443 lines
56 KiB
XML
443 lines
56 KiB
XML
<document id="5C96832A794968792AFB05B61962A4E2" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4094.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="60d01d07-7735-4a32-9292-82ead909e804" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="266544" ID-ZooBank="E5F1E766-687D-4B00-974B-8D7939DC66A0" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459242848466" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="David G. Herbert & Adnan Mousalli" docDate="2016" docId="03E687FCE016D758FF1A15C10F589BC4" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4094.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4094 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Nata tarachodes Connolly 1912" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="32" masterDocId="FFDFFF84E00DD747FF8D116D0B0A9828" masterDocTitle="Revision of the dwarf cannibal snails (Nata s. l.) of southern Africa — Nata s. s. and Natella (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae), with description of three new species" masterLastPageNumber="67" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="28" updateTime="1698186665173" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="2F71AB76395D072F88F70B2E2621B8EE">Revision of the dwarf cannibal snails (Nata s. l.) of southern Africa — Nata s. s. and Natella (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae), with description of three new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5E7A55DD305654BCB1AD29665D10B40B">David G. Herbert</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A2140140378C464A627ED39232BDA2D5">Adnan Mousalli</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="CAB693D2B54B52DB41845A9A8FBF77A6">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A3BFB80D57B028849D77C546A965BE1F">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E1D0077FD277C7AC1813E6B296E1FD68">4094</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03E687FCE016D758FF1A15C10F589BC4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5615849" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119319688" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5615849" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E687FCE016D758FF1A15C10F589BC4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E687FCE016D758FF1A15C10F589BC4" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<subSubSection id="C3556561E016D75CFF1A15C1095C9CCF" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF036EAE016D75CFF1A15C1093A9CEE" blockId="27.[151,598,1196,1256]" box="[151,560,1196,1222]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<heading id="D0B88186E016D75CFF1A15C1093A9CEE" bold="true" box="[151,560,1196,1222]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69E016D75CFF1A15C1093A9CEE" authority="Connolly, 1912" authorityName="Connolly" authorityYear="1912" box="[151,560,1196,1222]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Nata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pulmonata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tarachodes">
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E016D75CFF1A15C1093A9CEE" bold="true" box="[151,560,1196,1222]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E016D75CFF1A15C10A519CEE" bold="true" box="[151,347,1196,1222]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Nata tarachodes</emphasis>
|
||
(
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BE016D75CFEE615C109229CEE" author="Connolly" box="[363,552,1196,1222]" pageId="27" pageNumber="57" refString="Connolly, M. (1912) Revised reference list of South African non-marine Mollusca; with descriptions of new species in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum, 11, 9 - 306. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11477" type="journal article" year="1912">Connolly, 1912</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF036EAE016D75CFF1A15A2095C9CCF" blockId="27.[151,598,1196,1256]" box="[151,598,1231,1256]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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||
<figureCitation id="13742A6FE016D75CFF1A15A20A0B9CCF" box="[151,257,1231,1256]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1791,1813]" captionTargetBox="[184,1395,199,1756]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[184,1396,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Living animals of Nata and Natella. A, Nata aequiplicata sp. nov., holotype, Stinkhoutkloof, E. Cape, shell diameter 6.5 mm (NMSA W 9248 / T 3066). B, Nata dumeticola, West Coast National Park, W. Cape, shell diameter 10.8 mm (NMSA W 3224). C, Nata erugata sp. nov., Tullach-Mohr, Nelspruit area, Mpumalanga, shell diameter 20 mm (MV ex NMSA W 3301). D, Nata tarachodes, Grootbos Private Nat. Res., Gansbaai, W. Cape, shell diameter 7.7 mm (NMSA W 5658). E, Nata watsoni sp. nov., Hankey, E. Cape, shell diameter 7.5 mm (paratype NMSA W 6524 / T 3921). F, Nata watsoni sp. nov. Camdeboo National Park, Graaff-Reinet, E. Cape, shell diameter 13.0 mm (paratype, NMSA W 6091 / T 2303). G, Nata vernicosa, Vernon Crookes Nat. Res., KwaZulu-Natal, shell diameter 14.0 mm (NMSA W 8020). H, Natella viridescens, Ithala Game Res., KwaZulu-Natal, shell diameter 3.7 mm (NMSA W 7263)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266548/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figures 4</figureCitation>
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D, 5B, 6D, 7B, 8A, 9A, 19–23
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3556561E016D75CFF1A147A093A9D80" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE016D75CFF1A147A09E09D05" blockId="27.[151,1436,1303,1448]" box="[151,746,1303,1325]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB5F11C4E016D75CFF1A147A09E09D05" box="[151,746,1303,1325]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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||
?
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69E016D75CFF2F147A0A489D05" box="[162,322,1303,1325]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vernicosa">
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E016D75CFF2F147A0A489D05" box="[162,322,1303,1325]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Helix vernicosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
[
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E016D75CFEDD14750A7C9D05" box="[336,374,1304,1325]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">non</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BE016D75CFEF1147509089D05" author="Krauss" box="[380,514,1303,1325]" pageId="27" pageNumber="57" refString="Krauss, F. (1848) Die sudafrikanischen Mollusken. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss des Kap- und Natallandes und zur geographischen Verbreitung derselben, mit Beschreibung und Abbildung der neuen Arten. Ebner & Seubert, Stuttgart, ii + 140 pp, 6 pls." type="book" year="1848">Krauss, 1848</bibRefCitation>
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]—
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0AEE10FBE016D75CFDAE147A09EF9D05" author="Benson" box="[547,741,1303,1325]" page="254" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="1850">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BE016D75CFDAE147A09B89D05" author="Benson" box="[547,690,1303,1325]" pageId="27" pageNumber="56" refString="Benson, W. H. (1850) Characters of new species of Helix from India, Mauritius and the Cape of Good Hope; also of a new Mauritian Tornatellina, with remarks on the habits of a Cape Succinea. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 2, 6, 251 - 256." type="journal article" year="1850">Benson, 1850</bibRefCitation>
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: 254
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE016D75CFF1A145B0FA59D64" blockId="27.[151,1436,1303,1448]" box="[151,1199,1334,1356]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB5F11C4E016D75CFF1A145B0FA59D64" box="[151,1199,1334,1356]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69E016D75CFF1A145B09389D64" ID-CoL="45T9T" authority="Connolly, 1912: 96" authorityName="Connolly" authorityPageNumber="96" authorityYear="1912" box="[151,562,1334,1356]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Natalina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tarachodes">
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E016D75CFF1A145B0A6D9D64" box="[151,359,1334,1356]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Natalina tarachodes</emphasis>
|
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<treatmentCitation id="0AEE10FBE016D75CFEE1145B09389D64" author="Connolly" box="[364,562,1334,1356]" page="96" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="1912">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BE016D75CFEE1145B09069D64" author="Connolly" box="[364,524,1334,1356]" pageId="27" pageNumber="57" refString="Connolly, M. (1912) Revised reference list of South African non-marine Mollusca; with descriptions of new species in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum, 11, 9 - 306. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11477" type="journal article" year="1912">Connolly, 1912</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 96
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, pl. 2, fig. 4.
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||
<typeStatus id="54F48848E016D75CFD3A145A09E39D64" box="[695,745,1335,1356]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Type</typeStatus>
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loc.: Cape Peninsula (generally distributed).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE016D75CFF1A143908899D42" blockId="27.[151,1436,1303,1448]" box="[151,899,1364,1387]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB5F11C4E016D75CFF1A143908899D42" box="[151,899,1364,1387]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69E016D75CFF1A14390A8C9D43" box="[151,390,1364,1387]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Macrocycloides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cosmia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E016D75CFF1A14390A8C9D43" box="[151,390,1364,1387]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Macrocycloides cosmia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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[
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E016D75CFE19143B0AB09D43" box="[404,442,1366,1387]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">non</emphasis>
|
||
Pfeiffer, 1852]—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AEE10FBE016D75CFDE0143908299D42" author="Thiele" box="[621,803,1364,1386]" page="725" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="1931">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BE016D75CFDE0143909FB9D42" author="Thiele" box="[621,753,1364,1386]" pageId="27" pageNumber="59" refString="Thiele, J. (1931) Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde. Vol. 2. Fischer, Jena, 403 pp. [pp. 376 - 778]" type="book chapter" year="1931">Thiele, 1931</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 725
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
, fig. 765.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE016D75CFF1A1419093A9D80" blockId="27.[151,1436,1303,1448]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB5F11C4E016D75CFF1A1419093A9D80" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69E016D75CFF1A14190A359DA1" box="[151,319,1395,1417]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Nata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pulmonata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tarachodes">
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E016D75CFF1A14190A359DA1" box="[151,319,1395,1417]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Nata tarachodes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<treatmentCitation id="0AEE10FBE016D75CFED4141909139DA1" author="Watson" box="[345,537,1395,1417]" page="158" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="1934">
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BE016D75CFED414190AED9DA1" author="Watson" box="[345,487,1395,1417]" pageId="27" pageNumber="59" refString="Watson, H. (1934) Natalina and other South African snails. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 21, 150 - 193." type="journal article" year="1934">Watson, 1934</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 158
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 161, pl. 19, figs 6–8.
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<treatmentCitation id="0AEE10FBE016D75CFD70141E08C59DA1" author="Connolly" box="[765,975,1395,1417]" page="102" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="1939">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BE016D75CFD70141E08969DA1" author="Connolly" box="[765,924,1395,1417]" pageId="27" pageNumber="57" refString="Connolly, M. (1939) A monographic survey of South African non-marine Mollusca. Annals of the South African Museum, 33, 1 - 660." type="journal article" year="1939">Connolly, 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 102
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AEE10FBE016D75CFC5414190FB89DA1" author="Bruggen" box="[985,1202,1395,1417]" page="468" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="1970">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BE016D75CFC5414190F759DA1" author="Bruggen" box="[985,1151,1395,1417]" pageId="27" pageNumber="56" refString="Bruggen, A. C. van (1970 a) Non-marine Mollusca. Chapter 18. In: Hanstrom, B., Brinck, P. & Rudebeck, G. (Eds.), South African Animal Life. Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950 - 1951. Vol XIV. Statens Naturvetenskapliga Forskningsrad, Stockholm, pp. 445 - 476." type="book chapter" year="1970" yearSuffix="a">Bruggen, 1970a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 468
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AEE10FBE016D75CFB31141E0E929DA1" author="Richardson" box="[1212,1432,1395,1417]" page="45" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="1989">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BE016D75CFB31141E0E789DA1" author="Richardson" box="[1212,1394,1395,1417]" pageId="27" pageNumber="58" refString="Richardson, C. L. (1989) Streptaxacea: a catalog of species. Part II; Ammonitellidae, Chlamydephoridae, Haplotrematidae, Rhytididae, Systrophiidae. Tryonia, 18, 1 - 154." type="journal article" year="1989">Richardson, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 45
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0AEE10FBE016D75CFF4A14FF0AA89D80" author="Schileyko" box="[199,418,1426,1448]" page="747" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="2000">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BE016D75CFF4A14FF0A7A9D80" author="Schileyko" box="[199,368,1426,1448]" pageId="27" pageNumber="58" refString="Schileyko, A. A. (2000) Treatise on Recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs. Part 6. Rhytididae, Chlamydephoridae, Systrophiidae, Haplotrematidae, Streptaxidae, Spiraxidae, Oleacinidae, Testacellidae. Ruthenica, 2 (Supplement), 729 - 880." type="journal article" year="2000">Schileyko, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 747
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 973A, B.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3556561E016D75CFF1A14B909609E38" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE016D75CFF1A14B909609E38" blockId="27.[151,1437,1492,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E016D75CFF1A14B90A149DC5" bold="true" box="[151,286,1492,1517]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
From
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E016D75CFEFF14B90ACD9DC5" box="[370,455,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">tarache</emphasis>
|
||
(Gr.)–disturbance, confusion; presumably referring to the fact that the species was previously confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69E016D75CFE34149709699E39" box="[441,611,1530,1553]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Nata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pulmonata" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vernicosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E016D75CFE34149709699E39" box="[441,611,1530,1553]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Nata vernicosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3556561E016D75CFF4A17710F4A9EED" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE016D75CFF4A177109C89E71" blockId="27.[151,1437,1492,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E016D75CFF4A17710A7C9E1D" bold="true" box="[199,374,1564,1589]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F48848E016D75CFF4A17710A089E1D" box="[199,258,1564,1589]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
material.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F48848E016D75CFEF017710AEF9E1D" box="[381,485,1564,1589]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13742A6FE016D75CFE7B1771094F9E1D" box="[502,581,1564,1589]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1054,1076]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,329,1026]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1436,317,1033]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 19. Nata tarachodes (Connolly, 1912). A – C, holotype of Natalina tarachodes Connolly, 1912, diameter 7.2 mm (NHMUK 1912.4.27.14). D – F, elevated specimen with distinct axial riblets, Grootbos Private Nat. Res., Gansbaai, W. Cape, diameter 8.0 mm (NMSA W 5658). G, depressed specimen, faded, Kalk Bay Mountain, W. Cape, diameter 7.1 mm (SAMC 8299)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266563/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C) in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED5EAE2FE016D75CFD261770081F9E1C" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" box="[683,789,1565,1588]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">NHMUK</collectionCode>
|
||
(1912.4.27.14), diameter
|
||
<quantity id="4CB79B0FE016D75CFBB117700F999E1C" box="[1084,1171,1565,1589]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.2" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="7.2">7.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
(8.0 mm
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E016D75CFA8F17710E269E1D" box="[1282,1324,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">fide</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BE016D75CFAB917710BD99E71" author="Connolly" pageId="27" pageNumber="57" refString="Connolly, M. (1939) A monographic survey of South African non-marine Mollusca. Annals of the South African Museum, 33, 1 - 660." type="journal article" year="1939">Connolly 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), plus five
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F48848E016D75CFEC3172C0AB39E71" box="[334,441,1601,1625]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
(1937.12.30.1346–51).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE016D75CFF4A17090F099E55" blockId="27.[151,1437,1492,2021]" box="[199,1027,1636,1661]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E016D75CFF4A170908489E55" bold="true" box="[199,834,1636,1661]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Additional material examined and literature records:</emphasis>
|
||
See Appendix 2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE016D75CFF4A17E50F4A9EED" blockId="27.[151,1437,1492,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E016D75CFF4A17E50A7A9E89" bold="true" box="[199,368,1672,1697]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Identification.</emphasis>
|
||
Characterised by its small size, thin shell, low spire, relatively rapidly expanding whorls, and glossy, almost uniformly coloured shell with distinct but rather uneven axial riblets.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3556561E016D75AFF4A17BD0AD69987" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE016D75CFF4A17BD0A0A9FCD" blockId="27.[151,1437,1492,2021]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E016D75CFF4A17BD0A749EC1" bold="true" box="[199,382,1744,1769]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Shell (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13742A6FE016D75CFE9817BD0A659EC1" box="[277,367,1744,1769]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1054,1076]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,329,1026]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1436,317,1033]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 19. Nata tarachodes (Connolly, 1912). A – C, holotype of Natalina tarachodes Connolly, 1912, diameter 7.2 mm (NHMUK 1912.4.27.14). D – F, elevated specimen with distinct axial riblets, Grootbos Private Nat. Res., Gansbaai, W. Cape, diameter 8.0 mm (NMSA W 5658). G, depressed specimen, faded, Kalk Bay Mountain, W. Cape, diameter 7.1 mm (SAMC 8299)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266563/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Lenticular to discoidal, thin, spire low; largest specimens comprising 2.5–2.75 teleoconch whorls; whorls expanding relatively rapidly; periphery close to mid-whorl; suture well above periphery. Protoconch
|
||
<quantity id="4CB79B0FE016D75CFEAE16750AC69F18" box="[291,460,1816,1841]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.025" metricValueMax="1.15" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="1.025" valueMax="1.15" valueMin="0.9">0.90–1.15 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter, comprising ±1.0 whorl, smooth and glossy, junction with teleoconch usually distinct. Apical surface of teleoconch sculptured with close-set, axial riblets of uneven strength, often with additional growth scars; riblets evanesce at periphery and base smoother, sculptured by irregular growth-lines. Aperture subcircular to ovate, but peristome interrupted by bulging parietal region; outer lip thin with membranous periostracal fringe; base and umbilical margin evenly rounded; umbilicus moderately wide; columella lip not reflected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE011D75BFF4A11FA0A8998FD" blockId="28.[151,1436,151,285]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Shell glossy throughout, translucent with honey-gold periostracum when fresh; pigmentation of underlying tissue clearly visible.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE011D75BFF4A11B20A629934" blockId="28.[151,1436,151,285]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Dimensions: Largest specimen, diameter
|
||
<quantity id="4CB79B0FE011D75BFD1911B209F098DF" box="[660,762,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.26" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="12.6">12.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
, height
|
||
<quantity id="4CB79B0FE011D75BFCDC11B208A398DF" box="[849,937,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="6.6">6.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
, but diameter mostly <
|
||
<quantity id="4CB79B0FE011D75BFB24118D0FF098DF" box="[1193,1274,224,248]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
; H:D of adults 0.51–0.63 [N=17].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF306662E011D75BFF1A15730BD39CB9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266563/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" targetBox="[154,1432,329,1026]" targetPageId="28">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE011D75BFF1A15730BD39CB9" blockId="28.[151,1436,1054,1169]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E011D75BFF1A15730A289C1C" bold="true" box="[151,290,1054,1076]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">FIGURE 19.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69E011D75BFEA6154D09989C1C" authority="Connolly, 1912" authorityName="Connolly" authorityYear="1912" box="[299,658,1054,1077]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Nata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pulmonata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tarachodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E011D75BFEA6154D0ADC9C1C" box="[299,470,1054,1077]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Nata tarachodes</emphasis>
|
||
(Connolly, 1912)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E011D75BFD12157309DC9C1C" bold="true" box="[671,726,1054,1076]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A–C,</emphasis>
|
||
holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69E011D75BFCED15730FD79C1C" authority="Connolly, 1912" authorityName="Connolly" authorityYear="1912" box="[864,1245,1054,1076]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Natalina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tarachodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E011D75BFCED15730F399C1C" box="[864,1075,1054,1076]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Natalina tarachodes</emphasis>
|
||
Connolly, 1912
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, diameter 7.2 mm (NHMUK 1912.4.27.14).
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E011D75BFE2F15500ADF9C7B" bold="true" box="[418,469,1085,1107]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">D–F,</emphasis>
|
||
elevated specimen with distinct axial riblets, Grootbos Private Nat. Res., Gansbaai, W. Cape, diameter 8.0 mm (NMSA W5658).
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E011D75BFD81153109179C5A" bold="true" box="[524,541,1116,1138]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">G</emphasis>
|
||
, depressed specimen, faded, Kalk Bay Mountain, W. Cape, diameter 7.1 mm (SAMC 8299).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE011D75BFF4A15D50BD29D80" blockId="28.[151,1436,1208,1448]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E011D75BFF4A15D509129CF9" bold="true" box="[199,536,1208,1233]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
Living animal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13742A6FE011D75BFEF315D50ACD9CF9" box="[382,455,1208,1233]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1791,1813]" captionTargetBox="[184,1395,199,1756]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[184,1396,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Living animals of Nata and Natella. A, Nata aequiplicata sp. nov., holotype, Stinkhoutkloof, E. Cape, shell diameter 6.5 mm (NMSA W 9248 / T 3066). B, Nata dumeticola, West Coast National Park, W. Cape, shell diameter 10.8 mm (NMSA W 3224). C, Nata erugata sp. nov., Tullach-Mohr, Nelspruit area, Mpumalanga, shell diameter 20 mm (MV ex NMSA W 3301). D, Nata tarachodes, Grootbos Private Nat. Res., Gansbaai, W. Cape, shell diameter 7.7 mm (NMSA W 5658). E, Nata watsoni sp. nov., Hankey, E. Cape, shell diameter 7.5 mm (paratype NMSA W 6524 / T 3921). F, Nata watsoni sp. nov. Camdeboo National Park, Graaff-Reinet, E. Cape, shell diameter 13.0 mm (paratype, NMSA W 6091 / T 2303). G, Nata vernicosa, Vernon Crookes Nat. Res., KwaZulu-Natal, shell diameter 14.0 mm (NMSA W 8020). H, Natella viridescens, Ithala Game Res., KwaZulu-Natal, shell diameter 3.7 mm (NMSA W 7263)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266548/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
D, 20):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Body colour rather variable; head and neck grey to dark bluish-grey, often with some microscopic orange pigment granules; tentacles of similar colour, darker toward the tip; foot paler ventrally; tail of foot short, commonly greyish white; skin texture relatively smooth; mantle edge yellowish-grey, with a broad, dark subterminal band; lining of mantle cavity with irregular blackish markings (particularly dense in specimens from the Gansbaai area), the kidney showing through as a whitish trigonal structure (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13742A6FE011D75BFB5214250E3F9D48" box="[1247,1333,1352,1377]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1952,1974]" captionTargetBox="[152,1432,1488,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1436,1485,1939]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 20. Nata tarachodes (Connolly, 1912), living animals. A, Oubos, Riviersonderendberge, W. Cape (NMSA W 5671). B, Grootbos Private Nat. Res., Gansbaai, W. Cape (NMSA W 5658). Note relatively dense pigmentation of pulmonary lining and conspicuous pale kidney in B. Shell diameter of both specimens 7.7 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266564/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
B). Some populations (e.g. in the forests of the Riviersonderendberge) with tail and mantle edge conspicuously orange (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13742A6FE011D75BFAE214010BBC9D80" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="28.[151,250,1952,1974]" captionTargetBox="[152,1432,1488,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[151,1436,1485,1939]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 20. Nata tarachodes (Connolly, 1912), living animals. A, Oubos, Riviersonderendberge, W. Cape (NMSA W 5671). B, Grootbos Private Nat. Res., Gansbaai, W. Cape (NMSA W 5658). Note relatively dense pigmentation of pulmonary lining and conspicuous pale kidney in B. Shell diameter of both specimens 7.7 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266564/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
A).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF306662E011D75BFF1A16CD08AF9FDC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266564/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" targetBox="[152,1432,1488,1933]" targetPageId="28">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE011D75BFF1A16CD08AF9FDC" blockId="28.[151,1437,1952,2036]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E011D75BFF1A16CD0A2A9F9E" bold="true" box="[151,288,1952,1974]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">FIGURE 20.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69E011D75BFEAA16CF098C9F9E" authority="Connolly, 1912" authorityName="Connolly" authorityYear="1912" box="[295,646,1952,1975]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Nata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pulmonata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tarachodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E011D75BFEAA16CF0ADA9F9E" box="[295,464,1952,1975]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Nata tarachodes</emphasis>
|
||
(Connolly, 1912)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, living animals.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E011D75BFCBD16CD08429F9E" bold="true" box="[816,840,1952,1974]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">A,</emphasis>
|
||
Oubos, Riviersonderendberge, W. Cape (NMSA W5671).
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E011D75BFF1A16D20BA49FFD" bold="true" box="[151,174,1983,2005]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">B,</emphasis>
|
||
Grootbos Private Nat. Res., Gansbaai, W. Cape (NMSA W5658). Note relatively dense pigmentation of pulmonary lining and conspicuous pale kidney in B. Shell diameter of both specimens 7.7 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE010D75AFF4A11FA0AD69987" blockId="29.[151,1436,151,431]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E010D75AFF4A11FA0ACE9898" bold="true" box="[199,452,151,176]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Radula (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13742A6FE010D75AFEA111FA0A7E9898" box="[300,372,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1492,1514]" captionTargetBox="[154,1432,339,1464]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,338,1471]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Radulae of Nata and Natella, automontage light micrographs of half-row portions of stained radula mounts. A, Nata aequiplicata sp. nov., type locality (paratype, NMSA W 9249 / T 3067). B, Nata dumeticola, Jacobsbaai, W. Cape (NMSA V 7760). C, Nata erugata sp. nov., Golden Gate Highlands National Park, Free State (paratype, NMSA W 4243 / T 3913). D, Nata tarachodes, Oubos, W. Cape (NMSA W 5671). E, Nata watsoni sp. nov., Graaff-Reinet, E. Cape (paratype, NMSA W 6091 / T 2303). F, Natella viridescens, Ithala Game Res., KwaZulu-Natal (NMSA V 2530). Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B = 200 µm; C – E = 250 µm; F = 50 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266550/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figs 6</figureCitation>
|
||
D, 21):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Formula 0+(7–9)+(4–5); length up to 6.0 mm, with 29–35 V-shaped rows of teeth; teeth progressively larger from anterior to posterior of radula, with up to 10 rows/mm anteriorly, approx. 5 rows/mm posteriorly; largest lateral tooth increasing up to 100% in size; rachidian absent; lateral teeth progressively larger moving away from mid-line, one tooth clearly the largest (fang tooth), this taken to be outermost lateral (tooth n o 7, 8 or 9, may differ on left and right side of radula); inner lateral teeth elongate-lanceolate, fang tooth robust, narrowly trigonal, with slightly in-curved tip giving it a blade-like profile; 4–5 teeth (marginals) beyond largest lateral, the first only slightly shorter than largest lateral, but more slender, remaining marginals decreasing rapidly in size, the outer one minute.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF306662E010D75AFF1A15090A7E9C92" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266565/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" targetBox="[152,1436,472,1108]" targetPageId="29">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE010D75AFF1A15090A7E9C92" blockId="29.[151,1436,1124,1210]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E010D75AFF1A15090A289C52" bold="true" box="[151,290,1124,1146]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">FIGURE 21.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69E010D75AFEA1150B099B9C52" authority="Connolly, 1912" authorityName="Connolly" authorityYear="1912" box="[300,657,1124,1147]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Nata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pulmonata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tarachodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E010D75AFEA1150B0ADD9C52" box="[300,471,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Nata tarachodes</emphasis>
|
||
(Connolly, 1912)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, radula, Grootbos Private Nat. Res., Gansbaai (NMSA W5658).
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E010D75AFAB115090E5F9C52" bold="true" box="[1340,1365,1124,1146]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">A,</emphasis>
|
||
whole width of radula.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E010D75AFEB315EB0A5F9CB4" bold="true" box="[318,341,1158,1180]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">B,</emphasis>
|
||
half width of radula showing large teeth (numbers 6–8), fang tooth is tooth n o 7 in this case. Scale bars: A = 200 µm; B = 100 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3556561E010D75AFF4A158F0E0C9EDB" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE010D75AFF4A158F0E0C9EDB" blockId="29.[151,1437,1250,2030]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E010D75AFF4A158F09589CD3" bold="true" box="[199,594,1250,1275]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Distal genitalia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13742A6FE010D75AFE04158F0AD99CD3" box="[393,467,1250,1275]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1697,1719]" captionTargetBox="[159,1432,714,1663]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,697,1675]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 7. Reproductive tract of Nata and Natella. A, Nata aequiplicata sp. nov. (paratype, NMSA W 9249 / T 3067). B, Nata tarachodes (NMSA W 9118). C, Nata dumeticola (NMSA W 8258). D, Nata vernicosa (NMSA W 9322). E, Nata watsoni sp. nov. (holotype). F, Natella viridescens (NMSA V 31770). Abbreviations: ad, atrial diverticulum; ag, albumen gland; bc, bursa copulatrix; ep, epiphallus; ga, genital atrium; hd, hermaphrodite duct; ot, ovotestis; p, penis; sod, spermoviduct; v, vagina; vd, vas deferens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266551/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figs 7</figureCitation>
|
||
B, 8A, 22):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Genital pore ventral to pneumostome; right optic tentacle retractor passing to left of penis. Penis relatively short and stout (length ±
|
||
<quantity id="4CB79B0FE010D75AFCA91468088A9D36" box="[804,896,1285,1310]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
), narrowing basally; its wall not conspicuously muscular and lined internally with relatively coarse (stout), close-set papillae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13742A6FE010D75AFB9C14470F639D6A" box="[1041,1129,1322,1347]" captionStart="FIGURE 8. A" captionStartId="15.[151,250,998,1020]" captionTargetBox="[153,1432,232,973]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,229,977]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 8. A, Nata tarachodes (Connolly, 1912), everted penis, penis length 2.3 mm, Oubos, Riviersonderendberge, W. Cape (NMSA W 5671). B, Nata vernicosa (Krauss, 1848), everted penis, penis length 3.3 mm, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal (NMSA W 3910). C, spermatophore of Nata watsoni sp. nov., left and right sides, extended length 6.6. mm, Alexandra Forest, E. Cape (NMSA W 9173). Abbreviations: epp, epiphallus pore." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266552/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
|
||
shows these in the everted state); epiphallus pore surrounded by a slightly raised lip, but not forming an enlarged papilla or verge. Penial retractor muscle attached at apex of penis; epiphallus distinct and comparatively large, ±0.75 length of penis, adnate to side of penis and inserting just below its apex; epiphallus internally papillate, papillae somewhat smaller than those of penis and aligned longitudinally; vas deferens running beside free oviduct before joining spermoviduct. Genital atrium simple and vagina almost non-existent, the free oviduct and bursa copulatrix duct seeming to arise directly from atrium. Bursa copulatrix and its duct about one-third to half length of spermoviduct, basal portion of duct markedly swollen, lined internally with well-developed longitudinal folds, often visible by transparency; duct narrowing distally toward bursa copulatrix; bursa itself ovate, thin-walled and of rather variable size. Genital atrium with a lateral diverticulum arising near base of bursa duct; diverticulum of variable size, well developed in some specimens, but little more than a small pouch in others; internally papillate. [This structure was termed a vaginal appendix by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BE010D75AFE7D17DA09929EE6" author="Watson" box="[496,664,1718,1742]" pageId="29" pageNumber="59" refString="Watson, H. (1934) Natalina and other South African snails. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 21, 150 - 193." type="journal article" year="1934">Watson (1934)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but a vagina
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E010D75AFCB417DA08749EE6" box="[825,894,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">per se</emphasis>
|
||
is hard to delimit and in the material examined herein the diverticulum appears to derive from the genital atrium, close to the base of the bursa duct.]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3556561E010D75AFF4A17900AAC9FC6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE010D75AFF4A179009169FAB" blockId="29.[151,1437,1250,2030]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E010D75AFF4A17900AE99F3E" bold="true" box="[199,483,1789,1814]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Distribution (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13742A6FE010D75AFEFE17900ADE9F3E" box="[371,468,1789,1814]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1922,1944]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,1061,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[151,1436,1060,1901]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 23. Distribution of Nata tarachodes (Connolly, 1912). Triangles with a white centre indicate localities for specimens used in DNA analyses (Moussalli & Herbert 2016); contour at 1000 m." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266567/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Probably endemic to the south-western Cape, from the southern Swartland (Kasteelberg) south to the Cape Peninsula and east to the central Langeberge. Literature records (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BE010D75AFB65164F0E9E9F12" author="Connolly" box="[1256,1428,1826,1851]" pageId="29" pageNumber="57" refString="Connolly, M. (1939) A monographic survey of South African non-marine Mollusca. Annals of the South African Museum, 33, 1 - 660." type="journal article" year="1939">Connolly 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) from further east (E. Cape and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F358767AE010D75AFE791628095B9F76" box="[500,593,1861,1886]" name="Lesotho" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Lesotho</collectingCountry>
|
||
, see Appendix 2) must be considered dubious. It seems probable that these represent misidentified specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE010D75AFF4A16E00AAC9FC6" blockId="29.[151,1437,1250,2030]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E010D75AFF4A16E00A209F8E" bold="true" box="[199,298,1933,1958]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Occurs in a wide variety of habitats, ranging from fynbos to forest and from the coast to
|
||
<quantity id="4CB79B0FE010D75AFAA516E00E749F8E" box="[1320,1406,1933,1958]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
|
||
in the western Riviersonderendberge (Jonaskop); usually found in accumulations of plant debris beneath shrubs and in forest floor leaf-litter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF306662E013D759FF1A14A609CC9EB1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266566/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" targetBox="[168,1416,203,1449]" targetPageId="30">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE013D759FF1A14A609CC9EB1" blockId="30.[151,1436,1483,1689]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E013D759FF1A14A60A2F9DC9" bold="true" box="[151,293,1483,1505]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">FIGURE 22.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69E013D759FEBC14A109949DC9" authority="Connolly, 1912" authorityName="Connolly" authorityYear="1912" box="[305,670,1483,1505]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Nata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pulmonata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tarachodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E013D759FEBC14A10AD59DC9" box="[305,479,1483,1505]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Nata tarachodes</emphasis>
|
||
(Connolly, 1912)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, genitalia.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E013D759FC9514A6083A9DC9" bold="true" box="[792,816,1483,1505]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A,</emphasis>
|
||
entire genital tract, minus ovotestis (NMSA W5671).
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E013D759FA0914A60E919DC9" bold="true" box="[1412,1435,1483,1505]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">B,</emphasis>
|
||
dissection of basal portion of bursa copulatrix duct showing folds on lumen wall and papillate pocket of atrial diverticulum (NMSA W5671).
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E013D759FEDA17650A7A9E36" bold="true" box="[343,368,1544,1566]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">C,</emphasis>
|
||
longitudinal dissection of penis showing papillate lumen, atrial diverticulum large in this individual (NMSA W9118). Abbreviations: ad, atrial diverticulum; ag, albumen gland; bc, bursa copulatrix; bd, bursa copulatrix duct; bdf, folds in wall of bursa copulatrix duct; ep, epiphallus; epp, epiphallus pore; fod, free oviduct; ga, genital atrium; hd, hermaphrodite duct; p, penis; plp, papillate lumen of penis; pp, papillate pocket of atrial diverticulum; pr, penial retractor muscle; sod, spermoviduct; v, vagina; vd, vas deferens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3556561E013D758FF4A17AD0F589BC4" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE013D759FF4A17AD090F9F08" blockId="30.[151,1436,1728,2005]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E013D759FF4A17AD0A319EF1" bold="true" box="[199,315,1728,1753]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
On the Cape Peninsula the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69E013D759FD6717AC08AD9EF1" box="[746,935,1728,1753]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Nata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pulmonata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tarachodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E013D759FD6717AC08AD9EF1" box="[746,935,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Nata tarachodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
overlaps with that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69E013D759FB2417AC0E6C9EF1" box="[1193,1382,1728,1753]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Nata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pulmonata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="dumeticola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E013D759FB2417AC0E6C9EF1" box="[1193,1382,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Nata dumeticola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Remarks thereunder), but that species has a deeper shell with stronger, more regular axial riblets, and is usually larger (diameter up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CB79B0FE013D759FE1C16650AF09F08" box="[401,506,1800,1824]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.43" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="14.3">14.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE013D759FF4A164108EE9FFD" blockId="30.[151,1436,1728,2005]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
The radula of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69E013D759FEE0164009219F6D" box="[365,555,1836,1861]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Nata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pulmonata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tarachodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E013D759FEE0164009219F6D" box="[365,555,1836,1861]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Nata tarachodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is clearly similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69E013D759FCF916400F2B9F6C" box="[884,1057,1837,1860]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Nata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pulmonata" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="vernicosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E013D759FCF916400F2B9F6C" box="[884,1057,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Nata vernicosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the distal reproductive tract differs noticeably, particularly with regard to the proportionally larger epiphallus which inserts laterally near the apex of the penis (rather than some distance below the penis apex), and the presence of an atrial diverticulum near the base of the bursa copulatrix duct. A specimen has been observed feeding on a much larger species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69E013D759FF1A16D10A299FFD" box="[151,291,1980,2005]" class="Bryopsida" family="Mniaceae" genus="Trachycystis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Bryophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E013D759FF1A16D10A299FFD" box="[151,291,1980,2005]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Trachycystis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Koegelberg Nature Reserve (W. Sirgel,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E013D759FCA016D0086B9FFD" box="[813,865,1980,2005]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">in lit</emphasis>
|
||
.,
|
||
<date id="FFF1102AE013D759FCFB16D108D29FFD" box="[886,984,1980,2005]" bridgedPair="/" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" value="2012-07">vii/2012</date>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE012D758FF4A11F508649985" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
In addition to the material discussed above, there are three further samples (locality details below) that we initially identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69E012D758FE1311D0096A98FD" box="[414,608,188,213]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Nata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pulmonata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tarachodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E012D758FE1311D0096A98FD" box="[414,608,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Nata tarachodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on conchological features, but which exhibit unusual radula characters for this species. Firstly a specimen from Newlands Forest [beside contour path, at beginning of Newlands Ravine pathway (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7B502DE012D758FE5E106909459935" box="[467,591,260,285]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" precision="5" value="-33.9628">33.9628°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
:
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7B502DE012D758FDD7106909E99934" box="[602,739,260,284]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" precision="1" value="18.43902">18.43902°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="4CB79B0FE012D758FD7A1069084A9934" box="[759,832,260,285]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="m" value="360.0">360 m</quantity>
|
||
, under logs, D. Raharinjanahary,
|
||
<date id="FFF1102AE012D758FB3410690E319935" box="[1209,1339,260,285]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="2006-12-10">10/xii/2006</date>
|
||
(NMSA W6601)] is unusual in that the radula formula is 0+6+7, i.e. there are fewer lateral teeth and more marginal teeth than is usual for this species, to such an extent that the number of marginals exceeds the number of laterals. Furthermore, the sequence data for this specimen shows its relationship to other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69E012D758FBB5101C0FFE99A0" box="[1080,1268,367,392]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Nata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pulmonata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tarachodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E012D758FBB5101C0FFE99A0" box="[1080,1268,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Nata tarachodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
material to be rather distant and weakly supported (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BE012D758FDB810F908699985" author="Moussalli" box="[565,867,404,429]" pageId="31" pageNumber="58" refString="Moussalli, A. & Herbert, D. G. (2016) Deep molecular divergence and exceptional morphological stasis in dwarf cannibal snails Nata sensu lato Watson, 1934 (Rhytididae) of southern Africa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 95, 100 - 115. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2015.11.003" type="journal article" year="2016">Moussalli & Herbert 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE012D758FF4A10DA088D9B3D" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Secondly, two samples from the Klein
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69E012D758FDF010D509C999E7" box="[637,707,440,463]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="31" pageNumber="63" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="karoo">Karoo</taxonomicName>
|
||
[Calitzdorp area, Matjiesvlei (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7B502DE012D758FB9110DA0FAF99F8" box="[1052,1189,439,464]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" precision="1" value="-33.44525">33.44525°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
:
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7B502DE012D758FB3C10DA0E3199F8" box="[1201,1339,439,464]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" precision="1" value="21.65388">21.65388°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="4CB79B0FE012D758FAC310DA0E9D99E7" box="[1358,1431,439,464]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="m" value="360.0">360 m</quantity>
|
||
, rocky hillside with succulents and aloes, D. Herbert, L. Davis, M. & K. Cole,
|
||
<date id="FFF1102AE012D758FBC110B10FCF99DD" box="[1100,1221,476,501]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="2013-11-04">04/xi/2013</date>
|
||
(NMSA W9588); Gamkaberg Nat. Res., Tierkloof (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7B502DE012D758FDAD109209A39A30" box="[544,681,511,536]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" precision="1" value="-33.69003">33.69003°S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
:
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE7B502DE012D758FD35109208489A30" box="[696,834,511,536]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" precision="1" value="21.90158">21.90158°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="4CB79B0FE012D758FCD7136D08AD9A3F" box="[858,935,512,536]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="m" value="440.0">440 m</quantity>
|
||
, in leaf-litter beneath trees and shrubs, D. Herbert, L. Davis, M. & K. Cole,
|
||
<date id="FFF1102AE012D758FD9C134909819A15" box="[529,651,548,573]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="2013-11-07">07/xi/2013</date>
|
||
(NMSA W9548)] are geographically distant from the remaining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69E012D758FAE813480A1E9A48" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Nata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pulmonata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tarachodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E012D758FAE813480A1E9A48" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Nata tarachodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
material (localities marked with? in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13742A6FE012D758FD37132A08079A48" box="[698,781,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="31.[151,250,1922,1944]" captionTargetBox="[153,1435,1061,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[151,1436,1060,1901]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 23. Distribution of Nata tarachodes (Connolly, 1912). Triangles with a white centre indicate localities for specimens used in DNA analyses (Moussalli & Herbert 2016); contour at 1000 m." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266567/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
|
||
), though the distance is not great and a range extension of this magnitude would not in itself seem unlikely. However, in this material the radula possesses a rachidian tooth [formula: 1+(9–11)+(4–5)] and the number of laterals is larger than is usual for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69E012D758FBA113FC0FED9A80" box="[1068,1255,655,680]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Nata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pulmonata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tarachodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E012D758FBA113FC0FED9A80" box="[1068,1255,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Nata tarachodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These features render the specimens distinct from typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69E012D758FDF813D8083A9AE5" box="[629,816,692,717]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Nata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pulmonata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tarachodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E012D758FDF813D8083A9AE5" box="[629,816,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Nata tarachodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and they are thus questionably referable to the species. Unfortunately the individuals were immature and the distal genitalia were not sufficiently well developed to permit comparison.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F358767AE012D758FEAA13910A4C9B3C" box="[295,326,764,788]" name="American Samoa" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
yet no molecular data is available for this material.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE012D758FF4A124D09EA9B57" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
In both of these cases, definitive conclusions regarding the affinity of the specimens with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69E012D758FB37124C0E7E9B10" box="[1210,1396,799,824]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Nata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pulmonata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tarachodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E012D758FB37124C0E7E9B10" box="[1210,1396,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Nata tarachodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(or otherwise) must await additional sampling and additional comparative data. The possibility exists that one or both may represent unrecognised cryptic species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69E012D758FD2E120409D39BA8" box="[675,729,873,896]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Nata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pulmonata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E012D758FD2E120409D39BA8" box="[675,729,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Nata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAE012D758FF4A12E10F589BC4" blockId="31.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E012D758FF4A12E10A659B8D" bold="true" box="[199,367,908,933]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Although restricted to the south-western Cape,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69E012D758FC2E12E00F6B9B8D" box="[931,1121,908,933]" class="Gastropoda" family="Rhytididae" genus="Nata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pulmonata" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tarachodes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8E012D758FC2E12E00F6B9B8D" box="[931,1121,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Nata tarachodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is evidently catholic in its habitat preferences and may be locally common. It is recorded from a number of national parks and nature reserves that span much of its range. Its conservation is thus currently not an issue of concern.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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||
</document> |