222 lines
17 KiB
XML
222 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.306.5216" ID-PMC="PMC3689040" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-306-23" ID-Pensoft-UUID="6D604D7E0615FF97FFFCFFE89C5CFFF8" ID-PubMed="23794916" ID-Zenodo-Dep="577628" ID-ZooBank="4FFDB9207E4A4F339D8E16CC7189723F" ModsDocID="1313-2970-306-23" checkinTime="1451247243217" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Pan, Zhaohui, Zhu, Chaodong & Wu, Chunsheng" docDate="2013" docId="7C17CFD0C3D8E2C41383711276E47EE7" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 306: 23-36" docOrigin="ZooKeys 306" docPubDate="2013-06-03" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.306.5216" docTitle="Monema Walker 1855" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="6D604D7E0615FF97FFFCFFE89C5CFFF8" lastPageNumber="25" masterDocId="6D604D7E0615FF97FFFCFFE89C5CFFF8" masterDocTitle="A review of the genus Monema Walker in China (Lepidoptera, Limacodidae)" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="23" pageNumber="24" updateTime="1668155914232" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A review of the genus Monema Walker in China (Lepidoptera, Limacodidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Pan, Zhaohui</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute of Plateau Ecology, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College of Tibet University, Linzhi 860000, P. R. China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">panzhaohui2005@163.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Zhu, Chaodong</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wu, Chunsheng</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2013-06-03</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>306</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>23</mods:start>
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<mods:end>36</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.306.5216</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.306.5216</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-306-23</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">4FFDB9207E4A4F339D8E16CC7189723F</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">6D604D7E0615FF97FFFCFFE89C5CFFF8</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">577628</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152044758" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7C17CFD0C3D8E2C41383711276E47EE7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7C17CFD0C3D8E2C41383711276E47EE7" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="24" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
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<taxonomicName LSID="7C17CFD0-C3D8-E2C4-1383-711276E47EE7" authority="Walker, 1855" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1855" class="Insecta" family="Limacodidae" genus="Monema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monema" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Monema Walker, 1855</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="24" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1855" class="Insecta" family="Limacodidae" genus="Monema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Monema</taxonomicName>
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Walker, 1855: 1102,1112. Type species:
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1855" class="Insecta" family="Limacodidae" genus="Monema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavescens">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Monema flavescens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Walker, 1855: 1112, by monotypy.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dyar" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Limacodidae" genus="Cnidocampa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cnidocampa</taxonomicName>
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Dyar, 1905: 952. An unnecessary replacement name for
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1855" class="Insecta" family="Limacodidae" genus="Monema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Monema</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Walker, 1855, [not preoccupied by the plant genus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1855" class="Insecta" family="Limacodidae" genus="Monema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Monema</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Greville, 1827].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="1" pageNumber="24" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="24">Moths medium-sized, body yellowish. Male antennae filiform and thicker than in female. Labial palpi extremely long, more than three times eye diameter. Forewings with R3 + R4 stalked from R5 and R2 stalked with their stem. Hindwings with M1 and Rs stalked. Forewings with two narrow brown fasciae running from apex to 3/4 and 1/3 of inner margin respectively; basal part of forewing bordered by proximal fascia yellow, rest brown. Hind tibiae with two pairs of spurs.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
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Male genitalia: tegumen narrow; uncus narrow and long, usually with short ventral process at apex; gnathos narrow and long, nearly as long as uncus; juxta with lateral elongate process or spines; valva elongate, with apically saccular process; saccus usually long and large, more than half of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="valva’s">valva's</normalizedToken>
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width.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="1" pageNumber="24">
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Female genitalia: posterior apophysis long, anterior apophysis very short and less than the half length of posterior one; sclerotized exterior flap at posterior margin of ostium bearing minute hair; ductus bursae very long, more than the half length of
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<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="25" start="start">the</pageBreakToken>
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abdomen, base narrow and straight, apical part wider and spiraled; corpus bursae ovate, large; a pair of signa trigonal, bearing spines.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
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The larva belongs to the nettle-type, and is known only for
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1855" class="Insecta" family="Limacodidae" genus="Monema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavescens">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Monema flavescens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Its final instar larvae are 19-25mm in length. Head yellowish brown. Thorax yellowish green. Dorsum with a large purple-brown spot shaped as a dumbbell. Subdorsal scoli on T2-A9 and lateral scoli on T2, T3 and A2-8 (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 22–23" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 22 - 23. Larva and cocoon of Monema flavescens flavescens Walker. 22 larva 23 cocoon." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/21865" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation author="Long, J-K" journalOrPublisher="Macrolepidoptera of the World," pageId="10" pageNumber="33" refId="B9" refString="Long, J-K, Luo, Q-H, Zeng, X-Qi, Zeng, Y-T, 2008. Population occurrence and control strategy of Monema flavescens in Guiyang. Chinese Bulletin of Entomology 45 (6): 913-918." title="Population occurrence and control strategy of Monema flavescens in Guiyang. Chinese Bulletin of Entomology 45 (6): 913 - 918" year="2008">Long et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
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The cocoon of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1855" class="Insecta" family="Limacodidae" genus="Monema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavescens">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Monema flavescens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Walker is very hard and shaped as a sparrow-egg. It is white, with longitudinal brown stripes (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 22–23" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 22 - 23. Larva and cocoon of Monema flavescens flavescens Walker. 22 larva 23 cocoon." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/21865" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
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The genus is related to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1865" class="Insecta" family="Limacodidae" genus="Hyphorma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Hyphorma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Walker, 1865, but differs from the latter by the shorter terminal segment of the labial palpi and the stalked R2 and R3-5 in the forewings.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Limacodidae" genus="Scopelodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Scopelodes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Westwood, 1841 and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1886" class="Insecta" family="Limacodidae" genus="Phocoderma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Phocoderma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Butler, 1886 also have very long palpi, but the absence of a tuft of hair in 2nd or 3rd segments distinguish them from
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1855" class="Insecta" family="Limacodidae" genus="Monema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Monema</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Hering 1931).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="25" type="key to the species and subspecies">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Key to the species and subspecies</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
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<table inLine="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
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<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">1</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">Wings mostly pale black, brown or pale reddish</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">2</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">-</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">Wings mostly yellow or yellowish brown</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">3</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">2</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">Wings mostly pale reddish</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Dudgeon" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Limacodidae" genus="Monema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coralina">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Monema coralina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">-</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">Wings mostly brown to pale black</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName authority="flavescens" authorityName="flavescens Walker" authorityYear="1855" class="Insecta" family="Limacodidae" genus="Monema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="flavescens" subSpecies="flavescens">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Monema flavescens flavescens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Black form)
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">3</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">Frons red</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Pan & Zhu & Wu" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Matsumura" baseAuthorityYear="1931" class="Insecta" family="Limacodidae" genus="Monema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="flavescens" subSpecies="rubriceps">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Monema flavescens rubriceps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">-</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">Frons yellow</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">4</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">4</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">Saccus long, aedeagus straight</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">5</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">-</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">Saccus short and wide, aedeagus S-shaped</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Solovyev & Witt" authorityYear="2009" class="Insecta" family="Limacodidae" genus="Monema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meyi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Monema meyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">5</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">Gnathos narrow and long; juxta long, ending in a tuft of long spines each side</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Wu & Pan" authorityYear="2013" class="Insecta" family="Limacodidae" genus="Monema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanaognatha">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Monema tanaognatha</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="25">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">-</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">Gnathos short; juxta short, ending in 1-3 long spines each side</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName authority="flavescens" authorityName="flavescens Walker" authorityYear="1855" class="Insecta" family="Limacodidae" genus="Monema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="flavescens" subSpecies="flavescens">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="25">Monema flavescens flavescens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |