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<document id="E7421200EFB42215F0B9758FD6389DCB" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00771.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5406728" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630346404524" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Archibald, J. David &amp; Averianov, Alexander" docDate="2012" docId="AB4D878FFFA3611F5292F930C6B2F9A3" docLanguage="en" docName="j.1096-3642.2011.00771.x.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 164 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00771.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37.3:ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleId="FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Parazhelestes robustus : Nesov 1993" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="389" masterDocId="5774FFF7FFB461035112FFDEC247FFF9" masterDocTitle="Phylogenetic analysis, taxonomic revision, and dental ontogeny of the Cretaceous Zhelestidae (Mammalia: Eutheria)" masterLastPageNumber="426" masterPageNumber="361" pageNumber="384" updateTime="1699238079856" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="5E308A50DD86A0F8AF3E3D7BAF50B04C">Phylogenetic analysis, taxonomic revision, and dental ontogeny of the Cretaceous Zhelestidae (Mammalia: Eutheria)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8C78D4888865CB0EF2C8808901057791">Archibald, J. David</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="AB4D878FFFA3611F5292F930C6B2F9A3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AB4D878FFFA3611F5292F930C6B2F9A3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AB4D878FFFA3611F5292F930C6B2F9A3" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="389" pageId="23" pageNumber="384">
<subSubSection id="6BFE6512FFA361145292F930C71CF8FB" box="[896,1371,1773,1795]" pageId="23" pageNumber="384" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="235B3699FFA361145292F930C71CF8FB" blockId="23.[896,1371,1773,1795]" box="[896,1371,1773,1795]" pageId="23" pageNumber="384">
<heading id="781381F5FFA361145292F930C71CF8FB" box="[896,1371,1773,1795]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="23" pageNumber="384" reason="8">
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFA361145292F930C71CF8FB" authority="NESOV, 1993" authorityName=": Nesov" authorityYear="1993" box="[896,1371,1773,1795]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="23" pageNumber="378" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFA361145292F930C6FCF8F8" box="[896,1211,1774,1795]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="384">PARAZHELESTES ROBUSTUS</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="47754B68FFA3611455D6F930C71CF8FB" author="Nesov LA" box="[1220,1371,1773,1795]" pageId="23" pageNumber="384" pagination="105 - 133" refId="ref32738" refString="Nesov LA. 1993. [New Mesozoic mammals of Middle Asia and Kazakhstan and comments about evolution of theriofaunas of Cretaceous coastal plains of Asia]. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta RAN 249: 105 - 133. [in Russian]." type="journal article" year="1993">NESOV, 1993</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="6BFE6512FFA3611F5504F8CAC6B2F9A3" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="389" pageId="23" pageNumber="384" type="description">
<paragraph id="235B3699FFA361145504F8CAC682F8D0" blockId="23.[1046,1221,1812,1833]" box="[1046,1221,1812,1833]" pageId="23" pageNumber="384">
<figureCitation id="BBDF2A1CFFA361145504F8CAC682F8D0" box="[1046,1221,1812,1833]" captionStart-0="Figure 18" captionStart-1="Figure 19" captionStart-2="Figure 20" captionStartId-0="27.[164,243,1055,1074]" captionStartId-1="29.[164,243,1691,1710]" captionStartId-2="30.[144,223,1129,1148]" captionTargetBox-0="[331,1279,202,1021]" captionTargetBox-1="[252,1358,203,1656]" captionTargetBox-2="[297,1275,200,1097]" captionTargetId-0="figure-352@27.[325,1283,196,1025]" captionTargetId-1="figure-0@29.[245,1363,195,1661]" captionTargetId-2="figure-259@30.[290,1277,197,1100]" captionTargetPageId-0="27" captionTargetPageId-1="29" captionTargetPageId-2="30" captionText-0="Figure 18. Parazhelestes robustus, stereophotographs of URBAC 02–24, left maxillary fragment with C and P1 roots, and P2 alveoli, A, occlusal view; URBAC 98–23, left P4, B, occlusal and labial views; CCMGE 35/12176, right P5, C, occlusal view; URBAC 04–270, labial half of right DP5, D, occlusal view." captionText-1="Figure 19. Parazhelestes robustus, stereophotographs of CCMGE 20/12953, left M1. A, occlusal, labial, and distal views; URBAC 99–13, right M2 with small part of metastylar lobe missing; B, occlusal, labial, and distal views; URBAC 98–22, right maxillary fragment with M2 partial alveoli and M3; C, occlusal, labial, and distal views." captionText-2="Figure 20. Parazhelestes robustus, URBAC 04–324, left p2, A, stereophotographs of labial, occlusal, and lingual views, and B, photograph in labial view showing roots; URBAC 97–05, right dentary fragment with m1 and 3 alveoli, and m2; C, photograph of dentary in labial view and D, m2 in lingual, occlusal, and labial views; URBAC 03–38, left m3, E, labial, occlusal, and lingual views." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406766" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406768" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406770" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5406766/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5406768/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5406770/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="384">FIGURES 18–20</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="235B3699FFA361145228F8E4C6E5F896" blockId="23.[826,1441,1850,1903]" pageId="23" pageNumber="384">(See Appendix 4 for synonymies, referred illustrations, and referred specimens.)</paragraph>
<caption id="779B6611FFAC611B5182F973C6A3F889" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406760" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5406760" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406760/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="385" startId="24.[144,223,1709,1728]" targetBox="[254,1317,197,1674]" targetPageId="24">
<paragraph id="235B3699FFAC611B5182F973C6A3F889" blockId="24.[144,1421,1709,1905]" pageId="24" pageNumber="385">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFAC611B5182F973C342F938" bold="true" box="[144,261,1709,1729]" pageId="24" pageNumber="385">Figure 15.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFAC611B5003F970C002F938" box="[273,581,1710,1729]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="24" pageNumber="385" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mynbulakensis">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFAC611B5003F970C002F938" box="[273,581,1710,1729]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="385">Parazhelestes mynbulakensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dentary fragments, stereophotographs of URBAC 06–113, left dentary fragment with i1 alveolus, i2-4 fragments, i4 alveolus, and canine roots, A, anterior and labial views; stereophotographs of URBAC 02–13, left dentary fragment with p2, p3 roots, and p4 anterior root and talonid; B, labial, occlusal, and lingual views; stereophotographs of URBAC 97–03, right dentary fragment with p1 alveoli, p2, p3 alveoli, p4 lacking anterior, p5 roots, and m1 alveoli, C, lingual, occlusal, and labial views; photographs of URBAC 97–03 showing ventral margin of dentary, D, labial and E, lingual (dashed line shows missing anteroventral margin); stereophotographs of ZIN 88477, left dentary fragment with p4, anterior root of p5, and alveoli for p3, F, lingual, occlusal, and labial views.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="779B6611FFAD611A51B6F92DC03EF8A7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406762" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5406762" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406762/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="386" startId="25.[164,243,1779,1798]" targetBox="[264,1348,203,1747]" targetPageId="25">
<paragraph id="235B3699FFAD611A51B6F92DC03EF8A7" blockId="25.[164,1441,1778,1886]" pageId="25" pageNumber="386">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFAD611A51B6F92DC35EF8FF" bold="true" box="[164,281,1779,1798]" pageId="25" pageNumber="386">Figure 16.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFAD611A5034F92DC010F8FF" box="[294,599,1779,1798]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="25" pageNumber="386" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mynbulakensis">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFAD611A5034F92DC010F8FF" box="[294,599,1779,1798]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="386">Parazhelestes mynbulakensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, stereophotographs URBAC 99–109, left dentary with i1-4, c, p1-3(?) roots or alveoli, and p4-5, m1-3. A, stereophotograph and line drawing of anterior end. Light grey indicates roots teeth and dark grey indicates alveoli. B, stereophotograph of teeth in labial, occlusal, and lingual views. Photographs showing entire dentary, C, lingual view and D, labial view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="779B6611FFAE61195182F92EC31CF8A2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406764" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5406764" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406764/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="387" startId="26.[144,223,1776,1795]" targetBox="[216,1347,200,1741]" targetPageId="26">
<paragraph id="235B3699FFAE61195182F92EC31CF8A2" blockId="26.[144,1422,1775,1883]" pageId="26" pageNumber="387">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFAE61195182F92EC342F8FA" bold="true" box="[144,261,1776,1795]" pageId="26" pageNumber="387">Figure 17.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFAE61195003F92EC004F8FA" box="[273,579,1776,1795]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="26" pageNumber="387" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mynbulakensis">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFAE61195003F92EC004F8FA" box="[273,579,1776,1795]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="387">Parazhelestes mynbulakensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, stereophotographs URBAC 98–13, left dentary with i1-3, c, p1-4 alveoli, and p5, m1-3. A, stereophotograph and line drawing of anterior end. Light grey indicates teeth and dark grey indicates alveoli. B, stereophotograph of teeth in labial, occlusal, and lingual views. Photographs showing entire dentary, C, lingual view and D, labial view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="779B6611FFAF611851B6FBC1C11FFB94" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406766" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5406766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406766/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="388" startId="27.[164,243,1055,1074]" targetBox="[331,1279,202,1021]" targetPageId="27">
<paragraph id="235B3699FFAF611851B6FBC1C11FFB94" blockId="27.[164,1442,1055,1133]" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFAF611851B6FBC1C35EFBCB" bold="true" box="[164,281,1055,1074]" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">Figure 18.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFAF61185034FBC1C054FBCB" authorityName=": Nesov" authorityYear="1993" box="[294,531,1055,1074]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="27" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFAF61185034FBC1C054FBCB" box="[294,531,1055,1074]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">Parazhelestes robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, stereophotographs of URBAC 02–24, left maxillary fragment with C and P1 roots, and P2 alveoli, A, occlusal view; URBAC 98–23, left P4, B, occlusal and labial views; CCMGE 35/12176, right P5, C, occlusal view; URBAC 04–270, labial half of right DP5, D, occlusal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="235B3699FFAF611851B6FB66C044FB12" blockId="27.[164,779,1207,1260]" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">
<materialsCitation id="938C3CC4FFAF611851B6FB66C044FB12" collectionCode="CCMGE" pageId="27" pageNumber="388" specimenCode="CCMGE 70" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFAF611851B6FB66C349FB34" box="[164,270,1208,1229]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">
<typeStatus id="FC5F883BFFAF611851B6FB66C34FFB34" box="[164,264,1208,1229]" pageId="27" pageNumber="388" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="73429EE2FFAF61185004FB66C3DEFB34" box="[278,409,1207,1229]" collectionCode="CCMGE" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mbe3-x34x" name="Chernyshev Central Museum of Geological Explorations,Collections of the Department of Herpetology, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">CCMGE 70</specimenCode>
/12455, left maxilla with heavily worn and eroded P4-5, M1-3.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="235B3699FFAF611851B6FACAC2A5FA7D" blockId="27.[164,779,1299,1412]" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFAF611851B6FACAC3ADFAD1" box="[164,490,1299,1321]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">Type locality and horizon:</emphasis>
CBI-14, Dzharakuduk, Kyzylkum Desert,
<collectingCountry id="5BF37609FFAF61185094FAECC04CFAB1" box="[390,523,1330,1352]" name="Uzbekistan" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
. Bissekty Formation, Upper Cretaceous (middle- upper Turonian). Found in 1987.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="235B3699FFAF611851B6FA72C141F9E7" blockId="27.[164,779,1452,1566]" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFAF611851B6FA72C33DFA38" box="[164,378,1452,1473]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">Revised diagnosis:</emphasis>
Differs from
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFAF61185330FA73C0A0FA38" box="[546,743,1452,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="27" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mynbulakensis">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFAF61185330FA73C0A0FA38" box="[546,743,1452,1474]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">P. mynbulakensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in lower teeth averaging 13% larger (range equals 4 to 21%) and upper teeth averaging 10% larger (range equals 7 to 13%) and M3 narrower than M2 [37(1)].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="235B3699FFAF611851B6F998C34DF896" blockId="27.[164,779,1605,1903]" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFAF611851B6F998C36BF9A2" box="[164,300,1606,1627]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">Description:</emphasis>
Maxilla. The jugal facet on the
<typeStatus id="FC5F883BFFAF611853B8F99BC14CF9A2" box="[682,779,1605,1627]" pageId="27" pageNumber="388" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFAF611851D3F9BBC379F980" authorityName=": Nesov" authorityYear="1993" box="[193,318,1636,1658]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="27" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFAF611851D3F9BBC379F980" box="[193,318,1636,1658]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">P. robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is higher than in
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFAF61185300F9BBC090F980" box="[530,727,1636,1658]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="27" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mynbulakensis">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFAF61185300F9BBC090F980" box="[530,727,1636,1658]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">P. mynbulakensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFAF611851B6F95DC36FF961" authorityName=": Nesov" authorityYear="1985" box="[164,296,1667,1688]" class="Mammalia" family="Aegialodontidae" genus="Aspanlestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphitheriida" pageId="27" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFAF611851B6F95DC36FF961" box="[164,296,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">Aspanlestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: it comes close to the alveolar border only above M3. The infraorbital foramen is slightly more posterior than in
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFAF61185063F91EC071F92C" box="[369,566,1728,1749]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="27" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mynbulakensis">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFAF61185063F91EC071F92C" box="[369,566,1728,1749]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">P. mynbulakensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, approximately at the level between P4 and P5. The maxilla has a distinct facet for the maxilloturbinals (
<typeStatus id="FC5F883BFFAF6118534FF923C085F8EA" box="[605,706,1789,1811]" pageId="27" pageNumber="388" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
), as in
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFAF611851B6F8C2C36FF8C8" authorityName=": Nesov" authorityYear="1985" box="[164,296,1820,1841]" class="Mammalia" family="Aegialodontidae" genus="Aspanlestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphitheriida" pageId="27" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFAF611851B6F8C2C36FF8C8" box="[164,296,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">Aspanlestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The palatal process on URBAC 02–24 has a small premaxillary facet on the anterior end (
<figureCitation id="BBDF2A1CFFAF611851BEF887C2BBF896" box="[172,252,1881,1903]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="27.[164,243,1055,1074]" captionTargetBox="[331,1279,202,1021]" captionTargetId="figure-352@27.[325,1283,196,1025]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 18. Parazhelestes robustus, stereophotographs of URBAC 02–24, left maxillary fragment with C and P1 roots, and P2 alveoli, A, occlusal view; URBAC 98–23, left P4, B, occlusal and labial views; CCMGE 35/12176, right P5, C, occlusal view; URBAC 04–270, labial half of right DP5, D, occlusal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406766/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="235B3699FFAF61185241FB66C75BF9E7" blockId="27.[826,1441,1208,1903]" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">
Upper dentition. No upper incisors, canines, or anterior premolars are known for
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFAF611855F1FB09C727FB12" authorityName=": Nesov" authorityYear="1993" box="[1251,1376,1238,1260]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="27" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFAF611855F1FB09C727FB12" box="[1251,1376,1238,1260]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">P. robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The only anterior maxillary fragment referable to
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFAF61185475FB2BC1C3FAD1" authorityName=": Nesov" authorityYear="1993" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="27" pageNumber="388" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFAF61185475FB2BC1C3FAD1" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">P. robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is URBAC 02–24 (
<figureCitation id="BBDF2A1CFFAF61185582FACDC6B3FAD3" box="[1168,1268,1299,1322]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="27.[164,243,1055,1074]" captionTargetBox="[331,1279,202,1021]" captionTargetId="figure-352@27.[325,1283,196,1025]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 18. Parazhelestes robustus, stereophotographs of URBAC 02–24, left maxillary fragment with C and P1 roots, and P2 alveoli, A, occlusal view; URBAC 98–23, left P4, B, occlusal and labial views; CCMGE 35/12176, right P5, C, occlusal view; URBAC 04–270, labial half of right DP5, D, occlusal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406766/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">Fig. 18A</figureCitation>
). It has two approximately equal and labiolingually compressed canine roots, two roots for a small P1 set somewhat obliquely, and alveoli for a double-rooted P2 (the P2 was more than twice as long as P1). There are no diastemata between the teeth. There is some space on the maxilla anterior to the canine, but the alveolar border is broken here and it is not clear if this space contained the alveolus of the last incisor.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="235B3699FFAF611F5241F9F9C2B2FEE0" blockId="27.[826,1441,1208,1903]" lastBlockId="28.[144,759,198,1903]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="389" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">
<materialsCitation id="938C3CC4FFAF611F5241F9F9C2B5FEE0" collectionCode="URBAC" collectorName="The P" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="389" pageId="27" pageNumber="388" specimenCode="URBAC 98-23" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectorName id="8E11534FFFAF61185241F9F9C1D0F9C5" box="[851,919,1575,1597]" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">The P</collectorName>
4 is known from the
<typeStatus id="FC5F883BFFAF6118559BF9F9C6ADF9C4" box="[1161,1258,1575,1597]" pageId="27" pageNumber="388" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
maxilla and an isolated specimen,
<specimenCode id="73429EE2FFAF6118550EF998C68FF9A2" box="[1052,1224,1606,1627]" collectionCode="URBAC" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">URBAC 98–23</specimenCode>
(
<figureCitation id="BBDF2A1CFFAF611855CEF99BC779F9A5" box="[1244,1342,1605,1628]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="27.[164,243,1055,1074]" captionTargetBox="[331,1279,202,1021]" captionTargetId="figure-352@27.[325,1283,196,1025]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 18. Parazhelestes robustus, stereophotographs of URBAC 02–24, left maxillary fragment with C and P1 roots, and P2 alveoli, A, occlusal view; URBAC 98–23, left P4, B, occlusal and labial views; CCMGE 35/12176, right P5, C, occlusal view; URBAC 04–270, labial half of right DP5, D, occlusal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406766/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="388">Fig. 18B</figureCitation>
). In the
<typeStatus id="FC5F883BFFAF61185228F9BAC1DCF983" box="[826,923,1636,1658]" pageId="27" pageNumber="388" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
the enamel of this tooth is eroded so description is based on the isolated specimen. This is a double-rooted tooth with a robust main cusp, very small mesial and distal accessory cusps, and a welldeveloped protocone swelling supported by the transversely widened distal root. There is a prominent distal ridge extending from the main cusp apex towards the posterior accessory cusp but it does not reach the latter. There is a short distolabial cingulum at the distal accessory cusp and a longer distolingual cingulum extending around the whole protocone swelling
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="235B3699FFA8611F51BAFEFCC3DCFE29" blockId="28.[144,759,198,1903]" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">
The P5 is known from the
<typeStatus id="FC5F883BFFA8611F50F3FEFCC005FEC1" box="[481,578,290,312]" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
maxilla, where the enamel of this tooth is somewhat eroded, and from isolated CCMGE 35/12176 (
<bibRefCitation id="47754B68FFA8611F5300FE81C0E9FE8C" author="Nesov LA" box="[530,686,351,373]" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" pagination="8 - 18" refId="ref32576" refString="Nesov LA. 1985 a. [New mammals from the Cretaceous of Kyzylkum]. Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, Seriya 7: 8 - 18. [in Russian]." type="journal article" year="1985">Nesov, 1985a</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 3, fig. 1; 1997: pl. 53, fig. 5;
<bibRefCitation id="47754B68FFA8611F50AFFEA0C0C8FE6A" author="Nesov LA &amp; Archibald JD &amp; Kielan-Jaworowska Z" box="[445,655,381,403]" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" pagination="40 - 88" refId="ref32857" refString="Nesov LA, Archibald JD, Kielan-Jaworowska Z. 1998. Ungulate-like mammals from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan and a phylogenetic analysis of Ungulatomorpha. In: Beard KC, Dawson MR, eds. Dawn of the Age of Mammals in Asia. Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History 34: 40 - 88." type="journal article" year="1998">
Nesov
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFA8611F531EFEA0C07AFE6B" box="[524,573,381,403]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">et al</emphasis>
., 1998
</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 14P, Q) (
<figureCitation id="BBDF2A1CFFA8611F51A8FE42C35AFE4B" box="[186,285,412,434]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="27.[164,243,1055,1074]" captionTargetBox="[331,1279,202,1021]" captionTargetId="figure-352@27.[325,1283,196,1025]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 18. Parazhelestes robustus, stereophotographs of URBAC 02–24, left maxillary fragment with C and P1 roots, and P2 alveoli, A, occlusal view; URBAC 98–23, left P4, B, occlusal and labial views; CCMGE 35/12176, right P5, C, occlusal view; URBAC 04–270, labial half of right DP5, D, occlusal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406766/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">Fig. 18C</figureCitation>
). For description of CCMGE 35/12176 see
<bibRefCitation id="47754B68FFA8611F5182FE65C3D1FE29" author="Nesov LA &amp; Archibald JD &amp; Kielan-Jaworowska Z" box="[144,406,442,464]" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" pagination="40 - 88" refId="ref32857" refString="Nesov LA, Archibald JD, Kielan-Jaworowska Z. 1998. Ungulate-like mammals from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan and a phylogenetic analysis of Ungulatomorpha. In: Beard KC, Dawson MR, eds. Dawn of the Age of Mammals in Asia. Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History 34: 40 - 88." type="journal article" year="1998">
Nesov
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFA8611F51CDFE65C348FE29" box="[223,271,443,464]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">et al</emphasis>
. (1998: 59)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="235B3699FFA8611F51BAFE07C0B0FD71" blockId="28.[144,759,198,1903]" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">
The DP5 labial fragment URBAC 04–270 (
<figureCitation id="BBDF2A1CFFA8611F539FFE07C0A8FE16" box="[653,751,473,495]" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="27.[164,243,1055,1074]" captionTargetBox="[331,1279,202,1021]" captionTargetId="figure-352@27.[325,1283,196,1025]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 18. Parazhelestes robustus, stereophotographs of URBAC 02–24, left maxillary fragment with C and P1 roots, and P2 alveoli, A, occlusal view; URBAC 98–23, left P4, B, occlusal and labial views; CCMGE 35/12176, right P5, C, occlusal view; URBAC 04–270, labial half of right DP5, D, occlusal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406766/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">Fig. 18D</figureCitation>
) is referred to
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFA8611F503FFE27C3EDFDF4" authorityName=": Nesov" authorityYear="1993" box="[301,426,504,526]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFA8611F503FFE27C3EDFDF4" box="[301,426,504,526]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">P. robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because it is larger than the DP5s of
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFA8611F51E4FDC9C3FCFDD2" box="[246,443,534,556]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mynbulakensis">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFA8611F51E4FDC9C3FCFDD2" box="[246,443,534,556]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">P. mynbulakensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and coincides in size with the P5 of
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFA8611F51E8FDE8C330FDB3" authorityName=": Nesov" authorityYear="1993" box="[250,375,565,587]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFA8611F51E8FDE8C330FDB3" box="[250,375,565,587]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">P. robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The stylar shelf is of equal width (very narrow) labial to the paracone and metacone. There is a minute stylocone but no other stylar cusps.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="235B3699FFA8611F51BAFD4FC3E5FAB1" blockId="28.[144,759,198,1903]" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">
The upper molars are known from the
<typeStatus id="FC5F883BFFA8611F5384FD4FC0B0FD5E" box="[662,759,657,679]" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
maxilla, where they are heavily worn, and from isolated specimens. The upper molars of
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFA8611F535EFD11C08EFD1A" authorityName=": Nesov" authorityYear="1993" box="[588,713,718,740]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFA8611F535EFD11C08EFD1A" box="[588,713,718,740]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">P. robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are larger and more robust than the upper molars of
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFA8611F5182FCD2C312FCD9" box="[144,341,779,801]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mynbulakensis">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFA8611F5182FCD2C312FCD9" box="[144,341,779,801]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">P. mynbulakensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but have basically the same structure. The main structural difference between the two species is a somewhat more labially placed protocone in
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFA8611F51AAFCB6C372FC85" authorityName=": Nesov" authorityYear="1993" box="[184,309,871,893]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFA8611F51AAFCB6C372FC85" box="[184,309,871,893]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">P. robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The known sample of M1s shows almost no variation. The stylar cusp E is present in CCMGE 20/12953 (
<figureCitation id="BBDF2A1CFFA8611F507CFC7AC395FC43" box="[366,466,932,954]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="29.[164,243,1691,1710]" captionTargetBox="[252,1358,203,1656]" captionTargetId="figure-0@29.[245,1363,195,1661]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 19. Parazhelestes robustus, stereophotographs of CCMGE 20/12953, left M1. A, occlusal, labial, and distal views; URBAC 99–13, right M2 with small part of metastylar lobe missing; B, occlusal, labial, and distal views; URBAC 98–22, right maxillary fragment with M2 partial alveoli and M3; C, occlusal, labial, and distal views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406768" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406768/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">Fig. 19A</figureCitation>
). Except for the
<typeStatus id="FC5F883BFFA8611F539DFC7AC0B5FC43" box="[655,754,932,954]" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, M2 of
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFA8611F51F5FC1DC323FC21" authorityName=": Nesov" authorityYear="1993" box="[231,356,963,984]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFA8611F51F5FC1DC323FC21" box="[231,356,963,984]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">P. robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known only from an isolated specimen, URBAC 99–13 (
<figureCitation id="BBDF2A1CFFA8611F50D0FC3FC063FC01" box="[450,548,993,1016]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="29.[164,243,1691,1710]" captionTargetBox="[252,1358,203,1656]" captionTargetId="figure-0@29.[245,1363,195,1661]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 19. Parazhelestes robustus, stereophotographs of CCMGE 20/12953, left M1. A, occlusal, labial, and distal views; URBAC 99–13, right M2 with small part of metastylar lobe missing; B, occlusal, labial, and distal views; URBAC 98–22, right maxillary fragment with M2 partial alveoli and M3; C, occlusal, labial, and distal views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406768" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406768/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">Fig. 19B</figureCitation>
). This tooth has a relatively small parastylar lobe and the ectocingulum is expanded in the region of cusp C. The metastylar lobe was certainly small but some of the labial margin has been eroded away. The M3 is somewhat less worn in the maxilla fragment URBAC 98–22 (
<figureCitation id="BBDF2A1CFFA8611F539CFBA4C0A9FB68" box="[654,750,1146,1169]" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="29.[164,243,1691,1710]" captionTargetBox="[252,1358,203,1656]" captionTargetId="figure-0@29.[245,1363,195,1661]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figure 19. Parazhelestes robustus, stereophotographs of CCMGE 20/12953, left M1. A, occlusal, labial, and distal views; URBAC 99–13, right M2 with small part of metastylar lobe missing; B, occlusal, labial, and distal views; URBAC 98–22, right maxillary fragment with M2 partial alveoli and M3; C, occlusal, labial, and distal views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406768" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406768/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">Fig. 19C</figureCitation>
) compared to the
<typeStatus id="FC5F883BFFA8611F5045FB47C3FCFB56" box="[343,443,1177,1199]" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. Both maxillary fragments show that the lingual border of M3 is placed somewhat labial to the lingual margin of M1-2. The M
<quantity id="E41C9B7CFFA8611F53DEFB08C0B0FB15" box="[716,759,1238,1260]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
URBAC 98–22 differs from M3 URBAC 03–179, referred to
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFA8611F5008FACAC398FAD1" box="[282,479,1299,1321]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mynbulakensis">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFA8611F5008FACAC398FAD1" box="[282,479,1299,1321]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">P. mynbulakensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in having a relatively shorter parastylar lobe.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="235B3699FFA8611F51BAFA8FC07CF896" blockId="28.[144,759,198,1903]" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">Dentary. The posterior mental foramen is usually under the distal root of p5 (ZIN 88465). In URBAC 03–120 the posterior mental foramen is very large, extending beneath the distal root of p4 and both roots of p5. The Meckelian groove is absent (URBAC 97–5, 03–120). The masseteric crest is high. There are two (URBAC 03–120, ZIN 88466) or three (ZIN 88455) labial mandibular foramina. In some specimens there is a marked tuberosity in the area of the coronoid facet of more primitive mammals, which is on the medial side of the dentary between the m3 and base of the coronoid process (ZIN 88466). In ZIN 88463 on the medial side of the coronoid process there is a robust subhorizontal crest delimiting the ventral border for the temporalis muscle. The base of the angular process and the mandibular foramen are present only in ZIN 88969; these structures do not differ from those in other zhelestids.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="235B3699FFA8611F522DFF18C111FCD8" blockId="28.[806,1422,198,1566]" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">
Lower dentition. The lower incisors, canines, and premolars (except a tentatively attributed isolated p2) are not known for
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFA8611F5570FEDAC698FEE1" authorityName=": Nesov" authorityYear="1993" box="[1122,1247,259,281]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFA8611F5570FEDAC698FEE1" box="[1122,1247,259,281]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">P. robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, in IZANUz P2155-M-5 there is a minute alveolus for i4 at the mesiolabial corner of the canine anterior root, exactly as in URBAC 99–109 of
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFA8611F55DAFE81C7CAFE8D" box="[1224,1421,351,372]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mynbulakensis">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFA8611F55DAFE81C7CAFE8D" box="[1224,1421,351,372]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">P. mynbulakensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="BBDF2A1CFFA8611F523CFEA3C138FE6A" box="[814,895,381,403]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="25.[164,243,1779,1798]" captionTargetBox="[264,1348,203,1747]" captionTargetId="figure-0@25.[257,1351,195,1749]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Figure 16. Parazhelestes mynbulakensis, stereophotographs URBAC 99–109, left dentary with i1-4, c, p1-3(?) roots or alveoli, and p4-5, m1-3. A, stereophotograph and line drawing of anterior end. Light grey indicates roots teeth and dark grey indicates alveoli. B, stereophotograph of teeth in labial, occlusal, and lingual views. Photographs showing entire dentary, C, lingual view and D, labial view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406762" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406762/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
). This suggests that at least some individuals of
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFA8611F526BFE43C1B1FE48" authorityName=": Nesov" authorityYear="1993" box="[889,1014,412,434]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFA8611F526BFE43C1B1FE48" box="[889,1014,412,434]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">P. robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had four lower incisors as well. The lower canine is double-rooted, as evident from alveoli in IZANUz P2155-M-5. In this specimen there are no alveoli for p1 and p3, but judging from the closely spaced alveoli, it is likely to be an immature specimen and the postcanine dentition could have been dp2-4. The referral of IZANUz P2155- M-5 to the larger
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFA8611F5511FDACC6D8FD7E" box="[1027,1183,626,647]" class="Mammalia" genus="Eoungulatum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFA8611F5511FDACC6D8FD7E" box="[1027,1183,626,647]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">Eoungulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unlikely because the latter has a single-rooted lower canine. The alveoli for p2 and p3 are similar in size. The p3 was much smaller and mesiodistally aligned (ZIN 88489, URBAC 03–120) or oblique (ZIN 88465) to the tooth row.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="235B3699FFA8611F522DFCF4C1B5FBCD" blockId="28.[806,1422,198,1566]" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">
URBAC 04–324 is a lower premolar tentatively attributed to
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFA8611F52DDFC97C60BFCA4" authorityName=": Nesov" authorityYear="1993" box="[975,1100,840,862]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFA8611F52DDFC97C60BFCA4" box="[975,1100,840,862]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">P. robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="BBDF2A1CFFA8611F5571FC96C6AAFCA7" box="[1123,1261,840,862]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="30.[144,223,1129,1148]" captionTargetBox="[297,1275,200,1097]" captionTargetId="figure-259@30.[290,1277,197,1100]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 20. Parazhelestes robustus, URBAC 04–324, left p2, A, stereophotographs of labial, occlusal, and lingual views, and B, photograph in labial view showing roots; URBAC 97–05, right dentary fragment with m1 and 3 alveoli, and m2; C, photograph of dentary in labial view and D, m2 in lingual, occlusal, and labial views; URBAC 03–38, left m3, E, labial, occlusal, and lingual views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406770/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">Fig. 20A, B</figureCitation>
). It has two long roots, a conical central cusp, which is inclined anteriorly, no mesial accessory cusp, and a small distal accessory cusp. It is likely to be p2 because p1 and p3 are reduced in zhelestids and p4 has a distinct anterior accessory cusp. It is larger than p
<quantity id="E41C9B7CFFA8611F5226FBDEC136FBEF" box="[820,881,1024,1046]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
URBAC 97–3 and 02–13 attributed to
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFA8611F5234FBC1C1ACFBCD" box="[806,1003,1055,1076]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mynbulakensis">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFA8611F5234FBC1C1ACFBCD" box="[806,1003,1055,1076]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">P. mynbulakensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="235B3699FFA8611F522DFBE3C67CF9E7" blockId="28.[806,1422,198,1566]" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">
Amongst the lower molars, m1 is not known for
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFA8611F5234FB82C1E4FB88" authorityName=": Nesov" authorityYear="1993" box="[806,931,1116,1137]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFA8611F5234FB82C1E4FB88" box="[806,931,1116,1137]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">P. robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, m2 is known from three isolated specimens and one dentary fragment, URBAC 97–5 (
<figureCitation id="BBDF2A1CFFA8611F523CFB47C1FEFB57" box="[814,953,1177,1199]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="30.[144,223,1129,1148]" captionTargetBox="[297,1275,200,1097]" captionTargetId="figure-259@30.[290,1277,197,1100]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 20. Parazhelestes robustus, URBAC 04–324, left p2, A, stereophotographs of labial, occlusal, and lingual views, and B, photograph in labial view showing roots; URBAC 97–05, right dentary fragment with m1 and 3 alveoli, and m2; C, photograph of dentary in labial view and D, m2 in lingual, occlusal, and labial views; URBAC 03–38, left m3, E, labial, occlusal, and lingual views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406770/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">Fig. 20C, D</figureCitation>
), and m3 is known from a single isolated specimen (URBAC 03–38;
<figureCitation id="BBDF2A1CFFA8611F55B2FB69C743FB37" box="[1184,1284,1207,1230]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="30.[144,223,1129,1148]" captionTargetBox="[297,1275,200,1097]" captionTargetId="figure-259@30.[290,1277,197,1100]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figure 20. Parazhelestes robustus, URBAC 04–324, left p2, A, stereophotographs of labial, occlusal, and lingual views, and B, photograph in labial view showing roots; URBAC 97–05, right dentary fragment with m1 and 3 alveoli, and m2; C, photograph of dentary in labial view and D, m2 in lingual, occlusal, and labial views; URBAC 03–38, left m3, E, labial, occlusal, and lingual views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406770/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">Fig. 20E</figureCitation>
). The lower molars have the same morphology as in
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFA8611F542BFB09C1D8FAF3" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mynbulakensis">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFA8611F542BFB09C1D8FAF3" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">P. mynbulakensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but are slightly larger. The postcingulid is absent in URBAC 04–260, short in URBAC 98–14, and longer in URBAC 97–5. In the latter specimen there is a faint labial cingulid. The single m3 is wider than this tooth in
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFA8611F5580FAAEC711FA7D" box="[1170,1366,1391,1413]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mynbulakensis">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFA8611F5580FAAEC711FA7D" box="[1170,1366,1391,1413]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">P. mynbulakensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but has a much shorter talonid. The hypoconulid projects only slightly distally. The m3 paraconid is reduced and in a more labial position as in m1, whereas it is little reduced and more lingual in m2 as in
<taxonomicName id="E4E44D1AFFA8611F527DF9D7C673F9E4" box="[879,1076,1544,1566]" class="Mammalia" family="Gypsonictopidae" genus="Parazhelestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="28" pageNumber="389" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mynbulakensis">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFA8611F527DF9D7C673F9E4" box="[879,1076,1544,1566]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">P. mynbulakensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="235B3699FFA8611F5234F998C6B2F9A3" blockId="28.[806,1269,1605,1627]" box="[806,1269,1605,1627]" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">
<emphasis id="1190EA8BFFA8611F5234F998C196F9A2" box="[806,977,1606,1627]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="389">Measurements:</emphasis>
See Appendices 2 and 3.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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