" refString="1. Wappler, T., Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C. Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil" type="journal article" year="2004">1</bibRefCitation>
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||
</figureCitation>
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||
). Its preserved section is
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<quantity box="[690,778,1922,1943]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.94" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="mm" value="19.4">19.4 mm</quantity>
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long and shows over 50 preserved barbs, most of them attached to the rachis, but with their apices lost at the surface of the amber. Those barbs that happen to be complete are much shorter on one side of the preserved rachis section than those on the other side (ca.
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<bibRefCitation author="Duges, A. L." box="[858,882,220,241]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="5 - 46" part="2" refString="11. Duges, A. L. Recherches sur l ' ordre des Acariens en general et de la famille Trombididies en particulier. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. 2, 5 - 46 (1834)." title="Recherches sur l ' ordre des Acariens en general et de la famille Trombididies en particulier" type="journal article" year="1834">11</bibRefCitation>
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vs.
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<quantity box="[934,1025,220,242]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="mm" value="19.5">19.5 mm</quantity>
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). Some barbs show damage, which likely occurred before having become embedded in the resin (Supplementary
|
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<figureCitation box="[902,972,276,298]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="2.[116,146,1398,1418]" captionTargetBox="[378,1210,136,1374]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[378,1210,136,1374]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1 Cornupalpatum burmanicum hard tick entangled in a feather. a Photograph of the Burmese amber piece (Bu JZC-F18) showing a semicomplete pennaceous feather. Scale bar, 5mm. b Detail of the nymphal tick in dorsal view and barbs (inset in a). Scale bar, 1mm. c Detail of the tick’s capitulum (mouthparts), showing palpi and hypostome with teeth (arrow). Scale bar, 0.1mm. d Detail of a barb. Scale bar, 0.2mm. e Drawing of the tick in dorsal view indicating the point of entanglement.Scale bar, 0.2mm. f Detached barbule pennulum showing hooklets on one of its sides (arrow in a indicates its location but in the opposite side of the amber piece). Scale bar, 0.2mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116362/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[947,959,276,297]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Biol. Sci." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="255" part="271" refString="1. Wappler, T., Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C. Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil" type="journal article" year="2004">1</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The fine preservation of the barbules allows us to distinguish their blade-like bases and their pennula, which display spined nodes and internodes. Most nodes in a distal position along the barbs are well defined and show short spines that are (sub)equally developed on both sides of the barbule pennulum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[935,1014,416,438]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="2.[116,146,1398,1418]" captionTargetBox="[378,1210,136,1374]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[378,1210,136,1374]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1 Cornupalpatum burmanicum hard tick entangled in a feather. a Photograph of the Burmese amber piece (Bu JZC-F18) showing a semicomplete pennaceous feather. Scale bar, 5mm. b Detail of the nymphal tick in dorsal view and barbs (inset in a). Scale bar, 1mm. c Detail of the tick’s capitulum (mouthparts), showing palpi and hypostome with teeth (arrow). Scale bar, 0.1mm. d Detail of a barb. Scale bar, 0.2mm. e Drawing of the tick in dorsal view indicating the point of entanglement.Scale bar, 0.2mm. f Detached barbule pennulum showing hooklets on one of its sides (arrow in a indicates its location but in the opposite side of the amber piece). Scale bar, 0.2mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116362/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[988,1000,416,437]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Biol. Sci." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="255" part="271" refString="1. Wappler, T., Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C. Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil" type="journal article" year="2004">1</bibRefCitation>
|
||
d
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supplementary
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1200,1309,416,438]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="2.[116,146,1398,1418]" captionTargetBox="[378,1210,136,1374]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[378,1210,136,1374]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1 Cornupalpatum burmanicum hard tick entangled in a feather. a Photograph of the Burmese amber piece (Bu JZC-F18) showing a semicomplete pennaceous feather. Scale bar, 5mm. b Detail of the nymphal tick in dorsal view and barbs (inset in a). Scale bar, 1mm. c Detail of the tick’s capitulum (mouthparts), showing palpi and hypostome with teeth (arrow). Scale bar, 0.1mm. d Detail of a barb. Scale bar, 0.2mm. e Drawing of the tick in dorsal view indicating the point of entanglement.Scale bar, 0.2mm. f Detached barbule pennulum showing hooklets on one of its sides (arrow in a indicates its location but in the opposite side of the amber piece). Scale bar, 0.2mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116362/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[1251,1263,416,437]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Biol. Sci." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="255" part="271" refString="1. Wappler, T., Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C. Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil" type="journal article" year="2004">1</bibRefCitation>
|
||
c, d
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Some poorly defined nodes present in more proximal
|
||
<emphasis box="[1212,1225,444,465]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">–</emphasis>
|
||
medial areas of the barb, however, show relatively long spines on one side of the pennulum that form hooklets (=hamuli) (Supplementary
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1320,1424,499,521]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="2.[116,146,1398,1418]" captionTargetBox="[378,1210,136,1374]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[378,1210,136,1374]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1 Cornupalpatum burmanicum hard tick entangled in a feather. a Photograph of the Burmese amber piece (Bu JZC-F18) showing a semicomplete pennaceous feather. Scale bar, 5mm. b Detail of the nymphal tick in dorsal view and barbs (inset in a). Scale bar, 1mm. c Detail of the tick’s capitulum (mouthparts), showing palpi and hypostome with teeth (arrow). Scale bar, 0.1mm. d Detail of a barb. Scale bar, 0.2mm. e Drawing of the tick in dorsal view indicating the point of entanglement.Scale bar, 0.2mm. f Detached barbule pennulum showing hooklets on one of its sides (arrow in a indicates its location but in the opposite side of the amber piece). Scale bar, 0.2mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116362/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[1371,1383,499,520]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Biol. Sci." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="255" part="271" refString="1. Wappler, T., Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C. Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil" type="journal article" year="2004">1</bibRefCitation>
|
||
e, f
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). In addition, two isolated barbs from a different feather are close to the semicomplete one (Supplementary
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1217,1290,555,577]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="2.[116,146,1398,1418]" captionTargetBox="[378,1210,136,1374]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[378,1210,136,1374]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1 Cornupalpatum burmanicum hard tick entangled in a feather. a Photograph of the Burmese amber piece (Bu JZC-F18) showing a semicomplete pennaceous feather. Scale bar, 5mm. b Detail of the nymphal tick in dorsal view and barbs (inset in a). Scale bar, 1mm. c Detail of the tick’s capitulum (mouthparts), showing palpi and hypostome with teeth (arrow). Scale bar, 0.1mm. d Detail of a barb. Scale bar, 0.2mm. e Drawing of the tick in dorsal view indicating the point of entanglement.Scale bar, 0.2mm. f Detached barbule pennulum showing hooklets on one of its sides (arrow in a indicates its location but in the opposite side of the amber piece). Scale bar, 0.2mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116362/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[1264,1276,555,576]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Biol. Sci." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="255" part="271" refString="1. Wappler, T., Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C. Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil" type="journal article" year="2004">1</bibRefCitation>
|
||
b
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), and a detached pennulum showing hooklets on one of its sides, ca.
|
||
<quantity box="[1338,1414,583,605]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, is also present in the amber piece (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1177,1248,611,633]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="2.[116,146,1398,1418]" captionTargetBox="[378,1210,136,1374]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[378,1210,136,1374]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1 Cornupalpatum burmanicum hard tick entangled in a feather. a Photograph of the Burmese amber piece (Bu JZC-F18) showing a semicomplete pennaceous feather. Scale bar, 5mm. b Detail of the nymphal tick in dorsal view and barbs (inset in a). Scale bar, 1mm. c Detail of the tick’s capitulum (mouthparts), showing palpi and hypostome with teeth (arrow). Scale bar, 0.1mm. d Detail of a barb. Scale bar, 0.2mm. e Drawing of the tick in dorsal view indicating the point of entanglement.Scale bar, 0.2mm. f Detached barbule pennulum showing hooklets on one of its sides (arrow in a indicates its location but in the opposite side of the amber piece). Scale bar, 0.2mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116362/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[1224,1236,611,632]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Biol. Sci." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="255" part="271" refString="1. Wappler, T., Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C. Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil" type="journal article" year="2004">1</bibRefCitation>
|
||
f
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pigments indicating colour patterns have not been observed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |